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ANNALS 



PEKNSYLVANIA, 




FBOM THE 



OF THE DELAWARE. 



ELNa-^ZAKD, 



EDITOR OF " THEH^EGISTEB OfSpeNNSTLVANIA," AND "THE UNITED STATES COMMKECIAL AND 

^STATISTICAL REGISTER," 

JIEMBjEE OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 

AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF^^HE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE 

AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION OF BOSTON. 




1609—1682: 



PHILADELPHIA : 

HAZARD AND MITCHELL, 

No. 178 CHESTNUT STREET. 

18 50. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1850, by 

SAMUEL HAZARD, 

in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



5 13^^ - 
Ta.n.. ^7 



STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON & CO. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

PRINTED BY KITE & WALTON. 



C9f 



PREFACE. 



The appearance of the present volume has been delayed much longer than 
was anticipated when the prospectus was issued. Judging from the inci- 
dental allusions, in the works already published, to events prior to the arrival 
of William Penn, the author was impressed with the belief that few materials 
existed in relation to the early settlements on the Eiver Delaware, and felt a 
desire that, if others did exist, they should be discovered, in order to render 
more complete our history from the period of the first European attempts at 
settlement and civilization. It was astonishing to find how little was known 
of these attempts, even by many persons well acquainted with our subsequent 
history; while, by a large portion of our citizens, the fact of settlements 
having been made many years previously to the appearance of Penn, will be, 
perhaps, at this day, learned with surprise. With a strong desire to supply 
the defect, the author was induced to undertake the task of exploring this 
comparatively untrodden field. Happily, through the liberality and care of 
the Legislature of New York, (whose early history was intimately blended 
with our own,) the means of gratifying this desire were placed within his 
reach. Many of the original Dutch documents have been preserved, and, at 
the expense of that body, translated by a gentleman from Holland, fully 
competent to the task in all respects, except in a perfect knowledge of our 
language. The result of his labour is nearly thirty volumes, bound, and 
furnished with an ample index : these, with many other records in the Secre- 
tary's oflB.ce at Albany, were, during a protracted visit there, diligently 
examined, and extracts made from them of such portions as suited the pur- 
pose ; generally in the language of the record. In them will be found an 
almost unbroken series of events, from the first connection of the settlements 
of the Dutch on the Delaware with those on the Hudson, illustrating at the 
same time the history of both. Further additions having been made, under 
the patronage of the same legislature, through the researches of Mr. Brodhead, 
their agent in Europe, which have been referred to on page 42, — to these, 
also, the author had free access : a jDortion of them, however, being from 
Holland, and in the Dutch language, was, on that account, not available, 
with the exception of some extracts which he caused to be translated. They 
are understood to contain important matter connected with our history, and 
it is believed that Mr. O'Callaghan (whose late excellent work on New Nether- 



iv PREFACE. 

lands has frequently supplied our deficiency) is engaged in the translation 
of them. It is therefore hoped, that, in a few years, they may add much to 
our present stock of knowledge. From the English documents, obtained 
also by Mr. Brodhead, has been ascertained, as the author thinks, with some 
degree of accuracy, the period of the arrival of the Swedes upon the Dela- 
ware, a question hitherto involved in doubt and uncertainty. For the 
remaining portion of the Swedish history, the documents furnished to the 
American Philosophical Society by our former Minister to Sweden, Mr. Kus- 
sell, and which were published some years since in the Kegister of Pennsyl- 
vania, have been chiefly relied upon. No doubt many valuable records remain 
among the archives of Sweden, which ought to be obtained, for the purpose 
of rendering the history of her people on our shores more complete. 

Another desirable object of research connected with this early period, was 
the arrival and settlement of the English on our river, respecting which but 
little was known. As the first attempts were made by New Haven and other 
parts of New England, the author, (notwithstanding the records of the United 
Colonies had been generally examined by his father, and published in his 
Historical Collections,) supposing that some facts could be found which had not 
attracted his attention, carefully examined the records in New Haven, Hart- 
ford, Boston, and Plymouth, as well in the public ofl&ces as in possession of 
Historical Societies there, and in New York; which research, though not 
very fruitful, furnished some documents, which appear in their proper places 
in this work. Besides these, the records at New Castle and Dover have been 
put under requisition for information respecting the English, after the dis- 
appearance of the Dutch and Swedes. Much valuable matter was thence 
obtained, especially at the former place, respecting the courts, (which then, 
under the governors at New York, managed affairs of both church and state,) 
early grants of land, the landing, and taking possession by Penn, &c. The 
records in our own public offices have not furnished much information rela- 
tive to this period, though they no doubt will be of value for the subsequent 
portion of the work. 

From these, and all other promising sources, the author has endeavoured, 
with much labour, time, and expense, to obtain the most authentic infor- 
mation of this early period, in which but little assistance could be derived 
from books or individuals. Only they who have been in the practice of 
examining ancient records, can appreciate the difficulty frequently attend- 
ing it, in deciphering the names of persons and places, &c. This is men- 
tioned to account, in part, for the variety used in printing names, it being 
often impossible to ascertain the correct mode of spelling, as well as the 
person or place intended. In general, the mode adopted by the writers has 
been employed. Many places cannot, at the present time, be identified by 
the name. 



PREFACE. V 

With regard to dates, it has also been sometimes found difficult to ascertain 
whether they belong to the old or new style, as the documents do not always 
occur in such juxtaposition as, in the absence of other marks, would indicate 
it. The Dutch having adopted the new style prior to 1600, their dates are 
so considered in this volume. The Swedes did not make the change till 
1753, but the materials being few, and having nothing to mark the period 
to which they belong, the dates found in them are given, which we suppose 
to be old style. The English adopted the present mode in 1752, one year 
before the Swedes, and their dates are, of course, old style. The dates iu 
the margin are designed to be new style ; when they occur in the text, old 
style, which it has been thought best sometimes to preserve, as some docu- 
ments have been so long recognised by their dates as to be familiar to the 
memory. Dates in old style, by the addition of ten days, are converted 
into new style for the margin ; by which means, if any apparent discrepancy 
between dates and events occur, they may be tested. Although great pains 
has been taken to render them correct, it is possible some errors may be 
noticed. 

Throughout this work, therefore, the main object has been, by the intro- 
duction of facts, documents, and even personal correspondence, of every 
variety of form and importance, to trace the settlements on the river from 
their commencement, and by them to show the character and circumstances 
of the different nations who, for seventy years, had possession before the 
arrival of Peun ; and the state of the country when he first appeared. We, 
at this day, can hardly estimate the peculiar difficulties and dangers to which 
the handful of Dutch who originally seated themselves at Fort Nassau were 
exposed, in the midst of forests, and among savages, who then, for the first time, 
beheld the white man ; and, considering the natural ferocity and barbarity of 
the natives, we cannot but wonder that that feeble company was not imme- 
diately destroyed, and every subsequent attempt at settlement rendered 
abortive. With, however, the exceptions recorded, we find but few instances 
of gTeat cruelty exercised towards them. In a few years, another nation (the 
Swedes) approaches; conflicts and jealousies ensue between the two races of 
white men, while the savages, as they gradually mingle with them, become 
still more peaceable and friendly, unless when stimulated to espouse the cause 
of one or the other of the rival parties. After dwelling together in this 
manner for some years, making but little progress, one nation drives the 
other from these shores, and for a while maintains the sole command of the 
river. A third power then appears, and both of the former nations vanish. 
Being a people homogeneous in their character and views, order is established, 
as well as courts and churches; lands are taken up and settled on all sides; 
towns are erected ; the ferocity of the savages becomes more subdued, and 
the prospect brightens for the future. Still was wanting a man who, by his 



Yi PREFACE. 

prudence, wisdom, and enlarged views, should command the confidence and 
respect of the people and the natives ; who would improve the present favour- 
able condition of the country, though comparatively still a wilderness, and 
lay the foundation of a great and happy province. For this purpose, Provi- 
dence appears to have made provision, by opening the way, and selecting 
the person best fitted, under all the circumstances, for " the occasion — 
our illustrious founder, William Penn j whose course, from the time of 
receiving the charter to his taking possession of the country, and establishing 
the government, has been traced in this volume, by collecting and introducing 
all his public acts connected with that period. A desire to do this, and thus 
finish the first part of the plan, has increased the size of the volume beyond 
the stipulated limits. The present volume may be considered either as com- 
plete in itself, for the period embraced in it, or as preliminary to what may 
succeed it. As will be seen, it includes a large portion of the early history 
of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. 

The form of annals, which has been adopted in this work, has been pre- 
ferred, as best suited to the introduction of isolated facts, but especially 
because, by a regular chronological series of events, their connection with 
each other is more apparent. It is from facts that history derives its import- 
ance, not from a selection of a few striking incidents, embellished by fascinat- 
ing language, and perhaps distorted by the views of the author. The habits, 
manners, and customs of a people are best ascertained by their prevailing 
practices and sentiments, as derived from their own records and correspond- 
ence. Under this impression the author has, in a great measure, confined 
himself to them, believing his readers as competent as himself to form a just 
estimate of the people, and draw the proper inference from the events. For 
the purpose of facilitating investigation, marginal notes have been intro- 
duced ; the names of the kings and governors diiring whose administration 
the events occurred, as well as the year, have been printed at the head of 
the page, and a reference to the authorities at the bottom of it. The docu- 
ments are placed in connection with the events. To the whole, a copious 
Index is added, of which necessary appendage, it is to be regretted, the pre- 
vious histories of this state, as well as of many others, are entirely deficient. 

The volume is commended to the candid attention of the reader, with the 
hope it may aiford information and amusement. 



Sutjinritta xtltml k k tjiia M^m. 



MANUSCKIPTS. 

Albany Kecords, translated by Vanderkemp, 

Holland Documents, in Dutch, procured by J. R. Brodbead. 

London Documents, " " " 

New Haven Court and Colony Records. 

Records of the United New England Colonies, at Hartford, Boston, and Plymouth. 

Records in the Office of the Secretary of State at Boston. 

TrumbuH MSS., at New Haven, and in possession of Massachusetts Historical 

Society, Boston. 
New Castle Records. 
Records at Dover, Delaware. 
Records of Chester, at West Chester ; and also Records of Upland Court, in 

possession of the Logan Family. 
Records at Harrisburg. 
Records at Philadelphia. 
Records of Bucks County, at Doylestown. 
Records of Swedes' Church, Philadelphia. 
Miller, and other MSS., in New York Historical Society. 
MSS. in possession of American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. 
MSS. of Du Simitiere, in Philadelphia Library. 
Letter-Book of James Claypoole, in possession of W. P. Foulke, Esq. 
Pembertou MSS,, in possession of the family. 



LIST OF PRINTED WORKS. 
, {More paiiicularly referred to where quoted in the work.) 

E. Hazard's Historical Collections. 

Stith's and Beverly's Histories of Virginia. 

Smith's History of New York. 

Collections of Historical Society of New York, (for Acrelius, and other early 

writers.) 
O'Callaghan's History of New Netherlands. 
Collections of Historical Society of Massachusetts. 
Belknap's American Biography. 
Clarkson's Life of Penn. 



yiii LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 

Brodhead'g Address to New York Historical Society. 

Purchas's Pilgrims. 

Argonaiitica Gustaviana, in Cambridge Library. 

Loccenius's History of Sweden, (quoted.) 

Trumbull's History of Connecticut. 

Winthrop's Journal, with Savage's Notes. 

Chalmers's Political Annals. 

Smith's New Jersey. 

Mickle's Keminiscences of Gloucester. 

New Albion, by Plantaganet, in the Philadelphia Library. 

Edwards's History of the Baptists in New Jersey. 

Memoirs of Historical Society of Pennsylvania, (for Campanius, translated by 

Duponceau, &c.) 
Histories of Maryland, by Bozman, McMahon, and McSherry. 
Bancroft's United States. 

Collection of Laws, &c., of New Jersey, by Learning and Spicer. 
Proud's and Gordon's Histories of Pennsylvania. 
Watson's Annals. 
Moulton's History of New York. 
Thurlow's State Papers. 
Votes of Assembly of Pennsylvania. 
Mulford's History of New Jersey. 
Gordon's Gazetteer of New Jersey. 
Gorton's Biographical Dictionary. 
Johnson's History of Salem. 
S. Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania. 
Breviat of Evidence in case of Penn and Lord Baltimore. 
Delaware Register. 

Foote's Anniversary Address to Drawyers' Congregation. 
Kingsley's Anniversary Address at New Haven. 
King's Address to New Jersey Historical Society. 
Clay's Annals of the Swedes. 
Ferris's Early Settlements on Delaware. 
Hawks's History of Episcopal Church. 



ANNALS 

OF 



1609. 

Without noticing the labours and discoveries of the nu- 
merous navigators, (from the time of Columbus,') of the 
American continent generally, it is our intention to confine 
ourselves to those whose more immediate claim is asserted to 
the discovery of the Bay and River Delaware. 

In an official report drawn up by a Dutch Chamber, from claimants of 
documents and papers placed in their hands, December 15, ^^^ discove- 

. . . , . . . ' ry of the De- 

1644, it is said that " New Netherland, situate in America, laware. 
between English Virginia and New England, extending from 
the Soutli (Delaware) River, lying in latitude 38|-°, to Cape 
Malabar, in latitude 41 1°, was first frequented by the inha- 
bitants of this country in the year 1598, and especially by 
those of the Greenland Company, but vrithout making any 
fixed settlements, only as a shelter in the winter; for which 
purpose they erected there two little forts on the South and 
North Rivers, against the incursions of the Indians."^ 

Sir Walter Raleigh and Lord Delaware have also been sir waiter 
mentioned as discoverers of the Delaware. With regard to ^^®'s^- 
the former, it is by no means certain that he ever was in this 
country at all. It is true, he obtained a patent for Virginia, 
and was engaged in fitting out an expedition ; but Stith, the 
historian of Virginia, asserts that he " did not come himself, 
as hath been generally, though erroneously, thought."^ 

It is said that Lord Delaware " touched at Delaware Bay j^ord 
on his passage to Virginia, in 1610;" from this circumstance Delaware. 

1 See this report at length hi O'Callaghan's History of New Netherlands, 
Yol. i. p. 418. 2 Stith's History of Virginia, p. 8. 

1 / A 1 



DISCOVERY OF DELAWARE RIVER. 



1609. 



Henry 
Hudson. 



Aug. 28. 



Hudson's 
Journal of 
voyage. 



the bay probably received his name, and may have given to 
him the credit of its discovery, as it was so called in a letter 
from Captain Argall, written from Virginia in 1612,"^ But 
if this be the fact, it did not take place till one year after 
the well-known visit of Henry Hudson in 1609, to whom his- 
torians, almost universally, now concede the most rightful 
claim to the honour of the discovery. 

Henry Hudson was, by birth, an Englishman, but had been 
for some time previously to, and at the time of the discovery, 
employed in the service of the Dutch East India Company. 
The subject of a north-west passage to China at this time 
occupying much attention, he Avas engaged by that company 
as captain and supercargo of the ship or " yagt Halve- 
Maan,2 or Half-Moon, of 40 lasts or 80 tons burthen." She 
left the Texel, April 0, 1609,^ but did not reach the Dela- 
ware till 28th of August following ; and though it does not 
appear that he was on shore, yet he examined its soundings 
and currents, and the appearance of the land.'^ Both the 
English and the Dutch laid claim to the honour of the dis- 
covery, and the right to the land ; the former, from the cir- 
cumstance of his birth ; the latter, from the fact of his being 
actually in their service at the time, and under their flag. 

The journal of Hudson, as well as that of Robert Juet, his 
mate, have both been preserved in "Purchas's Pilgrims;"^ 
the former is republished in the first volume of the Transac- 
tions of the New York Historical Society, and the latter in 
vol. i. N. S., of the same, page 320. Of Hudson's, De Laet, 
in his "New World,"® has furnished the following summary : 

" The Directors of the authorized East India Company, in 
the year 1609, despatched the ' yacht Half-Moon,' under the 
command of Henry Hudson, captain and supercargo, to seek 
a passage to China by the N. E. But he changed his course, 
(owing to ice,) and stood over towards New France, and 
having passed the banks of Newfoundland, in lat. 48° 23', he 
made the land in lat. 44° 15', with a W. N. W. and N. W. 
course, and went on shore, at a place where there were many 



1 N. Y. Historical Collections, N. S., vol. i. p. 320. 

2 Brodhead's Address to N. Y. Hist. Soc, p. 14. 

" Ibid. The date heretofore given for her sailing is 6th of April. The pre- 
sent date was obtained by Mr. B. from a document still in existence. 
* Belknap's Am. Biog. vol. ii. p. 397. 

^ Purchas's Pilgrims, vol. iii. pp. 510, 567, London ed. 1625. 
6 See N. Y. Hist. Coll. N. S., vol. i. pp. 85, 290. 



JOURNALS OF HUDSON'S VOYAGE. = 

of tlie natives, withwliom, as he understood, the French came 1609. 
every year to trade.^ Sailing hence, his course was to the ' ■ ' 
S., until running S. S. W. and S. W. by S., he again made 
land in 41° 43', which he supposed to be an island, and gave uudson's 
to it the name of New Holland ; but afterwards discovered f°^^°f '^"^ 

' tinuea. 

that it was Cape Cod. Pursuing his course to the S., he 
again saw land, in lat. 37° 15'. The coast was low, running 
N. and S., and opposite to it lay a bank or shoal, within 
which was a depth of 8, 9, 10, 11, 7, and 6|- fathoms, with 
a sandy bottom. This he called Dry Cape, (supposed to be 
Chesapeake Bay and Cape Charles.) Changing his course 
to the northward, he again discovered land, in lat. 38° 9', 
where there was a white sandy shore, and within appeared a 
thick grove of trees, full of green foliage. The direction of 
the coast was N. N. E. and S. S. "VV. for about 24 miles ; 
then N. and S. for 21 miles, and afterwards S. E. and N. "W. 
for 15 miles. They continued to run along this coast to the 
N. until they reached a point from which the land stretches 
to W. and N. W., where several rivers discharge into an open 
bay. Land was seen to the E. and N. E., which Hudson at 
first took to be an island, but it proved to be the main land, 
and the second point of the bay, in lat. 38° 54'. (This was, 
without doubt. Cape May, now laid down in lat. 38° 57', 
varying only 3' from the observations of Hudson ; the re- 
mainder of the description applies well enough to Delaware 
Bay and River, now first discovered by the Dutch.) Standing 
in upon a course N. W. by E., they soon found themselves 
embayed, and encountering many breakers, stood out again 
to the S. S. E. Hudson suspected that a large river dis- 
charged into the bay, from the strength of the current that 
set out, and caused the accumulation of sands and shoals. 
They then continued along the coast towards Sandy Hook."^ 

The following is the mate's account, or log-book, of that 
portion of the voyage : 

" Friday, Aug. 28. Fair and hot weather ; wind S. S. W. Robt. Juet'3 
In the morning at 6 o'clock we weighed, and steered away Jou™ai of 
N. 12 leagues till noon, and came to the point of the land ; 
and being hard by the land, in 5 fathoms, on a sudden we 
came into 3 fathoms ; then we bore up, and had but 10 feet 

' Supposed near the mouth of Penobscot, or a small French settlement, now 
Annapolis, N. S. 

- N. Y, Hist. S. Coll. vol. i. N. S. p. 290. De Laet's description. 



tlie voyage. 



NAMES OF THE DELAWARE. 



1609. 



Juet's 

Journal con- 
tinuecl. 



Names of 
Bay and 
Rirer. 



water, and joined to tlie point. Tlien as soon as we were 
over, we had 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13 fathoms. Then we 
found the land to trend away JST. W. with a great bay and 
rivers. But the bay we found shoal, and in the ofiing we had 
10 fathoms, and had sight of breaches and dry sands. Then 
we were forced to stand back again, so we stood back S. E, 
by S. 3 leagues, and at 7 o'clock we anchored in 8 fathoms 
water, and found a tide set N. W. and N. N. W., and it rises 
1 fathom and flows S. S. E. And he that will thoroughly 
discover this great bay, must have a small pinnace, that must 
draw but four or five foot water, to sound before him. At 5 
in the morning we weighed, and steered away to the eastward 
on many courses, for the more northern land is full of shoals ; 
we were among them, and once we struck and we Avent away, 
and steered away to the S. E., so that we had 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 
and 7 fathoms, and so deeper and deeper."^ 

The bay and river have been known by diiferent names at 
different times, according to the nations who have occupied. 
Thus, for instance, the Indians called it Poutaxat, Mariskit- 
ton, and Makerish-kisken ; Lenape Wihittuck ; the Dutch, 
Zuydt, or South River, Nassau River, Prince Hendrick, or 
Charles's River ; by the Swedes, New Swedeland Stream ; by 
the English, Delaware ; Heylin, in his Cosmography, calls it 
Arasapha. The bay has also been known as New Port May, 
Godyn's Bay. 

Owing to the destruction of documents in Holland, there 
is no satisfactory information of events for several years after 
this, period. 



1614. 

In consequence of numerous petitions, "by certain mer- 
Marcii27. chants interested in maritime discovery," presented to the 
High and Mighty States-General of Holland, a general edict 
was passed in favour of all persons who had, or should there- 
after, discover " any new courses, havens, countries, or 
places, of the exclusive privilege of resorting to, and fre- 
speciai privi- qucutiug the samo for four voyages.'' Persons contravening 
icgesgranted -^ ^^,^^,^ liable to the confiscation of their vessels, and a fine 

to discover- ' 

crs. of 50,000 Netherland ducats, to the profit of the discoverer. 

The discoverer, in fourteen days after his return from the 

1 N. Y. Hist. S. Coll. vol. i. p. 130; vol. i. N. S., p. 320. De Laet, pp. 302, 
320. Proud, ii. 294. 



VISIT OF CAPTAIN MEY TO THE DELAWARE. 5 

voyage, was required to deliver to the States-General, " a 1614. 
pertinent report of his discoveries." If one or more com- ' — ■ — ' 
panics discover the same countries "Avithin the same time," 
then thej unitedly were to enjoy the privilege of the four 
voyages, the time when they shall cease to be determined by 
the States, who were also to settle any diiFerences arising.^ 

Five vessels were fitted out by merchants of Amsterdam, Kve vesseu 
&c., under this edict, one of which, called the " Fortune," ]'"'\^]^^°^- 

' ' ' " land for 

belonging to Hoorn, was commanded by Captain Cornelis America. Af- 
Jacobsen Mey ; he, with Captain Adriaen Block, and Hendrick oneTs'bumt 
Cortiansen, of the Tiger, and another vessel also named For- and another 
tune, besides two others, proceeded on an exploring expedition ium'of ffuj 
to the mouth of the Manhattan River, where Block's vessel was to Holland. 
unfortunately destroyed by fire. In order to supply its place, ^^^l„ ^^11^^^ 
he immediately commenced building a yacht of 38 feet keel, in the Deia- 
44|^ feet long, and llj feet wide. This was the first vessel '^'^'"®' 
constructed in this country by Europeans. She was called 
the <■<■ Restless,'" of about 16 tons burden. All these vessels 
were employed in making discoveries at the eastward, except 
the Fortune, Captain Mey, who went south, and arrived at 
the Delaware Bay; from him the eastern cape was called 
Cape May, and the western. Cape Cornelis, while the princi- 
pal cape Tv^as named Hindlopen ;^ some say after a town in 
Friesland, and others from Ilmer Hinlop. These explora- 
tions being completed, the vessels all returned to Holland, to 
make their report, except the "Restless," which being placed 
under command of Captain Hendrickson, was left for the 
purpose of more minute examination of the coast. She pro- 
ceeded to the Delaware for information regarding the country, 
as well as the native trade. ^ ^ 

Deputies of the United Company of Merchants who had October 11. 
discovered "New Netherland," made a report of it to their Reportofdia- 
Hio-h Miffhtinesses the States-General, and asked for a special '=°^'^™^' ^"^^ 

^y . . , ^ request for 

edict m their favour, agreeably to the terms of the general confirmation 

ordinance of the 27th March. They stated, that at great °^ ^^'^ p""- 

11 1 11 ..„ leges pro- 

expense and heavy damage to themselves, arisnig from the misedby 

loss of vessels, during the last year,, they had, with five shins ^'^''^"^ ^'^'^ 

11 IT 1 111 . March. 

owned by them, discovered and explored certain new lands 

' Brodhead's Address, p. 15. Holl. Doc. i. 15, 17, 19, translated at length in 
O'Callaghan, vol. i. p. 71. 

2 The cape now called Henlopen was then Cornelis. 

3 OCall. 75. De Laet. Brodhead, p. 19. 

a2 



6 DISCOVERY OF THE EIVER SCHUYLKILL. 

1614. lying in America, between New France and Virginia, in the 
' — ' — ' latitude of from 40 to 45 degrees, whicli they called " New 
Netherland." They also presented a map of the newly- 
discovered country ; it is about three feet long, and is spoken 
of as a faithful delineation of the Hudson River, as far as 
Albany, made within five years after its discovery, and 
"perhaps by one of the companions of Hudson himself." A 
fac-simile of it is in the office of the secretary of state at 
Albany.^ 

After hearing the report, and examining the map, their 
Privileges se- High Mightincsses ordained that the owners of the ships 
cured by spe- ^qx, Captain De With ; the Tiger and Fortune, Captains 

cial edict, Oc- . . . 

toiler n. Adriaen Block and Hendrick Cortiansen ; the ship Nighten- 
gale, Captain Volkertsen, and the ship Fortune, Captain 
Jacobsen Mey, now united into one company, be authorized 
and allowed " exclusively to navigate to the said newly-dis- 
covered lands lying in America, between New France and 
Virginia, the coast of which is situated in latitude from 40"^ 
to 45°, now called 'New Netherlands,' for four voyages, 
within the period of three years, commencing the 1st January, 
1615, next ensuing, or sooner, without any other persons 
directly or indirectly, shall be at liberty, out of these United 
Netherlands, to sail to, navigate to, or frequent the said 
newly discovered lands, havens, or places, within the said 
period of three years, under pain of confiscation of ships and 
cargoes wherewith the same shall be attempted, contrary to 
this decree, and of a fine of 50,000 Netherland ducats, to the 
benefit of the aforesaid discoverers, &c." They do not intend 
to prejudice or curtail former grants, and reserve the right to 
decide in any cases of disagreement ; it was dated at the 
Hague, October 11.^ 

1616. 

Captain Hendrickson, in the "Restless," which had been 
Capt. Hen- left for the purpose of more particularly examining the coast, 
drickson de- g^j^^ especially the Delaware, having completed these objects, 
coveryofthe and ascended that river as high as the Schuylkill, which river 
Scimyikm, [^ appears he discovered about this time, also took his de- 
parture for Holland ; on his arrival, made a report of his dis- 
coveries, and demanded, under the edict of 27th March, 1614, 

' Brodhead's Address, p. 16. Holl. Doc. p. 39. 

2 Ibid. p. 53. Holl. Doc. i. p. 47. O'Callaglian, i. p. 76. 



DEATH OF LORD DELAWARE. 7 

the exclusive privilege therein promised. From some cause, 1616. 
not exactly known, his application proved unsuccessful. His "— '— ' 
report is among the Holland documents, and furnishes but 
little information. He speaks of " having discovered and ms report 
explored certain lands, a bay, and three rivers, situated be- •^'^'^'^^p^J 

^ . buys throe 

tween 38° and 40°, in a small yacht of 16 tons burden, natives; his 
named the ' Onrust,' (Restless,) which had been built at Man- p^^^^^"' 

■^ ^ _ ''' _ privileges 

hattan." He also furnished a very curious map, drawn on not granted. 
parchment, about 2 feet long and 18 inches wide, and " exe- 
cuted in the most elegant style of art;" showing, " very accu- 
rately," the coast from Nova Scotia to the Capes of Virginia, 
&c. A fac-simile of this map is also at Albany. This report 
•was probably a verbal one, as the States, prior to deciding 
upon his application, required one in writing, which he next 
day presented ; in it he states his discoveries, describes some 
of the productions of the country, and says that " he bought 
three of the native inhabitants from the Maquas and Mohi- 
cans, who held them in slavery, for whom he gave in exchange 
kettles, beads, and merchandise." It does not appear that 
the special privilege applied for was granted.^ 

1618. 

The privileges granted by the octroy, or edict of 1614, ex- January i. 
piredthis year by its own limitation. An application for a '^^^'^°^^^- 
renewal was partially granted, and for limited periods.^ expires. 

Lord Delaware dies this year off the Western Isles, or as Death of 
some say, off the Capes of Delaware; he was on a voyage ^o'^iDeiar 
from England to Virginia. There was some suspicion that 
he had been poisoned.^ 

From this period till 1620, various private adventures 
were undertaken, and frequent applications made, unsuccess- 
fully, to the States-General, for exclusive privileges. 

1620. 

" The Directors of the Company trading to New Nether- February 12. 
land," whose grant had expired in 1618, and by which event 
that trade became free to every person, represent to the 
States-General, that " there is residing at Leyden, an English 
preacher, well versed in the Dutch language, and who is in- 

' Brodhead's Address, p. 18. Holl. Doc. vol. i. p. 59. O'Call. vol. i. p. 78. 

2 O'Call. p. 81. Holl. Doo. vol. i. 82. 

3 Beverly's Virginia, p. 32. Stith, p. 148. Belknap's Biog. vol. ii. p. 20. 



8 CHARTER OF THE WEST INDIA COMPANY. 

1620. clined to go there to live," and that 400 families would go 

" ^ ' with him, "from Holland as well as England," with suitable 

protection from the States-General ; and also ex23ress their 

AppUcations belief that the English were disposed to colonize those lands, 

for special ^^^ ^.j^^g deprive the States of the benefits of their discove- 

pnvileges to '- 

Eev. Mr. Ro- rics ; tlicj ask to be taken under their protection, and "that, 
othws ^"^ provisionally, two ships of war may be sent to secure the 
Plymouth lands to the government." After deliberating till April 11, 
coony. ^-^^ prayer of the memorialists was rejected. Within about 
three months, however, (July, 1620,) some of the associates 
of the Rev. Mr. Robinson, the English preacher alluded 
to, embarked at Delft Haven, in the May-flower, arrived 
after some time at Plymouth, and laid the foundation of that 
colony.-^ In August of the same year, petitions were presented 
by Captain Mey, Henry Elkins, and others, (the latter in 
opposition to the former.) Vain attempts to reconcile them 
having been employed, both grants were denied. These 
various movements, however, probably led to the establish- 
ment of the West India Company, in 1621. 

1621. 

The celebrated West India Company was chartered, under 
Junes. whose powcr and government the first settlements on this 
river were made, and continued for many years. The follow- 
ing is a summary of the provisions of this charter. 

The charter from the States-General of the United Nether- 
Summaryof lands to the West India Company, provides, " that for the 
the charter j^qj-j^ ^f 24 ycars, nouc of the natives or inhabitants of these 

of the West •in, • ■, -i o i • i -i i 

India Co. couutries shall be permitted to sail to or irom the said lands, 
or to traffic, on the coast of Africa, from the tropic of Cancer 
to the Cape of Good Hope, nor in the countries of America, 
or the West Indies, beginning at the south end of Terra 
Nova, by the Straits of Magellan, La Maire, or any other 
straits and passages situated thereabouts, to the Straits of 
Anian, as well on the North Sea as the South Sea ; nor on 
any islands situated on the one side or the other, or between 
both ; nor in the western or southern countries reaching, 
lying, and between both the meridians, from the Cape of 
Good Hope, in the east, to the east end of New Guinea in the 
west, but in the name of this united company of these United 

1 Brodhead's Address, p. 22 ; and the Memorial at length, p. 54, translated 
from Moll. Doc. vol. i. p. 95. 



CHARTER OF THE WEST INDIA COMPANY. 9 

Netherlands," under penalty of forfeiture of goods and ships 1621. 
found for sale on the above coasts and lands. The charter to ' 
operate from 1st July. The salt trade at Ponte del Re to 
continue under instructions already given. 

"The company may, in the name and authority of the charter of 
States, make contracts, engagements, and alliances with company 
princes and natives of the countries" mentioned, and " also continued. 
Tbuild forts, &c., there ; appoint and discharge governors, 
people for war, officers of justice, and other public officers," 
&c. ; " they must advance the peopling" of these countries, 
&c., and transmit a report of such contracts and alliances, 
and "the situation" of the fortresses, &c., taken by them. 
The States to approve of instructions to governors, &c., and 
grant the commissions, with various other regulations of their 
internal concerns, which may be seen at length in Hazard's 
Historical Collections, vol. i. pp. 121—131, 149, 181. 

Five branches, or chambers, were established in different 
sections, but the great centre was that at Amsterdam, which 
furnished at first eight, and afterwards nine, of a board of 
nineteen persons, who had the general superintendence and di- 
rection of the affairs of the company, from which it is usually 
styled the "Assembly of XIX." The States-General fur- 
nished one member of the board, and Zealand, Maeze, Fries- 
land, the North Department, and Groeningen the remainder. 
This charter was extended and amended somewhat, two 
years afterwards. 

It appears that, although the Dutch West India Company sept. 28. 
had obtained the foregoing charter, it did not compence vessels de- 
active operations under it for some time ; licenses were, in the ^eV Nether- 
mean time, granted to several enterprising individuals, to send iand;one&r 
out two vessels to certain countries which had been discovered ^are. 
between 40° and 45°, called " New Netherland," and to the 
adjacent territories, together with a great river lying between 
38° and 40°, "and to truck and trade with the natives." 
This great river, to which one of these vessels was to proceed, 
was no doubt the Delaware. These vessels were bound to 
return on or before the first of July following, with their 
cargoes, by which time it was supposed the West India Com- 
pany would be ready to go into operation.^ Of the arrival of 
this vessel in the Delaware, and of her success, we have seen 
no account. But it seems that information from several hands 

' Holl. Doc, quoted by O'Callaghaiij vol. i. p. 94, 95. 



10 



VIRGINIA CLAIM TO TRADE OF DELAWARE. 



1621. 



Virginia as- 
serts her 
claim to the 
country and 
Indian trade. 
Unsuccessful 
expedition. 



English am- 
bassador at 
Hague to 
present 
claim, and 
remonstra.te 
against 
Dutch. 



Dec. 15, 0. S. 



had reached the Yirginia Company, that the French and 
Dutch carried on a very profitable trade v^rith the Indians in 
Delaware and Hudson Rivers, " which were within their grant, 
and then esteemed parts of Virginia. The company, there- 
fore, this year resolved to vindicate their right, and not to 
permit foreigners to run away with so lucrative a branch of 
their trade. One Captain Jones was accordingly sent upon 
the voyage, but, by the wickedness of him and his mariners, 
the adventure was lost, and the whole project overthrown," 
after having been supported by the Earl of Southampton and 
Sir Edwin Sandys, who each subscribed £200.^ 

The attention of the English government, through the 
privy council, having been awakened, by the Virginia Com- 
pany, to the progress making by the Dutch in New Nether- 
land, they directed their ambassador. Sir Dudley Carleton, at 
the Hague, "to bring the subject of the Dutch plantations in 
North America, to the special notice of the States-General." 
This, as far as known, is the first assertion by the British 
government " of the unlawfulness of the Dutch colony." The 
council say, " Whereas, his majesty's subjects have, many 
years since,^ taken possession of the whole precinct, and in- 
habited some parts of the north of Virginia, (by us called 
New England,) of all which countries, his majesty hath, in 
like manner, some years since, by patent, granted the quiet 
and full possession unto particular persons ; nevertheless we 
understand, that the year past, the Hollanders have entered 
upon some part thereof, and have left a colony, and given new 
names to the several ports appertaining to that part of the 
country, and are now in readiness to send for their supply 
six or eight ships ; whereof his majesty being advertised, we 
have received his royal command to signify his pleasure that 
you should represent these things to the States-General, in 
his majesty's name, (who, jure primce oecupationis, hath good 



1 Stith's History of Virginia, p. 198. 

2 The first colony arrived in Virginia in 1586, but returned to England, and 
the second in 1587, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The first charter was 
granted by King James, in 1606, to two companies ; a second in 1609 ; a third 
in 1611-12. The first company was to extend from 34° to 41°, and the second 
from 38° to 45° ; thus conflicting, though they were not to settle within 100 
miles of each other. Thus the whole country was known as Virginia. An 
examination of the charters at length, in Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. i. pp. 38, 40, 
60, 58, 72, will furnish all necessary information on the subject, and show 
wherein the charters differ from each other. See also Stith's, and Beverly s 
Histories of Virginia. Brodhead's Address, p. 24. 




FIRST SETTLEMENT ON THE DELAWARE. 

and sufficient title to those parts,) and require of them that, 
as well those ships, as their further prosecution of that plan- 
tation may be presently stayed." 

1622. 

Upon this, the ambassador engaged in ascertaining the Februarys, 
facts of the case, " that about four or five years previously. Ambassador 
two companies of Amsterdam merchants began a trade to ^^s^ses 'n 

■■■ _ p. , . the business. 

America, between 40 and 45 , to which they gave the names Facts ascer- 
of New Netherland, North and South Sea, &c., and have ^'^^^''^.^ 

' ' ' lum. Has an 

ever since continued to send vessels of 60 or 80 tons at most, interview. 
to fetch furs, which is all their trade," and have factors there 
trading with the savages ; " but he cannot learn that any 
colony is as yet planted there, or intended to be." He, how- February 9, 
ever, had an interview with the States, • and presented a Presents a 
memorial, dated February 9,^ of the subject of which they Thrresuit 
pretended to be ignorant, but promised, on the 16th March, 
1622, to write for information, " to the participants in the 
trade to New Netherlands." There is at present to be found 
no written evidence of the result, though a reply to it is in- 
cidentally referred to many years later."^ 

1623. 

The West India Company having made arrangements to Krstattempt 
effect the objects of its charter of 1621, and as afterwards pJanrtoset- 
amplified, turned its attention, about this time, to planting a tie upon the 
colony on the Delaware ; and, with few exceptions, historians 
generally are agreed in fixing upon this year as the date of 
the first attempt made at a settlement on this river, by any 
European nation. A report of certain commissioners, in 
1659, in making out a claim which they were then defending, 
indeed says, " that the river (Delaware) was, in the primitive 
times, possessed by the Dutch, and a colony planted on the 
western shore, within the mouth of the South Cape, called 
the Hoorekill to this day ; the Dutch nation erecting there, 
and all over the country, their states arms, and a little fort ; 
but after some time, they were all slain and murdered by the , 

Indians, so that the possessions and propriety of this river, at 
the first, in its infancy, is sealed up with the blood of a great 

' See the Memorial in O'Call. vol. i. p. 97, from London Doc. vol. i. 22, 23. 
2 See Brodhead's Address to N. Y. Hist. Soc. p. 24, 25, 26. London Doc. 
vol. i. p. 17, 19, 20, and HoU. Doc. vol. i. p. 17. 



12 BUILDINO OF FORT NASSAU. 

1623. many souls. After this, in the year 1623, the fort Nassau 
'"'"'"'' was built, about 15 leagues up the river, on the eastern 
shore."^ The circumstances here mentioned, so clearly point 
The evidence to another eveut, which occurred some years subsequently, as 
ihi" "ci^ts. ^^ produce a belief that the commissioners were, in order to 
strengthen their cause, induced to antedate the facts stated. 
It is mentioned, in the document before referred to, that Fort 
Nassau was built in 1624 f and in another, that the West 
India Company took possession, in the year 1626, of the River 
Delaware, and built, or had built, two strongholds or forts, 
the largest about 16 miles (Dutch) up the river, on the eastern 
shore, called Nassau.^ With these exceptions, so far as we 
know, all the early and later writers agree. There is also the 
positive testimony of an Indian sachem, "that a skipper, 
named Cornells, with one eye, or having a film on the eye, 
was the first who coming there, (to New Netherlands,) esta- 
blished himself on the South Eiver."'^ 

We feel therefore warranted, from these facts, to assume, 
until better evidence be produced, that 1623 was the date of 
the first European settlement on the river. 

It has already been related, that in 1614, Captain Cornells 
Expedition Jacobson Mey visited this river on an exploring expedition, 
west'india ^^'"^^ Manhattan, where he parted with his companions, they 
Companyto proceeding with a similar object in view, towards the north, 
ver, Ind^jr'^' ^^'^ *^^^* ^^^1 ^^ aftcrwards returned to Holland. To what 
CaptainMey, distauco Mcy then ascended the Delaware, is, we believe, 
cond Tisit. unknown, but he was, probably, in consequence of that visit. 
He builds now considered the most suitable person to conduct another 
expedition, which the company were then contemplating to 
send thither. An agreement having been entered into, on 
June 21. the 21st of Juuo, between the managers and the adventurers 
of the West India Company, with the approbation of the 
States-General,^ and they having selected a ship called the 
"New Netherlands," Captain Mey and Adriaen Jorisz Tien- 
pont were appointed directors of this expedition. All neces- 
sary preparations of colonists, provisions, and all other means 
for planting a colony being made. Captain Mey took his de- 

' Report of Heermans and Waldron, in N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. iii. p. 375. 

2 Report of XIX. Q-Call. i. p. 418. 

3 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 59 to 65. 

■» Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 73, translated by O'Call. vol. i. p. 100. 
^ See this agreement at length, in Laet's Jaerl. Verh. Hazard's Hist. Coll. 
vol. i. p. 175; also in O'Call. vol. i. p. 410. 



LOCALITY OF FORT NASSAU. 13 

parture for the Delaware, then called Zuyclt, South, or Prince 1623. 
Hendrick's River, which they reached in safety. Passing " ' ' 
between Capes May and Cornells, which, either now, or on 
the former visit, received his name, he ascended the river 
about 15 leagues from its mouth, where, on the eastern shore, 
he immediately commenced the erection of Fort Nassau, as 
well for security against the Indians, as for a trading post 
with them. It is said to have been built of logs, and "that 
a garrison was continually maintained there." 

There is more difficulty, at this remote period, in deter- various 
mining the locality of this fort, than in settling the date of ^ tho'iocai- 
its erection, as no vestiges remain to indicate the precise spot, j^y of Fort 
and tradition can aiford but little aid in deciding the question. 
Most historians, however, agree that it w^as in the neighbour- 
hood of the present Gloucester Point, and at the mouth of 
the most northerly branch of Timber Creek, then called 
Sassackon.-^ Various names have been assigned to it, or its 
vicinity, as Hermaomessing, Arme Wamix, Tekoke, Techa- 
acho, Arwames, &c.^ The old maps that we have con- 
sulted, place the fort between the two branches of Timber 
Creek ; a map in a late work has it at the north of the creek.^ 
It is referred to in various documents and books : one says, 
"it was 15 leagues up the river ;"^ "about five or six miles 
(Dutch) above Fort Christina;" "about 16 miles up the 
river, on the eastern shore;" "Beaver Rede on Schuylkill 
is said to be down the river from Fort Nassau."^ Another 
says, "it is about a mile south of a purchase he had made north 
of it," which is supposed to be a part of the present site of 
Philadelphia.^ From all these various statements, it is evi- 
dent that there can be but a few miles difference between the 
true position of Fort Nassau, and that generally assigned to 
it ; and here we are disposed to let it rest, until further in- 
vestigations and facts are produced to alter it. The great 
changes in the river, by currents, embankments, &c., render 
almost hopeless any attempt to discover more accurately the 
exact locality ; still it is desirable to do so, if practicable. 

How long Captain Mey continued at Fort Nassau, why he 

' Mickle's " Reminiscences of Gloucester," p. 3. Mulford's N. J. p. 49. 

2 Ibid. Campanius, Clay, Barker, Gordon, &c. 

' Ferris's Grig. Settlements, p. 310. 

* Report before referred to in N. Y. Hist. Soc. vol. iii. p. 375. 

5 HoU. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32 to 51. 

6 Hudde's Report, N. Y. Hist. Soc. vol. iii. N. S., p. 428. 

B 



14 



OCCUPATION OF FOET NASSAU. 



Uncertain 
how long 
Mey conti- 
nued there. 



1623. departed, what were lils operations there, and whither he 
''•—'—' went, are to us unknown. The probability is, he for some 
time carried on a trade with the natives, for skins or furs, 
which appears to have been one great object of the colony. 
It is asserted, that when he left, he bore with him the affec- 
tion and esteem of the natives. It is the opinion of some 
writers, that, for a season at least, after his departure, the 
garrison was removed, and the savages took possession, but 
that a trade in skins was occasionally carried on with the 
natives from Manhattan. In 1633, the fort was visited by 
De Vries, who says, that the Dutch families had left it, and 
that it was in the possession, then, of a few savages, who 
wanted to barter furs ;^ and yet we have an account, in the 
same year, that Arent Corsen was commissary,^ with a clerk, 
and that, by direction of the directors, he made a purchase 
Various on the Scliuylkill, for another fort. It is certain that the 

statements of i • • j. ■• r- -\t rr\ •■n I'^i* i 

theoocnpar aclmmistration oi Van 1 wilier commenced m tnis year, and 
tion and de- iIjq probability is, that learning the condition of Fort Nassau, 

struction of ■"• , "^ ' " . . ' 

Fort Nassau, one of his early acts was, to repair and restore it to a state 
of defence. We are informed by recorded documents,^ that 
he erected a large house, and made some repairs, for which 
he was afterwards called to account, under charge of extrava- 
gance in the expenditure of public funds. In 1635, an un- 
successful attempt was made by the English on this fort.* 
When the Swedes arrived in 1638, it is said the Dutch had 
no forts on the river, they having all been destroyed by the 
Indians ; and yet Hudde,^ who had commanded that fort, 
says, there was, in that year, a sufficient garrison on the 
river ; and a public document exists which, in 1639,^ com- 
plains, that " Fort Nassau is a heavy burden to the company, 
as regards a garrison, provisions," &c. There was certainly 
a commissary there in 1638, who gave the governor on Man- 
hattan immediate notice of the arrival of the Swedes, which 
occasioned a protest ;'^ and in 1642 it was occupied by about 
twenty men.^ From that time up to 1650, we have facts to show 



1 De Vries, in N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. i. N. S. p. 252. 

2 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32 to 52. O'Call. vol. i. p 
. 88. Albany Records, vol. ii. p. 328. 

3 Albany Records, vol. i. p. 85, 86. Holl. Doc. vol. iii. p. 97. 

4 De Vries, 259. O'Call. vol. i. p. 170. 

6 Hudde's Report, N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. iii. N. S., p. 429. 

6 Holl. Doc. vol. iii. p. 32 to 52. 

' Ibid. 

^ Reg. of Penns. vol. iv. p. 19. 



142. Holl. Doc. vol. ii. 



SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY FORMED. 15 

that commissaries were stationed there. In 1650 or 1651, 1623. 
the fort was destroyed by the Dutch themselves, " being too ' • ' 
high up, and too much out of the way." It was transferred 
to the new Fort Cassimir. 

We have deemed it important, as a starting point in our its history 
Dutch history, to collect the various facts in relation to this ^ftTmaki- 
fort, contradictory and unsatisfactory though they may be ; tenance was 
and perhaps we have attached more consequence to them than aered. 
they merit ; but this fort was, for many years, considered by 
the Dutch a very desirable point to be maintained. 

1624. 

This year arrives at New Amsterdam, as director of New supposed ar. 
Netherland, Peter Minuit, or Minnewit, with whose history, M^nJt J ^^ 
in connection with the settlements on the Delaware, we shall NewAmster- 
become better acquainted. He continued in this oflSce till 
1632, when he returned to Holland.^ 

An application for a Swedish West India Company, upon Proposal for 
the plan of the Dutch West India Company, whose establish- w^^india 
ment has been noticed, was this year presented to Gustavus company 
Adolphus, king of Sweden, by William Usselincx, a mer- to the King 
chant of Antwerp, the original projector of the Dutch West °^ !r.j|^®°' 
India Company, and for several years connected with it, usseiincx. 
but who, for some reasons, became dissatisfied. Having 
derived much information from his long intimacy with the 
operations of the company, and being convinced of the ad- 
vantageous prospects which such a company presented, he laid 
before Gustavus Adolphus his views upon the subject, in such 
a forcible manner, as warmly to engage the feelings of that 
monarch in its favour, and ultimately to lead to the incorpo- 
ration of a company, which, however, did not take place till 
1626. Acrelius, however, says, " that he this year obtained 
a commission for it, dated at Stockholm, December 21, 1624, 
upon which" a contract was formed for the approbation and 
signature of the company. The plan was recommended by 
the king to the States, and confirmed in the Diet of 1627.^ 

> O'Call. vol. i. 100, 130. N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. i. N. S., p. 450. 
2 Acrelius, p. 408. Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 284. Argonautica Gusta. Campa- 
nius, p. 64, 65, Loccenius, p. 556. 



16 



CHARTER OF SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY. 



June 14. 

Eeasons for 
forming the 
Swedish 
West India 
Company. 



Duration of 
the compa- 
ny. Extent 
of its trade. 



When to 
commence. 
No funds to 
■be -with- 
drawn. No 
new mem- 
bers. 



1626. 

The charter for the Swedish West India Company, before 
alluded to, was this year obtained. Having never seen it in 
English, or in print, a full summary of it is furnished, as it 
was the basis of the Swedish operations on this river. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, " finding it serviceable 
and necessary to the welfare and improvement of our (his) 
kingdom and subjects, that trade, produce, and commerce 
should grow within our (his) kingdom and dominions^ and be 
furthered by all proper means, and having received of credible 
and experienced persons good information, that in 'Africa, 
Asia, America, and Magellanica, or Terra Australis, very 
rich lands and islands do exist, certain of which are peopled 
by a well governed nation, certain others by heathen and 
wild men, and others still uninhabited ; and others not as yet 
perfectly discovered, and that not only with such places a 
great trade may be driven, but that the hope strengthens of 
bringing said people easily, through the setting on foot com- 
mercial intercourse, to a better civil state, and to the truth 
of the Christian religion," concluded, " for the spread of the 
Holy Gospel, and the prosperity of our (his) subjects," to 
erect "a general company," or "united power of proprie- 
tors of his realm, and such others as shall associate them- 
selves with them, and help forward the work; promising to 
strengthen it with his succour and assistance, providing for 
and founding it with the following privileges:" 

1. The exclusive right, for twelve years, to sail to and trade 
beyond the Straits of Gibraltar, southward, in the lands of 
Africa, as in America, and Magellanica, or Terra Australis, 
reckoning the coast of America at the like latitude as said 
straits, viz. 36° ; also, with all lands and islands between 
Africa and America in same latitude. The vessels and 
goods of other than the company, who infringe those rights, 
to be confiscated. The government vessels of war, because 
not traders, to be exempted. 

The company to be considered as commencing May 1, 
1627, to continue for twelve years, during which none of the 
company to have ppwer to withdraw the funds embarked in 
it, and no new members to be, during that time, admitted. If 
at the end of twelve years, the company wish the term ex- 
tended, it may be granted at the pleasure of the king. 



when to be 
settled. 



' ^CHARTER OF SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY. 17 

Accounts are to be settled every year, at which every per- 1626. 
son interested 1000 scudis or thalers, may be present. Every ' ■ — ' 
six years, there shall be a final estimate of all accounts, and 
a new account begun. If then it appears to the majority Account?, 
of stockholders that the profits or usefulness of the company 
do not justify its continuance, it may be dissolved. 

Residents or landholders in Sweden may become members whatper- 
until the 1st of March, and those beyond sea till 1st of May Z^^^Jl' 
next, after which none can enter the company, either for 
small or large suras. The money to be paid in instalments, 
one-fourth on subscribing, and the remainder in three annual 
payments. 

After the time for subscription shall expire, there shall be Election of 
an election for regents or directors, in proportion to one for NumlTr'and 
every 100,000 thalers subscribed. If, however, the subscriber t'^™^- 
of 100,000 wishes it represented by two directors, it may be 
so, but the two only to receive the salary of one. 

The directors to be chosen by a majority of votes of stock- Majority of 
holders, none to vote unless owning 1000 thalers, and none ^°*'^^,*° ^°''' 

' ^ ' em elections. 

to be a director who does not hold 2000 thalers, and which 
sum, while a manager, he cannot divest himself of. 

The directors first chosen to continue in office for six Rotation of 
years ; after this, two-thirds to be newly elected, and one- '"'■''°'^°^^- 
third to be taken from largest stockholders ; this to be ob- 
served every two years till the expiration of the charter. 

All countries, cities, and individuals who bring in 100,000 Directors in 
thalers, shall be entitled to appoint a director, and for this, p'"°p°'^*'o\ 

_' _ ^ *^ ' 7 to sums suD- 

all nations who have signed the agreement, and transmitted scribed, 
the funds to some person in whom they confide, and each 
individual subscribing shall declare the nation to which he 
wishes to belong, and place his money. Foreigners who de- 
cide to reside in Sweden, and contribute 25,000 thalers, to 
enjoy the same privileges as citizens, and be free from every 
tribute, and as they carry on no trade, may depart at 
pleasure. 

The directors to be all equal in power and authority, take Equality of 
oath of fidelity, administer justice without fear or afiection, *^'''^''*°'^- 
not deal in merchandise nor own vessels. 

They are to have a salary of 1000 thalers per annum ; in Tohavea 
case of travelling for the company, besides their carriage aisottieT 
they shall receive six Swedish marks per day. The secretary retary> &<=• 
and other servants to be paid out of the funds of the com- 

3 b2 



18 



CHARTER OF SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY. 



1626. 



Chambers re- 
sponsible for 
directors. 



Not respon- 
sible for com- 
pany debts. 
Funds free 
from confis- 
cation. 



Chambers, 
how consti- 
tuted. 



(iioltenberg, 
place of de- 
parture. 



Stocks at 
each to be 
alike. 



Superinten- 
dents. 



May be re- 
moved to 
other places. 



Diet or gene- 
ral meetings. 



Represented 
from each 
chamber. 



pany, the directors of each chamber to be responsible for 
them. 

If any damage result to the company from any of the 
directors it shall attach to the chamber to -which he belongs, 
and be refunded out of the funds contributed by it to the 
company. 

Neither the directors nor their goods shall be liable for the 
company debts. 

All funds invested in tlie company shall be free from con- 
fiscation, even in the event of war of the King of Sweden 
with the nation of which the subscribers are a part. 

Cities convenient for navigation, whose merchants contri- 
bute 30,000 thalers or scudi, shall constitute a chamber, or 
different cities or countries may unite their funds, and agree 
upon the location of the chamber convenient to the company. 

The company's vessels about departing from the different 
ports, shall unite in a fleet at Gottenberg, and take their de- 
parture from thence, and at the end of the voyage return 
thither with their cargoes, which shall be unloaded and thence 
transported, wind and weather permitting without injury to 
the company. 

If one chamber has goods which another requires, they 
shall be furnished, so as to keep up a similar assortment in 
each. 

There shall be one or more superintendents, who shall ex- 
amine the accounts closely, and consult with the directors on 
important matters connected with the interests of the com- 
pany ; and in elections of superintendents, captains, &c. re- 
quired, stockholders shall be preferred, if equally capable. 

Superintendents may be removed from one chamber to 
another, and every chamber shall have a representative at 
Gottenberg, and be informed, within two months after the 
sailing of the vessels, of the matters connected with the 
voyages, and, every three months, furnished with an account 
of goods sold. 

When necessary, there shall be held a diet or meeting of all 
the chambers, to take place alternately, at different chambers, 
in the order of the largest subscriptions, the object being to 
discuss all the general interests of the company, voyages, 
freights, prices, &c. 

To each diet, twelve managers shall be sent from each 
chamber, and the government to be entitled to one vote. 



CHARTER OF SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY, 19 

making thirteen, or casting vote; every chamber having a 1626. 
vote in proportion to its furnished capital ; a chamber fur- ' — ■ — ' 
nishing half has six votes, one-third, four votes, &c. ; majority 
to decide. 

On all imports and exports to or from Sweden, a duty to be Duty to 
paid of four florins per cent., which payment entitles them to s"^®'^'^'^'^*- 
be transported freely thereafter through the whole kingdom. 

The company to be under the royal protection, in the free under royai 
exercise of its trade, the use of its A^essels, and defence against ^'^°*''°''°''- 
all attempts to injure it in war or in peace. 

The government to furnish vessels of war, forts, soldiers. Government 
guns, &c., at its ovai expense. All vessels, &c., taken by the tes^g™'"'^ 
company from pirates, &c., shall be for the company's bene- Share cap- 
fit, except where they are assisted by the government vessels, 
in which case the prizes to be divided equally. 

The government not to use the vessels of the company, nor Government 
their funds or merchandise, even in war, without its consent, company's 
The company shall be entirely at liberty, within the afore- P^P^'^'y- 
said limits, to make treaties with foreign chiefs or people, in Powers of 
their own name ; to build cities, castles, fortresses ; occupy pany.°"^ 
desolate places, and make them habitable ; operate and pro- 
cure what they can, of use to, and for the convenience of the 
company ; but not to commit violent hostilities against the 
inhabitants of the country, nor, unless so tempted, do any 
other thing against the subjects of the King of Spain, nor 
exercise commerce in places with their subjects, without their 
express license, under pain of penalties against transgressors 
of the king's orders, and disturbers of the public peace. 

In case of ill treatment in the use of its trade, or by force May avenge 
or fraud, the company is at full liberty to avenge itself ^^T"^"' 
on its enemies, as against pirates, robbers, &c. , 

In order to manifest the desire of the government to aid Government 
and improve the company, it will contribute and put at ®"'^''°'^'p'^°'^- 
ec[ual risk with others, 400,000 Swedish dollars. 

The government, besides the four florins per cent, duty, Government 
will receive one-fifth of ores, silver and other minerals, which ^^'^^'^ °^ 

' . ' mines, &c. 

may be transported from the mmes, and one-tenth of the 
fruits of the country, in recompense for its aid, privileges, &c., 
granted. The merchandise, and metals received for mer- 
chandise, to be exempted, and remain for the country. 

" And whereas, William Usselincx, of Brabant, Antwerp, 
has spent much time of his life in seeking out said ports, and 



20 



CHARTER OF SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY. 



be consti- 
tuted. 



Of stock- 
holders. 



1626. by the testimony of the State of Flanders, and Maurice, 

"""""^ — ' Prince of Orange, lie is stated as the chief inventor in 

Holland of the West India Company, and by him its admi- 

share of w. nistration has been much aided, and having already resolved 

pr^oser^o/^ to establish himself in Sweden, has promised faithfully to 

the com- exort himsclf ; therefore, to recompense him, the company 

are to pay him 1 florin per 1000, of the merchandise which 

the company shall either import or export during its traJBfic 

within the limits of its charter. 

The company to constitute a council, which, with its offi- 
A council to ccrs, shall attend to the administration of justice, preservation 
of good laws, continuation of war ; appoint soldiers, gover- 
nors, directors, and judges ; build castles and cities ; accom- 
modate differences between citizens of the country and the 
natives, as well as between directors or chambers, and finally, 
preserve every thing in good condition and under good order. 
This council must consist of the chief stockholders, and 
attend to the business and consignments on commission and 
others, furnish information of the ships and advices received, 
and decide on operations. The number of council to be deter- 
mined by circumstances and the judgment of the company. 
Large con- If any chicf community, city, or company contributes 
may^ appoint 500,000 to the coiupauy, it may appoint an agent, with full 
agents. powcrs to negotiate about things necessary to be done. 

If the company requires alterations in the conditions, &c., 
of the charter, not contrary to the laws and welfare of the 
republic, they may be conceded to it.^ 

This charter is dated Stockholm, June 14, 1626. 
This company having received its charter, is said to have 
been enthusiastically encouraged by the subscription of per- 
sons of every rank, and that every thing was in readiness 
regard to the for Carrying out the plan to its fullest extent. It is even 
tbl' Swedes, asscrtcd that the expedition actually sailed, but was captured 
by a Spanish fleet, but documents, hereafter to be noticed, 
will, we think, clearly show, that, owing to wars, &c., nothing 
was effected for several years afterwards. Some of the early 
historians, (at the head of whom is Campanius,) even assert 

1 The above charter is translated from " Argonautica Gustaviana," printed 
^t Francfort, in 1633, a very rare work; the only copy known to be in this 
country is in the valuable library of Harvard College, to whose librarian the 
author is indebted for the use of the work : it is in the German language. The 
charter is also to be found in the Italian language, in the 4to edition of Hart's 
Life of Gustavus Adolphus, vol. ii. pp. 13, 14. See also Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 285, 



Alterations. 



Errors of 
early histo- 
rians with 



PATROONSHIPS ESTABLISHED. 21 

that the arrival of the Swedes took place ia this year, or the 1626. 
next, in which later writers have naturally followed.^ ' ' ^ 

It will be seen, as we proceed, that these early writers are 
evidently in error, which we can only account for by the iiowac- 
work of " Campanius" having been written many years after counted for. 
his death, by his grandson, who was never probably in this 
country, but whose information was derived, as the translator^ 
in the preface observes, " from notes or memoranda left by 
his grandfather, and the verbal accounts which he obtained 
from his father, and writers who preceded him." 

It is a little remarkable, that while Gustavus Adolphus Decembers, 
was thus laying a foundation for a future portion of her em- Christina 
pire, his daughter Christina, afterwards the empress, should ^°™' 
be born. This took place on the 9th day of December.^ 

1629. 

For the purpose of promoting the settlement of colonies June 7. 
in New Netherlands, which was one of the objects originally patroon- 
intended by the establishment of the Dutch West India f'f.T?*'^' 

'' ^ blished. 

Company, the Assembly of XIX. granted a charter of 
" Freedoms and Exemptions, to all such as shall plant any 
colonies in New Netherland," by which members of the com- 
pany might send, on certain terms, in the company's ships 
going thither, three or four persons, to inspect the situation 
of the country, with a view to the selection of lands. They 
who, within four years after giving notice to the company, 
undertake to plant a colony of fifty souls, over fifteen years 
of age, one-fourth of the number within the first year, and 
the remainder of the fifty within three years more, were to be 
acknowledged as patroons of New Netherlands ; neglecting 
to comply, they forfeited the privilege. The island of Man- 
hattan was excluded. They were to have the preference to 
the lands they selected, with liberty to choose others, if they 
did not suit them, (the commander and council approving.) 
They might extend their limits four miles Dutch, (sixteen 
English,) along shore on one side, or two miles, (eight Eng- 
lish,) on eacfh side of a navigable river, and as far into the 

1 Into this error tlie author, in the Register of Pennsylvania, in a hasty 
sketch drawn up on the moment, from the then accredited authors, and before 
he had looked as much as he has since, into authorities, fell ; which he now 
embraces the opportunity to notice and correct. 

2 P. S. Duponceau, p. vi. of vol. iii. Mem. Penns. Hist. Soc. 
^ Biographical Dictionary. 



22 



PRIVILEGES OF PATROONS. 



1629. 



Charter of 
Freedoms 
and Exemp- 
tions for Pa- 
troonships. 



June 19. 



S. Godyn de- 
clares his in- 
tention of 
colonizing in 
the Dela- 
TTare. 



Purchase 
made on 
west side of 
river. 



country as their situation would permit ; the company reserv- 
ing the lands remaining between the limits of the colonies, 
to be disposed of as they think proper, under the general 
rule that no person be allowed to come within seven or eight 
miles (or thirty-two miles English) of them, without their 
consent. The jurisdiction of the river to be in the States- 
General or company. They were to enjoy and possess for 
ever the lands within their limits, fruits, rights, minerals^ 
rivers, and fountains ; have " chief command and lower juris- 
dictions," fishing, fowling, and grinding, exclusively, as a 
perpetual inheritance from the company, or if it devolved to 
the company, might be redeemed with twenty guilders, paid 
within one year and six weeks. If they found cities, they 
may establish officers and magistrates, and use the title of the 
colony at pleasure, and according to the quality of the per- 
sons ; and may dispose of it by will. Besides these powers 
and privileges, others of trade,, exemptions from taxes, &c. &c. 
were granted, which may be seen at length in the authorities 
referred to.^ It was a system of '' feudal tenure and feudal 
burdens,"^ transplanted from continental Europe. 

By the following extract from the proceedings of the 
chamber at Amsterdam, we are informed of an intention to 
commence a colony on the Delaware, and which led to an 
actual purchase. 

" The Heer Samuel Godyn, having heretofore given notice 
here that he intended to plant a colony in New Netherland, 
and that he also, to that end, had engaged two persons to 
proceed thither to examine into the situation of those quar- 
ters, now declares that he, in quality of patroon, has under- 
taken to occupy the bay of the South River, on the conditions 
concluded in the last Assembly of the XIX., as he hath 
likewise notified the director, Peter Minuit, and charged him 
to register the same there. "^ It appears, however, that pre- 
viously, viz. June 1, his agents had purchased from the natives 
the tract of country on the west side of South River Bay, 
extending from Cape Henlopen inland thirty-two miles, and 
two miles in breadth, which purchase was ratified July 15th 
of the next year.* 

1 O'Call. vol. i. p. 112 ; and Holl. Doc. vol. ii. 98, 99. Moulton, 389. N. Y. 
Hist. Coll. vol. i. p. 370, N. S. ^ O'Call. vol. i. p. 120. 

^ Appendix to O'Call. vol. i. p. 479, taken from a notarial copy, which is 
among papers of the late Proprietaries of Pennsylvania. 

4 O'Call. vol. i. p. 121. 




INDIAN DEED FOR GODYN'S PURCHASE. 

Who the agents of Godyn, in this purchase were, does not 
appear, but the fact tends to show that communication must 
have been held with the natives by sea, and that vessels then 
visited the river. Moulton says, one of three ships sent over 
by the department of the West India Company this year, 
visited the Indian village on the south-west corner of New 
Port May, or Delaware Bay, and that the purchase was then 
made from Cape Hindlop to the mouth of the river.^ 

1630. 

Before the director-general and council of Manhattan, Juiyis. 
appeared several chiefs of the nation from whom the purchase 
of land had been effected last year, on Delaware Bay, then 
called Godyn's Bay, and made their formal acknowledgment 
of the sale in the following words : 

"Before us, (the Directors, &c.) in their proper persons, Indian deed 
came and appeared Quesquakous, Ensanques, and Sickonesyns, to\ GoTyn, 
and inhabitants of their villages, lying on south corner of the o° Delaware 
Bay of South Biver, and declared voluntarily and deliberately, or west side. 
and with the special order of the rulers, and with the consent 
of the community there, that on the 1st of June, in the last 
past year 1629, for and in consideration of certain parcels 
of goods which they acknowledge to have satisfactorily re- 
ceived into their hands, before the passing of these presents, 
they have, in their true and free ownership, transported, 
given over, and deeded to and for the behoof of, the much 
esteemed Mr. Samuel Godyn, (absent, and for whom we, ex 
officio, under stipulations, accept the same,) viz, the land be- 
longing to them lying on south side of aforesaid bay, by us 
named the Bay of South River, extending in length from 
Cape Hindlop to the mouth of said river, about eight large 
miles,^ and landwards half a mile,^ to a certain valley or 
marsh, through which these bounds can be sufficiently distin- 
guished, and that, with all the action, right and equity which 
to them in the aforesaid quality appertain, constituting and 
putting the aforesaid Mr. Godyn in their place and stead, in 
the sure and actual possession thereof, and moreover, also 
giving full and irrevocable might, authority, and special 
license, unto said Samuel Godyn, or his assigns, peaceably 
and quietly to possess, enjoy, cultivate, use, and have the said 
lands, tanquam actor et procurator in rem suam ac iDropriam, 

' Moulton, p. 401. 2 Dutch, or 32 English. ^ Two miles English. 



24 PATROONSHIP FORMED FOR THE DELAWARE. 

1630. and also to do with, manage, and dispose of the same, as lie 
' ' ' may or can with his own lands, to which he is rightfully and 
lawfully entitled, without that the grantors having or reserv- 
Saietos. ing thereto or thereout, any part, right, title, or authority, 
°^^"" either of ownership, power, oj jurisdiction, but, to the be- 
hoof as aforesaid, from henceforth for ever, desisting, resign- 
ing, and renouncing the same, promising moreover not only 
to keep, maintain, and fulfil this, their transport, and whatever 
may be done by virtue thereof, for ever Siiter, firm, inviolable, 
and irrevocable, but also to maintain and defend the aforesaid 
land against all persons, free from all claim, challenge, or 
incumbrance to be made thereon by any person, all in good 
faith, without fraud or deceit. In witness whereof, these 
presents are confirmed by our usual signature, and with our 
seal thereto afiixed. Done on the island of Manhattan, this 

15th day of July, 1630."^ t^t • , t ^ 

•^ *^ JNo signatures recorded. 

It is stated by O'Callaghan, that, according to " Holland Do- 
cuments" lately received, Samuel Bloemmaert was interested 
with Godyn in the above purchase ; his name, however, does 
not appear either in the original or translation, in the Albany 
Documents from which we copied the foregoing instrument.'^ 
David Pieterszen De Vries, of Hoorn, a port in North 
A patroon- Holland, " a bold and skilful seaman," and a " master of artil- 
6hip formed, -^ -^^ ^^^ scrvice of the United Provinces," having about two 

and articles •' ^ . . 

of associa- months previously, returned from the East Indies, met with 
tion entered j^/j"^^ gamuel Godvu, a merchant of Amsterdam, and the pur- 

mto for esta- >/ ' ^ / i 

biishing a chaser of the land above mentioned, who informed him of the 
colony on intention of himself and associates to form a colony in New 

South KiTer, _ ... . 

under Capt. Netherlands, particularly directing his attention to the South 
De vnes. j^iycr, with a view to the whale fishery, " whales being plenty 
in those regions, and fish oil being 60 guilders per hogshead" 
in Holland. The offer of " commandership" was made to 
De Vries, and employment " as second patroon," as was 
granted by the States, and by the 19th of the West India 
Company's charter, which he declined to accept, unless he 
was made in all respects equal with the others as a patroon, 
which being readily agreed to, a patroonship was formed by 
October 16. entering into formal articles of association, on 16th of Octo- 
ber, 1630. The members composing it were Samuel Godyn, 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxvi. GG. p. 11, 12. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 82. 

2 O'Call. vol. i. p. 122. Holl. Doc. vol. i.p. 176—180. 



DE VRIES'S ARRIVAL ON THE DELAWARE. 25 

Killiaen Van Rensselaer, Samuel Bloemmaert, Jan De Laet, 1630. 
and De Vries, to which number several persons were after- ' — ' — ' 
wards added. Immediate measures were taken to prepare 
for the expedition. A ship and yacht were fitted out, " as Expedition 
well for the whale fishins; in those parts," as for the establish- *^**!'' °]'' 

o ■. ■■• ' _ ^ _ and sails. 

ment of a colony, " planting of tobacco, raising of grain," 
&c. All things being ready, and about thirty colonists re- 
ceived on board, the vessels left the Texel, December 12, Decemberi2. 
1630.1 

1631. 

The precise date of the arrival of De Vries's expedition, De vries's 
in the Delaware, is not known, but as he told us he sailed on ^e"Jware. 
December 12, 1630, and allowing for the length of the pas- settlement 
sages usual at that period, we conclude he arrived in March aai. Erection 
or April of this year. After passing Cape Cornelis, he en- of I'ortop- 
tered into a deep creek, abounding with oysters, which was 
called Hoornkil or Hoerkil, the present Whorekills,^ or 
Lewes Creek. Here, having selected a suitable spot, he 
erected a house, surrounding it with palisades, instead of 
parapets and breastwork, which served the purposes both of 
trade and defence. It was called Fort Oplandt.^ Being 
favoured in the season, they suffered but little inconvenience 
from the weather. Their settlement was on the purchase 
made in 1629 for Godyn, and assumed the name of Zwanen- 
dal, or "Valley of the Swans." But little information is on 
record respecting the progress of this infant Dutch colony. 
No doubt every effort was made to provide for their wants, 
and to place it in a proper state of defence ; at least De 
Vries so considered it, for in the course of the year pro- DeVriesde- 
bably, (for the date is not given,) he left it in charge of Gillis nouand^ 
Hosset, and sailed for Holland. 

Another purchase was made on the South Biver, from the 
Indians, as set forth in the following acknowledgment before 
the director-general and council at Manhattan. 

"Appeared before us, Peter Heysen, skipper on board the 
ship named Walrus, (or Whale,) lying at present on the South 
Biver, and Gillis Hosset, commissary, lying in the same, and 
declared, that on the 6tJi day of May last past, before them May 5. 

J De Vries, in N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. i. N. S., p. 250. O'Call. vol. i. p. 128. 
2 For the origin of this name, tradition has assigned a reason which needs 
the support of evidence. ^ De Vries, Moulton, vol. i. p. 406. 

4 



26 SECOND PURCHASE ON THE DELAWARE. 

1631. in their proper persons, appeared Sannoowouno, Wiewit, 

'~'"^'~' Pemliacke, Mekowetick, Teehepeuwya, Matiiamen, Sacoock, 

Anelioopoen, Janqueno, and Pokahake, rightful owners, pro- 

Purciiase on prietors, and inhabitants of the east side of the Godyn's East 

east side for p^v, Called the Cape of May, both for themselves and the 

Godyn and "^ ' '^ . . 

Bioemmaert. vato caverefido, (the remaining,) and all other proprietors of 
the same land. The said appearers, in their sacred quality, 
voluntarily and deliberately declared, that in a rightful, full, 
and free ownership, by virtue of titles, and the right of sell- 
ing, and in consideration of certain parcels of goods, which 
they the grantors, in the said quality, before the passing of 
these presents, acknowledged to have received and obtained, 
they had transported, ceded, and given over, and by these 
presents, they do transport, &c., to and for the behoof of 
their excellencies Mr. Samuel Godyn, and Mr. Samuel Bioem- 
maert, (absent,) and for whom the said appearers, the follow- 
ing did accept with suitable stipulations, viz. the east side of 
Godyn's Bay, or Cape May, extending four miles from the 
cape aforesaid, bayward in, and four miles along the coast 
towards the south, and four miles landward in, being a square 
of 16 miles, and that, with all which, in right and equity, to 
the said appearers in the aforesaid quality therein apper- 
tained, constituting and substituting the said grantees, (the 
before named agents,) in the stead and state, in the real and 
actual possession of the same, and at the same time to their 
said excellencies Messrs. Godyn and Bioemmaert, or to their 
successors, full, absolute, and irrevocable right, tanquam, &c., 
the said land peaceably to enter upon, possess, inhabit, culti- 
vate, occupy, use, and therewith do, and thereof dispose and 
trade aw^ay, as they might do with their own, honestly and 
legally gotten, without that they the said grantors, in their 
aforesaid quality, (capacity,) thereto, and to any part or piece 
thereof, should have, reserve, or save in the least, any part, 
action or authority, whether for ownership, command, or 
jurisdiction, but superabundantly for the behoof as aforesaid, 

June 3. from this time forth, and for evermore, wholly and absolutely 
therefrom, desisting," &c.^ June 3, 1631. 

This purchase has been stated, by several writers, to have 
been made May 5, 1630. This has arisen, we presume, from 
an error in quoting from the records, as the date of the fore- 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxvi. pp. 27, 30, GG. 29. 



COLONY DESTROYED BY THE INDIANS. 27 

going paper, Jan. 3, 1631,^ instead of June 8, 1631, which 1631. 
would render the 5t/i of May last past, as in 1630. The date ' ' ' 
we have given is copied from the Albany record itself, and 
corresponds with the date of the two preceding acknowledg- 
ments, as alluded to in a subsequent instrument^ for the sale 
of both purchases. It appears to us most probable, that De 
Vries having arrived prior to the 5th May, Heysen was the 
commander of the ship Walrus, and that Hosset was the com- 
missary of the expedition, and that possessing, by previous 
purchase, the western side of the river, it was deemed advisa- 
ble to obtain the east side also, and that the purchase was 
accordingly effected as above. Both sides of the river, it 
seems, passed by the name of " Zwanendal," or " Valley of 
Swans," although the term has generally been applied to the 
settlement on the western shore. Hosset was an agent also 
in the purchase of lands around Fort Orange, for Van Rens- 
sellaer, in 1630,^ and must therefore, most probably have 
returned to Holland, prior to accompanying De Vries, unless, 
indeed, he was despatched for the purpose from Manhattan, < 
upon De Vries's arrival. 

The departure of De Vries appears to have been unfortu- Destructioa 
nate for the colony, as his prudence might have saved it from colony by tL 
the unhappy occurrences into which the indiscretion of i"*^'**^^- 
those intrusted with its management involved it. It seems 
that, conformably with the custom of the Dutch, a pillar was 
erected, bearing a piece of tin, on which were traced the coat 
of arms of the United Provinces, which being innocently 
removed by an Indian, was viewed by Hosset, who was left 
in charge, as a national insult, and led to the entire destruc- 
tion of the colony, this year, or early in the next, by the 
Indians. The particulars, as subsequently related to De Vries, 
on his return from Holland, we find in his journal. De Vries 
inquired " the reason why they had killed our people. He 
showed us a place where our people had erected a pillar, to 
Avhich was attached a piece of tin, upon which was figured 
the emblem of Holland. One of their chiefs wanted to take 
this piece of tin to make of it tobacco pipes, not knowing 
that it was improper. Those who had the command at the 
house showed much dissatisfaction, so that the Indians did 
not know how to make amends. They went away and killed 

1 Moulton, p. 401. Acrelins, p. 417. 2 O'CalJ. vol. i. p. 479. 

3 0"Call. vol.i. pp. 125, 138. 



28 CAUSE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COLONY. 

1631. the chief who had taken the tin, and brought a token of it to 
' '~^ those who commanded at the house, who told them that they 
had done wrong ; that they ought to have come with him to 
Destruction the housc, and they would have only told him not to do so 
colony.™^* again. They then went away: but the friends of the mur- 
dered chief had resolved to be avenged. They attacked our 
people when they were working in the field, leaving but a 
single sick man in the house, and a large bull-dog, which was 
chained out of doors. The man Vt^ho had command of the 
house stood near the door. Three of the boldest Indians, 
who were to perpetrate the deed, came and offered him a par- 
cel of beavers to barter, and contrived to enter the house. 
He went in with them to transact the business ; that being 
done, he went to a garret where the stores were. Coming 
down, one of the Indians cleaved his head with an axe, so 
that he dropped dead on the floor. They then murdered the 
sick man, and then went to the dog, which they feared most, 
and shot at least twenty-five arrows at him before he was 
killed. They then went in a treacherous manner to the peo- 
ple in the field, approaching them under the appearance of 
friendship, and murdered one after the other. Thus termi- 
nated our first colony, to our great loss."-*- 

In alluding, several years later, to the cause of this de- 

GiiiisHosset struction, Dc Vries says, "When we were erecting a colony 

^e°g°^seof i"- 1630, on South River, at Zwanendal, on the Hoeren Creek, 

^*- and all our people were murdered by the Indians, occasioned 

by some trifling quarrels of our commander, Gillis Osset, we 

lost our settlements by mere jangling with the Indians, when 

thirty-two of our men were murdered."^ Thus charging upon 

Hosset, whom he had left in command, the blame of it. 

The arriyai Some of the early writers fix the arrival of the Swedes, 

Sw!des as- ^^*^ '^^ building of the first fort by them, in this year, which, 

signed to from documcnts hereafter to be noticed, was undoubtedly an 

this year by 

some. error. 

In this year, also, it has been said that, upon the applica- 
Right to the tiou of his cxcellency John Oxenstiern, ambassador to Eng- 
eaiTt^have ^^^<^5 King Charlcs I. relinquished to the Swedes all claim to 
heenreiin- this part of the couutry by reason of discovery. Of any 
the English, cvidcnce of this agreement, no documents have been, thus 
far, produced. Acrelius also refers to this circumstance, but 
places it at a later period. 

I De Vries, in .N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. i. N. S., p. 252. 2 ibid. 266. 



CHARTER OF MARYLAND GRANTED TO LORD BALTIMORE. 29 

1632. 
Director Minuit Avas recalled, and embarked some time in PeterMinuit, 
the spring, for Holland, takina; with him 5000 beaver skins, '^'yf'^^°'"' ""f- 

•i o' . . . ciUled, and 

on account of the company. Being obliged to put into Eng- returns to 
land by stress of weather, the vessel was seized for having ^°"^'^'-'- 
traded in his majesty's dominions against his express com- 
mands, but after various exchanges of documents on each 
side, asserting claims to the country, the vessel was released.^ 

Lord Baltimore obtains a grant for Maryland, under which June 20. 
he claimed a right to the lands on the west side of Delaware LorciBaiti- 
River, and which gave rise to continual controversies between ™°^<^ob*am3 

' o ^ . ^ charter for 

him and the Dutch, and afterwards with the Pennsylvania Maryland. 
proprietaries, which were not settled for more than one hun- 
dred and thirty years. 

Lord Baltimore first intended to settle in Virginia, but LordCaiti- 
being a Roman Catholic, and finding himself uncomfortable ^n^^and^ ^^ 
there on account of his religion, departed for England, and Patent after- 
obtained a patent for land originally granted to the South filmed to'his 
Virginia Company, but dying, never returned. His son, in son. 
1633, had the patent confirmed to himself. It occasioned 
unpleasant feelings between Maryland and Virginia for a 
time, owing, chiefly, to their being rivals in the tobacco busi- 
ness. The following proceedings and description will show 
the extent of the grant.^ 

"By letters patent of this date, reciting the petition of charter to 
Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, for a certain country thereinafter ^"r'^^o"'' 
described, not then cultivated and planted, though in some Maryland, 
l^arts thereof inhabited hy certain barbarous people, having ci^i^eda 
no hnoivledge of Almighty G-od, his majesty granted to said right to the 

LT T, 1 , . Delaware, 

ord Baltimore : ... . ^^chwas 

" All that part of a peninsula lying in the parts of America long a source 
between the ocean on the east, and the Bay of Chesapeake °^J°^_ 
on the west, and divided from the other part thereof by a 
right line drawn from the promontory or cape of land called 
Watkins's Point, (situate in the aforesaid bay, near the River 
of Wighco,) on the west, unto the main ocean on the east ; 
and between that bound on the south, unto that part of Dela- 
ware Bay on the north which lieth under the 40th degree of 

J O'Call. vol. i. p. 130. 

2 Beverly, 47, 48. Burke's Virginia, ii. 39. Bozman's Maryland, i. 344, 345, 
and note (S.) Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. 1. p. 337. 

c2 



30 



DE VPJES EETURNS FROM HOLLAND. 



1632. 



November. 

GustaTus 
Adolplius 
again thinks 
of the 
scheme of a 
company. 
His death. 



December 5. 

De Vries's 
return from 
Holland. 
Has inter- 
views, and fi- 
nally makes 
peace with 
the Indians, 
from one of 
whom he 
learns the 
particulars 
of the mur- 
der of the 
eolonists. 



north latitude from the equinoctial, where New England 
ends; and all that tract of land between the bounds aforesaid, 
i. e. passing from the aforesaid bay called Delaware Bay, in 
a right line by the degree aforesaid, unto the true meridian 
of the first fountain of the Eiver of Pattoumech, and from 
thence trending towards the south unto the further bank of 
the aforesaid river, and following the west and south side 
thereof, unto a certain place called Cinquack, situate near the 
mouth of the said river, where it falls into the Bay of Chesa- 
peake, and from thence by a straight line, unto the aforesaid 
promontory and place called Watkins's Point. "^ 

Gustavus Adolphus, one of the noblest monarchs of Europe, 
and King of Sweden, who took so lively an interest in esta- 
blishing a Swedish West India Company in 1626-27, and 
colonizing this country, was killed at the battle of Lutzen, 
nobly fighting at the head of his army, by which untoward 
event the accomplishment of the object which he had so much 
at heart was still longer delayed for several years. But a 
short time prior to his death, (October 16,) at Nuremburgh, 
he drew up a recommendation to the people of Germany, of 
his favourite scheme of a company, which v/as ready for his 
signature, but which was prevented by his death. It was, 
however, the next year submitted to the people by his excel- 
lent chancellor Oxenstiern.^ 

In the latter part of this year, De Vries, having previously 
heard of the destruction of his colony on the Delaware, 
sailed from the Texel. On the 5th of December he entered 
the South Bay, having a whale near his vessel. " He promised 
himself great things, plenty of whales, and good land for 
cultivation." On the next day he proceeded up the kill, being 
well armed, in case of meeting with Indians. He now 
realized the truth of wdiat he had learned before leaving Hol- 
land. He " found the house destroyed. It had been sur- 
rounded by parapets or breastwork, but most of them had 
been burned. The ground was bestrewed with the heads and 
bones of his murdered men, but he saw no Indians." Sup- 
posing they might be attracted by the sound of a gun, he 
went on board the vessel, and ordered a gun to be fired. On 
the 7th, two Indians appeared near the destroyed house ; 
afraid to approach, they wished the people from the vessel to 

' Statement of Penn's Case, by Murva}', Reg. Penns. vol. ii. p. 204. 
2 Argonautica Gustaviana. Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 282. 



INTERVIEW WITH THE INDIANS. 31 

come on shore, wliich De Tries resolved to do next day, in 1632. 
the ya,cht, that he might " have a shelter from their arrows." ' ■ ' 
Accordingly, he went in the yacht, up the creek to the house. 
The Indians were on the shore, but at first would not go on 
board ; at last, however, one went. De Vries gave him a 
cloth dress, and told him he desired to make peace with them. 
Others then went on board, expecting also a dress, but he gave 
them only trinkets, adding that' the dress was given to the 
first as a reward for his confidence in venturing to enter the 
boat. They were desired to come next day with their chief, 
called Sahimas, for the purpose of making a satisfactory 
peace. One Indian, however, remained on board all night in 
the yacht, and from him De Vries, upon inquiry, received the 
account which has already been given, of the murder of the 
colonists. On the 9th, the Indians, with their chief, came : 
"they sat down in a circle, and concluded peace." Presents 
were made them of duffels, bullets, axes, and Nuremberg 
trinkets, with which being well pleased, and with promises of 
recij)rocal benefits, they departed joyfully, no notice or ven- 
geance 'having been taken of the previous cruelties committed. 

De Vries now made " preparations for the fishery, and for DeVries pre- 
boiling oil, by forming a lodging place of some boards."-^ "'''^''° "'^ 



pares for 
fishinq 



1633. 

De Vries, after remaining since the conclusion of the peace, January i. 
in the neighbourhood of the creek, probably engaged in the De vries 
fishery, proceeded in the yacht up the river, to procure beans Deilwifre. ^ 
from the Indians. They saw a whale before the mouth of Meets with 
the river. On the 5th he was before the little Fort Nassau, gavcTby an 
where formerly lived some families of the West India Com- Indian wo- 
pany. Here he found a few Indians disposed to barter some aestruction. 
furs, but wanting only Indian corn, and having parted with 
most of his articles at Zwanendal, he had none to trade for 
furs. They advised him to proceed to Timmerkill, (now 
Cooper's Creek,) from which he was prevented by the kind 
interference of an Indian woman, to whom he gave a cloth 
dress to induce her to communicate what she knew. She 
belonged " to the Sankitans." She informed De Vries that 
they had murdered the crew of an English boat which 
ascended the Count Ernest River, and would undoubtedly 
attack them. On the 6th he weighed, and lay before Tim- 

I De Vries, p. 252. 



32 



DE VEIES SAVED FR03I THE INDIANS. 



1633. 



Many In- 
dians come 
on board. 
His treat- 
ment of 
them. 



Finds Fort 
Nassau 
crowded 
with In- 
dians. Ex- 
change of 
presents. 



De yries de- 
termines to 
go to Vir- 
ginia. 



raerkill, fully prepared for the Indians, if they attempted to 
harm him. They soon approached the boat, offering beavers, 
and about forty-two or forty-three entered the yacht : some 
began to play on reeds, so as to induce no suspicion of their 
designs, but, being only seven in number, the creAV were upon 
their guard, and when De Vries thought they had been long 
enough on board, he ordered them ashore, threatening to fire 
if they refused to depart ;, their sachem offered beavers for 
sale, which were declined, and the Indians were again ordered 
on shore, and given to understand that Manito, their devil, 
had advised him of their evil designs ; they then went on 
shore. 

These Indians are said to be "Roodehoeks or Mantes;" 
they were partly dressed in English jackets, which created 
suspicion, and confirmed the story of the Indian woman, who 
so providentially was the means of saving a second expedi- 
tion from destruction. On the 8th, De Vries returned to his 
position before the fort, which was now crowded with Indians, 
and their numbers increasing. A canoe, with nine chiefs 
from different places, came off, amongst them the man who 
had appeared with the English jacket, which, however, he did 
not now wear. They sat down in a circle, and said they had 
discovered that De Vries's people were in fear of them, but 
they came to conclude a permanent peace, and presented ten 
beaver skins, with a distinct ceremony with each. De Vries 
in return offered some presents for each, such as an axe, 
adze, small knives, &c., which they refused, saying, " they did 
not make their presents to receive others in return, but to make 
peace." They were told that some presents would be given 
for their wives, but they replied, " these must be given to 
them on shore." De Vries, on the 9th and 10th, obtained 
from them in barter some Indian corn and furs ; on the 19th, 
he went upwards of a mile from "Jacques Eyland?" entered 
a fine creek, abounding in vines, which they therefore called 
"Wyngaert's Kill, or Vine Creek." 

De Vries now determined to proceed to Virginia, as he had 
failed, in South River, to procure corn and other provisions 
for his return voyage, in doing which he had incurred some 
danger, and as none of the Dutch had been to Virginia before 
him, he would have the honour of making the first visit 
there. 

De Vries accordingly sailed for Virginia, where, upon his 



DE VRIES VISITS VIRGINIA. 33 

arrival, the governor, attended by some officers and sol- 1633. 
diers, met and cordially welcomed him, inquiring whence he "^ — ■""' 
came; on being informed "from South River," he invited 
him to his house, and treated him to a glass of wine. He March, 
then told him that South Bay belonged to the British, and DeVriesgoes 
was by them named Delaware Bay, after Lord Delaware, who ^° .'^■''e^'a- 

•^ \' ' Friendly re- 

some years ago had taken possession of it, but not supposing ception by 
it navigable, owing to the sand banks, he did not ascend the *'"'^°^®'^" 

<j ^ t_j / nor, 

river. De Vries then informed him that he was mistaken ; 
that the Dutch had there built a fort many years ago, called 
Nassau, of which he appeared never to have known before, 
and that it was a fine navigable river. The governor spoke 
of a small vessel that he had sent, some time before, to 
the DelaAvare, which had not returned, and he supposed was 
lost. De Vries then related the circumstance mentioned by 
the Indian woman, of the murder of an English boat's crew, 
and that he had seen an Indian wearing an English jacket, 
which he concluded to have belonged to his boat's crew, who 
had been sent there to make discovery. The governor gave 
him six goats for his new colony ; he purchased some provi- 
sions, and returned to South Bay. He learned that in his Returns to 
absence they had taken only seven whales, which yielded 32 ^^^ °''^-"" 

. . '' "^ ware. Little 

cartels of oil. Finding, therefore, that the fishing here was success in 
too expensive in proportion to the profit, and the fish poor, naiiyfeaTes 
he prepared to return to Europe, and on the 16th of April fo'^E'irope. 
weighed anchor, and arrived at Fort Amsterdam, on Man- 
hattan, shortly after,^ and thus finally left the Delaware 
River for several years ; and terminated the second expe- 
dition. 

This year arrived at Fort Amsterdam, in the ship Zout- April, 
berg, (or Salt Mountain,) a vessel of 20 guns, and 52 men, Arrival of 
and 104 soldiers, Wouter Van Twiller, having the appoint- Tw^ielTt 
ment of director-general over New Netherlands. He had Manhattan, 
been a clerk in the employ of the West India Company, and 
was now successor to Peter Minuit, of whom we shall know 
more hereafter.^ 

This year the Timber Creek Indians were at war with the Indians at 
Minquas, on the Christina. The name of the sachem of the ^'^''' 
former tribe was, according to De Vries, Zee Pentor.^ 

1 De Vries. Du Sim. MSS. Philada. Library. N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. i. 
N. S., p. 254. 

2 OCall. vol, i. p. 141, 8 De Vries. Mickle, p. 11. 

5 



34 



PROCLAMATION FOR SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY. 



1633. 



April 10. 

Oxenstiern 
publishes 
the pi'ocla- 
mation for 
the Swedish 
West India 
Company, 
left unsigned 
hy GustaTus. 



June 26. 

And also an 
address 
assigning 
reasons for 
the delay in 
organizing 
the com- 
pany. 



The period 
for uniting 
•vrith the 
company ex- 
tended. , 

Hedges and 
payment of 
funds in the 
company. 



Chancellor Oxenstiern publishes the proclamation which 
had been left unsigned by Gustavus Adolphus, and adds, 
" though the above declaration and amplification of the be- 
fore-mentioned privileges of his majesty, of glorious memory, 
could not have been signed, on account of the multifarious 
and incredible affairs of the war, I cannot, in consequence 
of my duty and good personal knowledge, but certify that 
the same has been the highest desire and wish of his royal 
majesty ; therefore I, by the crown of Sweden, and pleni- 
potentiary minister-general, have signed it with my own 
hand, and affixed my seal to it, at Heilebrunn, April 10, 
1633." 

The chancellor publishes an address, in which he presents 
the reasons which have already so long delayed the carrying 
into effect the plans previously submitted by his majesty. 
He says, " our worthy king and lord, a few years ago, after 
mature deliberation and good counsel, found it expedient and 
highly useful to grant and to forward the design, that in his 
kingdom and lands there should be established a general com- 
mercial and navigation company, and that free and open 
commerce should be carried on in every part of the world 
where the greatest advantages might be derived. We also 
declare that this work was almost carried into operation, 
when it was delayed through various circumstances, especially 
by the absence of his majesty, owing to the necessary cru- 
sades in Prussia and Germany, and also by the long, tedious, 
and necessary absence, (granted by his majesty,) of the ori- 
ginal projector of this work, until this date, and who is now 
appointed first director, our beloved W. Usselincx. These 
delays were not without a special divine providence." 

The period for uniting Avith the company was extended 
to the 1st of January, 1634, and the people were urged to 
enter upon the work with zeal and liberality, in which the 
government tendered its aid and encouragement.^ 

It appears, by the document left unsigned, that " many 
persons had already pledged themselves to furnish large sums, 
and paid in a great part of them, but the object had been 
postponed and deferred by many powerful hinderances, 
chiefly, of late, by our wars in Prussia and Germany." 
Arent Corssen was this year commissary of Fort Nassau, 



' Argonautica Gustaviana, 1635. Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 284. 



PURCHASE OF SCHUYLKILL BY THE DUTCH. 35 

under Van Twiller,^ at which a large house was also directed 1633. 
to be built, and numerous repairs made. ' ' ' 

Orders were given to Arent Corssen, to purchase a tract 
of land on the Schuylkill, on which was afterwards erected a Pm-chase of 
fort called Beversrede, "a place remarkably well situated," bylLnt 
and named thus on account of the beaver trade, which was corssen. 
carried on there very briskly with the natives and wild in- rede. 
dians, "which it was estimated might, for years to come, be 
brought to amount to thousands. Those from the South, 
(called Munquassen,) and the wild blacks, are brought down 
in large quantities ; so that this river, for its fitness, hand- 
some situation, as well in regard of trade as of culture, will 
always be held by the company and ministers in high estima- 
tion."^ Under these favourable anticipations, Corssen ob- 
tained from the chiefs a conveyaiuce, agreeably to the follow- 
ing confirmation, on record in the office of the West India 
Company, in 1648, and witnessed by Augustin Heermans, 
Govert Loockermans, Juriaen Plancke, Cornelis Jansen Coele, 
and Sander Leendertsen. 

" We, the subscribers, Amattehooren, Alebackinne, Sin- Indian deed 
quees, &c., chiefs over the portions of the tracts of land [°ii^'^'^"^^" 
lying about and on the Schuylkill, called Armenveruis, de- 
clare, that after a proper and deliberate consideration, we 
have sold to Arent Corssen, the Schuylkill and adjoining 
lands, for certain cargoes, for which we were not paid in full, 
but for which we are fully satisfied at present ; therefore we, 
the above chiefs, with this, give full and irrevocable authority 
and power, and confirm the said purchase, and are prepared 
at all times to stand forth and clear the same of all attempts 
and claims, and all intentions by anybody. Passed thus, 
and in token of the truth, by us natives subscribed in pre- 
sence of the above-named witnesses. Done at Fort Beversrede, 
the Delaware N. N." Signed by Amattehooren, Sinquees, 
Alebackinne, Michecksowwabbe, Quironqueckock, Kaucke, 
and Walpackvouck, with their appropriate marks. ^ 

The foregoing purchase is referred to in a public Dutch 
document, in 1656, and also in Hudde's report, in 1645, 
where he says, " in regard to the Schuylkill, these are the 
lands purchased and possessed by the company."* 

1 OCall. vol. i. p. 142, 156. 2 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32 to 50, translated. 

3 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 55, 56. Also in O'Call. vol. ii. p. 81. 

4 Albany Records, vol. xvii. N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. i. N. S., p. 429, 440 



36 GRANT TO SIR EDMUND PLOWDEN. 

1634. 
We have now arrived at a portion of our history which has 
June 21. much perplexed most writers who have preceded us, some of 
Grant to Sir whom have treated it with gravity, while others have been 
piowden, of disposed to view the whole subject in the light of fiction. It 
New AiMon. ggems that on the 21st of June, 1634, King Charles, of Eng- 
land, made a grant to a certain person, named Sir Edmund 
Piowden, (or Ployden, as it is most frequently written,) 
knight, &c., which recites, that "whereas our well-beloved 
and faithful subject, Edward Piowden, knight, from a laud- 
able and manifest desire, as well of promoting the Christian 
religion as the extending of our imperial territories, hath 
formerly discovered, at his own great charges and expenses, 
a certain island and regions hereafter described, in certain 
of our lands, to the western part of the globe, commonly 
called North Virginia, inhabited by a barbarous and wild 
people, not having any notice of the Divine Being, and hath 
amply and copiously peopled the same with five hundred per- 
sons of our subjects, being taken to that colony as companions 
of the same pious hopes or intentions ; and the colony being 
founded, elected to himself John Lawrence, knight and baro- 
net, &c., and hath humbly supplicated our royal highness to 
erect all that island and region into a province and county 
palatine, and to give and confirm the same, with certain pri- 
vileges and jurisdictions, for the wholesome government of 
the colony and region aforesaid, and the state thereto belong- 
ing, unto them, their heirs and assigns ; and also praying that 
we should create and invest the same Edmund Piowden, knight, 
and his assigns, with the dignities, titles, and privileges of 
governors of the premises." " Therefore know ye that," &c. 
" we have given, granted, &c., to the before-named Edmund 
Eonnciaries. Plowdcn, &c., all that entire island, near the continent or 
terra firma of North Virginia, called Island of Piowden, or 
Long Island, between 39° and 40°, together with part of the 
continent or terra firma aforesaid, near adjoining described ; 
to begij;! from the point of an angle of a certain promontory 
called Cape May, and from thence to the westward, for the 
space of 40 leagues, running by the River Delaware, and 
closely following its course by north latitude, unto a certain 
rivulet there, arising from a spring of the Lord Baltimore, in 
the lands of Maryland, and the summit aforesaid to the south, 



GRANT OF NEW ALBION. 3| 

where it touches, joins and determines in all its breadth ; from 1634. 
thence takes its course into a square, leading to the north by " ' ' 
a right line for 40 leagues, &c. ; thence likewise by a square, 
inclining to east, in a right line, for the space of 40 leagues, 
to the river and part of Reacher Cod, and descends to a 
savannah, touching and including the top of Sandheey, where 
it determines ; and from thence toward the south by a square. 
Stretching to a savannah, which passes by and washes the 
shore of the island of Plowden aforesaid, to the point of the 
promontory of Cape May, above mentioned, terminates where 
it began," &c. 

The grant then continues, " with all and singular, islands 
and isles, floating, or to float, and being in the sea, within 10 
leagues of the shore of the said region," all ports for ship- 
ping, and creeks of the sea, lands, grounds, woods, lakes, 
salt waters and rivers adjoining, " with fishery of all kinds 
of fish, whales, and sturgeon, and all other royalties in the 
sea or fishing rivers ;" all gold, silver, and precious stones, 
and otherwise, &c. The churches to be built "may be held, 
&c., as by any bishop of Durham." The said Sir Edmund, 
heirs and assigns, to be true and absolute lords, &c., (saving 
the faith and allegiance to the king,) w^ith " such titles, ad- 
ditions, dignity and privileges as George Calvert, knight, 
"within the province or county palatine of Glastonbury, within 
our new lands, or as said Lord Baltimore, within Maryland, 
&c. ;" the said Edmund to hold, possess, &c., the said title, 
addition, dignity, and privilege of earl palatine, or ofiice of 
governor, &c. The region granted " we erect and incorpo- 
rate, and the same nominate or call JVew Albion," not to 
be subject to or dependent upon Virginia or New England ; 
may make laws, create manors, and in short do all other 
things. 

It is added, " that he settled the said province, and resided 
therein, and acted as chief governor for many years," 

Having obtained this grant, it appears, from another do- Lease and re- 
cument of the same date, that an agreement was entered into ^®^6<»sir 
between the Right Honourable Sir Edmund Plowden, of Plow- Danby. 
den, in the county of Salop, knight, lord earl palatine, and 
governor of the province of New Albion, and Sir Thomas 
Danby, by which Sir Edmund leases to Sir Thomas, " who 
hathundertaken to settle 100 persons," 10,000 acres, whereof 
9800 are to be bounded in a perfect square, on a part of 



38 AUTHORITY TO PURCPIASE UP PATROONSHIPS. 

1634. Rickney wood, within three miles of Watsesset, his lordship's 
* ' ' plantation, and 100 acres lying entire and adjoining to Wat- 
sesset town, &c., paying " one silver penny sterling for ever, 
for every person resident on the premises, upon certain con- 
ditions;" the town to be called Banhy Fort. From another 
paper, it would appear, that the earl had made over to certain 
persons, as trustees, the whole property, which they now 
retransfer to his children, " Francis, Lord Plowden, son and 
heir of Sir Edward, earl palatine, and George Plowden and 
Thomas Plowden, two other sons of said Edmund, to the use 
of said Sir Edmund, earl palatine, during his natural life, 
with power to grant what estate he pleases, in fee simple, 
fee tail, for life or years, &c.," in consideration of a 
certain quantity of land given to the trustees for their 
services. 

Such is a brief sketch of the various documents relating 
to this curious matter, as are contained in vol. i. pp. 160—174, 
of Hazard's Historical Collections, " taken from papers pub- 
lished by Charles Varlo, who visited this country in 1784 
and 1785, as agent for the Earl of Albion," and who, we 
understand, then applied to a respectable lawyer in this city, 
unfortunately for our purpose, since deceased, for the prose- 
cution of the claim, in a part of which he was, by purchase 
or otherwise, interested. 

Judging, therefore, from these documents, upon their face, 
it would appear there is reason to suppose that the earl had 
at least a show of title. But as to his operations under it, 
what he accomplished, whether he was even in this country, 
and whether there was such a person, have all been subjects 
of inquiry. We will refer hereafter to some of the views 
taken by dijBferent persons on the subject. 

The directors of the West India Company were commis- 
Aug\ist22. sioned, by the Assembly of the XIX., " to treat and transact 
Authority to with all the patroons and colonists in New Netherlands, for 
Company to ^hc purchasc of the patroonships, colonies, dignities, houses, 
purchase the buildings, lauds, merchandises, and all the rights, effects, 

patroon- => ' ' . ' . . 

ships. appendages and dependencies thereof, which they were m 

Nov. 27. possession of there." Under this authority, the commis- 
An agree- sioucrs, Novcmbcr 27th, entered into an agreement with the 
t^^diutrfor patroons, which was completed next year, for the purchase 
the purpose, of Zwaneudal from them. This measure was probably ren- 
dered necessary, by difficulties arising between the company 



SWEDISH CHARTER CONFIRMED. 39 

and the patroons of New Netherland, in consequence of their 1634. 
pretensions and demands against the company.^ ' ' 

The charter of the Swedish West India Company was con- 
firmed in Germany by the deputies at Frankfort, and was December 12, 
printed at Hamburg, in 1635. 

It does not, however, appear, that matters were yet ripe Swedish 
for execution, as no decided steps were taken for nearly four ch^teTcol- 
years afterwards. The probability is, the project was kept firmed. 
alive, and gradually progressing.^ We have seen, in the oioeirstme. 
possession of a family in this city, descended from one of the 
Swedes "who, it is supposed, came with the first colony," 
and "bore an active part," a "passport," dated December 2, 
1634, given to Oloeff Petersen Stille, " to the so-called New 
Sweden," " he wishing to try other places." It is signed by 
Erick Bielke, of Wyck Penningby and Nynanas. It is rather 
a certificate of good conduct than a public pass ; it is in 
Swedish, and was copied from the original itself, upon the 
fly-leaf of the family Swedish bible, by Jonas Lidman, one 
of the early Swedish ministers at Wicacco. It is mentioned 
merely to show that the subject was then in agitation, and 
the certificate was obtained, probably, under the belief that 
the plan would be carried into efiect immediately. The do- 
cuments before furnished, however, manifest, we think, conclu- 
sively, that for the reasons before assigned, the scheme 
originally proposed in 1624 or 1625, had, up to this period, 
failed to be accomplished. 

1635. 
By a regular contract signed this day, by the patroon, the February!. 
owners of Zwanendal transfer to the directors of the West saieof 
India Company, all their right, title, and interest in that ^Jt^^p^^ 
property, upon the following terms. They agree "to sur- troonstothe 
render, as they do hereby, their two colonies named Zwanen- LthsMes^of 
dal, in New Netherland, together with the jurisdictions, tiie river. 

1 See O'Call. vol. i. pp. 160—165, 365, 479. 

2 MS. Mem. of Rev. Dr. Collin, former pastor of Wicacco church, who 
says, '' The ancestor, Oloeff Stille, son of Peter Stille, came from the maritime 
part of the province Upland, in Sweden. A copy of the original passport was 
taken by Jonas Lidman, who was pastor of Wicacco church from 1720 till 
nearly 1730." " The time of his arrival here is not on record, but he was pro- 
bably with the first colony; he resided on Tinnicnm, and was much esteemed 
by the Indians, who used often to visit him ; which Rev. J. Acrelius, pastor of 
all the congregations, mentions in his book on the Swedish Missions, printed at 
Stockholm, ia^l759." N. C. 



40 SALE OF ZWANENDAL TO THE COMPANY. 

1635. dignities, lands, rights, and dependencies thereunto belonging, 
' ' ' which they there, by virtue of their two distinct sealed 
patents obtained before the council of New Netherland, resi- 
dent on the island of Manhattan, dated 15th July, 1630, and 
3d June, 1631, in pursuance of letters of conveyance passed 
by Queskakous and Ensanckes, Sickonesyns, and inhabitants 
of their villages, and the other by Sawotbouc, Wiewyt, 
Pemhacky and others, appearing on the aforesaid date, both 
situate on the South River, as well on the south hook of the 
bay, as on the east side of said river, with all such houses, 
buildings, out-houses, as they or their servants may have 
purchased, erected, or brought there, none excepted, to trade 
with these, together with their own free goods, without re- 
serving therein any right of action, placing such property 
from henceforward in full possession of the aforesaid com- 
pany, according to the aforesaid original letters, which they 
do hereby deliver over, consenting at all times to grant to 
aforesaid company, &c., when required, further conveyance," 
&c. They engage further to deliver over, " all charters, 
maps, and papers concerning the aforesaid colonies." The 
payments were 15,600 guilders, ($6240,) in instalments of 
one-third, on May 27, 1635, Aug. 27, 1636, November 27, 
1637 ; each partner to receive a special obligation for his 
interest, "pro quota and rata," " without the one being holden 
to wait on the other for his money ;" or they may receive or 
purchase from the company, according to octroy, in whole or 
in part goods, deducting six per cent, per annum for the un- 
expired time of credit. The outstanding accounts between 
the sellers and company to be considered as discharged ; and 
they not be subject to duties on an expected cargo of timber; 
and the rights of neither party, in a suit depending between 
the patroons and company, at Amsterdam, to be impaired. 
Subscribed by the parties, in Amsterdam, "each for his part 
in the colony, and no more," February 7, 1635.^ 

An attempted attack on the company's territory on the 
George South Rivcr is made by some English from Connecticut. A 
mak!^ranat- certain Gcorgo Holmes, with twelve or thirteen persons, be- 
temptupon sidcs his hired man, Thomas Hall, proceeded to Delaware, 
Tort Nassau. £^^, ^^^^ purposo of making a settlement there. Being arrived 
there, Hall deserted. An attempt by the others was made on 
Fort Nassau, which failed. They were made prisoners by 

^ See the agreement at length, m O'CaU. vol. i. p. 481. 



ARRIVAL OF WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 41 

the Dutch, and sent to Manhattan, in a boat of the company. 1635. 
They were not punished. They are said to have been the ^^^^ ' 
first English settlers on Manhattan, near Fort Amsterdam, 
where they were patronized by the director-general. De 
Vries furnishes an account of fourteen or fifteen Englishmen 
arriving in a boat of the company, at Manhattan, who 
wanted to take Fort Nassau. Hall is said to have hii^ed 
himself to a farmer, and to have been living on a " small 
bowery" of the company, in 1650.^ 

From this period, there is a chasm in the history of the chasminthe 
operations of the Dutch on this river, for two or three years, fj^ yTars°.'^ " 
which we have met with no documents or records to supply. 
From what occui'S after that period, it is presumed the esta- 
blishment at Fort Nassau had been maintained, and that it 
was probably done with a view to protect some trade which 
was still carried on there. 

1638. 

This year arrived at Manhattan, William Kieft, as succes- March 28. 
sor to Van Twiller, director-general. He came in one of the Arrival of 
West India Company's ships, called the Herring, of 280 tons Director-ge- 
burden, " carrying 2 metal, 16 iron, and 2 stone guns." ^®!t^°[ ^!^ 
Among the ofiicers and servants of the company are men- 
tioned, Andreas Huddie, first commissary of wares, (afterwards 
conspicuous on South River,) Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam, 
commissary of Fort Nassau, and Peter Mey, assistant." 
Kieft was the third director-general of New Netherland, and 
the first who appears prominently to have assumed a direct 
supervision over the operations on the Delaware.^ He found 
the fort at New Amsterdam in a decayed state.^ 

As, during our progress, we have endeavoured to point out 
the errors of difi"erent writers respecting the period of the 
arrival of the Swedes, we will now furnish some documents, 
sufiicient, as we think, to remove all doubts upon the subject, 
and which the late researches of John RomeynBrodhead, Esq., 
have enabled us to present. By tho liberality and public 
spirit of the legislature of New York, he was commissioned 
as Historical Agent to Holland, England, and France, in 

1 De Vries, p. 259. HoU. Doc. vol. iv. p. 110; vol. v. p. 399. O'Call. vol. i. 
p. 170. 

2 De Laet. O'Call. vol. i. p. 180. Albany Records, vol. i. p. 101. 3 Ibid. 

6 S2 



42 ARRIVAL OF THE SWEDES. 

1638. 1841, to examine the European archives, and obtain copies 
' • ' of papers, and has returned with the rich fruits of his labours.'- 
We have shown, that owing to wars, &c., nothing had been 
accomplished by the Swedes till after 1635, and now we have 
their actual arrival announced in an official letter, which, as 
it has probably never been published, we give entire ; it is an 
extract of a letter from Jerome Hawley, treasurer of Vir- 
ginia, to Mr. Secretary Windebanke, dated 

" Jamestoivn, m Virginia, May 8, 1638. • 

" Right Hon. — Upon the 20th of 3£arch last, I took the 

L^erfrom holdmss to fTcsent i/ou with my letters, tvherein I gave only 

annffllLcing ^ touch of the husiness of our Assembly, referring your honour 

totheEng- f^g ^^g general letters then sent by Mr. ICemp, from the qo- 

lish govern- "^ , ,,. . , 

ment arrival vemor and councH. /Since which time here arrived a Dutch 
virgkda,^^ ^^ sMp, ivith commission from the young Queen of Sweden, and 
May 8. signed by eight of the chief lords of Sweden, the copy whereof 

' These valuable documents, ■which reflect so much credit on the legislature 
of New York, and whose liberality may be well imitated by oar own state, are 
deposited in the Secretary of State's office at Albany, and are freely accessible 
to persons desirous of obtaining information from them. We feel ourselves 
much indebted to the politeness of the secretary and deputy for the conve- 
niences afforded to us, while engaged for four weeks in examining them, 
and the numerous volumes previously translated, at the expense, also, of the 
state, and of which it will be seen we have largely availed ourselves. The 
Brodhead Documents consist of sixteen volumes of " Holland Documents," in. 
the original language, from vi^liich we made some copies, and had them trans- 
lated, (but we have availed ourselves largely also of the knowledge and labours 
of E. B. O'Callaghan, Esq., in his excellent work on New Netherlands, for fre- 
quent reference to them ;) forty-seven volumes of " London Documents," and 
seventeen volumes of " Paris Documents," in French, making, as the result of 
Mr. Brodhead's labours, eighty volumes. A catalogtie of the individual docu- 
ments is printed by the state, and occupies alone 374 large pages. The " Hol- 
land Documents," we understand, are translating by Mr. O'Callaghan, at the 
expense of the state, who have already expended many thousand dollars in 
historical information. It is respectfully recommended to our legislature to de- 
vote the small sum which would be required to employ some person to extract 
from them those parts which relate to our early history ; and also to procure 
from Sweden copies of the important materials there, of which, with the ex- 
ception of the ifiVf obtained by the Hon. Jonathan Russel, when minister, and 
now in possession of the American Philosophical Society, we are wholly igno- 
rant, and of course that portion of our early history is obscure. Every hour's 
delay subjects them to the risk of entire destruction, as Mr. Brodhead was mor- 
tified to learn, when in pursuit of the papers of the Dutch West India Com- 
pany, he ascertained that, after having been kept so many years, apparently 
without use, they had been disposed of at auction, as waste papers, so late as 
1821 ; thus for ever excluding all hope of access to the valuable information 
they contained. And the author would also avail himself of the occasion to 
say, that unless some course be adopted to arrange and preserve the early 
records at Harrisburg, which are scattered through the various public buildings, 
" unknowing and unknown," and in their present state lying useless to the his- 
torian, they will meet with the same fate as the Dutch documents have done; 
or be lost for ever, by the destructive hand of time. 



ARRIVAL OF THE SWEDES. 43 

I ivould have taken to send to your honour, hut the captain 1638. 
would not permit me to tahe any copy thereof, except he " ■ ' 
might have free trade for tobacco to carry to Sweden, which 
being contrary to his majesty's instructioyis, the governor ex- 
cused himself thereof. The ship remained here about ten 
days, to refresh loith wood and water, during which time the 
master of the said ship made Jcnoivn that both himself and 
another ship of his company, loere bound for Delaware Bay, 
ivhich is the confines of Virginia and Neiv England, and 
there they pretend to make a p)lantation, and to plant tobacco, 
which the Dutch do also already in Hudson's River, which is 
the very next river northivard from Delaiv are Bay . All which 
being his majesty's territories, I humbly oifer the considera- 
tion thereof unto your honour, and if his majesty should be 
pleased to think upon any course, either for removing them, 
and preventing others from settling upon his majesty's terri- 
tories, I humbly conceive it maybe done by his majesty's sub- 
jects of these parts, making use only of some English ships 
that resort hither for trade yearly, and be no charge at all to 
his majesty."^ 

In a long, early Holland document, giving a connected 
account of New Netherlands from the commencement, we find 
the following passage : 

" This river (Delaware) was in the quiet and peaceful pos- situationof 
session of the company (West India) for a number of years, an/at the'^ 
until at last a certain person, Peter Minuit, forsettino; the amTaioftho 

. ■•■ ' ' & is Swedes. 

benefits bestowed on him by the company, he having been its 
director in the New Netherlands, kept his eye on it, but not 
knowing under what pretence he could go there, proceeded 
to Sweden, where, (it is said,) he obtained a commission from 
the government, which had him transported from there imme- 
diately, with one or two vessels and some Swedes, mostly 
bandits, to the before-mentioned River Delaware, where he 
arrived in the year 1638, and thus twelve years after the 
company had arrived there, where he had a fort built called 
Christina, about five or six miles below the company's Fort 
Nassau, notwithstanding they, as the first discoverers and 
possessors of the before-mentioned river, have protested 
against this, at several times, by their ministers, as appears 
from difierent letters from its director, William Kieft, of which 

' Copy from Brodhead's " London Documents," at Albany, vol. i. pp. 57, 58. 



ware, 
April 28. 



44 ARRIVAL OF THE SWEDES. 

1638. the following are extracts." They are addressed to the direc- 
"^ • '^ tors of the West India Company. 

" April 28, 1638. — The assistant commissary of Fort 

Letter from Nassau writcs that Minuit was on the Delaware, and that he 

directors. ° ^^^ Sent his sloop below the fort ; afterwards he wanted to 

ArriTai of ggj^jj j^er up again, but this we prevented. Peter Mey went 

theDeia- on board, requesting to see his license or commission, which 

he refused to show, saying the intention was to build a fort 

there, and that his queen was as justifiable in building a fort 

there as the company. I sent Jan Jansen, clerk of the fort, 

there, and ordered him, in case Minuit intended to do any 

thing to our disadvantage, immediately to protest against it 

in proper form. Expecting further news from there, &c." 

Notwithstanding the previous notices given to Minuit, it 

May 6. appears he was progressing with his operations, which was 

probably the occasion of the following "formal" protest sent 

to him by Director Kieft, and which is afterwards alluded to 

in the extract below. There is some uncertainty as to the 

date; it is found recorded in the "Albany Documents," 

between May 6, (immediately preceding it,) and May 17, 

(directly following it ;) the former has usually been considered 

by historians, when they refer to this protest, as its date. 

" I, William Kieft, director-general of New Netherland, 

residing on the island of^Ianhattan, in Fort Amsterdam, 

Director uudcr the Sovereignty of their High Mightinesses the States- 

Stf SLst Creneral of the United Netherlands, and the privileged West 

the proceed- India Companv department at Amsterdam, make known to 

iuss of Peter i */ x 

Minuit. the Hon. Peter Minuit, who calls himself commissioner in 
the service of her royal majesty of Sweden, that the whole 
South River, in New Netherland, has been many years in 
our possession, and has been secured by us with forts above 
and below, and sealed with our blood, which has happened 
even during your direction of Ncav Netherland, and is well 
known to you. Whereas you now do make a beginning of a 
settlement between our forts, and art building there a fort, to 
our prejudice and disadvantage, which we shall never endure 
or tolerate, and which we are persuaded it never has been 
commanded by her royal majesty of Sweden, to build for- 
tresses on our rivers, and along our shores, so is it, that we, 
if you proceed with the building of forts, and cultivating the 
lands and trading in furs, or engage further in any things to 
our prejudice, protest against all expenses, damages, and 



ARRIVAL OF THE SWEDES. 45 

losses, and ■will not be answerable for any mishap, effusion 1638. 
of blood, troubles, and disasters which your company might "■ ^ ' 
suffer in future, while we are resolved to defend our rights in 
all such manner as we shall deem proper. This done."^ 

Minuit, however, still persevered in the erection of his Minuitper- 
fort, and it apnears from the other extract before alluded to, ^"'"'''f^ 

" J^ i ^ ' complete the 

that Director Kieft again wrote to the company in Holland, fort. 
informing them of the fact of its being built. He says, ! 

'■'■July 31, 1638. — Minuit has built a fort near the Dela- Letter from 
ware, five miles below our fort, and draws all the skins Kiefftothe 
towards him by his liberal gifts ; he has departed with the company, re. 
two vessels he had with him, leaving twenty-four men in the BifnuU'l 
fort, provided with all sorts of merchandise and provisions, ^°^*' ^'°^^ 
and has put down posts, on which are the letters C. R. S. ceedmgs. 
Jan Jansen has, accordino- to my orders, protested against Gets aii furs. 

1 • 1 T ^ ^ ■ ^ 1 He leaves 

this, on which he gave an answer, a copy of which goes here- tbere. 
with. We afterwards sent him a formal clause of protest, 
which was read to him, but he did not feel inclined to answer 
it, and his proceeding is a great disadvantage to the com- 
pany," &C." 

Another extract referred to, (without date, but probably Fur trade 
1639,) says, " the affairs on the Delaware remain in the same ^'^s*^°y'^d ^y 
state as last year; the trade there suffers considerably, be- 
cause the Swede has spoiled it, and still does, and which we 
are forced to submit to. The trade being taken from us and 
our country, is felt very sensibly by us."" 

The foregoing extracts, therefore, enable us, we think, to Conclusion 
decide very nearly the time of the arrival of the Swedes, and ^^^^^ ofttT 
of their building their first fort. Minuit, according to Haw- Swedes, 
ley's letter, arrived at Jamestown shortly after the 20th of 
March, 1638, bearing a commission from the "young Queen 
of Sweden ;" he remained there ten days, and then sailed for 
the Delaware, where he was on the 28th of April, and even 
previously, for that was the date of the letter of Kieft to the 
company from Manhattan, before which time he must have 
been informed of the fact from Delaware, so that he probably 
arrived here early in, or about the middle of April, appa- 
rently for the purpose of refreshment, but he soon announced 
to Peter Mey, who was sent from Fort Nassau to see his 

' Albany Records, vol. ii. p. 7. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 82. Breviat in 
Penn's Case, p. 35. Smith's N. Y. &e. 

2 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32—50. 3 Jbid. 



ARRIVAL OF THE SWEDES. 



1638. 



Arrival of 
the Swedish 
ships under 
Minuit. 



commission, that he intended to build a fort, against which 
the clerk of the fort (Nassau) is directed to protest. Minuit 
however proceeds, and on or about the 6th of May, Director 
Kieft formally protests, in which he notices the beginning to 
build the fort, which does not produce the effect of stopping 
his progress. Accordingly, on the olst of July, we find by 
the letter of the director to the company, from Manhattan, 
that the fort had actually been built, and the Swedish arms 
raised ; so that between April and July the Swedes arrive, 
and Fort Christina is built, having been, as was naturally to 
be expected, the first object of attention ; and as all the early 
writers agree that this was the first fort erected by the 
Swedes, it seems to follow as a consequence that this must 
have been the period of their first settlement on the river. 
The vessels, too, had departed. We therefore assume it to 
be the fact. Peter Minuit, or Minnewit, as we have seen, 
was a Hollander, who first visited America as director of the 
West India Company, in 1624, and remained at Manhattan 
till 1633, when he took his departure for Holland. Becoming 
dissatisfied with the company, or, as is generally supposed, 
being dismissed for some reason from their service,-^ he went 
to Sweden, and offered his services to the Swedish govern- 
ment, or company,^ which had been several years previously 
established for the purposes of trade and colonization, and 
which design was now about being carried into eff"ect. The 
name of Usselincx, the original suggester of both the Dutch 
and Swedish companies, does not now appear in connection 
with it. Minuit's services are accepted, and under the favour- 
able patronage of the queen, and her efiicient minister, Oxen- 
stiern, two vessels, a man-of-war named "Key of Calmar," 
and a tender, the " Griffin," amply furnished with suitable 
merchandise, and necessary provisions and ammunition, set 
sail late in 1637, or early in this year, destined to the South 
River, where, as we have seen, after touching for a short 
time at Jamestown, in Virginia, they safely arrived, during 
the month of April, 1638. It is said they first landed near 
Cape Henlopen, and from the beauty and apparent fertility 
of the country, they called it Paradise Point, now Mispillion 
Creek. 

It is supposed that his company did not exceed fifty per- 

» Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 250, 201. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 374. O'Call. vol.i.p 189. 
2 HoU. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32—50. 



ERECTION OF FOBT CHRISTINA. 47 

sons, of whom many are said to have been criminals, in 1638. 
accordance with the practice of the Swedish, as well as other ' — ' — ' 
governments, at that time, to transport convicts and labourers 
to the colonies, where they were sold or indented as servants.^ convicts and 
His first interviews with the Dutch, after his arrival, and the l|^g°e'^^ar' "* 
interruptions to his schemes of trade with his sloop, up the pany. 
river, by their Fort Nassau, have been already noticed above. 
He early proceeded to select a location for a fort. An Indian 
sachem named Mattehoorn, declared that " when Minuit 
came into the country with a ship, he remained lying before 
the Blinquas kill, (or creek, ^) near which, at that time, the 
sachem had a house, in which he lived. Minuit offered and Mimiu pur- 
gave him a kettle and other small articles, and requested of Indian °lm'* 
him as much ground as to enable him to put up a house, and lancifora 
also as much land as was contained within 'six trees,' which garden"*^ 
the sachem sold Minuit, who promised half the tobacco which 
would grow upon it, which, however, the sachem says he 
never gave him."^ 

On this creek Minuit commenced and erected a fort and 
trading house, which, in honour of his queen, he called 
Ohristina. It was about five Dutch miles below Fort Nassau, Fortchris- 
on the west side of the river, and near the present Wilming- itrio^rtiL 
ton. It is described, in 1645,* as being " about half a mile describea. 
Dutch, or 2|- miles English, within the creek, and nearly 
encircled by a marsh, except on the north-west side, where it 
can be approached by land ; at its south-west it touches the 
kill." A late writer, well acquainted with that neighbourhood, 
supposes it to have been about two miles in the creek, " at 
the point long well known by the name of the Rocks, which 
here form a natural wharf of stone, at that time being one 
of the capes of Christina, and so called in the ancient records 
of the country."^ It is said the first colonists lived near to- a church 
gether about this creek, and had their public worship in the fort '^'^*^^°^'^- 
there, afterwards constituting a town called " Christina- 
ham."^ 

The Rev. Reorus Torkillus came over with Minuit, and was 

1 Acrelins, 408. 

2 Christina Creek was also called, by the Indians, Paghaghacking, and Hopo 
kahacking ; also, Suspecough. Campanius, Duponceau, &c., p. 79. 

3 Translation of a Dutch note, in O'Call. vol. i. p. 190. 

4 Hudde's Report, p. 428. See also description of it, by Acrelius, in note to 
Campanius, p. 85. 

5 See Ferris, p. 42. 

8 Ibid. p. 45. K 



48 



PURCHASES BY THE SWEDES. 



1638. 



Swedes pur- 
chase lands 
from Cape 
Hen lope n to 
falls at Tren- 
ton. Deeds 
and map in 
Sweden. 



Minuit's de- 
parture. 
Was he not 
first gover- 
nor of the 
Swedes ? 



Settlement 
of New Ha- 
ven com- 
menced. 



therefore the first Swedish clergyman ; he died in four or 
five years after.^ 

The Swedes, early after their arrival, purchased all the 
lands from Cape Henlopen to Santickan, (the falls at Tren- 
ton,) and then fixed up stakes and marks. The original deeds 
for these lands, with the marks of the Indians, were sent to 
Sweden, and preserved in the archives of Stockholm, where 
they, as well as a map of the country, made by Magnus 
Kling, their surveyor, were seen by Israel Helm, and a copy 
of the map made and brought over by a clergyman Avho 
arrived here in 1697.^ It will be recollected that a portion 
of the land in this purchase had previously been sold by the 
natives to the Dutch patroons, and afterwards by them to the 
West India Company. 

By the extract above, under date of July 31, 1638, it 
appears that Minuit had " departed with the two vessels he 
had with him, leaving twenty-four men," &c. We are left 
to conjecture whither he went ; it is said, by a late writer,^ 
" he went home ;" if so, who did he leave in charge of the 
fort and men ? did he again return ? He has usually been 
considered the first governor of the Swedes, and Acrelius 
says he did a great service to the first Swedish colony. 
During three years he protected this small fort, (Christina,) 
which the Dutch never attempted ; after some years he died 
there. ""^ Although considered by historians as the first go- 
vernor of the Swedes, we believe no records of his official 
acts have reached us ; yet next year the eff"ects of the colony 
are complained of by the Dutch. But whoever was governor, 
the permanent settlement of the Swedes seems to have been 
maintained. 

In this year, also, commenced the settlement of the town 
and colony of New Haven, from which a colony was attempted 
afterwards to be established on the Delaware.^ 

It appears from a long remonstrance of the commissioners 
of the Assembly of XIX., that infractions of the laws of 
trade, " by self-interested persons, in New Netherland, are 
complained of, and that great frauds in the fur trade are 
committed against the company," by embezzling and appro- 

' Notes to Campanius, p. 109. Clay, p. 149. 

2 Rudman's Notes, in Clay, p. 17. 

3 O'Call. vol. i. p. 190. 
< Acrelius, p. 410. 

5 Professor Kingsley's Interesting Address, at the 200th Anniversary, 1838. 



REGULATIONS FOR TRADE ON THE DELAWARE. 49 

priating to their own profit and benefit the largest and 1638. 
choicest assortment of furs, far superior to those which have " ' ' 
been negotiated for the company, shipping them clandes- 
tinely on board the company's vessels, to the exclusion of the Frauds in 
company's cargoes, and those of the patroons, and even some- co^pl^ined^ 
times defrauding the company of the freight ; exchanging too, of by the 
"their worst skins for the best shins of the company, or at De^i'^g^n 
least purchasing the best for themselves and not for the com- furs prohi- 
pany." They also complain of the expenses of fortifications, out peTmis- 
servants, and fittinsr out vessels, " through which the state of sion. 

. June 7. 

New Netherland is on the decline;" they therefore forbid 
all persons from freighting any wares or merchandise without 
the knowledge and consent of the company. A resolution 
is passed that " no person, for themselves or others, may 
trade in furs in any place, directly or indirectly," unless 
authorized, under penalty of " correction at discretion of the 
department, or director and council, and losing all their 
monthly wages." The director-general and council of New 
Netherland, and all other officers, are to see this executed, 
"without any connivance or compact," and "publish this 
command in all places, and affix it in all the colonies."-^ 

Jan Petersen, from Alfendolft, is mentioned as "6ar5er," Barber em- 
(as surgeons were then denominated,) on South River, at ten 
guilders per month, from 10th July, 1638.^ 



ployed on 
Delaware. 



1639. 

A judgment is obtained, before the authorities at Man- Februarys, 
hattan, against one Coinclisse, for wounding a soldier at Fort convicts 
Amsterdam. He is condemned to serve the company, along jj'^*^'^"^^^ 
with the blacks, to be sent by the first ship to South River, to Delaware, 
pay a fine to the fiscal, and damages to the wounded soldier.^ 
This seems to be the first intimation of blacks being in this 
part of the country. 

Director Van Twiller having been charged, after Kieft's March 22. 
arrival, with mismanagement and neglect of the company's Fort Nassau 
concerns; among other things, with expenditures at Poj-t in^^'Jecayed 
Nassau ; a witness by the name of Gillis Pietersen Vander pairs, &c. 
Gouw, a carpenter, certifies that he aided in all buildinffs, &c., *^^^'2® ^ 

, o 7 7 against Van 

during Van Twiller's administration, at Manhattan, Fort iwiuer. 

' Albany Records, vol. ii. p. 10. 2 Jbid. 

3 Albany Records, quoted in the Breviat in Case of Penn and Lord Balti- 
more, p. 35. 

7 E 



50 CHARGES AGAINST VAN TWILLER. 

1639. Orange, and at Fort Nassau, on the South River, -vyhere he 
""""'^ ' assisted in the repair of the fort, "which was much decayed," 
and also in building " one large house in the fort." Another 
witness asserts he had in his custody for Van Twiller, at Forts 
Hope and Nassau, twenty-four to thirty goats, and that three 
negroes bought by the director in 1636 were since employed 
in his private service.^ 

Several regulations were made by the Dutch respecting the 

March 31. trade on South River. It was prohibited to sell powder, 

Permits ne- balls, and guns to the Indians there, on pain of death. No 

t^Ten'^Mrn- person shall dare to sail with boats or any other vessel, to 

hattan and South Rivcr, oxcopt by a permit from the director-seneral, 

and on their return by a passport oi the commissary there 

residing and representing the company. If any person is 

discovered to have been there without permit, vessel and 

cargo to be confiscated, besides a fine. Notice to be fixed 

up, so that none shall plead ignorance.^ 

The directors complain that " Fort Nassau is a heavy bur- 
october 2. don to the company, as regards garrison, provisions, and the 
Complaints vcssel ; nor do we see any means to reduce it, owing to the 
^^edes*^^ Swede, who lies five miles from us, in our jurisdiction, 
Loss of although it is so well known that the mouth of the river, 
^^'^^' which we sealed with our blood, and took possession of below 

and above ; they have, since they have been there, done about 
30,000 florins' injury to our trade, and are doing it yet daily. 
Taking it for granted that they will break up, which they 
will be forced to do shortly, if they don't receive any suc- 
cours, and we will not grant, (if we are powerful enough to 
prevent it,) that anybody establish himself in our limits, 
which we likewise ought to have done with those. "^ 

Afi'airs at Manhattan, also, about this time, were discou- 
Tribute raging, from their heavy expenses, &c., and they resolved to 
from the (demand a tribute in maize, furs, or seawan,* from the Indians, 

Indians pro- ... 

posed. whom they had defended against their enemies. 

The Swedes, notwithstanding the opposition of the Dutch, 

Success of appear to have been very successful in their beaver trade, as 
it is said they exported 30,000 skins in the first year after 
their arrival, having managed, in their trade with the Indians, 
to undersell the Dutch. 

> Albany Records, vol. i. p. 85. 2 n,i(j. vol. ii. p. 47. 

^ Document from Director Kieft to the Co., Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 52, 53. 
* Albany Records, vol. ii. p. 65. 



the Swedish 
trade, 



A NEW SWEDISH COMPANY FORMED. 



51 



1640. 
A vessel named Fredenberg, commanded by Captain Jacob January 24. 
Powelson, was despatched this year from Holland, under the Passport or 
sanction of the Swedes, by Mr. De Horst and others, as we ^"^^ letter to 
learn irom a passport given him, dated January 24, 1640, at son, of ship 
Nykoping, in which it is said his vessel is " laden with men, ^^'"^°'^^ 

111 1 • f. 1 1 • . ^ ■, going from 

cattle, and other things necessary tor the cultivation of the noiiana to 
country;" that Captain Powelson designs departing from ^ewsweden. 
Holland to America or the West Indies, and there establishing 
himself in the country called "New Sweden." He is com- 
mended to the kind attention of all monarchs and republics, 
or their officers and servants, to whom he may address him- 
self; and it is requested of them, and commanded of Swedish 
subjects, that he and his vessels, and every thing on board, 
may be permitted, freely and without obstacle, to pass, and 
according to circumstances, to return to his country. Two 
other similar passports for vessels were at the same time fur- 
nished, blanks being left to be filled with the names of the 
captains and vessels. 

A letter of the same date, directed to the commandant or Letter to 
commissary, or other inhabitants of Fort Christina^ in New <'°™™^^^''y 
Sweden, is furnished, in which it is mentioned that " we have tantsof 
granted and permitted to our very dear Gothart de Rehden, ^^^ f^^^^ 
Mr. De Horst, and Fenland, &c., to send to New Sweden vourofa 
two or three vessels laden with men, cattle, and other things ^venwTs 
necessary for the cultivation of the country, to establish toNewSwe- 
themselves on the north side of the South River, and to there 
found a colony." " We have accorded to them a grant and 
pri-^dlege, with several other rights. What we exact from 
you is, that you place no obstacle to their project, and more- 
over, for your own advantage and common safety, that you 
be with them on good terms." They mention also " their 
gracious intention of sending from Gottenberg, next spring, 
if it pleases God, one or two vessels, with all sorts of provi- 
sions, and to detail more fully to you our views and inten- 
tions, according to which you will have to conduct yourselves 
in both cases." 

Both these documents are signed by the two Oxenstierns, 
and several other officers. 

These vessels probably arrived during the spring, and very 



52 PRIVILEGES GRANTED TO THE NEW COLONY. 

1640. seasonably for the relief of the Swedish colony, which had 
' ' ' preceded them under Minuit.^ 

It appears that the privileges at first intended for Mr. De 
Horst, for some reason not assigned, were transferred to 
Henry Hockhammer, and are as follows. 

The following is a summary of the conditions of the grant 
Grant and and privilege alluded to above, to Henry Hockhammer and 
Helry Hock- C*^'? ^^^^7 " having the intention of establishing a new colony in 

hammer to NeW Swcdon :" 

colony in* Ist. Pcrmission to cause to depart from Holland, at their 
New Sweden, expensc. Under our royal protection, and in our name, two or 
three vessels, with men, cattle, and other necessaries, for the 
purpose of landing them below Fort Christina, on the north 
side of South River, and there take up as much land on both 
sides of the river as is necessary for their purposes, to place 
it under actual cultivation in ten years, and to be at least 
four to five German miles from Fort Christina, 2d. If the 
land first chosen does not suit them, they may choose another 
situation, with the consent of the crown, or that of our go- 
vernor in that country, so that no person may receive 
damage. 3d. The possession of all they may thus occupy is 
guarantied, by royal authority, to them and their descend- 
ants, and shall never be taken away. 4th. All within their 
districts, whether " fruit of the surface, minerals, springs, 
rivers, woods, forests, fish, chase, even of birds, the establish- 
ments upon water, windmills, and every advantage and utility 
which they find established, or may establish," shall remain to 
them and descendants as "allodial and hereditary property," 
they only to pay to the crown and successors, as an acknowledg- 
ment of sovereignty, per annum, three florins for each family 
established in their territory. 5th. The right of exercising in 
their district high and low justice, of founding there cities, 
villages, and communities, with a certain police, statutes, and 
ordinances, to appoint magistrates and ofiicers, to take the 
title and arms of their colony or province, " it being under- 
stood that they and their descendants shall receive of us and 

1 These documents, with several others which will follow, were furnished 
by Jonathan Russel, while minister to Sweden, to the American Philosophical 
Society of this city, and may be found at length in Reg. of Penns. vol. iv. p. 179. 
The dates are those given in the documents, which w^e suppose to be the true 
ones, from the reference made to the arrival in the Holland extracts hereafter 
furnished. A late writer places the arrival as in 1641, which would be cor- 
rect, if the dates are O. S. 



PRIVILEGES GRANTED TO THE NEW COLONY. 53 

our successors, that jurisdiction, and these royal rights, as an 1640. 
hereditary fief, and that they must conform themselves, in " • ' 
this case, to all which concerns the ordinary justice of fiefs." 
6th. The statutes and ordinances which they intend to esta- Grant to 
Wish, to be communicated to the governor for approbation and hammer""^ ' 
confirmation, in order to discuss and execute with him in all continuea. 
which may most contribute to the advantage and welfare of 
the whole country. 7th. " As regards religion, we are will- 
ing to permit that, besides the Augsburg Confession, the 
exercise of the pretended reformed religion may be esta- 
blished and observed in that country, in such manner, how- Liberal pro 
ever, that those who profess the one or the other religion ^^lonfor 

,. . ■,..(, , T (•n religion and 

live m peace, abstainmg from every useless dispute, from all education, 
scandal and all abuse. The patrons of this colony shall 
be obliged to support, at all times, as many ministers and 
schoolmasters as the number of inhabitants shall seem to 
require, and to choose, moreover, for this purpose, persons 
who have at heart the conversion of the pagan inhabitants 
to Christianity." 8th. They may establish all sorts of manu- 
factures and industry ; engage in all commerce, in and out 
of the country, with the coast of the West Indies and Africa, 
belonging to friendly powers, but only with vessels and yachts 
built in New Sweden, under promise of the government's 
assistance. 9th. The depot for all merchandise caused to be 
transported from New Sweden to the countries of Europe, 
shall be Gottenberg, not requiring the merchants to pass the 
Sound if they wish to go to some other part of the kingdom. 
They shall not enter foreign ports not dependent on the crown 
of Sweden, except in case of necessity, and then proceed to 
Gottenberg, there to show the reasons which compelled them 
to enter a foreign port, to pay duty on the merchandise which 
they have sold elsewhere, and to equip their vessels anew. 
" And we wish that all shall conduct themselves in such a 
manner that there accrue no damage to the revenue heretofore 
granted and made to the commercial company of New Swe- 
den, to which they must conform themselves." 10th. To be 
exempt for ten years, "from all impost, duty, excise, and 
every other contribution and charge, whether real or per- 
sonal, of whatever name, except as mentioned in 4th article, 
" the three florins on goods and merchandise transported into 
our states," which, if exported again, shall be free of duties 



continued. 



54 PRIVILEGES GRANTED TO THE NEW COLONY. 

1640. of custom-house usual in the kingdom, besides enjoying all 
'"^ ' the privileges granted to our other subjects. 11th. At the 
end of ten years, what has been decreed in preceding article, 
Grant to respecting customs, shall remain in force, "and at the same 
hammer time they shall pay, in New Sweden, five per cent, on all 
goods which they shall enter there or carry away," and 
contribute to the pay of officers and support of fortresses, as 
time and circumstances may require, for the sake of security 
and peace. 12th. It is desired that no person shall be per- 
mitted to take any man or woman, domestic or servant, from 
the service of the master before the term is ended, nor employ 
any such, without the express permission of the master or 
governor, who is required to support the master in his rights. 
13th. Permission is granted to the above masters of vessels 
" to send everywhere in the ocean for fish, their vessels built 
in New Sweden," and to send their fish to all parts of the 
West Indies, within the Straits of Gibraltar or Mediterranean, 
it being first declared and registered by our agents that the 
customs are paid, without fraud, and observing " exactly" the 
requirements in the 9th article respecting the depot of Got- 
tenberg. 14th. If they or their descendants discover mine- 
rals, precious stones, coral, crystals, marble, a pearl fishery, 
occasions for making salt, &c., they are at liberty to work 
them for ten years, without charge, with consent of "owr 
governor." After ten years, they shall have preference, 
upon paying a certain annual sum, to be determined. 15th. 
The government promises general protection against all 
attacks, and to their interests, as those of other subjects. 
16th. It expects from them, in return, their services in pro- 
moting the welfare of the republic, and aid in case of war, 
though the government desires to exempt them from enrol- 
ments and compulsory military service. 17th. Property in 
New Sweden to be exempt from confiscation ; and fines, what- 
ever be the oiFence, not to exceed 100 florins of the empire, 
or 40 rix dollars, the government reserving to itself every 
other species of punishment, according to the offence. 
18th. And as the company "think of transporting thither, in 
a few years," more men and beasts, and other things necessary 
for the cultivation of the earth, building of houses and found- 
ing a city, they are permitted so to do, at several different 
times, from Holland, each time, however, with the knowledge 



APPOINTMENT OF JOST DE BOGAKDT. 55 

of the government, " as always the equipments were ordi- 1640. 
narily made at Gottenberg."^ " ^ ' 

This company appears to partake much of the character 
of the Swedish West India Company, and to be independent 
of the colony left by Minuit. A governor is, however, men- 
tioned several times. They had probably one of their own, 
though from the expression "our governor in that country," 
being used once or twice, it would appear that the Swedish 
government had a governor-general there. 

It appears by the following document, that one Jost de January so. 
Bogardt received a commission for an office in New Sweden, 
the precise nature of which is not very clear, perhaps to act 
as special governor to these Hollanders. In subsequent in- 
structions to Governor Printz, he is spoken of as their com- 
mandant, and they as under the protection of the crown of 
Sweden;^ by Acrelius, under the name of Boyandh, as 
chief or municipal director, and by Plantagenet, as " one 
Bogot, under the Swedish name and commission."^ The fol- 
lowing is all that we know respecting his duties and pay. 

"Jost de Bogardt, having taken upon himself, and having Appomt- 
promised to assist, as much as in his power, by his direction jg'g" ^g ^g. 
and exertions, our subjects at Christina, and the people gardt,and 

, 11-,. 1 11 T . his salary. 

whom we may send there in future, to employ all his care on 
the different occasions which present for promoting our advan- 
tage and that of the crown of Sweden, as also to instruct us 
exactly on every occasion, in every thing which it is important 
we should know, and to execute faithfully our orders, an an- 
nual compensation is secured to him from the present time, 
of 500 florins, or 200 rix dollars, to be remitted to his 
banker in Holland, by our resident Spiring, or other charge 
d'affaires whom we may then have in Holland," with the pro- 
mise of an increase of his annual salary of 100 florins, " if 
in future we have new proofs of his attachment, and of his 
zeal to promote our welfare and that of our crown," and 
"moreover, according to circumstances, to recompense him in 
a royal manner." 

A counter obligation is given by him on the same date, 
recapitulating the foregoing, and engaging faithfully to dis- 
charge his duties.'' 

' Swedish Documents in Reg. of Penns. vol. iv. p. 178. 

2 MSS. A. P. S. Reg. of Penns. vol. iv. p. 220. 3 Acrel. 411. Ployden. 

•; MSS. A. P. S. Reg. of Penns. vol. iv. pp. 177, 178. 



56 SWEDES DISCOURAGED, ARRIVAL OF REINFORCEMENT. 

1640. It appears by a letter addressed by the Swedish govern- 
' ' ' ment "to the resident, Peter Spiring, on account of the privi- 
lege granted to the people of Utrecht," dated February 1, 
Tetouary 1. that after completing the grant and privilege to Rhedere, De 
Guaranty to Horst, Vrceland, &c., according to the preceding abstract, it 
from Hock- occurred to them that they had neglected to receive from 
hammer, &c. them " for guaranty, a counter-obligation, which it is abso- 
lutely necessary they should give us. This is sent in form to 
Spiring, with instructions to have it completed, and " more- 
over, to endeavour that the words ' so far as regards the state 
of New Sweden' be excluded, more especially as their new 
obligation, even without that, signifies no other thing, as their 
other obligations and duties towards their country remain in 
full force." In case of their refusal, it is left to Spiring's 
discretion to make the best arrangement that he can, " so 
that the vessel be despatched with the greatest diligence 
possible."^ 

Some of the Dutch West India Company's servants landed 

Hogs stolen about this time on Staten Island, to take in water, on their 

going'totL "^^y to South River. Before they reimbarked, they stole 

Delaware, gome hogs belonging to their employers and to Captain De 

Vries, who then had an infant settlement in that island. 

The blame was laid on the Indians who lived on Raritan. 

This led to vei:y serious consequences there.^ 

The Swedes were so much discouraged at this period, that, 

Fortunate according to the Dutch statements, they had fixed upon a 

Swedish TBS- Certain day for their departure, when fortunately for them a 

^^- vessel arrived, by which they were strengthened; but the 

trade of the Dutch, according to their own statements, was 

"entirely ruined." 

It is probable the vessel here referred to as arriving so 
opportunely for the Swedes, was one of the vessels under 
command of Captain Powelson, which sailed from Sweden in 
January or early in February. 

On the 1st of May, 1640, Director Kieft, writing to the 
Letter from directors, says, " The Swedes on the Delaware were resolved 
Swedes to break up, and to come here, (Manhattan,) but the day be- 
ready tode- jp^^g ^j^g-j. intended departure, there arrived a vessel, by which 
relieved by thcv wcro Strengthened, having caused the company great 
verslu °^^ injury, and still do so, the trade being entirely ruined." 

^*^ ^' 1 Swedish MSS. in Reg. of Pemis. vol. iv. p. 200. 

2 O'Call. vol. i. p. 226. 



ADVENTURERS FROM NEW HAVEN ON THE DELAWARE. 57 

And on the 15th October, 1640, he further says, " The 1640. 
Swedes near the Delaware last spring got a vessel, with a ' " ' 
cargo and a reinforcement of people, otherwise it had been 
arranged for them to come here, (to Manhattan.) We shall Another to 
treat the Swedes with every politeness, although they com- o^^tef^g*" 
menced with many hostilities forcibly to build, attack our 
fort, trading, threatening to take our boats, &c."-^ 

The Swedes here alluded to, as being in so desperate a con- 
dition, must be those of the colony left by Minuit. 

It is said that in this vessel arrived Peter Hollandaer, who Arrival of p. 
is afterwards mentioned as Minuit's successor.^ Hoiiandaer. 

About this period commence the attempts of the English The English 
to make settlements on the Delaware. We are left to almost on the^Deia- 
as much uncertainty respecting their operations, as to those -(Tare. 
of the other nations which preceded them. After a diligent 
search among the ancient records of New England, we can 
collect but little definite information on the subject, except 
that they did make several attempts ; that they purchased 
land and met with ill treatment both fz"om the Dutch and 
Swedes. Nothing seems to be known respecting them, and 
no traces left where they are said at first to have settled ; we 
shall therefore be compelled to throw what light we can upon 
it, as it gleams through existing records and occasional no- 
tices of authors. The earliest is found in the records of the 
United Colonies, in a long presentation of their grievances, 
submitted to the Dutch in 1653. 

They say, " in the year 1640, the English at New Haven Kieft pro- 
sent men to view and purchase part of Delaware Bay, but th^En^iisT* 
with express direction not to meddle with any thing the Dutch t^t aiiows 
or Swedes had right unto. As the English vessel passed by celT KinT 
the Manhatoes, Monsieur Kieft made a protest, but on infer- Reception by 

' _ _ ■■■ ' Jan Jansen 

mation of the order given, he was satisfied, and wrote to John at first 
Johnson, the Dutch agent at Delaware, to hold good corre- 
spondence with the English there, which accordingly he did 
at first, and showed them how far the Dutch and Swedes' title 
or claim reached ; the rest he told them was free for them 
to purchase, and ofi'ered his assistance therein, which ofi"er. Afterwards 
(though kindly accepted,) was not entertained ; but the In- EngUsrhut 
dians being free, the English agents, at several times, from ttiey make a 
the several proprietors purchased large tracts of land on both ^^'^'^ ^^' 

1 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 53, 54. 2 Q'Cal]. vol. i. p. 365. 

8 




PROTEST AGAINST THE NEW ENGLANDERS. 

sides of Delaware Bay and River, and began to plant and to 

set up houses for trade within their own limits."^ 

Trumbull, in his History of Connecticut, says, " A large 
Captain Tur- purchasc, suflScicnt for a number of plantations, was made by 
Haven^ ^^ Captain Turner, agent for New Haven, on both sides Dela- 
makesapur- -y^arg gay and River. This purchase was made with a view 

to trade, and for the settlement of churches in gospel order 

and purity."^ 

1641. 

Early in this year, it is believed, an effort was made to 
Vessel sails Settle upon the lands purchased by Captain Turner at Dela- 
Haven^to Ware. A " barque or catch" appears to have been fitted out 
Delaware, from Now Havcu by a Mr. Lamberton, under the command 
of Robert Cogswell. Having reached Fort Amsterdam, the 
Director Kieft became apprized of their intention of pro- 
ceeding to Delaware with a view to a settlement there, and 
fearing an interference with the settlements of the Dutch, 
he resorted to a formal protest, in the following words : 
"I, William Kieft, director-general, &c., make known to 
Aprils. you, Robert Cogswell and your associates, not to build nor 
Got. Kieft plant on the South River, lying within the limits of New 
TainstR Netherlands, nor on the lands extending along there, as law- 
Cogsweii, fully belonging to us, by our possessing the same long years 
Liumberton's ago, bofore it was frequented by any Christians, as appears 
vessel. |jy Q^j. fQj^tg -which wc havc thereon ; and also the mouth of 
the rivers sealed with our blood, and the soil itself, most of 
which has been purchased and paid for by us, unless you will 
settle under the States and the noble West India Company, 
and swear allegiance and become subject to them, as the 
other inhabitants have done. Failing whereof, we protest 
against all damages and losses which may accrue therefrom, 
and desire to be holden innocent thereof."^ 

Notwithstanding this protest, the English proceeded to the 

English pro- South Rivcr, haviug assured the governor that it was not 

Sdawaie! *^®^^ intention to interfere with any settlements already 

made, or if none could be found free from claims, they would 

return. They very soon made purchases on both sides, com- 

' Records of the United Colonies, in Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 213. 

2 Trumbull, vol. i. p. 116. 

3 Holl. Doc. vol. ix. p. 205, in O'Call. vol. i. p. 232, whose date we follow, 
he having reference to the original document ; but tliis, or a similar protest, is 
referred to as April 9, 1642, in Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p, 265. 



CAPT. TUKNER AUTHORIZED TO GO TO THE DELAWARE. 59 

menced erecting trading-houses on Varkin's or Parkin's kill, 1641. 
near the present Salem, N. J., and probably on the Schuyl- ' • ' 
kill. The first is expressly alluded to in the instructions to 
the Swedish governor in next year, which mention the settle- 
ment of about sixty persons there, and their having built 
houses on the east side, and cultivated the earth in other 
places.^ Winthrop also says, " a plantation was begun at 
Delaware Bay by those of New Haven, and some twenty 
families are transported thither." 

The following minute is on record, and probably alludes to ethmo.soth, 
the purchase made last year by Captain Turner, and that he (^"sust?) 
now proposes to pay Delaware a second visit. 

" At a general court held at New Haven, 30th of the sixth 
month, (August,) 1641. 

" Whereas there was a purchase made by some particular Previous 
persons, of sundry plantations in Delaware Bay, at their peiawarf ^ 
own charge, for the advancement of public good, as in a way J'^y aiiuded 
of trade, so also for the settling of churches and plantations 
in those parts, in combination with this ; and thereupon it 
was propounded to the general court, whether plantations 
should be settled in Delaware Bay in combination with this 
town, yea or nay; and upon consideration and debate, it 
was assented unto by the court, and expressed by holding up 
of hands." 

"So far as Captain Turner hath reference to the civil state, captain Tur. 
and employed therein, provided that his place be supplied in ^zedTogrto 
his absence, the court hath given free liberty to him to go to Delaware, 
Delaware Bay for his own advantage, and the public good, substitute in 
in settling the affairs thereof." the office he 

o held. 

" It is ordered that those to whom the affairs of the town The town or- 
is committed, shall dispose of all the affairs of Delaware Bay perj^tenr" 
according to the intent of the agreement^ for combination affairs of 
with this town, in settling plantations, and admitting planters ^ly^^^^ 
to sit down there."^ 

This year, according to Acrelius, and all others who have Reputed 
succeeded him, died Peter Minuit, the conductor of the first burial's 
Swedish colony to this river, in 1638, and the reputed first *^i>^"i*- 
governor. He was buried at Christina.^ We have already 

1 Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 219. 

2 This agreement does not appear on the records. 

3 New Haven Court Rec. vol. i. p. 46. 

4 Aorelius, p. 410, 412. Ferris, &c. p. 57. 



60 



1641. 



Minuit's 
successor, 
P. Hollan- 
daer. 



THE NEW HAVEN PURCHASE. 

given, as we proceeded, all that is now known of Minuit and 
his public acts. The fact of his departure, ascertained by 
later documents, has rendered somewhat unsettled the state- 
ments heretofore made respecting him, and relied upon with 
so much confidence. Mounce Kling is said to have acted as 
deputy under him.^ Here we must leave the matter for future 
research. 

Minuit is said to have been succeeded by Peter Hollandaer, 
whose arrival has already been noticed, and who continued 
in office for about eighteen months. Of him and his acts 
less is perhaps known than of his predecessor ; he is reported 
to have returned to Sweden.^ 



March 27. 

New Haven 
people re- 
move to Dela- 
ware. 
Purchases 
effected 
through the 
influence of 
a Peciuot 
sachem. 



1642. 
" The New Haven people, (being Londoners, chiefly un- 
skilled in husbandry, and unable to bear labour, their estates 
wasted, servants scarce and high,) they inclined to look out, 
and so to settle themselves elsewhere more commodious for 
their subsistence, and with them also joined a great part of 
the other plantations of their union, partly from their love 
and desire to be together, and partly stimulated by some 
like reasons among themselves. They made once and again 
attempts at Delaware, where they had purchased large tracts 
of land, but were prevented by injuries from the Dutch, or 
one means or another." " Righteousness exalteth a nation, 
and maketh them honourable even in sight of the very 
heathen, as was manifest at this time amongst the Indians, 
in the observation of the proceedings of the English, for in 
this year, those of New Haven intending a plantation at 
Delavrare, sent some men to purchase a large portion of land 
from the Indians there, but they refused to deal with them ; 
it so fell out that a Pequot sachem, who had fled his country 
in the time of the wars with them, and seated himself there 
upon that river, was accidentally present at that time, and 
taking notice of the English, and their desire, persuaded the 
other sachem to deal with them, and told him, that however 
they had killed his countrymen, and driven him out, yet 
they were honest men, and had just cause to do what they 
did, for the Pequots, he owned, had done them wrong, and 
refused to give them the reasonable satisfaction which was 



1 Acrelius, p. 410. O'Call. vol.i. p. 366, 

2 Acrelius, &c. p. 410. 



VAN ILPENDAM SENT AGAINST THE ENGLISH. 61 

demanded ; whereupon the sachem entertained them, and let 1G42. 
them have what land they desired."^ ' ' ' 

The director-general and council "having received unques- 
tionable information that some English had the audacity to May is. 
land in the South River, opposite to our Fort Nassau, where settlement 
they made a beginning of settling on the Schuylkill, without °^ sThuyi- 
any commission of a potentate, which is an affair of ominous wn- 
consequence, disrespectful to their High Mightinesses, and 
injurious to the interests of the West India Company, as by 
it their commerce on the South River might be eventually 
ruined ;" resolved, "that it is our duty to drive these English Resoiutionof 
from thence, in the best manner possible." 

Accordingly, on the 22d, they issued the following instruc- May 22. 
tions to Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam, the commissary on South 
River, viz. 

" As soon as the yachts Real and St. Martin shall have instructions 
arrived there, he, Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam, shall embark i°pendalr° 
on either of the two yachts, or, if bethinks it best, with both, who is sent 
assisted with such a body of men as he can collect together, Jith^wT'^^ 
and proceed toAvards the Schuylkill, disembark there directly, vessels, to 
and require from the English to show him by what authority English. 
they acted, and how they dared to make such an encroach- 
ment upon our rights and privileges, our territory and com- 
merce ; and if they can show no authority or royal commission 
to settle within our limits, or an authentic copy of such a 
commission, then to compel them to depart directly in peace, 
to prevent effusion of blood. If they will not listen or sub- 
mit, then to secure their persons, and conduct them to the 
yacht, that they may be brought hither. Be in every respect 
on your guard, that you remain master, and are not surprised, 
and maintain the reputation of their High Mightinesses and 
the noble directors of the West India Company. If the 
English leave the spot, or make their escape, then you must 
destroy their improvements, and level those on the spot. 
While you, Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam, shall take care that 
the English are not injured in their personal property, but 
that there be made in their presence an accurate inventory 
of the whole. "^ 

These English are said, by some, to have been Mary- 

' Hubbard's N. E. in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coil. vol. vi. 2d series, pp. 326, 381. 
Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 164. Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 62. 
2 Albany Records, vol. ii. pp. 162, 164, 165. 

F 



■SEIZUEE OF ENGLISH MEECHANDISE BY THE DUTCH. 



1642. 



August. 

Conduct of 
the Dutch to 
the English. 



Gov. Printz 
appointed. 



landers,^ and that they were driven off. Bozman, the histo- 
rian of Maryland, says, " our records make no mention of 
this attempt hy the inhabitants of Maryland to form, at this 
time, any settlements on the Schuylkill."^ They were most 
probably a part of the New Haven Company. 

Notwithstanding the purchases of the English on both 
sides of the river, to which, as they affirm, neither the Dutch 
nor Swedes had any just title, Governor Kieft, without pro- 
test or warning, sent armed men, and " by force, in a hostile 
way, burnt their trading house, seized, and for some time de- 
tained, the goods in it, not suifering their servants so much 
as to take a just inventory of them. He there also seized 
their boat, and for a while kept their men prisoners, for 
which treatment they could not, up to 1650, get any satis- 
faction. The Dutch governor sent armed vessels to De- 
laware to seize Mr. Lamberton's vessel, or drive him out of 
the river," but being on his guard, he at that time main- 
tained the right and honour of the English. As he was 
returning from Delaware, the Dutch governor at Manhattan 
compelled Mr. Lamberton, who was the agent of New Haven, 
" by threatenings and force," to give an account of what 
beaver he had traded for within the English limits at Dela- 
ware, and pay recognitions for them, against which a protest 
sent from New Haven was of no avail." The damages done 
to the English at Delaware were estimated at XlOO sterling.^ 

Great sickness and mortality prevailed among the settlers 
of last year upon Delaware, which dissolved "the plantation. 
The same sickness and mortality befell the Swedes also, who 
were planted in the same river. The English were after- 
wards driven out by the Swedes. "'^ 

However uncertain may have been our knowledge hereto- 
fore, of the executive operations of the Swedes since the 
departure of Minuit, there is now no longer any doubt upon 
the subject. In the latter end of the year, John Printz, a 
lieutenant of cavalry, is appointed governor, receives his 
commission and instructions, and early in next year arrives 
in the Delaware. Of both documents we now proceed to 



1 Smith's N. Y. vol. i. p. 6. 

2 Bozman's Md. p. 207; edit. 1837. 

3 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. pp. 164,214. Trumbull's Comi. vol. i. p. 120. 
Smith's N. Y. Albany Records, vol. ii. p. 177, 185. 

4 Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 76. Hubbard. 



JOHN PRINTZ MADE GOVERNOR. Qg 

give an abstract. The commission, though latest as to date, is 1642. 
given first. ' ■ — ' 

John Printz, lieutenant of cavalry, is appointed by Chris- 
tina, queen of Sweden, governor of New Sweden. His August m 
commission is dated 16th, although his instructions are on Appoint- 
the loth Auo-ust. It commences by statins; that " our faith- "'"'''5. , 

" . _ _ "^ " Gov. Prmtz. 

ful subjects having commenced visiting the West Indies, and his commia- 
having purchased in form, and already occupied a considera- General du- 
ble part of that country, which they have named New Sweden, ties- 
in consequence, — as their laudable project, the navigation 
which they have undertaken, and the cultivation which they 
are disposed to make, cannot but increase and facilitate com- 
merce, — to give them more vigour and extent, not only have we 
approved their design, and taken the country and its inhabit- 
ants under our royal protection, but again to favour and 
strengthen the work which they have commenced, we have 
given to the country and inhabitants, our subjects, a governor, 
and have named, as we do here, by virtue of this letter-patent, 
our very faithful subject, the above named lieutenant o^ caval-\ 
ry, John Printz, for governor of New Sweden. He engages to 
administer and govern said country, and to defend its inhab- 
itants against all violence and foreign attachment, and to 
preserve, above all, that country in safe and faithful hands. 
Pie must preserve amity, good neighbourhood, and corre- 
spondence with foreigners, with those who depend on his 
government and the natives of the country ; render justice 
without distinction, so that there shall be injury to no one. 
If any person behave himself grossly, he must punish him 
in a convenient manner ; and as regards the cultivation of the 
country, he must in a liberal manner regulate and continue 
it, so that the inhabitants may derive from it their honest 
support, and even that commerce may receive from it a sensi- 
ble increase. As to himself, he will so conduct in his govern- 
ment as to be willing and able faithfully to answer for it 
before God, before us, and every brave Swede, regulating 
himself by the instructions given to him." The inhabitants 
are required to acknowledge and obey him as governor.^ 

The following is an abstract of the instructions to Governor August is. 
Printz. After enumerating the advantages expected to result instructiona 
from the "conquering and purchasing the territory of New to^o^e^or 
Sweden, and the extension of commerce thereby," it is stated 

1 MS. Doc. A. P. S., Reg. of Penns. vol. iv. p. 200. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO GOVERNOR PRINTZ. 



1642. 



Must pro- 
ceed to Gotr 
tenberg to 
prepare for 
departure. 



Determine 
on his route 
according to 
the wind. 



Have super- 
vision of the 
captain and 
creTV. Keep 
journal; &c. 



On arrival, 
to see the 
contracts for 
purchases 
faithfully 
executed. 
Bounds de- 
scribed. 



English set- 
tlement at 
Tarkens 
kill. 



that "for this laudable end," two vessels to make the voyage 
have been furnished, named the " Stork" and the " Renown," 
under the orders of a governor, whom "her majesty has pro- 
vided with full, convenient and sufficient power," and the 
vessels, "with other necessary resources." 

The governor must first, without delay, proceed by land to 
Gottenberg, whither the vessels have sailed. On his arrival 
there, he must aid in disposing and arranging every thing 
according to the regulations of the company, in such manner 
as to be at sea in September next. 

.Before, or as soon as the vessels leave Gottenberg, he, with 
the captain and his council, " should deliberate upon the 
nature of the wind, and other circumstances, and decide 
whether to direct his course to the north of Scotland, or 
through the channel between France and England." 

During the passage he is to see that the captain and crew 
discharge their duties " with fidelity and exactness," and in 
" all occurrences of importance, and which merit reflection, 
he must ask the advice of the captain and council, must keep 
a journal, noting every thing worthy of remark, and send a 
copy of it back." 

When (should it please God) the governor arrives at New 
Sweden, he is to take care that the frontiers of the country, ac- 
cording to the contract made by the subjects with, the savages, 
" extends from the borders of the sea to Cape Henlopen, in 
returning south-west towards Godyn's Bay, and thence towards 
the great South River, as far as Minquas kill, where is con- 
structed Fort Christina, and from thence again towards South 
River, and the whole to a place which the savages call San- 
kikan, which is at the same time the place where are the 
limits of New Sweden. This district or extent of country 
may be in length about thirty German miles ; as to width in 
the interior, it has been stipulated in the contracts, that the 
subjects of her majesty and company may take as much of 
the country as they wish." 

" Seeing that in the year preceding, (1641,) several English 
families, to the number of sixty persons, established them- 
selves, and began to build houses and cultivate the earth, in 
other places, viz. on the eastern side of South River, near a 
small river called Ferkens kill, the subjects and company 
have, with the intention of attracting to them the English, 
bought from the savages who inhabited the country, all the 



INSTRUCTIONS TO GOVERNOR PRINTZ. 65 

said western part, (eastern ?) from the mouth of the great 1642. 
river to Cape May, and even to another small river, Narra- " " ' 
tisehks kill, the whole extending about twelve German miles, 
comprising therein even Ferkens kill, above mentioned ; the ConcUiatory 
governor ought to maintain this contract of purchase invio- ^g'^oj^gerved 
lable, and with force, and thus to attract these English towards the 
families under the authority and power of her majesty ; she "^^ ^ ' 
suggests that these people are disposed to submit as a free 
people to a sovereign who can protect and defend them, and 
advises a conciliatory course; "yet as her majesty judges it 
will be better and more advantageous for Sweden, for the 
crown, and for those interested, to be able to disembarrass 
themselves of it honestly, she leaves it to the governor's dis- 
cretion, to endeavour to obtain this point, and for it to work 
underhand as much as possible, with good manners and with 
success." As the Dutch West India Company undoubtedly 
wishes to appropriate to itself the lands possessed by the 
English, and certainly also all the eastern part of the great 
South River, (especially as their fort or redoubt Nassau, now Fort Nassau 
occupied by about twenty men, is not very far from the ^^^P'^'^^y 
eastern side of this river ;) and since they make no pretensions 
to all the western part, of which the Swedes are in possession, 
imagining by their Fort Nassau they have acquired and re- 
served the possession of all said river, and the country on 
both sides, for which reason they have protested against the 
Swedish subjects, and have never been willing to permit or 
grant them to ascend before Fort Nassau, the governor Course of 
will comport himself towards the Dutch Company with mild- <=°'^<\'i'=' ^o- 

J- ^ r «/ vrards Dutcli 

ness and moderation, as the Swedes, only seeking to open a according to, 
free communication for commerce, had bought from the g^^Mes' 
natives that which they possessed and cultivate. If, however, aiso to Eng- 
the Dutch, contrary to all hope, show any hostile intentions, J^j™ 
"it would be very proper to be on your guard, and repel force 
by force :" at so great a distance, the government leaves it 
much to the governor's discretion. If, however, the Dutch 
do not trouble us in our possessions, "the governor must main- 
tain amity and good neighbourhood with the Dutch of Fort 
Nassau, and those established higher up the North River, at ' 
Manhattan or New Amsterdam, and likewise with the English 
who inhabit Virginia, especially because the latter have 
already begun to procure for the Swedes all sorts of necessary 
provisions, and at reasonable prices, both for cattle and grain." 

9 f2 



66 



INSTRUCTIONS TO GOVERNOR PRINTZ. 



1642. 



Directions in 
relation to 
Bogardt's 
colony. 



The savages 
to be treated 
■with kind- 
ness, and 
their favour 
courted. 



Internal 
regulations. 



Governor to 
choose his 
place of resi- 
dence; also 
for fortifica- 
tions and 
a fort. 



If Christina 
is sufficient, 
must attend 
to agricul- 
ture, &c. 



As to those of tlie Dutch nation who have gone to New 
Sweden, and are there established under Svredish protection, 
and under Commandant Jost de Bogardt, the governor 
must show them all good will, seeing that they comply with 
the conditions stipulated, and also obey the orders signified 
to them this year ; that being established too near to Fort 
Christina, (report says only three miles distant,) they must 
abandon it, and occupy a place more distant from the fort ; 
but the governor may remove them, or suffer them to remain, 
as he finds expedient. 

With regard to the savages, the governor is to treat them 
with humanity and mildness, and see that neither violence nor 
injustice is done them, but " must labour to instruct them in 
the Christian religion, and the divine service, and civilize 
them. He must bring them to believe that the Swedes have 
not come there to do them injustice, but rather to procure 
them what they need, in order to live reciprocally in com- 
mon, and sell and exchange provisions. The governor must 
sell to them at lower prices than the Dutch at Fort Nassau, 
or the English, so as by this means to disengage them from 
these people, and accustom them more to the Swedes." 

Having thus summarily disposed of the Dutch, English, 
and savages, the instructions enter upon matters of internal 
regulation. 

The governor may choose his place of residence where he 
finds most convenient ; he will choose a place suitable for for- 
tifications, either at Cape Henlopen or at "James's Island,"-^ 
or any other favourable position. He must pay particular 
attention, that by such a -fortress the South River "may be 
shut," if it is possible, or commanded by it, and find a con- 
venient port where vessels may be safe, even in winter. 

If, however, he can protect himself with Fort Christina, 
he ought to turn his attention especially to agriculture, sowing 
enough grain for their support. He may then attend to the 
culture of tobacco, and allot to it a certain number of 
labourers, to increase the quantity, and that all vessels may 
bring back a great portion of it. Sheep and cattle are next 
to claim his attention, especially to improving the breeds of 
sheep, by procuring from the English or others, and increas- 
ing the number. 

In order to support, in good condition, the trade in peltries 

1 A part of Camden was formerly an island and so called. See Mickle, p. 85. 




INSTRUCTIONS TO GOVERNOR PRINTZ. 

with the Indians, he must have an inspection, establish com- 
missaries to prevent others from trading with them, that it 
may be exclusively for the company. 

It is supposed, from the climate being the same as Portu- Manufacture 
gal, that manufactures of salt may be established ; if the heat °^ ^^^^' 
of the sun is not sufficient, use fire. It should have the gover- 
nor's attention, as also should the culture of the vine, as 
grapes are everywhere found wild. 

Recommends examination for metals and minerals; if any Mines and 
are found, send home a particular account, and wait for "^'"erais. 
orders. 

Must reflect on what can be done with the superfluous superfluous 
wood, especially oak and nut trees ; from the latter try if oil ^.Q^'nutg^ 
cannot be procured by pressure ; wood may answer as ballast. 

Fisheries are next noticed. Inquire where they can be Fisheries. 
established to advantage, especially for whales, which are at 
times numerous in Godyn's Bay. 

Silk and silk worms may be produced to advantage. The siik wrms 
good culture of the country generally is specially recom- ^'^'^"''^• 
mended. 

"But above all, whatever regards the police, government Police, go- 
and justice, must be done in the name of her majesty. De- anT-^stiL 
tailed and perfect instruction cannot be given, therefore it is May use his 
left to the discretion of the governor, according to circum- 
stances. For the present he may use his own seal, but with 
great form, in all the contracts and correspondence." 

All controversies to be decided by the laws, customs, and Laws, cus- 
usages of Sweden, and in other things he will " adopt and ^^^^^f 
follow the laudable manners, customs, and usages of Sweden." Swedento 

He has power to bring to obedience and order the mutinous ^^'^'^ 
and refractory, who will not live in peace ; he may punish Crimes and 
great offenders by imprisonment, and even with death, accord- ^^^^' 
ing to the crime, after legal forms and sufficient examination 
by the most noted persons, such as the most prudent assessors 
of justice that he can find and consult in the country. 

"Before all, the governor must labour and watch that he worship of 
renders in all things to Almighty God the true worship which ^°'^, *° ^! ^°' 

<3 _ ^ cording to 

is his due, the glory, the praise, and the homage that belongs Au-sburg 
to him, and take good measures that the divine service is ^°'^®^^'°°- 
performed according to th^ true Confession of Augsburg, the 
council of Upsal, and the ceremonies of the Swedish church, 
having care that all men, and especially the youth, be well 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR. 



1642. 



Dutch to en- 
joy their 
own wor- 
ship. 



Things not 
mentioned 
above. 



Governor ap- 
pointed for 
three years. 

Gov. Printz's 
salary. 



August 16. 

Departure 
for, and ar- 
rival at De- 
laware. 



August 30. 

Expenses of 
government 
of New Swe- 
den. How 
provided for. 



instructed in all the parts of Christianity, and that a good 
ecclesiastical discipline be observed and maintained. With 
respect to the Dutch colony which resides and is established 
in the country of her majesty and of the crown, the governor 
must not disturb what has been obtained in the aforesaid 
grant of her majesty, with regard to the exercise of the 
reformed religion." 

As to what cannot be here written, the governor must com- 
port as a faithful patriot, and observe with the greatest care, 
best intelligence, and great zeal, all that concerns his charge, 
regulating himself also by what has been verbally com- 
municated. 

The governor is appointed for three years, after which he 
may return, leaving a successor or viceroy in his place, or he 
may be reappointed.^ 

A special order was passed, allowing Governor Printz " an 
annual support and compensation, as long as he shall remain 
in service in the country, 1200 silver dollars to be drawn 
regularly from the existing revenue, or which shall be regu- 
lated hereafter, to commence January 1, 1643.^ 

Governor Printz sailed from Stockholm, with the ships 
Fame and Stork, and after a passage of one hundred and 
fifty days, arrived in the Delaware in February of next 
year. 

The government furnished Governor Printz soldiers and 
officers to assist him in the discharge of his duties, and 
passed an order on the counsellors of the kingdom, requiring 
them to provide for the regular payment of the expenses of 
the government of New Sweden, amounting to 3020 rix dollars 
per annum, viz. governor, 1200 silver, or 800 rix, half silver 
and half excise ; lieutenant-governor, 16 rix dollars per 
month; one sergeant major, 10; one corporal, 6; one gunner, 
8 ; one trumpeter, 6 ; one drummer, 5 ; twenty-four soldiers 
at 4 ; one paymaster, 10 ; one secretary, 8 ; one barber, (pro- 
bably surgeon,) 10; one provost, 6, and one , 4; making 

185 rix dollars per month, or 3020 rix dollars per annum, 
viz. 400 rix or 600 silver, and in excise on tobacco coming 
from New Sweden, 2620 rix dollars. An ordinance was, 
about the same time passed, decreeing and assigning for the 
state and support of the government of New Sweden, of the 

» MSS. A. P. S., Reg. of Pem-is.p.219, in detail. 
2 Ibid. p. 200. 




WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

garrison under its orders, and others in its employ, 2,000,619 
rix dollars, to be collected each year from the excises upon 
tobacco.^ 

1643. 

Governor Printz, as we have seen, left Stockholm, "in the February is. 
Lord's name," August 16th of last year, and arrived herein voyage of 
February of this year. Rev. John Campanius, who accom- ^°^' ^'""^*'^" 
panied him as chaplain, has left us an account of their 
voyage, which may furnish some idea of the tediousness of a 
passage at that time. They sailed in the ship Fame f after 
touching at Dahlehamn, Copenhagen, and Helsingor, they 
reached Gottenberg on 12th of September : on the 1st of 
November they took their departure from Gottenberg ; on the 
21st they were sailing along the coast of Portugal, " where 
the crew performed the ceremony of tropical baptism." On 
the 26th they sailed along the coast of Barbary ; on the 28th 
they were half way between Old and New Sweden ; they 
passed the Canaries, and on 20th of December arrived at 
Antigua, where they spent the Christmas holidays, and were 
well entertained at the governor's house. On the 3d of 
January, 1643, they left Antigua, passing numerous islands. 
On the 24th they made soundings, and on the 25th began to 
see land. Having had severe storms, with snow, on the 26th 
and 27th, when, being in the bay off the Whorekills, they 
lost three anchors, a spritsail, and mainmast ; the ship ran 
aground, and lost some of her "apparel." On the 15th of 
February, "by God's grace," they "came up to Fort Chris- 
tina, in New Sweden, Virginia, at 2 o'clock, P. M.," being 
five months, or 150 days, from their leaving Stockholm.^ 

At the time of Governor Printz's arrival, he found here 
Dutch, English, and Swedes, all professing to have claims 
upon the river and country ; his situation, therefore, required 
great caution as well as energy, as all his movements would 
be closely watched, and any encroachments on preconceived 

1 MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 314. Ibid. 373. 

2 In the instructions to Printz, two vessels are named, the Stork and Renown. 
This last is probably the one here named, by a different translation, the Fame. 
Most writers give the names of the vessels in Printz's conipany, as the Swan 
and the Charitas ; the former is probably the same as the Stork; where the 
latter name is derived from we do not know. Campanius speaks only of tlie 
Fame, on which he came, not mentioning the other, though there were probably 
two vessels in the company. 

3 Campanius, p. 70. 



yO JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR. 

1643. rights noticed. How lie acquitted himself, we shall see in 
''—'<—' the sequel. 

Agreeably to his instructions, he very soon turned his 
attention to the selection of a suitable place for the perma- 
nent residence of the government of New Sweden, and to the 
fortification of the river. The Dutch had Fort Nassau, at a 
considerable distance up the river, and ^he Swedes were 
fortified by Fort Christina below, and, as he probably con- 
cluded, not sufficiently near to Nassau to answer his designs ; 
he therefore selected the island of Tenako, now Tinnicum, as 
combining both objects, of residence and defence; here he 
built a fort, which was named New Gottenberg. It was 
" constructed by laying very heavy hemlock (greenen) logs 
the one on the other," and was "pretty strong." Between 
Tinnicum and Christina there were at this time some planta- 
tions, but few houses, and at considerable distance from each 
other. Tinnicum is, towards the river side, " secured by 
creeks^ and underwood ; no plantation between it and Schuyl- 
kill, because near the river nothing is to be met but under- 
Printz Hall wood and Valley lands. "^ Here Printz built a mansion for 
andFort Jiimgelf and family, which was very handsome. There were 

New Gotten- "^ ' -^ 

iberg, &c. likewise a fine orchard, a pleasure house, and other conve- 
bTiut. niences ; he called it Printz Hall. On this island the prin- 

cipal inhabitants had their dwellings and plantations."^ This 
fort controlled the access of the Dutch to Fort Nassau. It 
was, a few years afterwards, accidentally burned down. 
During this year, also, Printz, in order to carry out his 
FortEifs- instructions to "shut" up the river, erected another fort, 
the^st^d!^^ called Elfsborg, or Elsingborg, on or near the present Salem 
creek.* Some writers allege it was not built for several 
years afterwards, but various facts contradict this. De Vries 
was fired at from it in the autumn of this year, at which time 
eight cannon were mounted there. Hudde says, "it was 
built by Printz soon after his arrival, about three Dutch miles 
below the mouth of the river ; that it was usually garrisoned 
by twelve men, commanded by a lieutenant, had eight iron 
and brass guns, and one jootsho of ."^ The main object was to 

* See Ferris, p. 62. 

2 Hudde's Report, 1645. Vol. i. N. Y. Hist. Soc. Mem. N. S., p. 429. 

3 Campanius, p. 79. 

4 Called Octsessingh, or Wootsessungsing, Asamohackingz, by the Indians ; 
by the Swedes, Elfsborg, or Elsingborg ; Dutch, Varckensldl, or Hog Creek. 

6 Hudde, p. 429. 



of Fort 
Elsingborg. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. Yl 

visit the Dutch vessels which passed, and oblige them to 1643. 
lower the colours, which greatly aifronted them,"^ also to " '~^ 
salute Swedish vessels arriving. It has been asserted that 
it was soon deserted, on account of musquitoes, but there 
seems to be no good foundation for this story, although, from 
the location, they must have been troublesome. A Dutch 
document, speaking of this fort, says, "they (the Swedes) 
have been so bold, that they not only stopped and prevented 
from continuing their voyages, the sloops and small craft 
that were favoured with the company's licenses, but, under 
pretence of examination, took the best articles out of them, 
to the notable injury of the people, and disrespect of the 
States and the company, who, by the right of first discovery, 
have owned and possessed the river; the said Governor Printz 
has even not hesitated to say, at different times, that the 
before-mentioned fort was built there for the purpose of 
closing the river. "^ 

Some uncertainty exists as to the precise location of Fort situation 
Elsingborg ; it has usually been placed upon the creek, but 
upon inquiry in the neighbourhood, and especially of an old 
resident there, the author is led to believe that it was situated 
three or four miles below Salem Creek, at a point which has 
long been known as "Elsinburg Fort Point." So early as 
Novemher 12, 1676, " a conveyance by warrant was made of 
1000 acres, by John Fenwick, to be set out, limited and bounded 
at and near the point heretofore called Elsinhurg Fort, and 
hereafter to be called Guy's plantation." There was a large 
body of marsh on both sides of a creek then called Fishing 
Creek ; "on the south side of this creek was an island of 
upland, on which, I well remember, were three well-sized 
trees ; on this island of upland I understood the fort formerly 
stood, nor have I ever heard any Salem county man locate 
it in any other place." " This island was most judiciously 
selected for the erection of a fort, being protected by the 
river on the west, on the north by Fishing Creek ; turning 
east and south, on the south by an immense expanse of wild 
marsh. "^ 

The creek is now called Mill Creek, from a mill having 

1 Acrelius, p. 412. 

2 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32 to 50. 

3 For these facts I am indebted to the kindness of Col. R. G. Johnson, the 
well-known author of a small History of Salem, N. J., and one of the oldest 
inhabitants of Salem, who has favoured me with a long letter on the subject. 



72 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR. 

1643. been there. Great changes have been effected by the tides, 
' ' ' on this part of the river. 

As this fort was quite near to the English settlement on 
Varkens Creek, it must have led to some collisions with 
them ; and if it be the fact that the English were driven off 
by the Swedes, as is stated, it may have hastened their de- 
parture, as Printz's instructions would authorize him to get 
possession there if he could, the Swedes having bought from 
the savages "from the mouth of the great river to Cape 
May, and even to another small river, Narratikon, (now 
Raccoon Creek,) the whole extending about twelve German 
miles, and comprising therein even Yarkens kill." 

The colonies of Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and 

May 19. Massachusotts, form a confederacy for mutual protection, 

E'tdonief' ^^^^^ t^6 name of the "United Colonies of New England." 

Their articles may be seen in Hazard's Historical Collections, 

vol. ii. p. 1. 

Died Rev. Reorus Torkillus, who came with Minuit to this 
September 7. country, in 1638, and of course was the first Swedish clergy- 
Death of man. " He was born in West Gothland, in 1608, was a profes- 
kiliur °^ sor in a college at Gottenberg, and afterwards chaplain to the 
superintendent Andrew Printz. He went afterwards to Vir- 
ginia, where he remained four years, married, and had one 
child." On the 23d of February, he took sick, and died Sep- 
tember 7 ; he was buried at Fort Christina, about two years 
after his voyage companion Minuit, aged 35.^ 

In the early part of Printz's administration, great num- 
Criminais bcrs of Criminals were sent over from Sweden, till finally the 
s^weden. Europeans perceiving it would not allow them to land, but 
compelled them to return, and many perished on the voyage. 
Many of those who accompanied Minuit are said to have been 
"bandits."^ "It was, after this, forbidden, under a penalty, 
to send any more criminals to America, lest Almighty God 
should let his vengeance fall on the ships and goods, and the 
virtuous people that were on board."^ 

De Vries, whose settlement was destroyed, at the Whore- 
DeVriesre- kills, in 1631, and at which time, he says, no Swedes were 

visits the , ' . • • , r-i i V.- i • 

Delaware. Known on the Hvor, now revisits the South River, on his way 
from Fort *^ Jamcstown, and finds them there in possession of three 
Eisinburg. forts. The first was Elsinburg, on which they had eight 

' Campanius, p. 107, 109. Clay, p. 149. Ferris, p. 57. Campanius,p. 73. 
2 HoU. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32 to 50. 3 Campanius, p. 73. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 73 

metal guns of 12 lb. ; they fired at his boat, and ordered him 1643. 
to strike his flag. It was commanded by Captain Printz, ^"^ ' 
who, he says, " weighed upwards of 400 pounds, and drank 
three drinks at every meal." He speaks of the Swedes as Descripuoa 
" not very sober, as they bought from the captain of the ves- printz. 
sel a good quantity of wine and sweetmeats, and that neither 
here nor in Virginia was intoxication punished with whip- 
ping." This description has been usually applied to Cfovernor 
Printz ; some doubt may suggest itself whether a relative of 
the same name may not be intended, as it is probable the 
governor would be at head-quarters, at Tinnicum, and not 
commanding this out fort. The two other forts were Chris- 
tina and New Gottenberg. At Fort Nassau there were yet 
some of the people of the West India Company.^ 

At a meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies, sept. 26. 
complaints were laid before them, by Mr. Eaton and Mr. complaints 
Greofson, " concerning the foul injuries offered by the Swedish *° ^^^ 

. ° . -.J- T 1 United Colo- 

governor, in Delaware River, to Mr. Lamberton, and those nies against 
people whom New Haven had planted there," and also of the s^ea^g™^r 
iniuries done to them by the Dutch governor's agent there, treatment of 

'^ , , . , "^ , . T f . . . ■ 1 ^ Mr. Lamber- 

such "as burmng down their trading-house, joining with the ton. 
Swedes against them, &c." The president, Governor Win- 
throp, was requested to write to both governors, " expressing 
particulars, and requiring satisfaction," and "professing, 
that as we will not wrong others, so we may not desert our 
confederates in any just cause."^ A commission was also 
given " to Mr. Lamberton, to go treat with the Swedish ^ 
government about satisfaction for those injuries and damages, statement of 
and to agree with him about settling their trade and planta- B^ehlr'iour 
tion. This Swedish governor demeaned himself as if he had and charac- 

• T m • • 1 • • Tiir -r 1 ^er of the 

neither Christian nor moral conscience, getting Mr. Lamber- Swedish go- 
ton into his power by feigned and false pretences, and keep- 
ing him prisoner, and some of his men, labouring by promises 
and threats, to draw them to accuse him to have conspired 
with the Indians to cut off the Swedes and the Dutch ; and 
not prevailing these ways, then by attempting to make them 
drunk, that so he might draw something from them, and in 
the end, (though he could gain no testimony,) yet he forced 
him to pay a weight of beaver before he would set him at 
liberty. He is also a man very furious and passionate, cursing 

I De Vries, p. 273. Hudde's Report, p. 42S. 
^ Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 11. 
10 G 



yernor. 



74 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR. 

1643. and swearing, and also reviling the English of New Haven 
'^"''^^ as runagates, &c. ; and himself, with his own hands, put 
irons on one of Mr. Lamberton's men, and went also to the 
houses of the few families planted there, and forced some of 
them to swear allegiance to the crown of Sweden, though 
he had no colour of title to that place ; and such as would 
not, he drove away. All these things were clearly proved by 
Mr. Lamberton's relation, and by other testimony, on oath, 
but this was before he was sent with the commission."^ 

The following deposition, which we have copied from the 
records in the secretary's office at New Haven, is probably a 
part of the testimony above referred to. 

" At a court held at New Haven, 2d of August, 1643. John 
Thickpenny, about the age of 25 years, mariner in the Qock 
with Cf-eorge Lamherton, in his last voyage to Delaware Bay, 
being duly sworn and examined, deposeth, 

"That he was present in ih.e pinnace called the Cock, 
Bepositioa of whereof George Lamberton was master, riding at anchor 
penny, re- " about three miles above the Swedes' fort in Delaware River, 
specting -^hen a letter was brought from the Swedes' governor, by 

treatment of . ^ ^ ° . 

Lamberton Tim, the barber, and Godfrey, the merchant's man coming 
and ^tlemTt ^'^^^^ ^^^™' they told him, this deponent, in Dutch, a language 
to induce \Yhich he understood, that the contents of the letter was, that 

them to , , 

swear the ludiaus being at the fort the day before, had stolen a 

gold chain from the governor's wife, and that the governor 
did entreat Mr. Lamberton to use means to get it again of 
the Indians, who were then come to trade with the said Mr. 
Lamberton, desiring that they might stay aboard till the next 
morning, that he might discover the Indian to him, affirming 
that he could know the Indian that had stolen it, by a mark 
which he had in his face ; but though many Indians came 
aboard while he was there, yet he went away and never made 
more words of it. This deponent further saith, that he was 
aboard when a second letter was brought aboard the Cock to 
Mr. Lamberton, from the Swedes' governor, the contents 
whereof he knows not ; but a while after, the same day, he, 
with Isaac, going to carry Mr. Lamberton ashore to the 
Swedes' fort, into which being entered, before they spoke 
with the governor, the said Mr. Lamberton, this deponent, 
and the said Isaac, were all cast into prison together, (but a 

1 Winthrop's Joiirnal, Savage's edit. vol. ii. p. 141. Hazard's Hist. Coll. 
vol. ii. p. 164. Hubbard. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOE-GENERAL. 75 

while the said Mr. Lamberton was taken forth of that room, 1643. 
but, as he understood, was kept in another prison,) where he, ' '^^ 
this deponent, continued three days, in which time John 
Woollen, servant to Mr. Lamberton, (and his interpreter be- Deposition of 
tween him and the Indians,) was committed to the same continueo!^' 
prison in irons, which he himself said the governor had put 
upon him with his own hands. And further this deponent 
saith, that the said John Woollen told him, that at his, the 
said John Woollen's first coming into the Swedes' fort, he 
was brought into a room, in which the governor's wife, Tim- 
othy, the barber, and the watch-master came to him, and 
brought wine and strong beer, and gave him, with a purpose, 
as he conceived, to have made him drunk ; and after he had 
largely drunk there, the governor sent for him into his own 
chamber, and gave him more strong beer and wine, and 
drunk freely with him, entertaining of him with much respect 
seemingly, and with profession of a great deal of love to him, 
making many large promises to do very much good for him 
if he would but say that George Lamberton had hired the 
Indians to cut oflf the Swedes ; but the said John Woollen 
denied it : then the governor drunk to him again, and said 
he would make him a man, give him a plantation, and build 
him a house, and he should not want for gold nor silver, if he 
would but say as is said before ; he would do more for him 
than the English could, for he loved him as his own child, but 
the said John answered that there was no such thing, and if 
he would give him his house full of gold he would not s&j so ; 
and then the governor seemed to be exceeding angry, and 
threatened him very much, and after that drunk to him again, 
and pressed him to confess as before, which the said John 
Woollen refusing, the governor was much enraged, and stamped 
with his feet, (which this deponent himself heard, being in 
the room under him,) and calling for irons, he put them upon 
the said John Woollen, with his own hands, and sent him 
down to prison, as before is expressed. And this deponent 
saith, that the aforesaid Swedes' watch-master came into the 
prison, and brought strong beer, and drunk with them about 
two hours, in the night, and pressed the said John Woollen 
to say that the said George Lamberton had hired the Indians 
to cut off the Swedes, and he should be loosed from his irons 
presently, but John Woollen said he would not say it, if he 
should be hanged, drawn, and quartered, because he would 



76 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1643. not take away the life of a man tliat was innocent ; then he 
" ■ ' pressed him further that he would speak any thing to that 
purpose, be it never so little, and he should be free presently, 
Deposition of but John Woollon said he could not say it, nor he would not 
conthfurd"^' ^^y ^*- ^^*^ ^® further saith, that the said watch-master 
pressed him, this deponent, to the same purpose, and he 
should have his liberty, which he also refused, knowing no 
such thing. This deponent saith, that at another time, while 
he was in prison, Gregory, the merchants' man, came to him 
and told him they were sent by the governor to charge him 
with treason which he had spoken against the queen and 
lords of Sweden, namely, that he had wished them burned 
and hanged, which he, this deponent, utterly denied, and 
then the said Gregory fetched a flagon of strong beer, and 
drunk it with him, and after that fetched the said flagon full 
of sack, and drunk that with him also, and bid him call for 
wine and strong beer what he listed, and questioned with him 
about George Lamberton's hiring the Indians as aforesaid ; 
his answer was, he knew no such thing. Then the watch- 
master afiirmed that it was so, and that George Lamberton 
had given cloth, wampum, hatchets and knives for that pur- 
pose, pressing him to say so, and he should be free, and he 
would take up and clear him of the treason that was charged 
upon him ; and if he feared to say so because of Mr. Lam- 
berton, he should not need to fear him, for he should pay him 
his wages before the vessel went, and he should choose 
whether he would go back or stay with them ; but he answered, 
let them do what they pleased with him, for he could not say 
any such thing; and further he saith not."^ 

By the expression, "last voyage," it is to be inferred that 
a previous voyage had been made by Lamberton, probably 
in 1641 or 1642. 

A letter of introduction is furnished by the Swedish govern- 
November2. mout to Govcmor Priutz, in favour of John Papegoya, " who 
Letter of in- somo time siucc came from New Sweden, and is disposed to 
from Chr?s- i"6turn there in one of our vessels, having humbly ofiered to 
tinato render you, on our part, and xipon the spot, good and faithful 

Printz, in fa- . , , , . . , , , . . 

Tourofjohn scrviccs, " recommendmg you graciously to employ hun in 

Papegoya. thoso affairs to which you may think him adapted," and give 

him, as much as will be possible and reasonable, your protec- 

' New Haven Colonial Records, vol. i. pp. 97 — 99. Trumbull's MSS. refers 
to Records of N. H., p. 68, 69. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 77 

tion, in order to his advancement." This, it will hereafter 1643. 
be seen, was done, as he became the governor's son-in-law, ' ' ' 
and successor in office for a short time.^ 

"On account of his long and faithful services," past and November 6. 
present, and his engagement to continue them " as long as Grant of 
he shall live," Queen Christina grants to Governor Printz, Qo^^p^^tz. 
and "his lawful heirs," as a perpetual possession, "the place 
called Teneko or New Gottenberg," of which all are required 
to take notice, " especially those who may be appointed to 
replace him in said situation, not to give him or his lawful 
heirs any obstacle or prejudice, in any manner, whether now 
or hereafter."^ 

It appears by the certificate of Redder Evarston, skipper Nov. i3. 
of the yacht Real, that as he was on his passage from Man- I'oss of arti- 
hattan, with various articles received there from Oloff Ste- Nassau. °^ 
vensen, commissary superintendent of wares and merchan- 
dise, to be transported "to Jan Jansen, custom-house officer" 
at Fort Nassau, he was, " in a violent storm, obliged to throw 
into the sea a vat of wares and merchandise, and many other 
articles."^ 

In pursuance of his plan to fortify all important points Measures 
upon the river, and to secure to the Swedes, as much as pos- p^^^2 to se- 
sible, the entire Indian trade, Printz, about this time, began cm-e the 
to fortify the avenues by the Schuylkill, to that portion of it t^g Minquaa 
which was connected with the Minquas. The Dutch had, by Indians, 
means of their Fort Beversrede, erected here in 1633, con- sphuyikm. 
ducted a very profitable trade with these Indians at Kinses- s>^iiids forts 

. and a mill. 

sing, who invariably resorted there at proper seasons for the 
purpose. A portion had already been cut off by the maga- 
zine and trading-house erected by the Swedes in 1638, on 
Christina Creek, which commanded that avenue to the Min- 
quas country, and the only remaining one was now about to 
be removed, and by means of some of their own hands ; for 
it appears that Printz " employed the Dutch company's car- 
penter in constructing there a fort on a very convenient spot, 
on an island near the borders of the kill," secured from the 
west by another creek, and from the south-south-east and east 
sides, with underwood and valley lands ; it lies about the dis- 
tance of a gunshot in the kill. On the south side, on this 
island, beautiful corn is raised." " This fort cannot control 

1 MSS. A. P. S. Reg. of Penns. vol. iv. p. 315. 2 pjid. p. 31 6. 

3 Albany Records, vol. ii. 

q2 



78 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



day. 



1643. the river, but has the command over the whole creek, while 
'""''^^ this creek is the only remaining avenue for the trade with the 
Minquas, and vathout it this river is of little value." "About 
half a mile further in the woods, Printz constructed a mill, 
on a kill which runs in the sea, not far to the south of Mat- 
tinekonk, and on this kill a strong building just bj, in the 
path which leads to the Minquas, and this place is called, by 
the savages, Kakarikonk, so that no access to the Minquas is 
left open ; and he too controls nearly all the trade of the 
savages on the river, as the greatest part of them go a hunt- 
ing in that neighbourhood, which they are not able to do 
without passing his residence."^ 

It is not very easy, at this date, to ascertain these various 
Attempt to points, owiug to the great changes effected by the river and 
cationatthis improvements; but a late writer, who has taken much pains 
in the investigation, concludes that the island on which the 
fort was built was formed by a cluster of rocks with the earth 
connected with them, in the neighbourhood of Bartram's 
garden, and that the kill on which the mill stood, is " no 
doubt," Cobb's Creek, a tributary of Darby Creek, which 
empties south of Tinnicum.^ 

A Dutch document, before referred to, gives the following 
view of these proceedings. 

" The Swedes built a small fort on the indisputable lands 
and streams of the company, on the point of the before-men- 
tioned Schuylkill, called Lapwing's Point by them, and more 
and above built a trading-house right before the gate of the 
company's Fort Beversrede, not being a rod from the gate, 
thereby depriving us altogether from the view of the common 
roads, so as to deprive the company of the beaver trade, and 
to effect this, they are using every effort."^ 

1644. 

At a court held at Boston, letters were received from New 
Haven, together with an answer from the Swedish governor, 
in reply to the letter written by the commissioners in Sep- 
tember last. " The Swedes denied what they had been 
charged with, and sent copies of divers examinations upon 
oath, taken in the cause, with a copy of all the proceedings 
between them and our friends at New Haven, from the first, 

' Hudde's Report, p. 429. Campanins. Acreliiis. 

2 See the details in Ferris, pp. 71 to 73. ^ Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32 to 50. 



Dutch view 
of these pro- 
ceedings. 



March 7. 

Answer re- 
ceived by the 
commission- 
ers from the 
Swedish go- 
Ternment, to 
their letter 
to him. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOIl-GENERAL. 79 

and in their letters used large expressions of their respect to 1644. 
the English, and particularly to our colony ; and Mr. Eaton ' ^~~' 
desired a copy of our patent, to show the SAvedish governor, 
(at his request,) and a new commission from the commissioners Promise of 
of the Union, allowing them to go on with their plantations tade^and 
and trade in Delaware River and Bay, (for the governor had settle on tha 

, , , . 1 , *^ ^ . . ° , ,11 Delaware. 

told their agents that upon such a commission they should 
have liberty, &c.) The commissioners advised with the court 
about it, who granted both, but the commission with a nalvo 

Unfortunately, none of the letters, &c., here referred to, are 
now to be found ; they would probably have much enlightened 
our path. 

"Divers of the merchants of Boston, being desirous to Expedition 
discover the great lake, supposing it to lie in the north-west f°p f'^*°.g 
part of our patent, and finding that the great beaver trade m search of 
which came to all the eastern and southern parts, came from LyTOnnil 
thence, petitioned the court (of Massachusetts) to be a com- 
pany for that design, and to have the trade which they should 
discover to themselves for twenty-one years. The court was 
very unwilling to grant any monopoly, but perceiving that 
without it they would not proceed, granted their desire ; 
whereupon, having also a commission granted them under the 
public seal, and letters from the governor to the Dutch and 
Swedish governors, they sent out a pinnace well manned, and 
furnished with provisions and trading stujBF, which was to sail 
up the River Delaware so high as they could go, and then 
some of the company, under the conduct of Mr. William 
Aspinwall, a good artist, and one who had been in these 
parts, to pass by small skiffs or canoes, up the river so far as 
they could." " The Dutch promised to let them pass, but 
for maintaining their own interest, he, (the governor,) must 
protest against them. When they came to the Swedes, the 
fort shot at them ere they came up, whereupon they cast 
anchor, and the next morning, being the Lord's day, the 
lieutenant came on board, and forced them to fall lower 
down ; when Mr. Aspinwall came to the governor, and com- 
plained of the lieutenant's ill dealing, both in shooting at 
them before he had hailed them, and in forcing them to weigh 
anchor on the Lord's day. The governor acknowledged he 
did ill in both, and promised all favour ; but the Dutch agent 

1 Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 157. 



80 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1644. came down to the fort, and showed express order not to let 
'"^"'^ ' him pass, whereupon they returned. But before they came 
out of the river, the Swedish lieutenant made them pay 40 
shillings for that shot which he had unduly made." " The 
July 20. pinnace returned to Boston, with the loss of the voyage. 
The Dutch had protested, but suffered them to pass, as also 
did the Swedish governor, but neither would allow them to 
trade, and each appointed a pinnace to accompany theirs ; 
but the master of the Boston vessel proved such a drunken 
sot, and so complied with the Dutch and Swedes, they feared 
that when they should have left the vessel to have gone up 
to the lake in a small boat, he would, in his drunkenness, 
have betrayed their goods, &c., to the Dutch; whereupon 
they gave over and returned home, and bringing their action 
against the master, both for his drunkenness and denial to 
proceed as they required, and as by the charter-party he was 
bound, they recovered <£200 of him, which was too much, 
though he did deal badly with them, for it was very probable 
they could not have proceeded."^ 

The following minute of the United Colonies has probably 
relation to the same matter ; it was presented by this court, 
in 1653, as one of the numerous grievances complained of 
against the Dutch. 

" Richard Callicott, sometimes agent for the company of 
adventurers for the Lake Lyconnia, allowed for the general 
court for the Massachusetts, complaineth, that about the 
year 1644, he did present to the said Dutch governor, letters 
from the court of the Massachusetts, wherein liberty for the 
English vessel to pass up Delaware Bay and River, by the 
Dutch fort, for discovery, and in further prosecution of the 
said company's occasions, was desired, and by a verbal pro- 
mise, freely and fully granted by the Dutch governor. 

"Notwithstanding which, in an underhand and injurious 
way, he presently sent a vessel, well manned, to the Dutch 
fort at Delaware, with command to John Johnson, his agent 
there, rather to sink the said vessel than to suffer her to pass ; 
by means whereof Richard Callicott and his company are 
forced to return, and thereby their whole stock, which at least 
was £700, was wasted, and their design overthrown, besides 
the hope of future trade and benefit."^ 

» Winthrop, vol. ii. pp. 161, 179, 187. Hubbard. 
2 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 214. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 81 

The great object of this expedition appears to have been 1644. 
the discovery of the country, whence came the large supply ' '~^ 
of beavers. This was supposed to be in the neighbourhood 
of a great lake, situated " in the north-west part of the New 
England patent," and to be reached by the Delaware. Ac- 
cording to an old map of New Belgium, by Matthew Seutter, 
without date, (but later than Philadelphia, which is laid down 
upon it,) the Delaware is made to take its rise in a lake not 
very far south of Maquaas kill, the present Mohawk. The 
lake, or the nation around it, is called Mackwaas. This lake 
is probably the one sought for by the name Lyconnia, and 
was the residence of the Maquaas, or Mohawk Indians, who, 
it is well known, furnished large quantities of beaver, and of 
course the trade would be closely watched by the Dutch. 
The lake is now called Utsaemtha, and is the head of a branch 
of the Delaware.^ 

Two valuable cargoes were this year transported by the October e. 
Swedes, in the ships Fame and Key of Calmar, destined to vessels 
Sweden, but, owing to various causes, were compelled to put Hon^nd and 
into the province of Friesland, where duties and recognitions required to 
were claimed by the Dutch West India Company, under their ^^^ 
charter, as sovereigns of the country, from which the vessels 
came. A long correspondence ensued between the Swedish 
ambassador at the Hague, and the States-General, in which 
the claims of both parties to the country around South River, 
the privileges under treaties, &c., were noticed, and the claim 
of duties and recognitions protested against. The cargoes 
were finally liberated, on payment of the regular import 
duties, without the 8 per cent, recognitions, although the 
question of right of sovereignty over the river was left un- 
settled, to the future regret of the Dutch. Some idea of the 
value of the Swedish trade on the river, at this time, may be 
formed from the fact that these vessels had on board 2127 
packages of beaver, and 70,421 pounds of tobacco.^ 

An event, important to the world, and especially to Penn- October u. 
sylvania, occurred this day, in the hirtli of William Penn, its Birth of 
future proprietary and founder ; (it took place in London ;) ^™' ^®'^' 
the son and heir of Sir William or Admiral Penn, distin- 

1 Gordon's Gazetter. 

2 OCall. vol. i. p. 371, who refers to HoU. Doc. vol. ii. p. 340 to 345, 
350 to 361; vol. iv. 1, 2, 13 — 15, 18. Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 321. 
Acrelius. 

11 



82 



1644. 



Christina 
assumes the 
government. 



A second 
expedition 
from Boston 
to Delaware. 
Murder of 
the crew by 
the Indians. 
Two sent to 
Boston. 
Trial and ac- 
quittal. 



A person 
prevented 
from trading 
on South 
River, 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

guished for his long and brilliant public career in the naval 
service of Great Britain.^ 

This year, also, Christina assumes the government of 
Sweden. 

It appears that another trading expedition for the Dela- 
ware, was, in the winter of this year, fitted out from Boston, 
which eventuated still more disastrously than the former one. 
It was a barque or pinnace sent by the merchants of Boston. 
" She traded upon Maryland side, and had gotten a good 
parcel of beaver ; at last the Indians came aboard, and while 
the English, (who were about five and a boy,) were trading 
with some of them, others drew out hatchets from under 
their coats, and killed the master and three others, and took 
the other and the boy, and carried them on shore, and rifled 
the pinnace of all her goods and sails, &c. Soon after, other 
Indians came upon these, and slew the sachem, and took 
away all the goods they had stolen. There was one Hedman 
suspected to have betrayed their pinnace, for he being 
linkister, (because he could speak their language,) and being 
put out of that employment for his evil carriage, did bear 
ill will to the master ; and the Indians spared him and gave 
Mm a good part of the spoil, and he lived among them five 
or six weeks, till the Swedish governor procured other Indians 
to go fetch him and the boy to his fort, from whence they 
were brought next year to Boston, and then said Redman 
was tried for his life, and being found guilty by the grand 
jury, was deferred his farther trial, in expectation of more 
evidence to come from DelaAvare." It appears, from the 
court records, he was ultimately acquitted, and a petition for 
charity to the widow and orphans of Luter, or Luther, the 
master, was oifered in the general court. ^ 

Attorney-General Huygens notifies Govert Lookermans 
that he " must not presume to trade in the company's trading 
place where Commissary Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam is accus- 
tomed to trade, and which place is situated on South Biver 
of New Netherland, with the Indians, and if you did so, I 
now enter my protest against you, with regard to any eventual 
damages of the company."^ 

It would appear from a receipt given to Jan Jansen, the 
commissary at Nassau, that he possessed considerable silver 



1 Biog, Diet. - 

3 Albany Records, vol, iii, p, 197, 



Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 237 and note. 




WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

plate, viz. " a silver bumper, two silver basins, a gourd 
mounted with silver, a gold hatband, and one silver spoon, 
amounting to ^116, which, if Jansen dies on his journey, (?) 
is to be sent to his father."^ 

1645. 

Charges of fraud, &c., are made by the attorney-general Sept. 4. 
against Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam, "for neglect of duty in charges of 
his oflBce at Fort Nassau;" a copy of these charges is to be ferrcd^'^^ 
given him.^ ^g^;^ 

The nature of these charges will appear from the follow- October 12. 
ing : " Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam declares in court, that he 
took with him to South River, some cloth, without being able 
to give correctly its amount, and promises to declare to-morrow 
whether he delivered to Hendrick Huygen, or did sell it to 
any other person." " He said that he received two parcels 
of Harlaem silk from the wife of Bogardus, which were 
brought here by Jochem Kiersted, which boxes were, in his 
presence, in the yacht Prince William, sold by Egbert Van 
Borsum for two beavers ; and further that he had no concern 
whatever in trade with Jan Juriensen, during his residence 
here." 

" The attorney-general, plaintiff, contra J. J. Van Ilpen- a. Hudde to 
dam. Seen the conclusion of the Attorney-General against lorrNassau, 
J. J. Van Ilpendam, on fraud committed by him in his office, t° examine 

. . . , J- J' Van II- 

and examination of his accounts for several years, with the penciam's af- 
affidavits of witnesses, and the defence of J. J. Van Ilpendam as'commis^*' 
aforesaid. After maturely considering the case, it is decreed, ^^^y- 
that by provision, Andreas Hudde shall be sent to Fort Nas- 
sau, to make there further inquiries, by the company's ser- 
vants and others, into the concerns and trade of the defendant ; 
and further to make a; correct inventory of all his effects, and 
of those of the company, and send hither what is not wanted 
there, and further to act there in behalf of the company, as 
commissary for the present, which the attorney -general shall 
perform here in the same manner, while further the defendant 
shall prepare his answer on the points which Avere this day 
proposed to him."^ 

On Hudde's arrival there, "he found the magazines in such 
bad condition, that Ilpendam mentions but two bales of Ilar- 

1 Albany Records, vol. iii. p. 399. 2 Ibid. vol. ii. p. 319. 

3 Ibid. p. 323. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1645. laem clotla, and two beaver skins, as the whole stock under 
' ' ' his charge the whole time."^ 

This year Fort New Gottenberg was accidentally destroyed 
December, by fire, with all the buildings in it, and all the powder and 
Eort Gotten- goods blowu Up. It happened in the night, by the negligence 
of a servant, who fell asleep, leaving a candle burning.^ 
Arent Corssen, who made the purchase on Schuylkill, and 
A. Corssen was uow Sent by Kieft to carry specimens of minerals to 
Holland, was drowned on the way thither.^ 



berg de 
Btroyed by 
fire. 



drowned. 



February 8. 



Tan Ilpen- 
dam to be 
sent for trial 
to Holland. 



Captain 
Blancke ar- 
rives in a 
sloop at 
Schuylkill, 
to Hudde. 
Swedes order 
him off. 
Interviews 
between the 
parties. 



1646. 

Further proceedings are had against Van Ilpendam, as we 
find in the records. It is now decided to send him to Holland 
for trial. 

" Seen the prosecution of the attorney-general, Cornelius 
Van Huyghens, plaintiff, contra J. J. Van Ilpendam, com- 
missary in Fort Nassau, defendant, with the conclusion of 
the plaintiffs, and the affidavits given under oath, from which 
it appears that the defendant defrauded the company, as Avell 
by paying the savages a higher price than is usual, as through 
transgressions ; this is evident from the complaints against 
him, and attested by the affidavits and his own accounts. 
Wherefore we cannot approve his accounts, and take upon 
us the burden of his faults. After mature consideration, it 
is therefore ordered, that the defendant shall be sent, with 
all his documents, and the process of the attorney-general, 
with the first sailing ship, to Amsterdam, to defend and ex- 
culpate himself before the directors."^ 

A shallop, with a considerable cargo, which was despatched 
from Manhattan, the j^roperty of individuals, and consigned 
to A. Hudde, arrived, and was ordered by him "to go to the 
Schuylkill, near the right, and wait there for the Minquas." 
On the arrival of the vessel at this point, " Juriaen Blancke, 
the trader of the sloop, was commanded," by the Swedes, 
"to leave that spot at once, as belonging to the crown." 
Hudde, heaving of this, "directly went thither with four 
men, to examine how matters stood; he received the same 
orders to depart," and requested " that they would inform 
their governor that this place had always been a trading 

1 Acreliiis, p. 413. 

2 Hubbard, in Mass. Hist. Coll. vol. vi. N. S., p. 434. Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 254, 

3 O'Call. vol. i. p. 359. •> Albany Records, vol. ii. p. 337. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOIl-GENEEAL. 85 

place, and that thus he would act with discretion, and avoid 1646. 
giving cause for discord." Next day, "the minister of the " ' ' 
gospel, (prohablj Campanius,) was despatched by the gover- 
nor to me, who declared that he had orders, that if the bark 
was in the Schuylkill, he should compel her to leave it." 
Hudde replied, " that he must first see the signature and seal 
of the governor, by which he intended to forbid the compa,ny 
(West India) to trade with their goods in any part of the 
river," and " requested that this might be done with discre- 
tion, and that the alliance between their High Mightinesses and 
Her Royal Majesty, might be taken into consideration," pro- 
testing, at the same time, " against any losses and hindrances 
that might be the natural consequence." Upon this, Gover- prmtz sends 
nor Printz sent to Hudde, " the commissary, Henry Huysens, two officers, 

" . " . and proposes 

with two officers, Carol Jansen, a Finn by birth, his book- various 
keeper, and Gregory Van Dyck, his sergeant, a native of the j"^^^'"^^ 
Hague, and demanded my answer upon certain articles, of piles. 
which I demanded a copy," and "would answer in writing." 
The officer replied, "He had no orders to do so, and dared not 
do it." Hudde then gave "a verbal ansAver, to avoid giving 
any offence, in presence, on my part, of Sander Boyer, ser- 
geant, Philip Gerneert, and Juriaen Blancke, all freemen." 
The articles were — " On the Schuylkill, in what manner the Questions to, 
property of it is ascertained and understood?" "That the ^""iiuTdTto 
acts relative to the division of the limits are at Manhattan, Printz. 
where he may obtain correct information." "If he (Gover- 
nor Printz) ever offended me, or any of mine, with words or 
deeds." " He left me and mine alone, but offended the 
company, then their High Mightinesses, in so far as to say 
to me in his name, that he would drive me from the kill by 
force." " That the governor had sent for the Minquas, at 
the expense of the crown, and when they arrived, I lured 
them from the Schuylkill." "That the sachem was, last 
spring, with me; I defrayed his expenses, contracted with 
him, that as soon as I received some goods I would send him 
a messenger, or come down, if I received any information." 
" That I compelled Blancke to sail up and fasten his bark to 
the bridge.'" "I commanded him to sail up, but I know of no 
compulsion." " That I took up arms without any just cause, 
and that I answered, upon his interdict, that I would remain 
there, and see who would be so daring as to drive me away." 
" I made no use of arms, much less showed any hostile in- 



S6 
1646. 



Julyl. 



GoTemor 
Printz's 
warning to 
Captain 
Blancke, to 
depart, on 
pain of con- 
fiscation. 



Blancke 
obeys, and 
departs with- 
out orders 
from Hudde. 



alyl2.' 
Proceeding 
of the 
Swedes. 
Trade with' 
Minquas. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVEENOE, OF THE SWEDES. 

tention, or committed any act of hostility, but rather endea- 
voured to prevent it, without betraying the interests of their 
High Mightinesses."^ 

Here the matter rested for a few days, when the following 
warning, from Governor Printz, was sent to Blancke, the 
captain of the sloop. 

"My good friend Blancke — I have received again com-- 
plaints of several of her majesty's inhabitants, how that thou 
art compelled, with thy bark, contrary to the letter of thy 
commission, to remain there, under the pretext that thou art 
obliged to do so by Andreas Hudde, who takes care of the 
interests, and disposes of the lands of their High Mighti- 
nesses, as commissioned by them. So is it, that I friendly 
admonish you, as soon as you shall have been informed of 
these contents, that you directly leave that spot ; as your 
commission implies, with your trading vessel in the Schuyl- 
kill ; seek the spot where usually the sloops are accustomed to 
trade, which shall not be prohibited ; neither do I desire that 
my subjects shall be admitted there from respect and friend- 
ship for the commander and his commissions, as long as you 
are remaining and trading in the Schuylkill, or that they 
would obstruct your interests. But if you should act against 
these, my orders, and despise my warning, which you are in 
duty bound to obey, so shall your bark, with its whole cargo, 
in conformity with the orders of her royal majesty, as it is 
strongly expressed in her majesty's orders, be confiscated; 
of which you may be fully persuaded, in case that you act 
against my orders. Done at Tinnekonk, 20th June, 1646. 
" Signed, John Pkintz." 

This had the effect to induce the departure of Blancke with 
his bark, though without Hudde's orders, " but through fear 
that his bark and goods might be confiscated, as he was a 
private person, to whom it would be a very difficult task to 
recover it," especially as it was not in Hudde's " power to 
give him any security, and he was entirely ignorant of the 
cause of contest between the company and the Swedes."^ 

Hudde communicated to the director-general, Kieft, as soon 
as possible, an account of the difficulties respecting the sloop, 
and at the same time informed him "how the trade with the 
Minquas might be continued, as it was the plan of Printz and 

' Hudde's Report, from Albany Records, in vol. i. N. S. of N. Y. Hist. Coll. 
pp. 429—431. 2 Ibid. pp. 431, 432. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 87 

his associates to deprive the company and its colonists of this 1646. 
benefit by all means." ' — ^^ — ' 

About this period, Hudde received a letter from the director- 
general, "to inquire about certain minerals in this country." Hudde going 
For this purpose he went to Sankikans, and "tried to pene- ^^J"^^"^^^^ 

■'■■'■ r> ) 1 • (» about mine- 

trate to the great falls,' where, if the samples might be rais, is 
credited, there was a great hope of success. " When I would ^'°pp'^'* ^y 

' . sachems, 

pass the first fall, a sachem, named Wirakehen, stopped me, who hear 

and asked where I would go ? I answered, I intended to go plrtrof mT 

upward. He replied, I was not permitted, and asked Avhat is my Dutch. 

object. He at last informed me that the Swedish governor 

told one Meerkedt, a sachem residing near Tinnekonk, that 

we intended to build a house near the great falls, and that in 

the vessels which we expected, 250 men would arrive, to be sent 

from the Manhattans, who would kill all the savages below 

on the river, and that this fort was to be garrisoned in the 

house which we intended to build, and would prevent the 

savages residing up the river to come to their assistance, so 

that no more would be able to escape, and in proof of all 

this, that we would first come up in a small vessel, to visit 

and explore the spot, and that we would kill two savages, as 

a pretext, but that Printz would never permit it, and would 

certainly expel us from the river." All attempts to go up to 

the falls being ineffectual, as he was stopped every time, the 

project was necessarily abandoned by Hudde.^ 

In accordance with the Dutch claim to possessions on the August lo. 
river, the following grant was made by the director-general, Dutch grant 
Kieft, to " Abraham Planck, Simon Root, Jan Andriessen, °^ ^'^'^ '"°''' 

1 -r» TT • 1 £'3n of land 

and Jreter Harmensen, whom he permits " to take possession opposite 
of the lands lying in said river, almost over against the little *° ^'L^'^f 

./ o y o Island, to 

island T'Vogelssant, (or Bird-land,^) one hundred morgen,^ pianck, 
to settle there four farms or plantations, and to manure (cul- ■^°°*' ^'^' 
tivate) within one year from the date hereof, and sooner, if 
possible, on pain of losing this right," on condition that those 
who obtain this right shall acknowledge as their patrons and 
sovereign, the Lords' States-General, &c., "subjecting them- 
selves to all such rates and duties as now are, or may be 
established, and constituting the above-named Planck, &c., 

• Hudde's Report, pp. 432, 433. 

2 It is not certain whetlier tliis is Egg Island or Reedy Island. A Delaware 
writer says the latter, in Del. Reg. vol. i. p. 8. 

3 A morgen is about two English acres. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1646. in our state, real and actual possession of tlie aforesaid land, 
' — • — ' lying on the west side of the South River, to take up and 
manure, and use the same as they might do with other their 
patrimonial lands and effects, without that we, the grantors, 
in our aforesaid quality, have in the least any part, action, 
or authority, on the aforesaid one hundred morgen, nor 
reserve or retain on the same, but disclaiming thereof from 
henceforth and for ever; promising further to maintain, ob- 
serve, and fulfil this transport, firm, sure, irrefrangible, and 
irrevocable, all on penalty as directed by law." "Signed" 
and " confirmed with our seal in red wax hereunto append- 
ing, at Fort Amsterdam." " It was promised to the said per- 
sons, that if, in time to come, they should have occasion for 
more land, the same shall be granted to them, provided they 
build houses on the land for themselves to dwell in, and if 
they go off and leave the land, to be precluded of this their 
action." It was signed by William Ivieft, and countersigned 
by the secretary. Van Tienhoven.^ 

Acrelius says, "these men never came there."^ 
In a letter of this date, addressed by President Eaton to 
Governor Kieft, among other matters, reference is again 
made to the injuries and outrages sustained by the English 
of New Haven, in their persons and estates, on Delaware, 
to Governor complaining that his answers to their letters and protests have 
been of the most unsatisfactory character. They say, " that 
we conceive we have neither done nor returned any thing, 
even unto this day, but what doth agree with the law of God, 
the law of nations, and with that ancient confederation and 
amity between our superiors at home, so that we shall readily 
refer all questions and difference between you and us, even 
from first to last, to any due examination and judgment, 
either here or in Europe, and by these presents do refer them, 
being well assured that his majesty, our sovereign lord, 
Charles, king of Great Britain, and the parliament of Eng- 
land, now assembled, will maintain their own rights, and our 
just liberties, against any who, by unjust encroachment, shall 
wrong them or theirs, and that your own principals, upon a 
due and mature consideration, will also see and approve the 
righteousness of our proceedings.^ 

1 Albany Records, Patents, N. Y. fol. 153. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 119. 
. Dover Records. 2 Acrelius, p. 417. 

3 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 56. 



August 12, 
0. S. 

Letter of 
Gov. Eaton 



Kieft, avow- 
ing their 
righteous 
proceedings. 



WILLIAM KIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 89 

A decent wooden church, which had been built on Tinni- 1646. 
cum, was, with the burying-place, this day consecrated by the ' ' ' 
Rev. John Campanius, who, it will be recollected, came out 
with Governor Printz. This, we believe, is the first church Sept. .4. 
mentioned. The first corpse that was buried there was that First church 
of Catherine, daughter of Andrew Hanson, on the 28th of ^'^*'^^i^^- 
October. It is probable the worship, prior to that time, had 
been conducted either in a part of the governor's mansion, 
or in some temporary building, or perhaps a former building 
may have been destroyed by the fire last year.^ 

Hudde received a letter, (probably from the director- Sept. 7. 
general,) in which he "was imperiously commanded to pur- Hudde com- 
chase some land from the savages, which was situated on the ^^^'^^'^ ^° 

o ' purchase on 

zvest shore, about a mile distant from Fort Nassau, to the west shore, 
no?'th." Accordingly, " I took possession of that spot on the °orthofFort 
8th following, a,nd erected on it the arms of the company ; Nassau, pre- 
and as the proprietor was not at home, I was obliged to delay p^j J^^ ° 
the conclusion of the purchase till the 25th of the same Effects it, 
month. After the purchase was accomplished, the original ^^oTxai^^' 
proprietor went with me to the spot, and assisted in fixing ejects the 
the arms of the company to a pole which was fixed in the 
ground on the limits. Shortly after this, several freemen 
made preparations to build on this newly acquired posses- 
sion."^ 

This purchase, from the distance, one Dutch, or four Eng- 
lish miles, and also from the direction from Fort Nassau, 
(north,) has been considered by some, and perhaps plausibly, 
to have been the same as the site, or a part of it, of the pre- 
sent city of Philadelphia.^ 

The Swedish commissary Huygens, by order of Governor octohers. 
Printz, " carried down with him the arms which Hudde had Dutch arms 
afiixed, on which a considerable altercation took place, and '^'^'■™'* 
among other things, about the great abuse committed by his 
sergeant and other Swedes on 30th September last, against 
all good order and decency, and after the guard was already 
on duty, when I kept him for some time in the guard-house, 
besides giving him a severe reproof, and demanded of his 
governor to correct and punish him, so that it might evidently 
appear that he had no share whatever in such a violent out- 
rage, or if similar excesses were again renewed, I would 

1 Campanius, p. 79. 2 Hudde's Report, p. 433. 

' Ferris's Early Settlements, p. 75. 

12 h2 



away. 



90 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOE, OF THE SWEDES. 

1646. directly inflict punishment, as usually is done on similar tur- 

'''"'■^' ' bulent persons." 

Hudde received this day a protest from Governor Printz, 
October 16. dated 30th September, the same oij which the event alluded 
Printz's pro- to, as abovo, took placc, of which we have no further account, 
test against qiq^ Stillc and Mocns Flom, two of Printz's freemen, were 

Hudde scon- , ' 

duct and bcarcrs of it. 

purchase. ^^ Andreas Hudde, I remind you again, by this written 

warning, as before was done verbally in person by the com- 
missary, Hendrick Huygen, that you will discontinue the in- 
juries of which you have been guilty against the royal majesty 
in Sweden, my most gracious queen, against her royal ma- ' 
jesty's rights, pretensions, soil and land, without showing the 
least respect to her royal majesty's magnificence, reputation, 
and highness, and that you will do so no more, and then con- 
sidering how little it would be becoming her royal majesty to 
bear such gross violence, and what great disasters might ori- 
ginate from it, yea, must be expected. 2dly, With what 
reluctance, as I think, your nation or your masters would, 
for such a trifle, come in conflict with her royal majesty, as 
you have no shadow of right for this, your gross conduct, 
particularly for your secret and unlawful purchase of land 
from the savages, by which you evidently betrayed your con- 
viction of the justice, equity, and antiquity of your preten- 
sive claims, of which you so loudly boasted, and which, by 
this purchase, have been brought to light, showing clearly 
that you had no shadow of right to that place, of which you 
have taken possession, no more than to others on this river 
which you now claim, in which, however, you were never 
molested by her majesty or her plenipotentiary ; neither was 
it ever attempted by them to undermine you in a sinister way. 
All this I can freely bring forward in my defence, to exculpate 
me from all future calamities, of which we give you a warn- 
ing, and place it to your account. Dated New Gottenberg, 
30th September, 1646." 

Below, in the margin, was the following : 
" The orders to which you appeal may very well have 
been occasioned by unjust and unfair report, and it would 
well become you to send him correct information of this 
whole transaction, as you were present on the spot. 

" John Peintz."^ 

I Hudde, p. 434. 



WILLIAM EIEFT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 91 

The next day after receiving the foregoing protest, Hudde 1646. 
went up the river " on some very urgent business," and was ^— ^-^ ' 
informed, on his return, that the Swedish governor had for- 
bidden his subjects to enter into any transactions with "our" October 17. 
people, which is often put in practice by professed enemies, Prfntz for- 
but never was adopted by allies, the one against the other, transactions 
He was also informed that the Swede found fault with his between the 
not answering the protest ; he accordingly wrote the follow- putch. 
ing protest, and on the 23d October sent it by Sander Boyer 
and two soldiers, viz. David Davitsen and Jacob Hendricksen. 

" To the noble governor, De Heer John Printz — Sir Go- October 22. 
vernor: On the evening of the 16th instant, stilo novo, was Hucwe'spro 
delivered to me an act, by Oloff Stille and Moens Flom, t'^^'^^^^'^- 

^ o ' swer to 

dated 30th September, stilo vetere, by which your honour Printz. 
warns me to desist from any injuries which I should have 
done or committed against the lands of her royal majesty of 
Sweden, which, however, remain yet unknown to me till this 
moment; and if your honour had condescended to explain 
wherein these consisted, I should not have hesitated to alter 
my course, if your honour's insinuations had been correct, as 
I am entirely ignorant that I have left undone any thing 
which might have a tendency to the preservation of our 
mutual intercourse, much less that I should have committed 
any act of gross violence. I purchased the land, not in a 
clandestine manner, neither unjustly, except that your honour 
calls that a clandestine manner which is not performed with 
your honour's knowledge. I purchased it from the real 
owner ; if he sold that land previously to your honour, then 
he imposed upon me shamefully. The place which we pos- 
sess, we possess indeed in just property, perhaps before the 
name of the South River was heard of in Sweden. I cannot 
say, certainly I am ignorant, if my lord and master has been 
unjustly informed, only that I explained to him the whole 
transaction in truth and justice, and so I will continue to do 
by the first opportunity, that I may obtain and transmit to 
him your act, with this my answer upon it, to be further in- 
formed by him what he may think proper to command, and 
what I shall be obliged to execute ; and whereas your com- 
missary, coming down on the 8th instant, had taken off the 
arms which I hung up on the purchased lands, tearing them 
down in an insolent and hostile manner, with these threaten- 
ing words, 'that although it had been the colours of the 



92 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



test, con- 
tinued. 



1646. Prince of Orange tliat were hoisted there, he would have 
' • ' thrown them too under his feet ;' besides many bloody me- 
naces, which have been reported to me from time to time, 
Hudde's pro- which Can have no other tendency than to cause great cala- 
mities; and whereas this not only concerns my nation and 
masters, but is an infringement on the authority of their 
High Mightinesses the States-General, and that of his high- 
ness the Prince of Orange, and so too of that of the noble 
director, which is insulted by it. So is it, that I am compelled, 
against my will, to send your honour this answer, by whicli 
I must protest before God and the whole world ; as also I do 
protest by this that I am innocent of all the disasters, diffi- 
culties, losses, and what further might follow from these pro- 
cedures, or which might originate from them, but that to the 
contrary, I performed every thing, and endeavoured to em- 
ploy all means by which a good correspondence and mutual 
harmony might be promoted, so as I deem myself obliged to 
do, in so far as my honour and oath shall permit it, and -I 
will confide that it is your honour's intention to act in the 
same manner, at least from the consideration that we, who 
are Christians, will not place ourselves as a stumbling-block, 
or laughing-stock, to those savage heathens, which I trust 
that shall remain so, as it is by your affectionate friend, 

A. HUDDE. 

" On South River, New Netherlands, Oct. 22, 1646." 
The manner in which the bearers of this protest were re- 
ceived and treated, is thus described by the sergeant, to 
Hudde. 

" As soon as he arrived at the governor's, who stood before 
Governor's his door, he wishod him a good morning, and said further, I 

treatment of i . i* j? xi. • tt i i i t 

the sergeant bring you a greeting irom the commissary lludde, who sends 
^howent to jqu an act in answer to yours; when he, John Printz, took it 
Hudde's pro- ffom liis hand, and threw it towards one of his attendants, 
who stood near him, saying, 'There, take care of it.' The 
other picked it up from the ground to take care of it. The 
governor then departed to meet some Englishmen just arrived 
from NcAV England. After some interval, the sergeant asked 
to see the governor, to obtain an answer ; but, notwithstand- 
ing he came there in the discharge of his duty, he neverthe- 
less was thrown out of the doors, the governor taking a ^'un 
in his hand from the wall, to shoot him, as he imagined, but 
was prevented, from his leaving the room." 



test. 




PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

This treatment Hudde complains of as being very common 
on the part of Printz, " freemen as well as servants, when 
arrivino- where he resides, are in a most unreasonable manner 
abused, so that they are often, on returning home, bloody 
and bruised."^ 

1647. 

Some of the principal people of New Haven, " exceedingly January i. 
disappointed in trade, and having sustained great damages loss at sea 
at Delaware, and depreciation of their estates, with a view to °^ ^ ^°^^^ 
retrieve former losses, combined their resources, built a ship. New Haven, 
and embarked, and cutting their way out of the harbour, 
throuo-h the ice, sailed for Eno-land. Among these were Mr. 
Gregson, Captain Turner, and Mr. Lamberton, who have 
already been mentioned in connection with the purchases on 
our river. The vessel foundered at sea, and was never after- 
wards heard of, which much discouraged those who remained 
behind, and for a time put a period to the plantation from 
New Haven here. Two persons of the name of Lamberton 
are mentioned in the records, viz. Thomas and George ; the 
latter was captain of the vessel, probably the former was the 
merchant and owner. It is not said which of them was lost, 
but he was one of the principal men of the town.^ 

Peter Stuyvesant succeeds Governor Kieft ; he arrived on May ii. 
the 11th, and his administration began May 27. Shortly Peter stuy- 
after his arrival, he sent complimentary letters to the gover- rfvir*^^"^" 
nors of Massachusetts and New Haven, professing resolutions 
to be upon very friendly terms with those governments, but 
at the same time laid in his claims to all the land between 
Delaware and Connecticut Rivers, as the indubitable right of 
the States-General, or West India Company, which his pre- 
decessor either never did, or did more obscurely." He soon, 
however, seized a vessel trading with New Haven, and ex- 
tended his claims so as to include all the land, rivers, and 
streams, &c., from Cape Henlopen to Cape Cod.^ 

An attempt to surprise the Dutch was made by the May 12. 
Armewsick savages, at noon, " although it was rendered void 
by God's mercy and correct information, and through a mis- 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. Hudde"s Report, N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. i. 
N. S., p. 435,436. 

2 Trumbull's Conn. vol. i. p. 164. Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 266. 

3 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 216. Smith's N. Y. vol. i. p. 8. N. Y. Coll. 
vol. i. p. 453. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1647. 



Indians at- 
tempt to sur- 
prise the 
Dutch. 
Printz de- 
nies their 
right on the 
river. 
Strong ex- 
pressions. 
June 3. 



July 13. 

Certificate of 
Gov. Printz's 
tampering 
with the 
Maquas In- 
dians. 



understanding among tliem. Printz leaves nothing untried 
to render the Dutch suspected by both savages and Chris- 
tians, He openly declares that the company have no right 
•whatever on this river, and that he purchased the land in 
behalf of the crown of Sweden ; so as to the Minquas' land, 
that the company could not trust on their old uninterrupted 
possession ; that the devil was the oldest possessor of hell, hut 
that he sometimes admitted a younger one, as he openly de- 
clared at his own table, on 3d June, 1647, in my presence, 
and that of my wife, with many other equally vulgar expres- 
sions, serving and intended for the same purpose ; but, and 
what is worse, he made it openly manifest by stubborn deeds, 
more particularly by enclosing the river, so that no vessels 
can enter it on any account, except with his previous consent, 
notwithstanding they may have been provided with the most 
respectable commissions ; by which closing he not only greatly 
injures the freemen, but retards their journey, to their great 
loss. He further shamefully vilifies their High Mighti- 
nesses, by denying them their due respects, despising and 
treating as frivolous and insignificant, their commissions."^ 

A charge Avas made against Governor Printz, of tampering 
with the Indians, by furnishing guns, &c., and endeavouring 
to purchase land from them, as appears by the following cer- 
tificate, signed by Symen Root, Jan Hendricksen, and Dirck 
Dircksen, &c. : " The undersigned, all thoroughly acquainted 
with the language of the Maquas, solemnly declare, at the 
requisition of the honourable director-general, &c., in pre- 
sence of said director and his predecessor, William Kieft, 
that it is true that we, being, on the 13th July, 1647, at the 
house of his honour, saw two chiefs of the Maquas arrive 
there ; the one was named Aquanokus, and the other Kna- 
digken, who then, in proof of their willingness to continue 
with us in friendship and mutual intercourse, made some 
presents, and declared in our presence, that a missionary from 
the Swedish governor, John Printz, on the South River of 
New Netherland, residing, had said to them that he might 
sell to them as much powder, and balls, and guns as he 
pleased, but that the Netherlanders were too sordidly avari- 
cious to do so. The Swedish governor told further these 
chiefs, that the Netherlanders were bad, the Swedes good 
men, and solicited further, that said chiefs would permit him 

» Hudde's Report, 436. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 95 

to establish a trading-house in the country, which they 1647. 
rejected. All this we declare that we heard said chiefs say- '~^' ' 
ing, at the house" of the director-general, and are willing to 
sanction it with our solemn oath. Fort Amsterdam, July 13, 
1647."! 

A person applies for permission to marry the widow of July is. 
Arent Corssen, being persuaded he had perished, as nothing Corsson's 
could be heard of him, after diligent inquiry. It will be 
recollected that he was drowned a year or more since. ^ 

Hudde receives a deputation from the freemen lying at juiy 29. 
anchor, "humbly soliciting him to prepare and present, in inhabitanta 
their behalf, a request to the director-general, Stuyvesant, if^^^"^^^ ^^ 
petitioning relief from the hindrances which they met with, 
which he effected and transmitted."^ 

Various injuries were received from the Swedes, by Simon Damage by 
Root, to his buildings on Wigguakoing, this year, for which ^j^^^^^ '^°^' 
he afterwards asks compensation, " as also for tearing down 
the Netherland arms, and the destruction of the commenced 
building put up by the clerk, A. Hudde ; all which show that 
any further occupation would be prevented."* 

In answer to the petition, Hudde received from the director- August 15. 
general a protest, which, on the 17th, he presented Governor stuyvesant 
Printz, who replied he would answer it in writing.^ ^'^° "^ ^' 

The late director, Kieft, sailed for Holland in a ship of Aug-ustie. 
400 tons, but through some miscalculation, the vessel was Director 
cast away on the coast of Wales, and the director and eighty J^_ 
other persons perished.^ 

Governor Printz, in February last, gave the government Sept. le. 
complete information " of the nature and actual condition of Application 
New Sweden, the progress of cultivation and the construe- thegovern- 
tion of dwellings in that country, all of which is infinitely mentfor 

11)) 1 !• 1 11 more salary 

agreeable to the government, who m reply say, " they have and land. 
remarked, with a particular satisfaction, the zeal, skill, and '^^'^J. '^"^ 

... . ■*■ ' ^' ' cautiously. 

activity with which you have filled your station of com- 
mander," and they promise "to preserve him in memory, and 
reward his zealous and faithful services" with the " royal 
favour." But it appears he was not entirely satisfied with 
what they had already done for him, in the grant of " Teneko," 
for he noAY asked for "an augmentation of apportionment," . 

J Albany Records, vol. iii. p. 258. ^ Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 59. 

2 Ibid. p. 52. 5 Hudde's Report, p. 437. 

3 Hudde's Report, p. 437. 6 Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 316. 



96 



1647. 



Sept. 28. 

Eudde con- 
tinued as 
commissary 
at Fort 
Nassau. 



December 7. 

Hudde goes 
to Manhat- 
tan. 

A vessel is 
detained by 
Printz, and 
some of her 
cargo taken. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

and that they would " deign to confer upon him certain lands 
and occupations." Upon this request the government appears 
disposed to act with caution, for they say, " we Avish to reflect 
upon the means of arranging for the augmentation of salary," 
and " if the lands which you ask have not been given away, 
and they are not required for cavalry or soldiers, and the 
business having been examined in our chamber of finance, 
we shall be well disposed to grant you what is just, not doubt- 
ing that as you have to the present manifested your zeal and 
fidelity, and that of the country, you will continue to act 
with the same zeal and fidelity, not regarding it too difficult 
and fatiguing to regulate and direct, for some time yet, the 
establishments of New Sweden, until we shall find another 
whom we can send to replace you." 

Although we have no materials to show what further provision 
was made for him, yet we presume he was " rewarded" in some 
way for " his faithful services," as he remained here five or 
six years longer. Probably " Printzdorp," of which mention 
is made hereafter, was a part of the result of this application.^ 

The director-general and council, " having considered the 
abilities of Andreas Hudde," unanimously resolved to con- 
tinue him in the service of the West India Company, as 
commissary of Fort Nassau, his salary to be the same as 
paid " to other commissaries in such distant places." It 
seems some charges had been made against him, but were not 
substantiated.^ 

Hudde having obtained permission to visit Manhattan, 
delivered the answer of Printz, which he took with him, to 
the director-general.^ 

It appears by his certificate, that a vessel called the Siren, 
belonging to Jan Greruel, was stopped by Governor frintz ; 
the vessel was examined, the goods were "very roughly 
handled, by turning every thing topsy-turvy, all tending to 
great damage and injury of my interest, taking out my war 
ammunition, being about sixty pounds of powder and six 
guns, but owing to my request, and my promise only to deal 
the same out in case of necessity, they returned some powder, 
about forty-seven pounds, and three guns, keeping the re- 
mainder for himself.""^ 



1 MSS. A. P. S. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 315, 

2 Albany Records, vol. vii. p. 80. 

3 Hudde's Report. 



4 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 59. 




PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

This year, the " Swan," one of the vessels which had 
accompanied Printz, arrives from Sweden a second time, 
bringing more people. The ship Black Cat, laden with am- 
munition and merchandise for the Indians, and two other vessels re- 
vessels, the Key and the Lamb, are mentioned as arriving g^^^J°^ 
during Printz's administration.^ 

1648. 
It having been found that the revenue from the excises on January 20. 
tobacco, according to the decree of 1642, did not ordinarily ordinance 
produce more than half that sum, it was now judged proper tobaccoand 
" to permit and grant that the company of the south may, manufac- 
for the state of New Sweden, and the support of the govern- for support 
ment there, retain and require the third of the excises of the °^ eo^ern- 

' '- ment of New 

crown, upon all confiscated tobacco, as also whatever profit sweaen. 
the fines imposed for the contravention of our prohibition 
against the importation of tobacco, have already yielded, or 
which may in future arise from the violation of the ordi- 
nances against the secret introduction of tobacco in the 
kingdom or the Great Duchy of Finland ; and also having 
found that the excises of tobacco, in 1641 to 1645 inclusive, 
had been employed for other purposes of the crown, and that 
in the mean time, the state of New Sweden had been sup- 
ported by other revenues of the company of the south, the 
counsellors of the kingdom are authorized to refund their 
advances, and if the excise and fines are not sufiicient for 
the annual support of New Sweden, the deficit is to be made 
up by the crown ; and, on the contrary, any surplus is to be 
deposited among the revenues of the crown, and a clear 
account to be kept of them. As the company of the south, 
in order to facilitate the commerce of New Sweden, desires 
that a " part of all the manufactures of Holland arriving at 
Gottenberg, should be transported to New Sweden, it is 
ordained that such goods as are not landed for sale in Swe- 
den, may pass without duty, as well as the tobacco and furs 
which enter the kingdom from New Sweden. But the tobacco 
sent by the company to Holland shall pay duty according 
to the tariff. "2 

A vessel arrived (at Fort Nassau) from below, with a April 2. 
scJiover sail, without colours, so that Hudde was doubtful 
about where she came from, or what she was. He ordered a 

' Acrelius.p. 410. 2 MSS. A. P. S. in Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 373. 

13 I 



98 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1648. gun fired over her, but she pursued her course ; he ordered a 
" ' ' second gun to be fired, " but it was no more minded than the 
first ;" he immediately despatched eight men in pursuit, "but 
Arrival of a as the wiud was fair, and the weather very hazy and very 
Tessei.Tuns dark, they could not reach her." " After two or three days, 
are fired he discovcrcd it was the Swedish bark," which again descend- 
Nassau, to ing the river, he " asked the skipper by what cause he passed 
bring her to. ^j^g £q^.^ ^'j.^^ ^ doorgessJioten Stengel,"-^ \fith.oi\t showing his 
colours, by which it might be known who the master was, 
though he had the colours with him, as was evident, since 
they were now flying ; he answered very contemptuously, 
" that if he had known this would have come into considera- 
tion, he would not have done it now, but that he certainly 
should do so in future, if it was to irritate, and as a mark of 
his contempt." Hudde then delivered him the following act 
for the governor : 

" Noble and valiant John Printz — Whereas your shallop, 
April 13. on the 3d instant, towards evening, sailed by the fort, and, 
Hudde's pro- Contrary to custom, hath lowered his colours before it arrived 
Printz in r^ ^^ar Fort Nassau, and passed without showing colours, by 
lation to the which it could be ascertained who was the master, contrary 

aboTo affair. , , i • i i • ,i , 

to our arrangements, which you approved, viz. that our ves- 
sels coming in the river are to stop near the forts, even when 
it is sufiiciently known from where they come, so that neither 
your subjects nor ours might be exposed to any mishap, 
while it was to be feared that otherwise, under this cover, one 
or other foreign nation, to our great injury, might pass by. 
Wherefore I cannot withhold my deep surprise, with what 
object in view your honour permitted this vessel to pass by 
the fort under such a disguise. As far as I can judge, and 
considering what in such case might and ought to be done, 
against others arriving here without orders, it is certainly 
not the right course to cultivate a good understanding be- 
tween neighbours, but it rather produces misunderstanding, 
which I could not have expected to have met with. I will 
in future, in a similar case, not neglect what my duty to 
maintain the due respect towards their High Mightinesses and 
the Prince of Orange, and the rights and immunities of my 

1 These Dutch terms, not being understood by the translator, are left in the 
original language. We learn that the schover is a square sail, and the other 
term means a crippled mast or spar, probably by one of the guns fired. It is 
difficult to ascertain the kind of vessels used ; they are called sloops, shallops, 
barques, pinnace ; the general term, vessel, would perhaps have been better. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIHECTOR-GENERAL. 99 

lords and masters, requires of me. Wherefore I earnestly 1648. 
solicit that your honour will prevent it in future, as by a con- ' ^ ' 
trary conduct, I should be compelled, whenever any diffi- 
culties from it might arise, in behalf of my own innocence, 
to enter my protest, more so as the skipper, Claert Huygen, 
had the effrontry to boast that he only acted so to insult me, 
and that he should regret if he did otherwise in future. 
Farewell. A. Hudde. 

" Done at Fort Nassau, 13th April."^ 

Hudde gives a further account of the proceedings of the April. 
Swedes, as well as of the Dutch. 

" He was informed, during the whole winter, that the nudde's ac- 
Swedes brought together a large quantity of logs, and that cerdin°3or' 
a great number were already carried to the Schuylkill, from the swedes 
which he apprehended the governor's intention was to con- kiii,inbuiia- 
struct buildings near the place where vessels usually lay at an- >"§ ^^^^^e. 
chor ; and as those trading as before had been driven from Kin- 
sessing, and we cannot approach the large woods to trade with 
the Minquas, by which trade being lost to us, the possession 
of this river, as before observed, would deserve very little 
consideration ;" he therefore communicates the facts, and 
waits further orders what to do in case the Swedes do build 
and take possession of other unoccupied places ; he proposes 
in that case to take possession of the tract of land nearest to 
him, in the name of the company. 

On the 4th of the same month, some of the sachems from ApriM. 
the savages of Passayonk came to Hudde, and inquired why Sachems ia- 
he did not build on Schuylkill, the Swedes having already thecutch do 
done so ? Upon inquiry next day, he found it to be the fact, not buiw 
and "in some places, too, of the highest importance." 

He therefore made preparations to build, and on the 27th April 2r. 
went there, " with the most necessary timber ; calling then. The Dutch 
without delay, for the sachems, to whom he stated his inten- ^uTiol^Thr 
tions of building on the spot they had granted him." They sachems 
sent a message " to the Swedes who lived there already, and the^coi'oxu-s.'' 
commanded them to depart, insinuating they had taken pos- 
session clandestinely, and against the will of the sachems, 
and tliey, the sachems, had ceded for the present to the 
Dutch, and that I (Hudde) should build there too." Where- 
upon Maarte Hoock and Wissemenets, two of the chief sachems, 
"planted there, with their own hands, the colours of the 

1 H)idde's Report, p. 437. 



100 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1648. Prince of Orange, and ordered that I (Hudde) should fire a 

' ' ' gun three times," in token of possession. This was done, 

and the house raised in presence of the chiefs. Towards 

Dutcii com- evening, the Swedish commissary arrived, with seven or eight 

menceto men, and asked Hudde "with whose permission or order I 

build. ' . . ^ 

did raise that building." "I answered, by the orders of my 
masters and the previous consent of the savages." He asked 
further, if I " could show orders of my master, and not let- 
ters of some freemen. I answered, yes, and was ready to 
produce them, when he had shown by whose order he made 
the demand." " The sachems then said to Henry Huygens 
and his company," that they should grant us that tract, and 
we would settle there, and asked by what authority the Swedes 
had built there; "if it was not enough that they were 
already in possession of Mattenekonk, the Schuylkill, Kin- 
sessing, Kakanken, Upland, &c., possessed by the Swedes, all 
which they had stolen from them ; that Minewit now, about 
eleven years past, had no more than six small tracts of land 
up Paghaghacking, purchased to plant there some tobacco, 
of which the natives, in gratitude, should enjoy one-half the 
produce. If they, coming to them, (pointing at the Swedes,) 
should be permitted, when purchasing a tract of land, to take 
those next adjoining it, as the Swedes had done on the river, 
and yet continued to do, that they were greatly surprised, 
indeed, that they (the Swedes) would prescribe laws to those 
who were the original and natural proprietors of the land, 
as if they might not do with their own what they wished ; 
that they (the Swedes) arrived only lately on the river, and 
had taken already so much land from them, which they 
actually settled, while Ave (pointing to us) never had taken 
from them any land, although we had dwelt here and con- 
versed with them more than thirty years." Hudde continued 
the work, surrounding the house with palisades, "because the 
Swedes had destroj^ed before the house which the company 
possessed on Schuylkill, and built a fort in its place, and 
they perhaps might do the same here." While thus engaged, 
" arrives Moens Kling, lieutenant at the fort on Schuylkill, 
with 24 men, fully armed with charged muskets, and bearing 
maces, marching in ranks. He asked if we intended to finish 
that work. I replied, what was commenced must be finished 
too." He thereupon " commanded his men to lay down their 
muskets, and each take his axe in hand, and cut down every 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 101 

tree which stood near and around the house, destroying even 1648. 
the fruit trees which I had planted there. "^ ' ■ ' 

The Dutch seem now to be aware that they had too long 
delayed fixing the limits between them and the Swedes and April 7. 
the English, for in a letter of this date, to Stuyvesant, the 
directors say, " We acknowledge that long ago we ought to 
have taken hold of the opportunity to fix the limits between 
the Swedes, the English and us, which before could have 
been executed with greater ease, when it was earnestly 
solicited by the agent at the Hague."^ 

Rev, John Campanius, Holm, returned to Sweden, after Mayie. 
having been pastor here for six years. Prior to his coming Departure, 
to this country with Governor Printz, he had been preceptor ^°^^f o'f*°'^ 
of the. orphans' house at Stockholm, Vv'hen he received the Campanius. 
appointment to accompany the colony as chaplain ; on his ^j^^ of lu^' 
return home, he was made first preacher of the admiralty, ther's Cate- 
and afterwards pastor in Upland, (Sweden,) where he com- the Indian 
pleted a translation of Luther's Catechism into the Indian language. 
(Lenni-Lenape) language, which had been commenced here in New swed^m 
1646. and is probably the first translation of any work into ^y^'^ 

T 't 1 f» 1 • XT' 1 • • grandson. 

an Indian language 01 this country. His desire to be spi- 
ritually useful to the Indians, induced him to acquire their 
language, and the honour of being the first missionary 
amongst the Indians is therefore claimed for the Swedes, at 
least in Pennsylvania.^ A copy of this translation is in the 
library of the American Philosophical Society, and another, 
we believe, in that of Gettysburg College. It was printed at 
Stockholm, in 1696, in Delaware and Swedish, together with 
a vocabulary.^ " In this translation, Campanius accommo- 
dates the Lord's Prayer to the circumstances of the Indians 
thus; instead of 'give us our daily bread,' he has it, 'a 
jylentiful supply of venison and corn.' "^ 

As we have seen, he consecrated the first Swedish church 
at Tinnicum, and was, no. doubt, its active pastor. The fol- 
lowing is a sketch of his passage home. " Having obtained 
a proper passport from the governor and council, I sailed in 
the Lord's name, with my family, from Elfshorg, in New 
SAveden, on board the ship Swan, on 16th May, and on the 
18th came into the bay ; the distance between Elfshorg and 

1 Hudde, p. 440. • z Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 5. 

3 Clay, p. 28. 4 Preface to Campanius. 

5 Records of Swedes' Church. 



102 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1648. the bay is nine miles, (Swedisla,) and on account of the nu- 
' ' ' merous banks in the river, we were three days in descending 
into the bay ; on the 19th, we came to Henlopen ; on the 
4th June, began to see land, and on 13th, Plymouth, Eng- 
land ; on the 14th, France, and saw two Swedish ships, ' New 
Fortune' and 'Julius,' coming from Sweden, the last a present 
to the King of France. On 17th June, saw Jutland ; on 19th, 
entered the Sound, and came to Helsingor, and July 3, with 
Divine favour, entered Stockholm, being only 63 days, which 
was considered a remarkably short passage."^ He died Sep- 
tember 17, 1683, aged 83, and was buried in the church of 
Frost Hultz, where a monument is erected to his memory.^ 
His son, it appears, was also in this country with him. From 
the notes and relations of the two, with probably some tra- 
ditionary help, the son of the latter (who was never in this 
country^) printed, in 1702, his description of New Sweden, 
which is generally quoted as " Campanius," by historians. It 
is remarkable that so many inaccuracies exist in it, especially 
with regard to the date of the first settlement of the Swedes, 
and which has led subsequent writers into many errors, some 
of which have been noticed. 

Upon hearing of the outrages and violence committed 
June 7. there, two members of the high council arrived on South 
Two mem- Rivcr, L. Van Dincklage, and the honourable La Montagne, 
d/arriTe"'^" ^^ whom the sachoms and " original proprietors made, on the 
from Man- 10th, a public transfer of the Schuylkill, and sanctioned the 
former purchase by Arent Corssen, then commissary on the 
same Schuylkill, and all the adjoining lands, and of all which 
their honours took public and lawful possession." This trans- 
fer has already been given on page 35. 

« After this, the honourable commissioners, with a becoming 

Eude treat- suitc. Sailed to Tinnecouk, and were received there by Com- 

^emby missary Huygen and Lieutenant Pappegay, who left them 

Printz, at about half an hour in the open air and a constant rain, and 

after they were admitted to an audience, delivered, among 

others, their solemn protest against Printz, against his illegal 

possession of the Schuylkill, to which he promised a reply 

before their departure."'* 

"Spots" of land were assigned by Hudde to different in- 

1 Campanius, p. 72. • " Ibid. p. 108. 

3 Duponceau's Preface to his translation of Campanius's Memoirs, Pa. Hist. 
See. vol. iii. p. vi. ^ Hudde's Report, p. 440. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 103 

dividuals, at their request, on which to settle. One of these, 1648. 
Hans Jacobson, " made, July 2, a beginning to settle himself ' ^"~^ 
on the Schuylkill, which was prevented by the Swedes, the 
son of Governor Printz being commanded to execute this Juiy2. 
exploit, who tried to compel Hans to break down what he had Lands are a»- 
already raised, and when he declined to do so, he did it him- ^1,^^^.^/° 
self, and burned the whole, with the following menaces, ' that Dutchmen 
if he there came again, and dared to build, he would carry u°po^iii,eir 
off with him a good drubbing.' buildings are 

"No better fate awaited one Thomas Broen, who went andburnl'^ 
thither on the 6th instant, to settle himself at Netv Holm, a ^y Prmtz's 
certain place to which they had given this name. He was 
there scarce three hours, when the Swedes, under command 
of one Gregory Van Dyck, sergeant, arrived there, and 
pulled down all that had been raised by him, with a warning 
that he should retreat directly, or they would beat him off. 
In this situation affairs remained for some time."-"- 

Hudde, having been ordered to Manhattan, arrived there, Sept. s. 
and made his report on the situation of the South River, and Hudde, at 

1 I • •■• 1, j,ii Manhattan, 

recommended, m writing, what was necessary to be done, j^^^^^.^ ^^ J_ 
While there, also, he received by land, notice "that the fairs at 
Swedes had placed a house before Fort Beversrede, by which ""^ "^ 
it was entirely barricaded." It was probably the letter from 
A. Boyer.^ 

Commissary Hudde having left the Delaware for Manhat- Sept. 25. 
tan, on a visit to the governor, in his absence the following 
letter from Fort Nassau is written, by Alexander Boyer, to 
Stuyvesant, detailing several occurrences there. 

"The Swedish governor, John Printz, ordered, on the Letterfrom 
16th September, that a house should be built here on the stuyvesant. 
Schuylkill, in the front of our Fort Beversrede, about 30 to i^o'^eedings 

•^ . . .at Bevers- 

35 feet long, and 20 broad, by which our liberty on said rede, 
water is obstructed, so that our vessels which come to anchor 
under the protection of our fort, can discover said fort with 
difficulty. Sir, I am fully confident he constructed this 
building more to insult our lords and masters than to reap 
for himself any real advantage from it, because the ground 
in the same range with our fort is large enough to admit 
twenty similar buildings. The back gable of the house is 
only 12 feet from the gate of the fort, so that the house is 
placed within the water side and our fort. 

I Hudde"s Report, N. Y. Hist. Soc. p. 440. Alb. Rec. xvii. 268. 2 ibid. p. 441. 



104 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1648. 



Maquas 
chiefs arrive 
with bea- 
rers. 

Anxious for 
trade. 



Two Swedes 
killed by 



Tages. The 
garrison con- 
sists of only 
six men. 



October 5. 

Hudde re- 
turns. Sends 
a note to 
Printz. 



Kote and 
protest from 
Hudde to 
Gov. Printz, 
detailing 
some trans- 
actions. 



'' On the 21st instant arrived here a chief from the Maquas' 
land, with four of his tribe, bi^inging with him 30 or 40 bea- 
vers, to inquire whether no vessel was arrived from the Man- 
hattans, as they had actually a large quantity of furs in their 
country, wherefore they are the more anxious for such an 
arrival. They seemed to be much dissatisfied that this river 
is not always crowded with cargoes by our nation. The 
Swedes have only a few cargoes here ; if we had a great 
abundance, there is no question we might make a very lucra- 
tive trade with the Maquas. 

" Two Swedes, who, with 7 or 8 guns, some powder and 
balls, arrived here by the Maquas, to trade with them, have 
been killed by these savages. We, too, are daily expecting 
our commissary, A. Hudde, and with him your honour's sup- 
ply of our wants, as the winter approaches, and we are nearly 
in want of every necessary article. I am now garrisoned 
here with only six men, to defend two forts, that is, who are 
in full health, and able to make defence."^ 

The winter season approaching, Hudde returned from 
Manhattan on the 5th October, with a few freemen, to whom 
were delivered letters-patent to settle and build on the 
Schuylkill, " with whom being arrived on the 18th October, 
in the South RiveV, was directly informed that the Swede 
placed his best hopes on the country of the Minquas, against 
the bargain concluded by us. To prevent similar frivolous 
pretensions, and to show that the contract was by no means 
broken by the honourable committee, I sent the following 
note to Hendrick Huygens, to be handed to the governor : 

" Honourable and obliging good friend — Accept my cor- 
dial salutation. It is with deep regret that I was informed, 
on my return, that our fugitives can find no residence in the 
Minquas country, against the good intentions, indeed, of our 
director-general, who will not permit any thing shall be un- 
dertaken by his subjects against our contract, but he expects 
that similar conduct shall be holden on both sides ; and as I 
am certain that some late proceedings must arouse suspicions, 
so I considered it my duty to send you this note in my de- 
fence, confident that on this point your governor will alter 
his mind. And whereas our freemen are permitted to follow 
and promote their private concerns, so is it, that meanwhile 
one of the Swedish officers, named Peter Jochems, in con- 

' Albany Records, vol. v. p. 71. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 105 

tempt of us, tore, by night, the palisades from the Fort 1648. 
Eheede, with violence asunder, broke them all in this manner " ' ' 
in pieces, and making use of the greatest violence, as well in 
words as deeds ; whereon they renewed their labours, so that 
the whole was finished on the 4th November, which then, for November ^, 
the second time, was torn down by the Swedes, who broke, 
with great violence, every piece of timber, of which I trans- 
mitted a faithful account to the director-general. And whereas 
I do not possess any other arms but paper, against similar 
procedures, so did I deem it necessary to send the enclosed 
protest to his honour, John Printz." 

The following certificates enter into further detail of these 
matters on Schuylkill. 

Certificate of Simon Hoot.—^^^^Ye demanded that the Swe- certificate oi 
dish lieutenant show his commission, when he exhibited to us ^^°^ ^°°*' 
the orders of his government, in which he is commanded, in 
so many words, not to permit a single post to be fixed in the 
ground, and that in case it was undertaken, then he should 
resist, and endeavour to prevent it with amicable words, or 
with force, could he not succeed otherwise ; and he was fur- 
ther commanded to keep, continually, two men on guard near 
the river, to look out where we intended to build, and that 
they should resist the unloading of any timber." 

Certificate of several persons. — " That A. Van Tienhoven, November 5. 
S. Boyer and D. Dars, in the service of the West India Com- Certificateg 
pany, have expressly forbidden a Swedish lieutenant, in the °^^^l^^l^^ 
name of their lords and masters, &c., to obstruct us in build- 
ing on Mastmakers' Point, on Schuylkill, on South River, 
when the lieutenant replied that he had nothing to do with 
, our governmient, that he followed his instructions which he 
had received from his government ; to which they replied, 
that he would be responsible if any mishap arose, or any 
blood be spilled ; on which the lieutenant commanded his 
men to destroy the building, which they executed by force, 
and scattered it in fragments on the ground." 

Anotlibr certificate. — "That we were, on the 4th Novem- November 6. 
ber, on Schuylkill, at r?»rt Beversrede, and assisted at Mast- 
makers' Point ; when engaged in this work, we were met by 
Swen Schute, lieutenant-commandant, in behalf of the Swe- 
dish crown, and commanded by Swedish governor, John 
Printz, who first forbade us to go on, and then stopped us by 
force of arms. Nevertheless, he relented, on the intercession 

14 



106 



1648. 



Certificates 
of Bevers- 
rede affair. 



NoTember 7. 



Hudde's let- 
ter and pro- 
test to Gov. 
Printz. Ee- 
presents the 
causes of his 
complaint. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

of Tienlioven and Boyer, till they might receive further 
orders, which they obtained at night from Hudde ; when said 
Lieutenant Swen Schute warned us, at sunrise in the morning 
of the 5th, that he received positive orders from Governor 
John Printz, to destroy the work which we constructed, when 
he, with his men, drew their swords and marched thither. On 
this unbecoming hostility, we followed their steps, till we 
reached the spot where the building was raised ; there the 
lieutenant commanded his men to destroy the building, not- 
withstanding our remonstrances and request that he would 
desist, whereas, as he acknowledged their High Mightinesses 
were in negotiation with the croAvn of Sweden on this subject, 
when he proudly answered that he was commanded by his 
government that he ought not permit a single post to be fixed 
in the ground in the name of their High Mightinesses, but 
that he should destroy all which was attempted, and do so 
without delay ; whereon they directly using their swords in 
lieu of axes, broke the building in pieces, notwithstanding we 
showed them the orders of the director-general, P. Stuyvesant, 
with our solemn protest before God and men ; that we and 
ours were innocent of all mischief which might follow such a 
violent act ; at which the aforesaid Lieutenant Schute replied, 
that Commissary Hudde ' was a villain and a rascal,' tha,t he 
cared nothing about our government, and only executed the 
orders of the government ; on which calumny Boyer retorted 
to Schute, 'You must be a villain yourself; do not slander a 
man, or do it in his presence, that he may defend himself.' 
Although this was just, nevertheless the above-said Schute 
grasped the hair of Boyer, but there further mischief was 
prevented."^ 

In view of these things, Hudde, the commissary, addresses 
to Governor Printz the following pacific letter, from Fort 
Nassau : 

" Noble honourable lord, John Printz — Whereas, by a com- 
mission issued by our honourable director-general, Peter 
Stuyvesant, to Simon Root, Peter Harmansen, and Cornelius 
Mauntz, to build on the Mastmakers' Point ; the said Simon 
Root, by virtue of it, commenced raising a house on the 4th 
of this month, which, by your commander's orders, has been 
obstructed by violence, notwithstanding our earnest entreaties 
and remonstrances, that allies ought not to act in this manner 

' Albany Records, vol. v. p. 6. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 107 

against one another, but rather, as it was their duty, and 1648. 
becoming, to negotiate and discuss together, in a friendly ' ' ' 
manner, if any business existed on which they disagreed, 
leaving it rather, in the last resort, to our sovereign masters, 
to settle such points in dispute ; on which kind address your 
officer for a while seemed to abandon his plan, and to ac- 
quiesce in our kind proposals, but this condescension did not 
last long. On the 5th, with the rising sun, your officer again 
appeared, and warned A. Boyer and Ad. Van Tienhoven that 
he received orders to destroy the building aforesaid, which 
threatening he instantly executed, destroying the whole, and 
using the most contemptuous, villifying language against 
those who executed only their master's commands ; which 
conduct must alienate the minds, and foster bitterness and 
rancor, in lieu of conciliating animosities between neighbours, 
who ought to live in amity and peace, as we have always 
been inclined to do ; and to avoid with care, whatever might 
disturb our harmony, although too often opportunities offered 
us to indulge such propensities, if we had not been averse to 
such conduct ; but even our good intentions have been mis- 
interpreted : on which insolent assault on the authority of 
their high and mighty lords, and that of his serene highness, 
the Prince of Orange, with that of the honourable director 
and council, with destruction of the mutual harmony and 
friendship, we are compelled to insert our protest, declaring 
ourselves, before God and the world, innocent of the conse- 
quences which may result from such irregular and hostile 
proceedings, and solemnly decla.re that we have nothing else 
in view than to cultivate a good understanding with our 
neighbours, which we are yet willing to renew ; while we 
remain your honour's good friend, A. Hudde."^ 

Secretary Van Tienhoven writes to Governor Stuy vesant, ^°^- ^' 
from Fort Beversrede, detailing the situation of things there, 
and urging his personal presence, as follows : 

1 Albany Records, vol. v. p. 10; also Hiidde's Report, in N. Y. Hist. Coll 
vol. i. N. S., p. 442, vi^here the translation differs somewhat from the above. 
It is here dated September 7, which appears to be an error. See note in 
O'Call. vol. ii. p. 83. There is on the record a transposition of parts of the 
above, which renders it a little difhcult to ascertain its meaning. Here closes 
the translation of Hudde's Report, so often referred to; it is rather a confused 
document, commencing with a profession to give the condition of things up to 
1645, and yet embraces events in 1648. A minute of council, in 1648, Sep- 
tember 9, notices the proposition to read the Report of A. Hudde. It is gene- 
rally considered imperfect, but valuable for its many facts. 



108 
1648. 



Letter from 
Tienhoven 
to Stuyve- 
sant, detail- 
ing proceed- 
ings of 
Swedes at 
Beversrede, 
and state of 
trade with 
Indians. 
Director's 
presence re- 
quired. 
Houses 
pulled down 
when erect- 



High price 
of heaver. 
Measure hy 
the longest 
Indians. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

" It would be a very desirable thing that you could take 
resolution to come on here in persoij, to examine the situation 
of the South River, because the Swedes do here what they 
please. The block-house which they built on Beversrede is 
the most insulting affront to the directors of the general pri- 
vileged West India Company which could be inflicted, as 
they built it about 12 or 13 feet distance only from our palli- 
sades, by which we are entirely excluded from the sight of 
the water on the kill ; and occupied besides all the land 
around the fort, so that there is not so much left by the fort 
as to make a small garden in the, spring. It is unbecoming 
that they should be permitted to do so, and therefore we are 
confident that his honour, the director, should move in it. 
Simon Root made a beginning for building his house, but it 
was soon destroyed by the Swedes, by force and violence. 
We asked again the Swedish lieutenant by what authority he 
acted, when he showed us the orders of his governor, in 
which he directed that he ought not to permit one single post 
to be placed in the ground by the orders of the high and 
mighty lords ; neither should he permit any timber to be 
brought on shore, and so it happens, that the building of 
Simon Root cannot be finished, but must be delayed till we 
shall receive your further orders. But you may expect fur- 
ther information from Commissary Hudde. 

" What regards our trade with the Indians on this river, 
and the Maquas, this cannot cause us much injury, as some 
of the chiefs have informed us; but we must acknowledge 
that we wanted a greater supply of merchandise, as will ap- 
pear from the annexed memoir. They continually renew 
their demand for powder and balls. What further respects 
our commerce here, this is nearly spoiled, as we are compelled 
to give two fathoms white and one of black seawant for one 
beaver ; one fathom of cloth for two beavers ; every fathom 
of seawant amounts to three ells, sometimes one-sixteenth 
less, so that, in my opinion, this barter is rather too much 
against us, as the Indians always take the largest and tallest 
among them to trade with us."-"^ 

Under the year 1634 we have already given the docu- 
mentary evidence of the claim by Sir Edmund Plowden, to a 
large district of country on and around our river. This year 
there appeared in England a verj curious book, entitled 

' Albany Records, vol. v. pp. 10, 11. Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 57, 58. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 109 

"Description of New Albion," &c., by a certain Beaucliamp 1648. 
Plantagenet. The only copy of this rare work that we know ' ' ' 
of, is in possession of our Philadelphia Library Company. 
It has, however, been reprinted in the collection of rare Description 
and curious tracts, by Peter Force, Esq., of Washington. It ^jonappears, 
is, we believe, generally supposed that the author, under an ty Beau- 
assumed name, is either the earl himself, or some person em- ^acreuet. 
ployed by him to write it. After a very laudatory dedicatory 
letter addressed to the earl, and preface, follow various chap- 
ters tracing the earl's pedigree through a long line of knights, 
earls palatine, &c., showing the title of the king, and his 
right to make the grant ; a description of the country ; a 
long letter from Master Robert Evelin, who is said to have 
resided here several years, and various other matters : from 
all Avhich have been derived the greater part of what is said 
by later writers respecting this strange subject. It is deemed 
unnecessary for us to attempt to throw much light upon so 
obscure a matter, on which so much has been written. After 
giving some extracts from early records, we shall refer those 
who have any curiosity to know more about it, to the writings 
of several persons who have felt some interest in it, and 
communicated all that can be probably known about it. 

That there was such a person, or one who passed by that sir Edmund 
name, as Sir Edmund Plowden, in this country, appears f]^°7countr 
abundantly proved by repeated references to him about the 
time, as well as to his scheme. 

Lord Baltimore, in 1685, before the committee of trade, saiisupthe 
&c., " gives their lordships an account, that in the year 1642, ^^^^^^'■«- 
one Ployden sailed. up DelaAvare Uiver."-^ 

In the Albany Kecords, in 1644, are recorded the two fol- certificates 
lowing certificates, apparently fragments, there inserted, but ^g^ntere^st 
unconnected with any other matter, so that it is impossible to in vessels. 
ascertain why they were given. 

" I, Peter Jansen, old about 22 years, declare, at the re- 
quest of Mr. Moore, that he, being in 1643, on the River 
Rappahannock, in Virginia, heard one Mr. Middeler say that 
the bark now belonging to Peter Laurents and Mr. Throck- 
morton, on which then Mr. Middeler was skipper, was the 
property of Sir Edmund Ployden, knight, viz. the half of 
the bark, and 2 hogsheads of flour, freighted on account of 

' Votes of Assembly of Pennsylvania, vol. i. p. xvii. 
K 



110 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1648. said knight, all which they would confirm by a solemn 
"--> — ' oath.^ Peter Jansen." 

"Appeared before me, Cornelius Tienhoven, secretary in 
New Netherland, Richard Olossen, (?) who declared, at the 
request of Mr. Edward Moore, which he is willing to sanction 
with a solemn oath, that in 1643, Sir Edmund Ploy den, 
knight, residing in Virginia, bought in Mhetan, (?) of Philip 
White, the half of the bark which is now owned by Peter 
Laurents and Mr. Throckmorton, besides 2 hogsheads with 
flour ; all which they declared to be true. Done 7th July, 
1644, in Fort Amsterdam, in New Netherland. 

UlCHARD OlESSEN."^ (?) 

Winthrop, in his journal, says, in 1648, " that here, (Bos- 
He arrives ton,) arrived one Sir Edmund Plowden, who had been in 
m Boston. Yij-ginJa about seven years. He came first with a patent of 
a county palatine for Delaware Bay, but wanting a pilot for 
that place, he went over to Virginia, and there having lost 
the estate he brought over, and all his people scattered from 
him, he came hither to return to England for supply, intend- 
ing to return and plant Delaware, if he could get sufficient 
strength to dispossess the Swedes."^ 

In a Dutch work, published in 1650, it is said, " We must 

Notice of Sir HOW pass to the South River, called by the English, Delaware 

Edmund by Bay. Wc caunot omit to say that there has been here, (New 

Dutch worii. Netherlands,) both in the time of Director Kieft, and in that 

of General Stuyvesant, a certain Englishman, who called 

himself Sir Edward Plowden, with the title of earl palatine 

of New Albion, who claimed that the land on the west side 

of the North River to Virginia, was his, by gift of King 

James, of England, but he said he did not wish to have any 

strife with the Dutch, though he was very much piqued at 

the Swedish governor, John Printz, at the South River, on 

account of some aifront given him, too long to relate. He 

said that when an opportunity should oifer, he would go there 

and take possession of the river. In short, it amounts to 

this, according to the claims of the English, that there is 

nothing left for the subjects of their High Mightinesses.""^ 

In the journal of Heermans, who was sent to Maryland 

' Albany Records, vol. iii. p. 224. 2 ibid. p. 224. 

3 Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 325. 

■1 Vertoogli von N. Nederland, translated by Hon. Mr. Murphy, for a forth 
coming vol. ii. N. S. of N. Y. Hist. Soc. Memoirs, vi'ith the perusal of which 
we have been politely favoured by the librarian, in advance, p. 324. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DISECTOR-GENERAL. HI 

in 1659, with others, on a mission, he says, " that Edmund 1648. 
Plowden made, in former days, a claim on Dela-\vare Bay, ' ' 
and that the one pretension had not been better supported 
than the other,"^ (alluding to claim by Maryland ;) and a.gain. Notice of 
in their declaration, they say to Lord Baltimore, that he has H'^rJ^,,^ 
not so much title "as Sir Edmund Plowden, who then, in andwai- 
former time, would make us believe he hath unto, when it 
afterwards did prove, and was found out he only subreptiff 
and obreptiff hath something obtained to that purpose, which 
was invalid."^ 

In the same journal, it is stated, " that Plowden had not 
obtained a commission, and was thrown in jail, in England, 
for his debts. He (Lord Baltimore) acknowledged, however, 
that Plowden solicited from the king a patent of Novum Al- 
bion, which was refused, whereupon he addressed himself to 
the Viceroy of Ireland, from whom he obtained a patent, but 
it was of no value at all."^ 

It will thus be seen, that even at that early day, the pro- 
ceedings and claim of the earl were viewed with suspicion 
and distrust. 

We will now refer to some of the late writers relative to opinions of 
the subject; and first, to "an examination of Beauchamp 
Plantagenet's description," &c., by John Penington, published 
in part i. of voluxae iv. of Memoirs of the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania, pp. 134 to 165, 1840, who has entered more 
fully into the consideration of this claim than perhaps, and prior 
to, any other. It is designated by a distinguished writer of 
New Jersey,* as "a very caustic and shrewd examination of 
Plantagenet's pamphlet," and "would seem to prove that 
the whole story, with the embellishments of Evelyn, was a 
mere speculative trick, somewhat akin in design to the fair 
lithograph maps of city lots, primeval forests or unreclaimed 
marshes, which we have seen in our day exhibited to invite 
settlers and purchasers to the new El Dorado."^ 

In the London Gentleman's Magazine, volume xiv. N. S., 
for August, 1840, p. 164, an English writer reviews Mr. Pen- 
ington's examination, and takes an opposite view of the sub- 
ject, and endeavours to prove its reality, by showing, from 

1 Albany Records, vol. xviii. p. 349, &c. 

2 N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. iii. p. 379. Declaration of Heermans and Wal- 
dron, from Md. Records, furnished by Bozman. 

3 Albany Records, vol. xviii. p. 369, quoted in Murphy's Notes to Vertoogh, 

4 King's Address before N. J. Hist. Soc. 1845. 5 Ibid. 



112 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVEEXOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1648. 



General re- 
sult. No 
trace of a 
settlement. 



Burke's History of the Commons, volume iii. p. 250, the 
I'egular lineage of the earl, and that in a will of the cele- 
brated lawyer, Serjeant Plowden, our knight is identified as 
" Sir Edmund Plowden, earl palatine, governor and captain- 
general of the province of New Albion, in America;" the 
will is dated July 29, 1655. He sums up his argument by 
saying, " it is clear to us that the pamphlet was issued with 
the consent, and probably at the procuration and charges of 
Sir Edmund Plowden ; that he had actually obtained a patent 
under the seal of England or Ireland ; considers it as analo- 
gous to that of Lord Baltimore, which may have served as a 
precedent for the language, and that Sir Edmund was pre- 
vented from taking possession of his principality by the pre- 
vious occupation of a colony of Swedes and Dutch." He 
admits the name of Plantagenet to be fictitious, but the 
places and genealogy real ; clearly identifies Master Evelyn 
as second son of R. Evelyn, of Godstone ; and that he had 
resided with his uncle Young for several years, on Delaware 
or Charles Biver, and died in the West Indies. 

Mr. Mickle, in his reminiscences of Gloucester, and Dr. 
Mulford, in his History of New Jersey, have both devoted 
considerable attention to the subject, especially the former, 
who " considers the attempt to erect a palatinate on the De- 
laware as real." See also Whitehead's East Jersey, C. King's 
Address before New Jersey Historical Society, Bancroft's 
United States, Gordon's New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Bar- 
ker's Sketches of Settlements on Delaware, Smith's New 
Jersey, &c. 

In a note by honourable Mr. Murphy, to a translation of 
VertoogJi,^ before referred to, he enters at considerable length 
into a consideration of the claim to Long Island and New 
Jersey, and communicates some facts to show that there are 
still existing in Maryland, descendants from the family of 
Plowden. 

From what has been said respecting the persons and grants, 
of their reality, and actual presence in this country, it is 
pretty certain that no positive traces of the settlement are 
at present to be found, whether at Pensaucken, Salem, or 
Fort Eriwomec, on Long Island, in Virginia, or Maryland ; 
and " it remains for the researches of the Historical Society 
to establish where their settlement was, if it existed at all."^ 

* Vertoogh, note, page 323, N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. ii. N. S. 2 King. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 113 

1649. 

Peter Stuyvesant writes to Hudde the following letter, May 23. 
which shows the further encroachments of the Swedes. " I Letter from 
saw with no less surprise than regret, by your very kind let- to'irlddT* 
ter of 19th May, the bold enterprises of the Swedes in pur- Purchases 
chasing the lands all around the company's Fort Nassau, from afound Fort 
which we cannot prognosticate any good to the company, ^'^l^^o'^gg ^f 
reflecting on their former impertinent anticipations, by en- Hudde'spur- 
croaching on the lands purchased and in possession of the port Nassau. 
company on the Schuylkill ; which makes me fear that it will 
not stop here, and what I shall apply as a remedy I do not 
know indeed, but you may see from the enclosed extract, that 
even our limited powers were further circumscribed by parti- 
cular circumstances, as otherwise, wherefore we cannot but 
highly approve that your honour purchased all the lands 
above the fort, and are very well pleased with it. I expect 
to be informed by your next, of the quantity and quality of 
the payment due, Avhich, if these had been specified in your 
last, I would have endeavoured to find means for these pay- 
ments, which I now must delay till your further orders." 

" The request of Thomas Swen and other freemen, who are 
residing in your honour's jurisdiction and that of the West 
India Company, were desiring to purchase above the fort, and 
to move thither with their families, and I cannot discover any 
reason why in this they should not be indulged ; wherefore, 
as soon as the transfer of these lands shall have been made 
to your honour by the natives, the proprietors of the soil, 
then I will procure them letters-patent, in confirmation of 
their title." 

The letter then speaks of "the plans of the Swedes to 
create impediments to the back part of the North River, 
above the fort, and to cut ofi" our intercourse and commerce 
with Fort Orange," and continues, "that my remonstrances 
against the sinister views of the Swedes, and my sincere de- 
sire to prevent these, would be unacceptable, never struck my 
mind, because I presumed that you were principally sent 
thither for the purpose, and was by oath and duty bound to 
protect and maintain, to defend the rights and authority of 
the company, by all honourable and equitable means, and it 
is my express command that you will continue, as you did 
before, to follow the same track. I can believe, at the same 



114 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OP THE SWEDES. 

1649. time, very well, from my own experience, that there is some- 
^ ' ■ thing in it, as we ourselves have, for similar faithful services, 
been rebuked, yea, often reproached and slandered, even by 
stuyvesant thosc who might have supported us ; nevertheless, this neither 
rathe" *' ought Or shall move us to act and serve in another way, as 
sharply. -^e are in honour and duty bound. An act of consent and 
maintenance shall be granted to freemen, provided that they 
conduct themselves as our other subjects, to take the oath of 
allegiance to our sovereigns and patrons. We cannot but 
approve, as good and expedient, your last proposal to pur- 
chase all the land, from the Narratikon kill to the bay, while 
Approves of the savages offer it for sale, and by this others might be pre- 
buy'iand ° ventcd from becoming owners ; but you will take good care, 
from Narra- ^j^^^ jj^ |;]^q transfer, the usual circumstances and solemnities 

tikon to the ' 

bay. are observed, and that these .are well and correctly written, 

and signed by as many as can be obtained, viz. Christians 
who are not in the service of the company."^ 

The foregoing letter follows an explanation, by Hudde, 
Explanation dated May 16, 1662, of a patent, and is certified, by W. 
Hudde, of Beckmau, to be a correct copy of the original. The explana- 
conneTted'^^ tion secms to bc a history of some events Avhich occurred in 
with the pur- ^J^ig qj. ^j^g preceding year. It begins by saying, " It is then so, 
lands above sir, that Thomas Swen, (or Broen,) having obtained, in 1648, 
from, the director-general, an act of consent that he might 
take possession of the 3Iantes Qorner, being a spot about 
half a mile below the destroyed Fort Nassau, and reside 
there ; which act the aforesaid Thomas Swen communicated 
to Johan Printz, (former Swedish governor,) and solicited his 
assistance in constructing his building, and otherwise, which 
was promised him by said Printz, but in lieu of assisting, the 
aforesaid Mantes Corner, with the adjoining lands down- 
wards, were actually purchased by his honour, and a post, 
with the arms of the crown, erected upon it, by which the 
possession of the aforesaid Broen"^ was prevented. Acrelius 
says, these lands extended from Mantua's Hook to Narrati- 
kon, now Baccoon Biver, which Printz purchased, upon dis- 
covering the designs of the Dutch. He offered to Broen the 
privilege of settling there under the Swedish jurisdiction.'^ 
This transaction is placed by Acrelius under 1646, which 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 273. and vol. xii. p. 526. 

2 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 271, Hudde's Explanation. 

3 Acrelius, p. 411. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 115 

must be an error, as Stuyvesant was not then in the country.^ 1649. 
This explanation continues, "And Avhereas the aforesaid " ' ' 
honourable Printz endeavoured to purchase the lands at the 
east side, above the aforesaid Fort Nassau, so far as Mesche- 
kesuins," for which end he made great efforts among the 
savages, but whom he could not persuade to second his views. 
In the meanwhile, a warning was given by the savages, of 
the intention of the honourable Printz, as also by the free- 
men residing on the river, who owed allegiance to the West 
India Company, who too complained, that as John Printz 
pretended a right on the whole right side, and actually took 
possession of a spot of about 50 feet square, on the Schuyl- 
kill, which was in possession of our nation, and without these 
precincts no one dared to cultivate one single foot of land, 
or it was ruined by the Swedes, except as in so far they were 
tolerated, and so protested by said Printz, succeeded in pur- 
chasing the river side to the east ; then they would be locked 
up so much Avithin these parts of the Schuylkill, that they 
must be induced to abandon it too, when finally, nothing 
should be left them remaining except the corner on which 
Fort Nassau was, which place being of little use, if any, 
would not be inhabited by any individuals ; neither would the 
beaver or free merchants, coming from the Manhattans, ob- 
tain from the savages one single beaver, but be compelled, if 
they AYOuld navigate the river and trade in it, to trade with 
the honourable Printz, which trade in beaver with the savages 
at present amounts to thirty, forty, and more thousand bea- vaiue of 

1 • • 1 j_ T nm 111 traxJe in bea- 

vers, durmg a single tradmg season. They would be com- ^g^s. 
polled to abandon entirely their trade on the river, and lose 
the prospect of obtaining any compensation for their expenses ; 
and while the aforesaid honourable Printz urged the savages 
to gratify him in this respect, and they no longer could find 
any excuses to keep him any longer in suspense, they pro- 
tested that if we, by this negotiation, were compelled to 
abandon the river, it should not be through their fault ; that 
they were ready to sell the land above Fort Nassau, on which 
the free merchants solicited, whereas, as observed, this affair 
would not admit any further delay, and through the urgent 

1 O'Call. vol. ij. p. 165, note. 

2 Vertoogh, p. 283, spealcs of a place, " Maghchachansie, near the Sanki- 
kans," which may be the same as the above. Campanius speaks of M^cha- 
kanzijaa, or Mechansia Sippus, on the Jersey side, probably Crosswick's Creek. 
Murphy, Campanius, p. S3. 



115 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1649. and importunate entreaties of the aforesaid Governor Printz, 
' — ■ — ' to avoid or prevent any further losses ■which otherwise might 
become unavoidable, that I should resolve to purchase the 
offered lands in behalf of the company. But as this was be- 
yond my power, by want of means, so they offered to take 
their payment in cargoes, and requested to be permitted to 
purchase these, under the declaration made on the 6th April, 
1649, that they were willing to transfer the whole of their 
lands to the company, when the money advanced by them 
should have been returned, and that then they should have the 
preference in the choice of the lands, on which they were 
then residing, and become the legal proprietors of them, by 
a transfer of the company on their behalf, and as we had no 
distant prospect, or any other more favourable issue, -and the 
case did not admit any other delay, so I was compelled to 
comply with their proposal and request ; and as they further 
solicited that I would contribute my share into it, so did I 
deem it a duty to comply with their wishes, as I could not 
perceive that it might be, in any respect, injurious to the 
company. The persons who purchased the lands on the 
aforesaid conditions, and whose names were expressed in the 
Names of Icttcrs-patent, were Simon Root, Cornelius Mauntsen, Peter 
resteTL™*^' Harmens, Andreas Hudde, Sander Boyer, and David Davit- 
purchase. gen, but Comelius Mauntsen transferred his claim to Harmen 
Jansen, which aforesaid persons, except Andreas Hudde and 
David Davitsen, went directly thither, and purchased the 
lands at the east and west side ; of which purchase, and the 
names of the lands, further cognisance may be taken from 
the letters-patent and transfers which were then made of it, 
and which have been deposited in the secretary's office in 
New Amsterdam, so too the names of the chiefs and sellers; 
of all which I directly despatched a messenger to his honour, 
and informed him of every thing which has occurred, of all 
which, Avith his honour's answer, I endorsed a copy on 7th 
September, 1651, which I then transmitted ; and whereas, 
this business remained in the same situation, without any 
thing further being done in it, so is it that the purchasers 
solicited and renewed their requests more than once, that the 
transfers, for their security, might be made to them, to which 
I never could resolve, as it was my opinion that these letters- 
patent Avere not at all concerned in this transaction, and that 
sooner or later their advances should be reimbursed to them ; 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 117 

at whlcli they at last, as they could obtain the original, re- 1649. 
quested that it might be permitted to each of them indivi- " ' ' 
dually to obtain a particular act, signed by the savages ; to 
•which I answered, they might do in this as they deemed pro- 
per, provided no infraction was attempted of this transaction, 
in conformity to the aforesaid conditions, viz. at the j&nal 
disposal of the company. Thus it remained without any fur- 
ther consequences till 1655, when, by orders of the director- 
general, a special valuation of the amount of the purchase- 
money was delivered to Cornelius Tienhoven, at that time 
attorney-general, on which it followed among others."-^ 

" Lieutenant Swen Schute, with his men fully armed, not- 
vrithstanding the friendly remonstrance and just protestation Further hos- 
of the Dutch, destroyed, with forcible hands, the materials ^he swedes 
broua;ht on the Mastmakers' Point for building, and ruined towards the 

, 1 , r- 1-1 1 1 ■ t >, T n T Dutchonthe 

altogether the loundation logs that were laid, and (Jornelius schuyikui. 
JVIaunsen was compelled by them to move from the Mast- 
makers' Point, although being on the ground allotted to him 
by legal license and proper authority.^ 

The vessel of Juriaen Plancke was forcibly stopped by June. 
Governor Printz, and prevented from continuing her voyage, ft/'^e^^b- 
She was called the " Sea-horse."^ Prmtz. 

A certain Jacob Loper " petitions the director-general and 
council for permission to go to South River with a hired juneu. 
barque and cargo," which gave rise to some discussions in Petition to 
that body. It appears he had married the daughter of Cor- g^J'tg'^go^tjj 
nelius Meylin, " who had summoned the director and council, River, re- 
by a writ, to appear in the Hague, or to send deputies there, ''^'^ ^ ' 
at the stated date, to defend the judgment against Meylin." 
It is decided against the petition, one member in favour of 
it, two others having "some scruples," and the director- 
general deeming it "improper."'^ 

The following correspondence appears to have taken place 
between Governor Eaton, of New Haven, and Governor June it. 
Stuyvesant, after the arrival of the latter. It relates to the 
injuries received by the English from Governor Kieft, against 
which frequent protests had been made, and whether the 
recognitions at Manhattans were to be enforced. Stuyvesant 
appears to justify the course of Kieft, supposing that he 
acted upon warrantable grounds. 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 271. 3 Ibid. 

2 HoU. Doc. vol. iii, p. 59. 4 Albany Records, vol. vii. p. 246. 



118 

1649. 



T. Baton to 
P. Stuyre- 
sant, inquir- 
ing wliat is 
to be, in fu- 
ture, expect- 
ed on the 
subject of 
duties, &c. 



July 2. 

P. Stuyve- 
sant to T. 
Eaton. In- 
tends to fol- 
low the or- 
ders of his 
masters. 



August 2. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OP THE SWEDES. 

"The commissioners," says Eaton, "but conceive and con- 
clude that the states you serve will approve and commend a 
just carriage and correspondence towards all the English 
colonies, and certainly in such cases of righteousness, the 
state of England will desist, and walk with them. We have 
formerly protested against Monsieur Kieft's injurious course 
at Delaware, and also when, as you have been informed, our 
rights there, as well known, not only to the English but to 
the Dutch, and Swedes, and Indians. We never claimed, 
nor do we desire to possess a foot of land to which you can 
show any just title, but we may neither lose nor let fall the 
English interests and claims in and to what we have pur- 
chased and paid for in those parts. * * * But I wish to be 
further certified, whether, on their trading at the Manhattans, 
or on their passing by, to and from Delaware, Virginia, &c., 
we may expect a full freedom from all recognitions, imposi- 
tions, and charges, by what name soever called, both for 
goods imported and exported, or what duties, restraints, or 
confiscations they must pay and submit to, and upon what 
grounds, that the merchant going his ways may walk safely, 
and the commissioners may order their counsels and courses 
accordingly, as they write to you from Plymouth, Septem- 
ber 26, 1648. Yours, in all oJQfices of love, 

" Theo. Eatoh."! 

Governor Stuyvesant replies, " Concerning your protests 
against my predecessor. Monsieur Kieft, about some passages 
at the South Eiver, called Delaware, I doubt not but what he 
did was upon warranted grounds, and made you a sufficient 
answer ; but concerning our right there, and of my intentions 
of maintaining it, I have always written to the governors of 
the Massachusetts and Plymouth, who I suppose will ac- 
quaint the commissioners with it. 

" Whereas you write to me concerning your countrymen's 
trading here, and passing to and from Virginia and Dela- 
ware, &c., I have further orders from my sovereigns and 
masters, and am not to be responsible to any but them, nor 
regulated by any but them. Your assured friend, 

"Peter Stuyvesant. "^ 

At a meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies, 
at Boston, the inquiry was proposed, by Governor Eaton, on 

1 Albany Records, "Letters in Peter Stuyvesant's time," 1647 to 16C4, vol. i. 

2 Ibid. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 119 

behalf of New Haven, " what course might be taken for the 1649. 
speedy planting of Delaware Bay ; the title some merchants ' • ^ 
at New Haven have, by purchase from the Indians, to con- 
siderable tracts of land on both sides of this river, was Proceedings 
opened," and the proceedings of the commissioners at a for- coionies^on*^ 
mer meeting, in 1643, were read and considered. " A writing settlement 
delivered into New Haven court, by Mr. Leech, concerning 
the healthfulness of the place, the goodness of the land, 
conveniency of the lesser rivers, with the advantage of a 
well-ordered trade there, was also perused. The commis- 
sioners with the premises, considering the present state of the 
colonies, the English, in most plantations, already wanting 
hands to carry on their necessary occasions, thought fit not 
to send forth men to possess and plant Delaware, nor by any 
public act or consent to encourage or allow the planting 
thereof; and if any shall voluntarily go from any of the 
colonies to Delaware, and shall, without leave and consent 
from the merchants at New Haven, sit down upon any part 
or parts of their land there, or in any other respects shall be 
injurious to them in their title and interest there, the colonies 
will neither protect nor OAvn them therein ; the New Haven 
merchants being, notwithstanding, left to their just liberty 
to dispose, improve, or plant the land they have purchased in 
those parts, or any part thereof, as they shall see cause. "-^ 

A letter was written by the commissioners of the United August le. 
Colonies to the governor, Stuyvesant, on various subjects of 
complaint; among others, on the Delaware, in which they 
say, " we have perused what by way of answer you wrote 
the governor of New Haven, concerning Delaware Bay. We 
have formerly heard and considered the right and title our 
confederates of New Haven have to sundry tracts or parcels 
of land within Delaware Bay, by you called the South River, 
with the injuries they received from your predecessor. Mon- 
sieur Kieft, in anno 1643. Mr. Winthrop, governor of the 
Massachusetts, and president of the commissioners, wrote the 
apprehension and sense the commissio'ners had of his pro- 
ceedings, received his answer, but without satisfaction ; our 
friends of New Haven will neither encroach upon your limits, 
nor any way disturb your peace, but they may not let fail 
the English right and interest there. "^ 

' Hazard's Coll. vol. ii. p. 127. Trumbuirs Conn. vol. i. p. 184. Records 
of the United Colonies. 2 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 133. 



120 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



Sept. 23. 

Governor 
Stuyvesant 
arrives at 
Hartford, to 
meet the 
commis- 
sioners. Cor- 
respondence 
•with them. 
Agrees to a 
reference. 



Sept. 28. 

N. S. 

His arbitra- 
tors, and 
commission 
to them. 



English ar- 
bitrators, 
and their 
commission. 



1650. 

After various solicitations from tha I^ew England commis- 
sioners, Governor Stuyvesant concluded to meet them at 
Hartford, where he accordingly arrived, and opened a corre- 
spondence with them in writing, to avoid '< all inconvenience 
from speaking," which was for some days continued, chiefly 
in relation to their own dijSiculties, occasionally touching upon 
Delaware affairs. After settling as many points in this way 
as they could, others presented which could only be arranged 
by the aid of disinterested friends of each party ; an arbi- 
tration was therefore mutually agreed upon, Governor Stuy- 
vesant, commissioned, in writing, Captain Thomas Willett, 
and Ensign George Baxter, " to treat and agitate with the 
commissioners of the United English Colonies, giving and 
granting them full power and authority to join with other 
two, deputed by the English commissioners, and with them to 
treat, agitate, and examine all or any difference betwixt the 
two nations in these parts, and absolutely, by the joint con- 
currence of the other two deputies, to end and determine 
them, according as they, in their wisdom and integrity, shall 
think just and right, with power to enter into such terms of 
accord for provisional limits, and league of love and union 
betwixt the two nations in these parts, as to them shall- seem 
expedient, ratifying and confirming, and by virtue of these 
presents, will stand bound to ratify and confirm whatever my 
said deputies shall agree to on my behalf, according to such 
directions and instructions as we have given them." 

The New England commissioners, on their part, " by virtue 
of letters-patent granted by the kings of Great Britain, under 
the great seal of England, for all New England lying in that 
part of America, from north latitude of 40 to 48 degrees, 
and according to the confederation formerly made, and a full 
power this year given by the four general courts of the Mas- 
sachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, to the 
present commissioners, by which they are enabled to treat 
and conclude in matters of public concernment, that former 
and late grievances betwixt the honoured governors or agents 
for the High and Mighty States of the United Belgic Pro- 
vinces, in such parts of America as are possessed or justly 
belonging to the said high and mighty, &c., and the Eng- 
lish colonies, may be duly composed, and a just and neigh- 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 121 

bourly correspondency settled. Confiding in the integrity and 1650. 
sufficiency of our worthy friends, Mr. Symon Bradstreet and ' ' ' 
Mr. Thomas Prence have, and do hereby entreat and dele- 
gate them to agitate, treat, and conclude with the deputies 
appointed, &c., by Peter Stuyvesant, Esq., the present 
honoured governor of the province of New Netherland, to 
consider and compose all differences, to agree and conclude 
provisional limits in all places where there is a question of 
title or bounds, a course for ordering or returning fugitives, 
and settling a just correspondency, ratifying and by these 
presents confirming what our said deputies, according to 
directions and instructions given, shall agree and conclude in 
the premises, or any part thereof." 

The arbitrators, being thus duly commissioned, met, and Sept. 29. 
" upon a serious examination and consideration of the parti- 
culars committed to reference, delivered in their award," 
from which we extract what relates to our subject. 

1. "Upon serious consideration of the difierences and Award of 

grievances propounded by the two English colonies of Con- tors.'^'^Gov^" 

necticut and New Haven, and the answer made by the hon- stuyvesant 

cured Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, Esq., according to with proofs. 

the trust and power committed unto us as arbitrators or Afuiideci- 
_■•■ _ _ sion IS post- 

delegates betwixt the said parties, we find that most of the poned, the 

offences or grievances were things done in the time, and by ^^^'^^^^ og. 

the order and command of Monsieur William Kieft, the for- curred m 

, , . Kieft's time. 

mer governor, and that the present honoured governor is not 
duly prepared to make answer unto them ; we therefore think 
meet to respite the full consideration and judgment con- 
cerning them, till the present governor may acquaint the 
High and Mighty States and West India Company with the 
particulars, that so due reparation may accordingly be made. 

2. "The commissioners for New Haven complained of New Haven 
several high and hostile injuries which they and others of ersstate°'^ 
that jurisdiction have received from and by order of the their griev- 
aforesaid Monsieur Kieft, on Delaware Bay and River, and Lsert their 
in their return thence, as by their former propositions and "s'^'^ ^y 
complaints may more fully appear ; and besides the English 
right claimed by patent, presented and showed several pur- 
chases they have made on both sides the river and bay of 
Delaware, of several large tracts of land, unto and somewhat 
above the Dutch house or fort there, with the consideration 
given to the said sachems and their companies for the same, 

16 L 



purchase. 



122 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

acknowledged and cleared by tlie hands of the Indians, whom 
they affirm were the true proprietors, testified to by many wit- 
nesses ; they also affirmed, that according to their apprehen- 
sions, they have sustained XIOOO damages, partly by the 
Swedish governor, but chiefly by order from Monsieur Kieft, 
and therefore required due satisfaction, and a peaceable pos- 
session of the aforesaid lands, to enjoy and improve accord- 
ing to their just right. The Dutch governor, by way of 
answer, affirmed and asserted the right and title to Delaware, 
or the South River, as they call it, and to the lands there, as 
belonging to the High and Mighty States and West India Com- 
pany, and professed he must protest against any other claim, 
but is not provided to make any such proofs as in a treaty 
might be expected, nor had he commission to treat or con- 
clude any thing therein ; upon consideration whereof, we the 
said arbitrators or delegates, wanting sufficient right to issue 
and determine any thing in the premises, are necessitated to 
leave both parties in statu quo prius, to plead and improve 
their just interests at Delaware, for planting or trading, as 
they shall see cause, only we desire that all proceedings 
there, as in other places, may be carried on in love and 
peace, till the right may be further considered and justly 
issued, either in Europe or here, by the two states of Eng- 
land and Holland."^ 

The award was signed by the four arbitrators ; and the 
Dutch governor, in the presence of all the commissioners, 
and on the pledge of his arbitrators as security, promised to 
abide by their decision. 

1651. 

The following extract of a letter from the directors of the 
March 21. Wcst India Company, in Amsterdam, to Governor Stuyve- 
sant, shows that the Dutch were endeavouring to fix their 
boundaries between them and the Swedes. 

" It is our further intention to apply to the Queen of Swe- 
den,^ to try if we might succeed to determine upon the limits 
between us and the Swedes, in regard to South River. Your 
honour will, in the mean time, endeavour to maintain the 
rights of the company, in all justice and equity, while we 
again recommend that your honour will conduct himself with 

' Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. pp. 171, 172, and 218, where the whole award 
may be seen at length. 2 She was crowned last year. 



1650. 



Amount of 
their dam- 
ages. 



Dutcli go- 
vernor as- 
serts his 
claim to the 
Delaware, 
though not 
ready to 
prove it. 



Arbitrators 
refer the 
final decision 
to England 
and Holland, 
leaving both 
parties to 
pursue their 
interests on 
Delaware in 
love and 
peace. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENEEAL. 128 

that disCTetion and circumspection, by which all complaints, 1651. 
disputes, and coolness between friends and allies may be " — • — ' 
avoided." It would also appear that it had been intimated 
to the company that it might be for their interest to have no 
property except on Manhattans, as they say, in reply to a 
suggestion to that effect, " nevertheless, we can prove to have 
purchased many large tracts at the South River. "^ 

An application was made by New Haven to Plymouth junes. 
Colony, for aid in making their settlement on Delaware, and Plymouth 
declined, as appears by the followino; record : " Whereas, by '■®^'^^'^® ^^'^ 

'ii "^ _o '•'to New Ha- 

a letter from New Haven, aid by them was requested and ven, in set- 
required in following a plantation at Delaware, against such "'^s on the 
as now oppose them in that respect ; the court having con- 
sidered thereof, think it not meet to answer their desire in 
that behalf, and will have no hand in any such controversy 
about the same."^ 

The following view of the conduct of the Swedes is pre- 
sented in a long Dutch document of this date, taking a gene- 
ral retrospect of occurrences from the time of erecting Fort 
Nassau, which we have already referred to at the appropriate 
dates. What now follows relates principally, to this period. 

" The Swedes, who daily increase in numbers, as likewise July le.' 
in boldness, have not only ordered their own people to drive Detailed pro. 
no trade with the company's inhabitants, nor to pay to them the'^g^Tdel 
their debts, have likewise strictly forbidden them to suffer against the 
our inhabitants to lay out farms, country-seats, or gardens, "^"^ '^^^ 



remon- 



between their trading-house and the company's Fort Bevers- strance from 

aggrieTef' 
persons. 



rede, it even being the company's own indisputable lands """ '"^ 



having been purchased a number of years before the arrival 
of the Swedes from the natives and rightful owners, and as 
by legal certijScate, showing the authority given to the com- 
pany, as before mentioned. Notwithstanding this, their in- 
sufferable boldness has been so great, that they, against all 
laws of nations, tore down and totally ruined, with forcible 
hands, the houses, country places, and gardens that were 
erected and placed on the company's own lands, being again 
to the great disrespect of the States and the company, and 
to the notable injury of the interests of those people who had 
settled and established themselves as subjects, and under the 
protection of the States-General and the company, all which 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. pp. 46, 47. 

- Plymouth Colony Records, vol. iv. p. 234. Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. i. p. 554. 



124 JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1651. appears from letters and documents sent from New Netlier- 
" • ' lands, and especially by the before-mentioned subjects, in the 
following remonstrance to the company's director-general, 
Peter Stuyvesant." 

The remonstrants commence by stating, that they lived 
upon the island Arumirne, in the Schuylkill, and settled 
there under the protection of the West India Company; 
that they had previously remonstrated against certain suffer- 
ings from the Swedes, by force and violence, and refer to 
various acts in 1647 and 1649, which have been already no- 
ticed in those years. They now enumerate some occurrences 
in the present year. 

" The following violence was committed, according to the 
Complaint ' clcrk, Huddc, in 1651, on the inhabitants of Fort Bevers- 
MaunteeV"^ rede, viz. Cornelius Mauntsen, Symon Root, and Philip Jan- 
Ac. Garden sen, ou their reasonable request for some land to sow some 
mente dl-^'' garden truck, had, by consent of the clerk, assigned them a 
stroyedby small spot of land behind the fort, where the sowing was 
effected. An express sent by Printz completely ruined it, 
and the improvements that were put upon it for the preser- 
vation of what was sown, publicly burned. 

" Peter Cornelessen and Regnier Dominicus having been 
Complaints showu a placo ou the island, were prevented from sowing by 
of others, ^^iq Swcdcs ', thcv made preparations for building about the 

Building de- . . . . 

stroyed. middle of April, the foundation logs were laid, the up-and- 
down posts put up, which were all ruined by them, yes, even 
every thing cut up for firewood. 

" A spot of land, by extra license and order of director- 
SanderGo- general, was allotted and measured out, about 22d May, by 
preve^^ed"' Hudde, for Sander Govertsen, Abraham Schaets, and Gerrett 
from build- Heuderscn, on the same island. Govertsen brought his boards 
"^' ' on the ground, but was prevented from building, by H. Huy- 
gens and Jan Pappegay, fully armed, authorized by Printz, 
in a forcible manner. 

" Over this violence and prevention of our most necessary 
Ask com- matters done to us by the Swedes, we that live here, as well 
peusa,tion for ^^ ^^ ^-j^^^ comc here with our vessels, complain to your 

injuries re- 7 r ^ 

ceived. houour, and request becoming compensation for the injuries 

and damages sustained. 
refused by "And further, we complain, that Simon Root and Corne- 

Swedes, un- |j[^g Mauntscu havc likewise been refused payment by the 

der sanction ci t ^ t • ^• ^ • ^ • ^ 

Of rrintz. bwcdish suDjccts, prctcnduig, as they were his subjects, they 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 125 

need not paj ; and we likewise declare, that tlie SATcdish 1651. 
subjects have declared to us, that it has been forbidden by ' ■ ' 
their governor, Printz, to have any transactions whatever 
with us, and which has likewise appeared at several times. "•'^ 

" From all these unheard of and insufferable proceedings, Dutcii 
it sufficiently appears that their intentions were to deprive '^^^^^^^ ^;tii 
and dispossess the company of the whole of the river ; intention to 
wherefore the before-mentioned director, Stuyvesant, was ^^^^^^^^ ^^ 
obliged this year to make his personal appearance, to preserve '"iio'e river, 
and protect the company's rights and jurisdiction, and for 
the maintenance of their subjects. Having arrived there, he The pre- 
made known, or caused to be made known to the Swedish ^^""^"^ 

stuyvesant 

governor, Printz, as well by letters as by deputation, the requested. 
right the company had in general, in virtue of their first dis- ^^^ 'f^'*^'^^ 

O r .^ O ^ 7 ^ and has com- 

covery, and the taking possession of the before-mentioned munications 
river, and which was confirmed and became indisputable by ^^^J^jg Xht's 
the purchase of several tracts of land, among which was that fey posses- 
of the Schuylkill, which took place many years before the pJI'asribeforo 
Swedes arrived there, offering to prove it by land certificates arrival of 
and authorization papers, requesting Printz, on his part, to n^ndTproof 
produce proof of what lands he or his people had purchased from Printz. 
from the natives and owners, and the authority to possess 
them. On which merely a simple writing was received, 
wherein Printz determined the Swedish limits wide and broad 
enough, yet Avithout any justification or proper proofs, giving Prmtzsaya 
as an excuse, that all the papers relating to the purchase of ^^ p''°°^^ 
lands were not at hand, but deposited in the chancellery at den. 
Stockholm, where he says he is sure of having seen them." 

"That these excuses were entirely divested of truth, ap- Printz tries 
peared shortly afterwards, as the governor, then only, tried to chlse^the*"" 
purchase such lands from a certain sachema or Indian chief, land from 
called Waspang Zewan, as were settled on by his people, and Jefu^^'^^rhe 
that he maintained to belong to his limits, to which the Indian bad taken 
chief was not inclined, and refused, as he said, because the ^^l^ °^'^^' 
Swedes had, for a long time, and against Ms inclination, and 
with a forcible hand, kept possession of a part of said lands, i^^iians pre- 
without ever having given him the least consideration for lands on 
them ; this the chief declared verbally and in writing, to the ^"^'^ sides to 
director, in presence of several credible persons, to Avhom he from chris- 
presented, (for the company,) and gave authority in a proper tinaCreeiito 
manner, to inherit and possess for ever the before-mentioned Hook.*^^ 

' Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 59 to 65. 
l2 



126 



1651. 



July 19. 

Confirmed 

publicly be- 
fore nume- 
rous wit- 
nesses. 



Indians deny 
having ever 
sold lands to 
Swedes, ex- 
cept about 
Christina. 



Trifling com- 
pensation for 
the lands. 



For security, 
Stuyvesant 
concludes to 
huild Fort 
Casimir, as 
Tort Nassau 
is out of the 
way, which 
he breaks 
up. 

Printz ob- 
jects, but 
they con- 
clude to live 
In peace. 
Stuyvesant 
prepares to 
return to 
Manhattan. 



JOHN PEINTZ, GOVEENOR OF THE SWEDES. 

lands, creeks, and appurtenances, so unjustly and forcibly 
possessed by the Swedes, both on the east and western shores, 
commencing on the eastern from the Narraticonsche, or Rac- 
coon Creek, stretching down the river to Maetsinging, and 
on the western shore, from a certain creek called Neckatoen- 
sing, to the westward, along the river to Settoensoene, also 
called the Minquas Creek, on which is the Swedish fort 
Christina." 

" For further tranquillity and security, all the Indian chiefs 
who lived near the river, and all the owners of the land in 
the neighbourhood, were summoned by the said director, 
Stuyvesant, to put some questions to them in the presence of 
several persons," whose declarations and names are on record.-^ 
The Indians denied having " ever sold or presented any par- 
cels of land to the Swedes, as they pretended, excepting the 
ground on which Fort Christina is situated, and a certain 
garden about there, to plant tobacco in ; and they moreover 
declared, all the land from said fort down towards Bombay 
Hook, called by them Neuwsings, several miles in extent, 
they wished to bestow as an inheritance for ever, to the com- 
pany, for which the director very politely thanked them, say- 
ing that he would rather give them a proper compensation 
for the same, which they then especially and fully accepted. 
The papers were then properly prepared and signed, the chief, 
Pemmenatta, only conditioning ' that they should repair his 
gun when out of order,' and give the Indians, when they 
required it, ' a little maize.' "^ 

The land being thus secured, for further security, and to 
remove all possible pretensions the Swedes might make there- 
for, the said director found it necessary, for the safety of the 
company's jurisdiction, and protection of their subjects, to 
build another fort, " as Fort Nassau was too far up, and laid 
too far out of the way ;" he therefore concluded to break up 
Fort Nassau, and choosing a reasonably well adapted place, 
(on the company's own ground,) about one mile (Dutch) from 
the Swedish Fort Christina, which fort was called Casimir ; 
being finished, and provided with people as opportunities 
offered, the director made preparation for his return to Man- 
hattan. Previously, however, to his departure, he had several 
conversations with Governor Printz, " wherein they mutually 
promised to cause no difficulties or hostility to each other, 

' See them in O'Call. vol. ii. p. 1G6. " Ibid. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 127 

but to keep neighbourly friendship and correspondence to- 1651. 
gether, and act as friends and allies,"^ although the erection ' ' ' 
of this fort was protested against by Printz. 

The location of Fort Casimir was near the present toAvn Location and 
of New Castle, a short distance north of it, and it is believed jo™ cas[- 
can be correctly ascertained at this day, from the ground, as m'r. 
well as by the records, describing lots around it. It soon 
became a very important point. Whence it derived its name 
does not appear, and excited the surprise of the company 
when they heard of it, being rather a Swedish than a Dutch 
name. 

In consequence of the agreement entered into last year, sept. 14. 
between the Dutch and English, and the mutual profession a party of 
of future harmony and peace, a number of families, durins; fiftygoes 

"^ ■■■ ' . ' o from New 

the last winter, were making preparations to settle on the Haven to De- 
Delaware. In March of this year, all arrangements being ]'^^^''^' ^^^ 

•' ' ° , o IS stopped 

made, about fifty men from New Haven and Sotocket hired a and m- 

treated 
Manhattan, 



vessel to transport themselves and their effects to that part ^^^^^'^ ^"^ 



of the country. They were furnished, by Governor Eaton, 
with a commission, as well as with a friendly letter from each 
of the governors of New Haven and Massachusetts, to the 
Dutch governor, acquainting him with their design, and 
assuring him that, according to the agreement, they would 
confine their settlements to their own lands, and in no ways 
trouble their neighbours. On their arrival, however, at Man- 
hattan, which they might have avoided, and delivering their 
letters to Stuyvesant, very much to their surprise, the bearers 
of the letters were immediately arrested, and kept under 
guard as close prisoners, and the residue of the company 
ill treated, as appears by the following petition of the parties 
to the commissioners. 

'•To the honoured commissioners for the United Colonies, Petition of 
now assembled at New Haven : — The humble petition of Jas- ^^^ P^^'-^'f ' 

■•■ _ _ presented af- 

per Graine, William Tuttill, and many other the inhabitants ter their re- 
of New Haven and Sotocket, humbly showeth, that whereas *'^™' *° .'■^'^ 

'J ' commission- 

divers years since, several merchants and others of New Ha- ers. 

ven, with much hazard, charge, and loss, did purchase of the 

Indian sagamores and their companies, the true proprietors, 

several large tracts and parcels of land on both sides of 

Delaware Bay and River, and did presently begin to build 

and to set up factories for trade, and purposed to set up plan- 

1 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32 to 50. 



128 JOHN PPJNTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1651. tations within their own limits, whereby the gospel also might 
' ■ ' have been carried and spread amongst the Indians in that 
most southerly part of New England, and the United Colonies 
might before this time been enlarged, with conveniency both 
for themselves and posterity, had not the whole work, by 
hostile and injurious opposition made both by the Dutch and 
Swedes, been then hindered. 

"And whereas your petitioners, straitened in the respective 
statement of plantations, and finding this part of the country full, or 
ment by^the a^orfiing little encouragement to begin any considerable new 
Dutch go- plantations for their own comfort and conveniency of pos- 
terity, did, upon a serious consideration of the premises, and 
upon encouragement of the treaty between the honoured 
commissioners and the Dutch governor, the last year, at Con- 
necticut, by agreement, and with consent of the said mer- 
chants and others, resolve upon a more difficult remove to 
Delaware ; hoping that our aims and endeavours would be 
acceptable both to God and to his people in these colonies, 
being assured our title to the place was just, and resolving, 
(through the help of God,) in all our carriages and proceed- 
ings, to hold and maintain a neighbourly correspondence both 
with the Dutch and Swedes, as was assured them both by the 
tenor of the commissions, and by letters from the honoured 
governor of this jurisdiction ; to those ends, and with these 
purposes, preparations were made in the winter, a vessel was 
hired, and at least fifty of us set forward in the spring, and 
expecting the fruit of that wholesome advice given at Hart- 
ford the last year, in the case by the arbitrators jointly; 
those chosen by the Dutch governor concurring in it, we 
went to the Manhattoes, which we might have avoided, and 
from our honoured governor presented a letter to the Dutch 
governor, upon perusal whereof, (without further provocation,) 
he arrested the two messengers, and committed them to a 
private house, close prisoners under a guard ; that done, he 
sent for the master of the vessel to come on shore, as to 
speak with him, and committed him also; after which, two 
more of the company coming on shore, and desiring to speak 
with their neighbours under restraint, he committed them as 
the rest, then desiring to see our commissions and copy them 
out, promising to return them the next day; though the 
copies were taken, and the commissions demanded, he refused 
to deliver them up, and kept them, and the men imprisoned, 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENEEAL. 129 

till they were forced to engage, under their hands, not then 1651. 
to proceed on their voyage towards Delaware, but with loss '"^"'^ ' 
of time and charge, to return to New Haven, threatening, 
that if he should after find any of them in Delaware, he 
w^ould seize their goods, and send their persons prisoners into 
Holland, and accordingly they returned, though their damage 
thereby, as they conceive, doth amount to above <£300 ; all 
which your petitioners refer to your wise and serious consi- 
deration, and being assured you will have due respect to the 
honour of the English nation, which now suffers by this in- 
jurious affront, taken notice of by all the neighbouring Indians, 
they humbly desire that some course may be agreed and 
ordered for the due repair of their losses, satisfaction for 
their unjust imprisonment, with liberty and encouragement to 
improve their just rights in Delaware for the future, to which 
purpose they further humbly offer to consideration, 

" 1st, That Delaware, in the judgment of those that have 
often and seriously viewed the land, and considered the cli- 
mate, is a place fit for the enlargement of the English 
colonies at present, and hopeful for posterity, that we and 
they may enjoy the ordinances of Christ, both in spiritual 
and civil respects. 

" 2d, They fear that if the English right be not seasonably 
vindicated, and a way opened for the speedy planting of De- 
lavt'are, the Dutch, who have laid already an injurious hand 
both upon our persons and rights, they having, (as is reported,) 
lately begun a new fortification and plantation upon our duly 
purchased lands, will daily strengthen themselves, and by 
large offers, draw many of the English to settle and plant 
under them, in so hopeful a place, which will not only be 
dishonourable to the English nation, but inconvenient to the 
colonies, and of mischievous consequences to the persons who 
shall so settle, in reference to that licentious liberty there 
suffered and practised. 

"3d, As the petitioners have not in their eye any other Asktheaid 
considerable place within the limits of New England, either 
for the enlargement of the colonies at present, or for comfort 
and conveniency of posterity, so if the Dutch may thus 
openly oppose us in our persons and rights, if they may plant 
and fortify upon the land which themselves, the English, 
Swedes, and Indians know to be ours ; it may encourage 
them to encroach and make further hostile attempts upon 



of the com- 
missioners. 



laO JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOE OF THE SWEDES. 

1651. some or other of the smaller English plantations, to bring 
' ' ' them under their government, and may animate the Indians, 
with whom the Dutch ingratiate themselves by a large, con- 
stant, mischievous trade in guns, powder, and shot, to despise 
and make assaults upon us ; wherefore they again humbly 
entreat your advice, with seasonable and suitable assistance, 
according to the weight and import of the case, that all your 
consultations and labours may tend and issue in the honour 
of Christ and welfare of the colonies." 

" The foregoing petition being presented and read, the 
commissioners took into serious consideration the contents 
thereof, and what was to be done therein. 

" They considered the English right to Delaware by patent, 
the right of the merchants and other inhabitants of New 
Haven to certain tracts and parcels of land there by pur- 
chase, the injur}'' done them by the Dutch, both formerly and 
this last summer, in their hostile and forcible proceeding 
against them, as the petitioners relate, and the great affronts 
thereby given to the English nation, the insolency of the 
Dutch, and the contempt it is like to bring the English into 
among the Indians, if some speedy course be not taken to 
prevent it, by righting the oppressed. 

" As also the commodiousness of the place for plantations, 
and how prejudicial it may be to the English in these parts, 
if it should be planted by enemies, or peopl^ of another na- 
tion, not being unmindful of the strait accommodations of 
many in several places, and the benefits of trade with the 
Indians in Delav^'are, if prudently managed. 

" They likewise considered what had passed betwixt the 
Dutch governor and the commissioners the last year, at Hart- 
ford, and that advice given by the delegates of them, both for 
the quiet and peaceable improvement of their several rights 
in Delaware, till the aforesaid difference shall be determined 
in Europe. 

" The commissioners, upon these and several other consi- 
derations, thought meet to write to the Dutch governor, to 
protest against his injurious proceedings, to assert the English 
right, and to require satisfaction for the damage done to our 
friends and confederates of New Haven ; and to declare unto 
the petitioners, in Avay of answer. to their petition, that how- 
ever we think it not meet to enter into a present engagement 
against the Dutch, choosing rather to suffer injuries and 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 13 j • 

affronts, (at least for a time,) than in any respects to seem 1651. 
to be too quick, yet if they shall see cause again to endea- " ' ' 
vour the planting of their fore-mentioned purchased lands in 
Delaware, at any time within these twelve months, and for 
that end shall at their own charge transport together 150, or 
at least 100 able men, armed, with a meet vessel or vessels, 
and ammunition fit for such an enterprise, all to be allowed 
and approved by the magistrates of New Haven jurisdiction, Encourage- 
or the greatest part of them, that then, in case they meet ™'f * ^^^^ 
with any hostile opposition from the Dutch or Swedes, while petitioners. 
they carry themselves peaceable and inoffensively, that may 
call for further aid and assistance, the commissioners do 
agree and conclude that they shall be supplied by the several 
jurisdictions, with such a number of soldiers as the aforesaid 
commissioners shall judge meet, they the said plaintiffs bear- 
ing the charges thereof, for the true payment whereof, the 
purchased lands and trade there with the natives shall be en- 
gaged till it be satisfied, provided also, and it is agreed, that 
such persons as shall transport themselves to the aforesaid 
lands in Delaware, either out of New Haven colonies or any 
of the other three, shall be and remain under the government 
and jurisdiction of New Haven till the commissioners of the 
United Colonies shall otherwise order the same." 
The following is their letter to the Dutch governor : 
"Much honoured sir — Before we parted last year at Hart- Letter to tta 
ford, you gave us hopes of a comfortable meetino; at New ^"'^'^so- 

TT 1 • • . vernor. 

Haven this year, what directions you had from Europe, to 
maintain peace and neighbourly respects with the English in 
America, you then showed and best know what other com- 
missions you have since received ; but all the colonies take 
notice that now you walk in contrary paths ; you told us of 
a protest you must make against such as should plant or im- 
prove (though but their just rights) on Delaware ; we saw 
no cause for that, but know that both your predecessor and 
yourself had, without cause, formerly protested against some 
of the colonies, but in yours, dated April 11th, 1651, stilo 
novo, sent to the governor of New Haven, we observe you 
threaten force of arms and martial opposition, even to blood- 
shed, against such as shall go about to improve what they 
have proved to be justly theirs in Delaware, and yet show no 
more of any just title you have thereunto than you did at 
Hartford, which left all the delegates, both for the English 



132 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



Sept. 



Letter from 
the NewEng- 
land com- 
missioners 
to Edward 
Winslow, in 
London, in- 
forming him 
of the late 
transactions 
of the Dutch, 
and asking 
information 
respecting 
patents, &c. 



1651. and Dutch, therein unsatisfied : in the said protest jou also 
'"'^'' ' affirm that the planting, &c. of Delaware by the English in- 
terest, is contrary to the provisional agreement made betwixt 
yourselves and the commissioners for the English colonies, 
which we marvel at, those records clearly expressing the 
contrary. "■*■ . , 

A letter was written by the commissioners, to Edward 
Winslow, who at this time appears to have been acting as an 
agent for them in London, in which they speak of the preced- 
ing transactions of the Dutch in the following terms : 

"We understand Mr. Eaton hath at large written to you 
about their just title to considerable parts of land on both 
sides of Delaware Bay and River ; how they were formerly 
disturbed in their trade and planting, by force and other un- 
lawful practices, both of Dutch and Swedes, yourself may 
remember, and he hath acquainted you with a late unneigh- 
bourly and injurious carriage of the Dutch governor, when at 
least fifty of the Ncay Haven jurisdiction were on their way 
to plant there, but were stayed, imprisoned, and forced to 
return, with great loss to those interested in that design ; and 
hath desired your help in procuring a patent. These things, 
by a petition from those concerned, have been recommended 
to our consideration. We are justly sensible of the dishonour 
put upon the English nation by this unjust affront, of our 
duty to preserve the English title to so considerable a place 
as Delaware, and that a just repair and satisfaction be made 
to those so wronged, both in their persons and estates, and 
from you desire information what esteem the old patents for 
that place have with the parliament or council of state, where 
there hath been no improvement hitherto made by the pa- 
tentees ; whether the parliament hath granted any late 
patents, or whether, in granting, they reserve not liberty and 
encouragement for such as have or shall plant upon their 
• fornierly duly purchased lands, as also how any engagement 
by the colonies against the Dutch, upon the afore-mentioned 
■ occasion, will be resented by the parliament, of which we de- 
sire information by the first. "^ 

Does not the inquiry here proposed appear to imply that 

no improvements had been made by the English heretofore? 

The people at New Haven persisted in their purpose of 

October. making, if possible, a permanent settlement upon their lands 

- ,1 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 195. 2 ibid. p. isi. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 133 

on Delaware ; satisfied that it was of great importance to have 1651. 
for their leader a man of known courage, and military skill ' ""^^ 
and experience, they applied to Captain Mason, to remove 
with them to Delaware, and take the management of the Oapt. Jiaso 
company. The offers to him were so liberal that he was in- eonimana 
clined to accept them, but his services at home being deemed EngUsii. 
essential by the general court at Connecticut, they unani- 
mously requested he would abandon: all thoughts of going to 
Delaware, to Avhich he yielded, and the design was aban- 
doned.^ 

1652. 

The directors of the company in Amsterdam were not pre- Api-n t. 
pared to receive the news of the demolition of Fort Nassau, 
the erection of Fort Casimir, or even that Director Stuyve- 
sant contemplated a visit to the Delaware, and express their 
surprise in the following letter, dated April 4, 1652. , 

" Your journey to South River, and what has passed there Letter from 
between you and the Swedes, was to us very unexpected, as ff^YesTiZ^ 
you did not give us, before, so much as a hint of this your ^la Co. to p. 
intention. God grant that these your transactions may be on"recei>ing 
crowned with success. We cannot give our opinion upon it ^^'^ news of 
before we have heard the complaints of the Swedish governor of FortNas- 
to his queen, and ascertained how, at her court, these have '''^"' '^^'^ 

• 1 TTT erection of 

been received. We hope that our arguments to prove that Fortcassi- 
we Avere the first possessors of that country, will be acknow- ™'.''- ,^"'^'" 

. ... . . . prised at 

ledged as sufficient. But it is, in our opinion, nearly im- both, and 
practicable to enter here, with the Swedes, into negotiations ^^^'^^'^"^ 
upon the limits, much less to arrive at a final conclusion. We Leave it to 
will not enter upon a discussion, whether the demolition of ^j^^ ^ "erect 
Fort Nassau was an act of prudence, as no one could insti- a fort on the 
tute any claim upon it, even if the Swedes made a show of 
pretence. Time will instruct us of the design of the new- 
built Fort Casimir. We are at a loss to conjecture for what 
reason it has received this name. You ought to be on your 
guard that it is well secured, so that it cannot be surprised. 
We cannot determine if it is required to erect any fortifica- 
tions on the east side, opposite that fort, and must leave it to 
your discretion."^ 

The affairs of the company were much embarrassed at this August 4. 
period, by the expedition to South River last year, and other 

J Trumbull, vol. i. p. 208. 2 Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 73. 

M 



134 

1652. 



Company 
much em- 
barrassed by 
expedition to 
Delaware 
last year, &c. 
Plan for 
removing the 
difficulty. 



August 16. 

Forts to be 
insiDected,&c. 
Take care of 
the English. 



April. 



Proceedings 
by New Eng- 
land to re- 
concile diffi- 
culties with 
Dutch go- 
Ternor. Com- 
missioners 
appointed to 
proceed to 
Manhattan. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

causes, as will be seen by a minute of this date, of tbe di- 
rector-general and council : " Finding themselves much em- 
barrassed by the situation of the company, from several 
considerable debts, originating in the heavy expenses incurred 
last year by the expedition to South River; although the 
debts might be eventually annulled and paid, by the recogni- 
tions, yet then the director-general and council might be 
disabled to provide the necessary winter provisions for the 
garrison, and other ministers of the company ; wherefore 
said directors and council have deemed it salutary for the 
state, requisite to the maintenance of the garrison, to keep 
it under a good control, and crushing mutiny in its birth ; to 
allow the largest creditors to make payment of the recogni- 
tions which they owe to the company, to the amount of one- 
half of the just demands, while for the remaining one-half, 
they shall obtain a certificate, to be paid next year in goods, 
or to cancel this sum by recognitions, or to receive it in Fa- 
therland, from the 8 per cent, recognitions on the Virginia 
tobacco."^ 

An order is passed to have the several forts inspected, and 
for a fresh supply of ammunition, and a recommendation not 
to place too much confidence in the English.^ 

1653. 

Another attempt appears to have been made to reconcile 
matters between the English and the Dutch; the former, at 
the request of Governor Stuyvesant, appointed three com- 
missioners to repair to Manhattan, princij^ally with reference 
to their more immediate New England diflBculties, not, how- 
ever, entirely overlooking the concerns of Delaware River. 
But it does not appear that much better success attended 
their labours than before, for they left Manhattan in haste, 
rather to the surprise of Stuyvesant. 

In their letter by the commissioners to Governor Stuyve- 
sant, May 2, allusion is made to the kind of testimony for- 
merly taken by the Dutch, for they say, "the agents of 
Delaware, in Monsieur Kieft's time, made use of Indian 
testimony, in a strange manner, in a case of life and treason."^ 
After the messenger had departed, <■<■ the commissioners for 
Plymouth desired this short following entry should be made: 

" Whereas, in the letter sent to the Dutch governor, five 

' Albany Records, vol. vi. p. 8. 2 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 84. 3 See page 73. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 135 

or six particulars mentioned as grievances, about Delaware, 1653. 
before the union of the colonies was made, and any thing ' • ' 
depending thereon, unto which the commissioners for Ply- 
mouth could not consent ; and yet, lest the same might be Plymouth 
•weakened in the eyes of the Dutch governor, for want of ^^^^^^^' 
their hands thereunto, they subscribed the same, but with consent. 
liberty to enter their dissent in the records in the book." 

To this the New Haven commissioners answered : 

"That two or three of the grievances mentioned in the objections of 
letter sent to the Dutch governor, in reference to Delaware, ^iy™°^*'^ 

^, , commission- 

were done by Monsieur Kieft and his agents, before the com- ers to agree, 

bination ; they were propounded, proved, considered, and duly ^^^ ^Tw Ha^ 

witnessed against by all the commissioners jointly, the com- ven. 

missioners for Plymouth at that time concurring with the 

rest, as appeareth by these records, under their hands. "^ 

In a statement drawn up by Major-general Dennison, one statement 
of a committee appointed for the purpose, alluding to the o*'s™vances 
award of the arbitrators in 1650, it is said, " when arbitra- 
tors on both parts chosen, having heard the differences, did 
in a great part determine the same, and because some of the 
grievances did arise under the government of M. Kieft, and 
the present governor not prepared to answer, the delegates 
on both parts respited the consideration and judgment of 
them, that the present governor might acquaint the States 
and West India Company with the particulars." 

" Since which agreement, the Dutch governor hath pro- Dutch go- 
tested against a ship of New Haven, with passengers bound T"]""^, . 
for the Delaware, which also he stopped, as appears by their agreement, 
declaration ; the delegates at the meeting at Hartford, notwith- 
standing the challenges and pretences of either party to the 
lands in said bay, [did] not determine the right to either part, 
but wholly referring the same to be issued and determined by 
the two states of England and Holland, leaving both parties 
to plead and improve their just interest." 

After the return of the commissioners to New England, May 23. 
the Dutch governor addresses a long letter to the court at Long letter 
Boston ; he alludes to their assertions "that to this day they ^"^oni ^''^yve- 

•^ •^ sant to New 

have received nothing but dilatory exceptions, offensive af- England 
fronts, and unpleasing answers, as well in the South Hiver 
Bay, called Delaware, as upon the fresh river, called Connec- 
ticut, the which, by living testimony, you could never make 

1 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 231. 



commission- 
ers. 



186 



JOHN PEINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



letter, con- 
tinued, 



Death of 
John John- 
son alluded 
to. 



1653. appear ; we have always showed ourselves willing to remove 
' • ' the question either to indifferent persons here, or to our supe- 
riors in our native countries." " To charge us with the old 
GoTernor and undccided difference of parties in the like quality, de- 
fitteJ^eon*'^ fcudiug their right and jurisdiction of their superiors, if 
any English, be it in private or by consent of the governor 
and rest of New Haven, bought and paid for any lands 
within the jurisdiction of New Netherlands, and by virtue 
thereof, upon Long Island, by Captain Howe, at Stamford, 
by Mr. Feaux, in the South River, by Mr. Thomas Lamber- 
ton, and have contracted to build, this is not the question ; 
but the question is, and remains, under whose jurisdiction 
these lands on the South River, &c. are accounted, before 
they were bought, built, and inhabited by the persons afore- 
said. The commissioners of New England will say under 
their jurisdiction ; the governor of New Netherland, in 
opposition, that you are under them." He also alludes to 
" other particular complaints against John Johnson, being 
commissioner on South River, note long since dead." " Con- 
cerning the bounds of our limits, and the South River, and 
to foT-bid trade, much more, to shut it up ; any thing but by 
approbation and agreement, declared and asserted by our 
sovereign lords in Europe, we declare over and above." 
" What concerns Delaware Bay, both before and after, during 
the arbitration, we have protested before the honoured com- 
missioners that we may not admit of any habitation of peo- 
ple to be therein, being contrary to the command of our 
superiors, being conformable to the second article of their 
agreement, and could not, in that regard, leave ourselves 
without blame and blemish to our masters and superiors, if 
we should make so great a neglect and trespass upon the 
commission and instructions given ; and by the way, not 
to let slip the sitting down of the people at New Haven 
on South River, manifested to them by a former pro- 
test, and dislike, to forewarn and advertise them there- 
of, and to hold forth our innocency from all damage or 
bloodshedding which might apparently ensue thereby. And 
what further concerns the matter and narrative in relation, 
that we should put their messengers into fasthold, and take 
their commissions and instructions from them, to the intent 
aforesaid, the business being well examined and looked to, it 
will be found that the messengers were civilly used and enter- 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 137 

tamed at the house of our Captain-lieutenant of our town, 1653, 
Martin Cry gar. "-^ " " ' 

Then follows a long " register and record of passages be- 
twixt New Netherland and the English nation, upon the lands May 26. 
and jurisdictions of West India Company," from 1633. Un- Dutch 
der date of April 9, 1642, signed by Governor Stuyvesant, ^'^*^'^^'^*- 
they speak of " a protest done upon and against Robert 
Cogwell, master of the barque or catch of Mr. Lamberton, 
of New Haven, because they were about to sit down upon the 
South River, forbidding and warning him not to sit down 
within the limits of New Netherland." 

" Further, we protest and wash our hands from all losses 
and broils that may arise from thence, and clear ourselves 
before God and the world. Mr. Lamberton, although they 
had a joint participation, made use of the master of his vessel, 
to answer for him in obedience to the state, not to sit down 
unless he took the oath of fidelity, which being afterwards 
found otherwise, the English were sent out of the South River 
without molestation, either in their persons or goods." 

See this protest, page 58. 

To the communications from Governor Stuyvesant, the Junes. 
New England commissioners reply ; 

After noticing what had occurred between the governors Answerer 
and their special commissioners sent to Manhattan, related landcon^T- 
on their return home, they say, "From your messenger, Mr. sionersto 
Aug. Heerman, we have received your letter dated May 26, g°Jyyes°ant 
1653, N. S., in all which we conceive we have your whole 
mind, and such answer as in which you will rest, but we must 
profess ourselves unsatisfied therewith. To some of the former 
hostile afi"ronts and injuries, you answer nothing, as the burn- 
ing down of New Haven trading-house at Delaware ; that 
treacherous plot against Mr. Lamberton's life, &c. ; yet you 
enumerate sundry grievances of yours against Hartford, 
about hogs and other, &c. 

" You still affirm that the stopping of the vessel sent from 
New Haven, with men, to plant in Delaware, the close im- 
prisoning the messengers, and detaining their commissions, as 
expressed, to be as civil usage and entertainment ; but we still 
charge it to be an injurious afiront, to the great damage of 
our confederates of New Haven, and an ofi"ensive violation 
of the wholesome advice given by all the arbitrators at Hart- 

1 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 256—260. 
18 m2 



138 

1653. 



Aug. 4. 
No appeal 
from deci- 
sions in New 
Netherlands. 



August 11. 

Convict 
transported 
to New Swe- 
den. 



August 20. 

Grant of 
land to John 
A. Besk. 



August 20. 

Grant of 
land to Swen 
Schute. 



October 1. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

ford, in 1650." " We must still require and seek due satiS' 
faction and security."^ 

It appears that the following resolution was passed by the 
States of Holland : " Resolved, that there can be no appeal 
from the judgment given, or sentences pronounced in New 
Netherland, and that the States-General shall be advised 
thereof."^ 

Three individuals had been convicted by the supreme court 
at Abo, of each killing an elk in the island D'Auland ; two 
of them were sentenced to run the gauntlet each three times, 
but the third, Henry D'Oregrund, was ordered to be sent by 
the sheriff to the admiralty, to be immediately transported to 
New Sweden, all which was approved by her majesty.^ 

Captain John Amundson Besk, for his past faithful ser- 
vices, and promises for the future, " as long as he shall live, 
and his strength permit," is rewarded by a patent, granting 
to himself, his wife, and his and their heirs, a tract of land 
situated in New Sweden, extending to Uplands kill, together 
with all the dependencies and commodities thereto apper- 
taining, whether upon land or upon the water, of whatever 
name, without excepting what has always belonged thereto, 
which ought to belong by right, or which may be adjudged to 
appertain thereto by the laws and a legal decision, to keep 
and possess the same for ever, as his own inviolable property." 

The foregoing land is the site of the present Marcus Soohy 
formerly Maritties Hoeck.* 

Under the same date, in consideration of the good and 
important services rendered by " our faithful subject, the 
hrave and courageous Lieutenant Siven Schute, &c., a grant 
is made to him, his wife and heirs, for a tract of country in 
New Sweden, viz. Mockorhulteykyl, as far as the river, to- 
gether with the small island belonging thereto, viz. the island 
of Karinge and Kinsessing, comprehending also Passuming, 
with all the commodities, &c."^ 

Governor Printz issued a species of sea-letter in favour of 
the captain of a vessel about departing from New Sweden 
upon a trading voya.ge, which, being the only official document 
by him with which we have met, and probably never having been 

1 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. p. 268—270. 

2 Miller, MSS. in N. Y. Hist. Soc, furnished him by Wm. V. Murray, from the 
Hague, in 1799. 3 MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 373, 374. 

1 Ibid. Also on Records of Wiccacoa Church, p. 12, translated by Charles 
Springer. ^ Ibid. p. 16. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 139 

in print, we give entire. It is directed to Governor Bradford, 1653. 
of New Plymouth jurisdiction. "~"^' ' 

« A commission appointed to be recorded. — To all her ma- 
jesty of Sweden's govei-nors, captains, and subjects, of what 
rank and sort soever. 

" Forasmuch as Lawrence Cornelius, one of her majesty sea-ietter by 
of Sweden's subjects in New Sweden, is desirous, with him- fo^avMsei' 
self and company, and barque or sloop, upon this coast of about to sail 
America, to trade and traffic peaceably with such as are in °^ ^^g^^"^" 
alliance with the crown of Sweden ; this his desire I found 
to be reasonable, and have given him therefore commission 
under my hand and seal. I do therefore desire and entreat 
all commanders, governors, or persons, of what quality soever 
they may be, that are in alliance with the crown of Sweden 
aforesaid, that they will carry respectively and friendly to 
him and his compajiy, and suffer him quietly to pass and re- 
pass, and to do his business quietly without molestation ; and 
to show him all the favour and friendship they may ; and we 
do engage ourselves to do the like unto theirs, as occasion 
shall present. Signed, John Printz. ^jSeal.'] 

" Dated in New Sweden, on the Fort Christina, the 1st of 
October, 1653." 

The preceding instrument, copied from the "Plymouth 
Colony Records," is important, as disproving the assertion 
of some writers, that Governor Printz left the country in 
1652. It was probably, however, one of his latest official 
acts, as he no doubt departed between this date and the 7th 
November, as will appear presently.'- 

According to the Dutch statements, after the building of Swedes de- 
Fort Casimir, "the Swedish governor intending to depart, tlkenundei; 
and the Swedish affairs getting behindhand, on account of the Dutch 
not having received any succours for a long while, the people ^™ '^'^ ^°^' 
and Swedes that i-emained there made a request to the direc- 
tor, Stuyvesant, for the company to protect them, and take 
them under their care, representing for that purpose, they 
would comport themselves as inhabitants and subjects of the 
States." "And although many would have profited of this 
opportunity to receive them, and make themselves masters of 
those who forcibly, and against many protestations, had set- 
tled themselves there, and especially as they had received 

1 Plymouth Records, Deeds, &c , vol. ii. part i. p. 87. A MS. copy, by Samuel 
Davis, Esq., late of Plymouth, is also among the Penns. Hist. Soc. Archives. 



140 
1653. 



October 6. 

Dutch gover- 
nor declines 
to receive 
them, and 
in a letter 
asks advice 
of the West 
India Co. 



Nov. 4. 

Letter from 
directors to 
Governor 
Stuyvesant. 
Encourages 
settlement of 



among them, 
as good poli- 
tical econo- 
my. 



Two Swe- 
dish clergy- 
men arrive. 



JOHN PRINTZ, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. ' 

from them many insults, suffered damage and other injuries 
of interests; but such did not take place, as said director 
dared not, or would not accept the representation of coming 
under the protection solely to prevent trouble and disagree- 
ments which might occur in this country."^ 

This statement is measurably confirmed by a letter written 
by Director-general Stuyvesant to the directors of the "West 
India Company, October 6, 1653, in which he says, " The 
Svfedish people on the River Delaware seem to be inclined to 
come to us, and to be taken under our protection : as yet, and 
until we receive further advices from you, we have declined 
the same, because remaining ignorant if it would not be taken 
amiss, we therefore request that you will take this affair in 
consideration, and inform us by the first good opportunity as 
regards the same, &c."^ 

The directors in Amsterdam, considering the delicate rela- 
tions between the Dutch and the Swedes, say to Governor 
Stuyvesant, in a letter of this date, " You ought to conduct 
yourselves with all possible prudence towards the Swedes on 
the South River, as you complain about their chieftain, as 
well in the maintenance of the company's immunities as by 
carefully avoiding every thing which might give them offence, 
as it would be highly improper to increase, at this critical 
period, the number of our enemies. With regard to the peti- 
tion of some individuals of this nation, who are inclined to 
settle among you, if we would accept and protect them, we 
cannot see why it should not be granted, except your views 
on this were further extended than we can yet penetrate, as 
the population of the country, that bulwark of every state, 
ought to be promoted by all means, so that the settling of 
freemen ought not to be shackled, but rather encouraged by 
all honest means ; all such, therefore, who are willing to obey 
our laws and statutes, ought to be protected in their rights 
of citizenship to the utmost of our power. "^ 

During the administration of Governor Printz, two Swedish 
clergymen arrived, but the precise year is not known, viz. 
Rev. Laurence Lock, who probably succeeded Campanius, on 
Tinnicum, and also at Christina; he died in 1688 : from him 
many families descended, and were living in West Jersey, 
near the Delaware, members of Raccoon Church, in 1835. 



' Hall. Doc. vol. viii. p. 32. 

3 Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 121. 



2 Ibid. p. 84. 



PETER STUYVESx^NT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 141 

The Rev. Israel Hola-li also came over about this time, but is 1653. 
said to have returned home in a short time.-"^ ' ' ' 

The college of commerce proclaim that they have employed, 
on the part of the company of the south, " John Amundson, November. 
as a captain of the navy, who is about to embark on board j. Amuna- 
a galliot belonging to the company, for New Sweden, there ^j^^'^^y 
to take command of the seamen, &c. His duty will consist captain of 
principally in performing, with fidelity and zeal, all the duties ijj^g^^tL 
that appertain to a captain of the navy, in endeavouring to and owiga- 
procure every species of advantage to the benefit of her 
majesty and the company of the south ; and should he, by 
the grace of God, arrive in New Sweden, to superintend 
carefully the construction of vessels, in order that they be 
faithfully and diligently built," and conform in all things to 
the instructions of the governor. He is to receive such an- 
nual compensation " as his capacity of captain will entitle 
him to," "and in future he may count with certainty upon 
the favour of her majesty, and to obtain from the company 
a more elevated employment." The governor is required to 
receive him in the rank of captain in the navy."^ 

This is probably the same person to whom the foregoing 
tract of land was granted, though his family name is 
omitted. 

Governor Printz having, by letter, as well as through his Dec. 12. 
son, expressed his strong desire to return home, his govern- Permission 
ment say, " We should willingly consent to your desire, con- printz to re- 
sidering that after so long a continuance in that country, we tnmtoswe- 

Ti . . 1 ^ , . , „ . den, con- 

can readily imagme that you may have become tired 01 it ; tained it 



. m a 



but m reflecting on the good services you have heretofore ^'^^^'^'^ ^'^°^ 
11 , , 11 Swedish go- 

rendered to us and the crown, both we and the company vemment. 

would extremely regret your immediate departure, before we 
can make the best arrangements in regard to your successor, 
and for the government of the country ; we therefore per- 
ceive with pleasure, that your age, health, and happiness are 
such as will permit you to remain some time longer, until we 
shall be able to make the necessary arrangements in relation 
to the said subjects. If, however, this should be imposing 
too much upon you, and our service will be equally well per- 
formed by those whom you may leave in the country, you are 
at liberty to return home." They then hope he will leave 

1 Clay's Annals of Swedes, p. 36. Campanius, p. 109. 

2 MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 374. 



142 JOHN PAPPEGOYA, GOVERNOR AD INTERIM. 

1653. things in such a state that no damage will ensue, and refer 
'~~^' — ' to communications made on these subjects with John Rysing, 
who was, under this date, appointed commissary of the college 
of commerce, to assist him. 

As we have already seen, Printz must have taken his de- 
Must have parture before the receipt of this letter, and probably surprised 
departed be- ^^iq government by his personal presence, by the time it 
ceipt. reached this country. It is an additional proof that Printz 

did not depart in 1652, as some historians assert, and that he 
had performed his duties to the satisfaction of the government. 
On the departure of Printz, it is universally stated by his- 
john Pappe- toriaus, that the charge of the government v^^as left in the 
posT/to" hands of his son-in-law, John Pappegoya ; if so, it could only 
have acted havo bccn for the short interval prior to the arrival of John 
as governor, -^^.g-j^g^ though it has been asserted by some that he con- 
tinued about eighteen months, and then returned to Sweden, 
which we think incorrect, from some facts which we shall 
offer. Indeed, no account of his official acts, we believe, has 
reached us. 

" The press of business and other obstacles preventing the 
Dee. 12. government from regulating all those things which the im- 
Bnsinessof portanco and utility of the company of the south, and the 
tranfOT^rto intcrcsts of the government demanded, Governor Printz is 
the college notified, uutil further orders, that they have placed the 
ofcommerce. j^anagoment of these matters in the hands of the general 
college of commerce, whose orders he is required to receive 
and obey."^ 

John Rysing is, by commission of this date, nominated 

John By- commissary of the college of commerce, of which he had 

tidnttdcom- formerly been secretary; it recites, "that having directed 

missary. our vcry faithful subject, John Rysing, to make a voyage to 

His salary, -j^^^^ Sweden, in order 'there to aid, for a certain period, our 

present governor of the said country, agreeably to the orders 

and instructions which he has received from said college, and 

being willing that, in consequence of the hazards and fatigue 

he will experience during so long a voyage, his support and 

pay be there rendered certain, we command that the said John 

Rysing, in virtue of this letter-patent, and in the capacity of 

commissary of the said general college of commerce, shall 

receive annually 1200 dollars in silver, in addition to the 

special appointments which he may receive from the company 

• MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 399. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 143 

of the south, " and the college is directed to place him on 1653. 
their list of appropriations for that sura, causing it to be sent ' • ' 
to him in due time, every year." Accordingly, an order is 
drawn on the "chamber of finances," directing it to pay him 
"immediately, and without delay, 1000 rix-dollars, for his 
equipment and voyage," "particularly as our service, and 
that of the kingdom, requires that the vessel, which has 
remained for a long time at Gottenberg, ready to sail, should 
depart for New Sweden."^ 

The following are the instructions furnished to John Rysingh : Dec. 12. 

First, as to defence, they say, " as it is important to her Relating to 
majesty, for purposes as well of security as commerce, that ^^ j^g^'^'^^er 
the river of the south, where we have established a harbour, 
be fortified, protected, and defended, as far as practicable, 
the governor of said place should be careful, particularly, 
that the said river, with its harbour, its mouth, the entrance 
on the two coasts, and its course upwards, be as far as neces- 
sary and practicable, always in proper condition and at our 
disposal, as well in regard to the passage of the vessels which 
ascend the rivers, as for those which descend for the purpose 
of exporting those merchandises which the country furnishes." 

As the river is useless where the country on either side Endeavour 
does not belong to her majesty, the " governor should content i°,t^^™ies 
himself with securing the country, by extending our posses- of the coast, 
sions upon the two coasts as much as possible, agreeably to fHemrs^with 
justice and good faith, but without a breach of friendship the Dutch 
with the English and Dutch, or exposing to risk what we 
already possess." 

" He should employ similar discretion in regard to the exten- aiso the 
sion of the country itself upon the western side, so that if we 
can, with prudence and propriety, and by means of the co- 
operation of the English and Dutch, without hostility or any 
risk to what we already possess, take possession of the land, 
and by that means extend our limits, we will employ to that 
end all our energy, proceeding along the shores of the river 
as far as it may be convenient for security and commerce." 

"With respect to the fortress that the Dutch have built upon 
our coast, if he cannot induce them to abandon it, by argu- 
ments and serious remonstrances, and without resorting to 
hostilities, it is better that our subjects avoid resorting to 
hostilities, confining themselves solely to protestations, and 

1 MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 399. 



land on the 
west side. 



144 



1653. 



Induce 
Dutch to give 
up Fort Casi- 
mir , but not 
in a hostile 
manner, for 
fear of the 
English seiz- 
ing it, in 
case of rup- 
ture with 
the Dutch. 



Promote hy 
all means, 
commerce. 
Not to ex- 
act high du- 
ties, or even 
none, in cer- 
tain cases. 
Foreigners to 
pay duties, 
and must 
trade with 
the com- 
pany. These 
duties, Ac. 
to be em- 
ployed in de- 
fence of the 
country. 

Privileges 
secured to 
the purcha- 
sers of land 
from the 
savages or 
company. 



Governor 
Printz, be- 
fore leaving, 
is to furnish 
an account 
of the situa- 
tion of 
things. 
Place mili- 
tary affairs 
Tinder John 
Amundson. 
Establish a 
council, &c. 



JOHN PAPPEGOYA, GOVERNOR AD INTERIM. 

sitiFer the Dutch to occupy the said fortress, than that it 
should fall into the hands of the English, who are the more 
powerful, and of course the most dangerous in that country. 
But it is proper that a fortress be constructed lower down 
the river, towards the mouth ; employing, however, the mild- 
est measures, because hostilities will in no degree tend to 
increase the strength of the Swedes in the country, more 
particularly as by a rupture with the Dutch, the English may 
seize the opportunity to take possession of the aforesaid for- 
tress, and become, in consequence, very dangerous neighbours 
to our possessions in said country." 

They then recommend employing every means that may 
favour and facilitate commerce, as the most likely course to 
benefit the country, such as not exacting more than two per 
cent., or even allowing to enter free, merchandise arriving or 
departing, if sold to, or to be employed in trade with the 
savages, the same to be exempt from duty in Sweden, pro- 
vided it belongs to Swedish subjects, but foreigners to pay 
— rix-dollars per 100, and they not permitted to ascend with 
their vessels, or trade with the natives, but only with the 
company, whose privileges are to remain free of duty, either 
here or in Sweden. The duties and excise levied on foreigners 
or subjects, to be employed in defence of the country, and to 
the profit of the company, until further explanation. 

Purchasers of land from the company or savages, and be- 
coming subjects, are assured of being admitted into the com- 
pany, and enjoying all allodial privileges and franchises, but 
no one to enter into possession but by consent of the govern- 
ment, so that no one be deprived improperly of what he 
already possesses. 

Before the governor leaves the country, he is to render to 
Commissary Rysingh a full account of the situation of affairs, 
place all that relates to military affairs and the defence of the 
country into the hands of John Amundson, establish a coun- 
cil formed of the best instructed and most noble officers in the 
country, of which Rysingh shall be director, in such manner, 
that neither he, in his charge, nor Amundson, as governor of 
militia, in his, shall decide or approve any thing, without 
reciprocally consulting each other. The governor shall, for 
the present, give' them written directions for their guide. 
Should the governor remain in the country longer, he shall 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 145 

accept Rysingh as commissary and assistant counsellor, and in 1653. 
the council those whom he shall think most proper. ' ' ' 

In relation to those things particularly confided to Rysingh, 
the college of the chamber confer upon him the full power powers coa- 
and permission that her majesty has conceded to him, to be ^''^^f'^'i '^y 

i _ . . . college oa 

governed by the instructions and memoirs given him.-^ Kysmgh. 

Her majesty grants to John Rysingh, "his wife, and their Deo. 12. 
legitimate male heirs and their descendants, as much land in Grant of 
the West Indies and New Sweden as he shall be able to cul- '^^'ito Jo^"* 

Ky Singh. 

tivate w^ith 20 or 30 peasants, ceding to him it" and all its 
dependencies, in woods, fields, fisheries, rivers, and mill-seats, 
and all other properties upon land or water, " to enjoy, em- 
ploy, and keep the same, in the same manner, and with the 
same franchises as our nobles, and as a perpetual property," 
conformably to the conditions established by the resolution 
of Noorhoping, in 1604, and other regulations. The governor 
is ordered to follow exactly these directions, granting to Ry- 
singh so much land as he shall be able to occupy with 20 to 30 
peasants.- 

Rysingh arrived in the early part of the next year. 

Various privileges are offered by the college of commerce, December, 
for the more extensive settlement of the country. Such of Privileges of 
her majesty's subjects as sail in their own vessels to New ^^^f®'^'^'^ 

') ti o ^ ^ ^ settlement 

Sweden, have " the liberty of trading on the South River and to those who 
the interior of the country," as well with savaaies as with the ^^'^ ^^^ ^^•^•i' 

•' ' o own vessels. 

Christians and the company itself, " of ascending and de- May plant 
scending the river without paying any larger duty or tax," ^iemption 
excepting two per cent, on all merchandise, at a reasonable ftom duties, 
valuation ; if they import merchandise procured in trade on 
the river on Swedish vessels, into any port belonging to her 
majesty, they can there land and sell free of duty and 
charge ; but foreign vessels are prohibited from trading on 
the river with the savages or others, but with the company 
alone. All subjects are allowed " to establish on the lands 
of the company as many colonies as they may be able, at 
their own expense, to keep said lands, and employ them in 
plantations of tobacco, or in any useful manner, during cer- 
tain years of franchise, and under good conditions." But 
any one who has purchased from the savages particularly a 
portion of land, or has had the same from the company at a 
just price, and has thereon established cultivators, shall pos- 

> MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 399, 400. 2 Ibid. p. 398. 

19 N 



146 JOHN PAPPEGOYA, GOVERNOR AD INTERIM. 

1653. sess the same for ever, with all allodial franchises customary 
' '■^ in this country, with this exception, however, that no one 
shall establish himself in those places where the company 
have reserved certain lands for culture as aforesaid, " they 
are certified of being comprehended in the company," in re- 
lation to which " a further grant will be delivered, or that they 
shall be maintained in the liberty which has been accorded to 
them ; no one, however, demanding the possession of a tract 
of land, can obtain it except according to the orders of the 
governor, and by submission to all the just and civil laws of 
the country."^ 

1654. 
An ordinance was passed by the Swedish government in 
March 16. relation to the commerce and navigation of New Sweden, and 
Act relating for Cultivating and populating the country, which guarantees, 
and M,vigl^^ 1st, To all who " purchasc a portion of land, whether of the 
tion,andfor Company or of the natives," and recognise subjection to the 
and popuiat- Swcdisli govcmor, that they shall enjoy the land thus purchased, 
iugthecoun- g^^d their heirs, " as a perpetual possession, with every allodial 
Sweden. franchise, with the assurance either of being included in the 
company, or of preserving, otherwise, all the franchises 
hereby granted to them." 2d, All subjects who have paid a 
duty in Sweden, or the provinces under its dominion, shall 
be exempt from all duties on arriving in New Sweden, and 
the goods they bring with them shall pay only two per cent., 
and be exempt from all duties, either in Sweden or its depend- 
encies ; they shall, besides, have the privilege of trading 
with the natives themselves."^ 

Some of these provisions, it Avill be seen, appear to corre- 
spond with those of December, 1653. 

A crisis on South Kiver was now fast approaching. Ry- 
A crisis on singh, who, as we have seen, left Sweden at the close of last 
approaching. J^^r, might reasonably be expected before long, though pro- 
bably the Dutch were ignorant of his coming, and certainly 
had no reason to anticipate the events which attended his 
arrival. Printz had departed, Pappegoya was in charge of 
public affairs, and probably they had no reason to expect, in 
so short a period, a change in the administration, to be accom- 
panied with such disastrous consequences, as no extraordinary 
means of defence were provided. 

' MSS. A. P. S.. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 374. 2 Ibid. vol. v. p. 14. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 147 

A written license was granted by Governor Stone, of 1654. 
Maryland, to Thomas Adams, " with his vessel to trade or ' ' ' 
traffic with those of the Swedish nation in Delaware Bay, &c." 
"Why such a license was necessary for the purpose of trading Marciiis. 
with the Swedes settled on the Delaware, especially as no war License to 
then subsisted between the English commonwealth and the Maryland, to 
Swedish nation, as there did between the former and the trade on the 
Dutch, does not clearly appear, unless the general power to ^'^^''^*'^''- 
regulate all trade carried on by the inhabitants of the province 
with any neighbouring colony, should have been deemed to 
appertain to the prerogative powers of the lord proprietary." 
" It might have been inserted to guard against any trade or 
communication with any Swedes who might then be in sub- 
jection to, or within any Butch settlements on the Delaware."^ 

It would appear from the following letter from the West 
India Company to Governor Stuyvesant, that an application 
had been made by him for the admission of some beavers free 
of duty, that probably Governor Printz took with him as a 
private adventure, on his returning home. At this request 
they do not seem to be very well pleased, for which their 
situation, as intimated in the letter, may form some apology. 
They probably, too, recollected the trouble he had caused 
them during his administration. It manifested, however, 
good feeling, on the part of Stuyvesant, to one with whom he 
had been so often in personal conflict for years. The letter May is. 
is dated May 18, 1654. 

They say, « We could not condescend to grant the petition i-ette' *» p- 
which your honour made in a private letter of November 7, onhis appu- 
1653, in favour of the late Siveduh governor^ John Pi'intz, ^'^^^°^ ^°^ 

^ ■ 1 • • 1-1 -1 T 1 ^f r remission of 

to return him the recognition which we received on benali oi duties on 
a quantity of beavers ; chiefly so, because said Printz did not, tea"^ers, in 
as he pretended, send these beavers to Sweden by the way oi got. Printz, 
Amsterdam, but really sold them here, and gave this sum on ^""""^^^^ 

. •11 Ti 1 company, 

interest, on his account, so that the said beavers did not be- wiw accuse 
lonff, in any manner, to the croAvn of Sweden, but to him, timof pro- 

*''*'' ' ' digality. 

Printz, individually. We have indeed been somewhat sur- 
prised that your honour acted with so much apparent liberality, 
although you were informed of the situation of the company, 
and were not ignorant how difficult it is for us to effect that 
our revenues answer our expenses here and abroad : we must 

1 Bozman's Maryland, pp. 479, 4S0. Council proceedings of Maryland, 
1G36 to 1657, p. 298. 



148 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES, 



1654. 



Time of 
Printz's de- 
parture. 



May 27. 

Arrival of 
J. Kysingh, a 
new gover- 
nor. 

Pappegoya 
now pro- 
Ibably retires. 



May 31. 

Gerrit Bik- 
ker's account 
of the cir- 
cumstances 
attending 
the surren- 
der of Fort 
Casimir. 



therefore renew our recommendation, that hereafter your 
honour will not dispose so lavishly of our revenues, but rather 
excuse yourself with courtesy, when you are vexed by similar 
petitioners, so that your respect and authority remain undi- 
minished from the one side, and from the other no discontent 
or troubles may originate."^ 

From the reference here made to Governor Stuyvesant's 
private letter of November 7, 1653, we infer that it was sent 
by Governor Printz himself, and that this was about the date 
of his departure from the country. 

John Rysingh, commissary and assistant counsellor, arrives, 
as he himself informs us, " a few days before the 27th of 
May," in the government's " ship Aren, Captain Swensko, 
very much to the alarm of the Dutch." It will be seen, from 
the following extracts from several letters on record, that 
instead of complying with his instructions not to act in a hos- 
tile manner towards the Dutch fort, but to be satisfied with 
protestations and remonstrances, the first act, on his arrival, 
was to demand the surrender of that fort, which he soon 
accomplished. It does not appear, from any thing we have 
seen, that he even had had any communication with the Swe- 
dish authorities. Printz had already departed, and Pappegoya, 
his successor, was probably at Tinnicum ; his charge of the 
administration here perhaps terminated, having lasted about 
six months. 

Gerrit Bikker, commandant of Fort Casimir, in a letter to 
Governor Stuyvesant, of 8th June, communicates as follows : 
" On the last day of May, we perceived a sail; not knowing 
who she Avas, or where from, Adriaen Van Tienhooven, 
accompanied by some free persons, were sent towards her to 
investigate, who, the next day, contrary to hoping and trust- 
ing, returned here in the roads about two hours before the 
arrival of the ship, with the following news : that it was a 
Swedish ship, full of people, with a new governor, and that 
they wanted to have possession of this place and the fort, as 
they said it was lying on the Swedish government's land. 
About an hour after receiving this news, the Swedish govern- 
ment's captain, Swensko, with about 20 soldiers, came on 
shore with the ship's boat. We bade them welcome as friends, 
judging, that in case they intended to attempt any thing, 
they would at least give us notice ; but contrary to this, he 

• Albany Records, vol. i\'. p. 138. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENEIIAL. 149 

made his people likewise come in, and then demanded, at the 1654. 
point of the sword, the surrender of the river, as well as the " ' ' 
fort. This transaction was so hurried as hardly to afibrd 
delay enough for two commissioners to proceed on hoard, to Biuker's ac- 
demand of the governor his commission, and some little time thTred.""'^' 
for consultation ; but before the commissioners had got on 
board, there were two guns fired over the fort, charged with 
ball, as a signal, after which our people were immediately 
deprived of their side-arms, and likewise aim taken on them, 
ready to fire, because they did not deliver up their muskets, 
which were immediately snatched from them, and likewise 
men were immediately stationed at the pieces of ordnance at 
the points. Those who had been sent off returned, and 
brought us information that there was no desire to give one 
hour delay, that his commission was on board the vessel, and 
that we would immediately perceive the consequences of it. 
The soldiers were immediately chased out of the fort, and 
their goods taken in possession, as likewise my property, and 
I could hardly, by entreaties, bring it so far to bear, that I, 
with my wife and children, were not likewise shut out almost 
naked. All the articles which were in the fort were confis- 
cated by them, even the corn, having hardly left us as much 
as to live on, using it sparingly, &c. The governor pretends 
that her majesty has license from the States-General of the 
Netherlands, that she may possess this river provisionally."^ 

The following letter, July 27, from Stuyvesant to the com- 
pany, furnishes some additional particulars, derived probably 
from the persons mentioned in it as having arrived from the 
fort : 

" In the preceding month of May, there arrived in the May. 
Delaware, a ship from Sweden, as it is said, fitted out by the 
government of Sweden, with a considerable number of peo- 
ple, according to reports, amounting to about 300 souls, with 
a new governor ; they came before our Fort Casimir ; they 
then discharged two or three volleys with shot, after which 
from 20 to 30 armed soldiers landed from the ship. They 
were civilly received on the beach, near the gate of the fort, 
by Gerrit Bikker, our commander ; the door of the gate being 
open, they hurried through it into the fort, then some im- 
mediately went to the difl"erent points of the bastions, others 

1 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 85, 87. 
n2 



150 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOE OF THE SWEDES. 

1654. immediately disarmed tlie few remaining company's servants, 

' ' ' there being at that time but 10 or 12 soldiers, and in this 

manner made themselves masters of the place. Seven or 

eight of the company's soldiers, with Adriaen Van Tien- 

Govemor hoovon, havo arrived here ; the others, with Bikker, the com- 

stuTvesant's jjjanjjgv and most all the free persons, remained there, and 

letter to the ' i " _ ' 

company, havo taken the oath of allegiance to the new Swedish gover- 

counf of the ^^^' ^^® further circumstances of this dishonourable sur- 

Eurrender of render of the fort, and true statement of the same, the 

■ positive and unsigned letter of the above-named Bikker, in 

answer to mine, have reached me overland."^ 

Governor Risingh, on the 27th May, thus announces his 
May 27. arrival to Governor Stuy vesant : 

« I cannot refrain giving you notice, that a few days ago, 
letter from I arrived here safe in the government ship the Aren, with a 
to'eOTernor' Considerable number of people from the kingdom of Sweden, 
stuyvesant, and having, in behalf and in the name of her royal majesty in 
hta^Irrivri" Sweden, my most gracious queen, demanded the surrender of 
and demand ^hc fort built ou Sand Point, excluding the surrounding colo- 

onFortCasi- . i • i i? • -i iv i i • j. i 

^ir. nies, which are oi a civil condition, and having represented 

to the people the liberty to remain or to go, provided those 
remaining put themselves, of free will, under the obedience 
of her royal majesty, and thereafter free themselves of the 
fidelity and obedience given to us, and as this is a matter of 
greater result than they can settle among the ministers, who 
only have to go according to rule, therefore the sovereigns on 
both sides will have to compromise this matter, and mutually 
agree on the same."^ 

It will be noticed that there is some little discrepancy in 
Discrepancy the datcs of the preceding facts, in relation to the capture 
of Fort Casimir. Bikker says it occurred "on the last day 
of May." Rysingh's letter is dated 27th, and says, " he 
arrived a few days before" it, and he had at this date accom- 
plished his purpose. We have no means of reconciling them. 
Name of AcrcHus and Campanius both assert that this fort was taken 
changf^tT"^ ^J the Swedes on Trinity Sunday, and from that circum- 
Trinity. stancc they named it Trefalldigheet, or Trinity.^ 
Arrival of It is Said that with Risingh arrived also Peter Lindstroem, an 
Peter Lind- engineer, several officers, and some troops, and a clergyman, 
en!:ineer,&c. "named Peter , who remained about two years, and 

, 1 Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 89. 2 ibid. p. lOG, 107. 

3 Acrelius, p. 414. Campanius, p. 82. O'Call. vol. ii. p. 274. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 151 

then returned to Sweden. -"^ Lindstroem almost rebuilt the fort 1654. 
anew, and much stronger."^ He also, in the course of this and ' ' ' 
the next year, prepared for the government of Sweden, a large 
map, embracing both sides of the river to Trenton. The ori- Eaiiy map 
ginalwas destroyed, with the palace of Stockholm, in 1697, ^^^^^^ ''°"'^- 
but a copy previously taken still remained among the royal 
archives, in 1884, and a copy of it was then in possession of 
our American Philosophical Society, and in a reduced form ac- 
companies Campanius's work. The names of places are in 
Swedish. Being made at so early a period, it must be very 
imperfect.^ 

Acrelius says, " Rysingh assumed the title of director- Rysingh's 
general over New Sweden."^ ^''^'^" 

It appears that, for some reason, probably from threatening june 2. 
appearances of danger from the English, the director-general ^ 



-)ISCUSS10I1 



had proposed to the council the propriety of abandoning ^yt^irector- 

. i. 1. tj o jreneral and 

Fort Casimir, and of sending off a vessel then there, as the council, on 
following record appears to be a reply to the suggestion: f"'"^^,^^ . 
" Concerning the following propositions, as that of abandon- 
ing or maintaining of Fort Casimir, so with regard to the 
ship King Solomon, if it shall remain here or sail for Fulke- 
town ; for reasons more explained at large in the proposition, 
it is resolved not to abandon, for the present. Fort Casimir, 
neither to call its garrison from there to reinforce that of this 
city ; and what regards the ship King Solomon, she is to re- 
main to gratify the inhabitants."^ 

They could not, at this date, have been aware of Rysingh's 
arrival or intentions, but while they were discussing the ques- 
tion, Rysingh had made the decision for them, by actually 
taking possession of the fort. 

"Rysingh immediately offered to the English, Dutch, and June 17. 
Indians to renew their former friendship. On the 17th of Great meet- 
June, a meeting was held at Printz Hall, on Tinnicum Island, Hfifte-''^*^ 
of ten Indian sachems, or chiefs, and there a talk was made ^^^^en got. 
to them, in which it was offered, on behalf of the great queen indiln s&^ 
of Sweden, to renew the ancient league and friendship that '^^«=™^- 
subsisted between them and the Swedes, who had purchased 
of them the lands which they occupied. The Indians com- 
plained that the Swedes had brought much evil upon them, 

1 Acrelius, p. 414. Clay. Campanius, p. 109. 2 Acrel. p. 414. 

3 See Preface to Campanius, by Duponceau, p. xi. ^ Acrel. p. 414. 

Albany Records, vol. ix. p. 141. 



152 JOHN EYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1654. for many of them had died since their coming into the coun- 
"""^ ' try. Considerable presents were made and dii^tributed among 
them, on which they went out and conferred among them- 
speechof selves, and then returned, and one of their chiefs, named 
eBaehem. jq-^aman, made a speech, in which he rebuked the rest for 
having spoken evil of the Swedes, and done them an injmy, 
and told them he hoped they would do so no more, for the 
Swedes were a very good people. 'Look,' said he, pointing 
to the presents, ' and see what they have brought us, for 
which they desire our friendship.' So saying, he stroked 
himself three times down his arm, which among the Indians 
is a token of friendship ; afterwards, he thanked the Swedes 
on behalf of his people, for the presents they had received, 
and said that friendship should be observed more strictly be- 
tween them than it had been before ; that the Swedes and 
Indians had been, in Governor Printz's time, as one body and 
one heart, (striking his breast as he spoke,) and that thence- 
forward they should be as one head, in token of which he 
took hold of his head with both his hands, and made a mo- 
tion as if he were tying a strong knot, and then he made this 
comparison, that as the calabash was round without any 
crack, so they should be a compact body without any fissure : 
and that if any one should attempt to do any harm to the 
Indians, the Swedes should immediately inform them of it ; 
and on the other hand, the Indians would give immediate 
notice to the Christians of any plot against them, even if it 
were in the middle of the night." 

After being treated with wine and brandy, other Indians 

Wish the spokc to the Same effect, and advised some of the Swedes to 

settle among scttlc at Passyunk, " where there were a great number of In- 

them at dians, that they might be watched and punished if they did any 

Titles to land miscliicf. They also expressed a wish that the title to the 

confirmed, lands wliich the Swedes had purchased, should be confirmed, 

on which the copies of the agreements, (for the originals had 

been sent to Stockholm,) were read to them, word for word. 

When those who had signed the deeds heard their names, 

they appeared to rejoice, but when the names were read of 

those that were dead, they hung their heads in sorrow." 

" Then there were set upon the floor in the great hall, two 

Entertain- large kcttlcs and many other vessels filled with sappaun, 

which is a kind of hasty pudding, made of maize or Indian 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 153 

corn. The sachems sat by themselves ; the other Indians all 1654. 
fed heartily, and were satisfied." ' 

Such is Campanius's relation of this great meeting. He 
adds, "the treaty of friendship which was then made be- Fidelity iu 
tween the Swedes and the Indians has ever since been faith- <>'''^"^'"5 

the treaty. 

fully observed on both sides. "^ 

The English at New Haven again consider respecting their July 5. 
property on Delaware. The following are the proceedings of 
" a general court held at New Haven, for the jurisdiction, 
July 5, 1654. 

" A letter was now, by order of the court, sent to the Swedes a letter 
at Delaware Bay, informing them of the propriety which H°™a'^^rit. 
some in this colony have to large tracts of land on both sides ten to the 
of Delaware Bay and River, and desiring a neighbourly cor- ^XwarT 
respondence with them, both in trading and planting there, 
and an answer hereof."^ The letter is not to be found, but is 
referred to at a later period. 

Not very long after his arrival. Governor Rysingh wrote Juiyii. 
to the government the following letter, giving an account of 
various matters, public as well as private. He probably had 
written previously, furnishing a statement of things as he 
found them ; the departure of Printz ; the reign of Pappe- 
goya, whom he had succeeded, &c. &c. ; no other communi- 
cation has fallen into our hands, unfortunately, or we Avould 
probably have been enabled to clear up some things which 
have been rather involved in mystery. The following has 
been happily preserved : as we do not know of its ever having 
been in print, it is given at length. 

" Monsieur the Count — I return you my humble thanks for Letter from 
the favour your excellency has manifested towards me, in the ^Tte m'i^'*- 
advancement it has procured, and for which I will show my ter of swe- 
gratitude by my fidelity and zeal to serve you. For whatever 
relates to the actual state of the country and our colony, I Refers to a 
have made a sufficiently exact report in the journal and letter 1''®^^°'^^ ^'^^ 
which I have addressed to your excellency and the college of 
commerce. For myself, thank God, I am very contented; AstoMm- 
if there were only persons here capable of executino; what ^^^^' ^"'^ 

•^ ^ . ^ o contented. 

the establishment requires, all would go on well, for I have a Requires 
great desire to promote the success of this noble enterprise. ^^^^^*^^^^- 

' Campanius, p. 76 — 78. 

2 New Haven Records, p. 72, Book commencing « 25th May, 1653," and 
ending "January 5, 1663."' 
20 



154 
1654. 



Increase of 
ground and 
people. 
Number of 
inhabitants. 



Capt. Schute 
sick. He and 
Pappegoya 
his only 
helpers. 



Describes 
who are 
suitable per- 
sons to send. 



Asks for ad- 
vance of wa- 
ges, to enable 
his agent at 
home to pay 
debts left be- 
hind. Al- 
ludes to land 
given him. 
Describes the 
neighbour- 
hood. 



Asks the 
count to 
send him a 
wife, havinj 
great confi- 
dence in 
him. 



JOHN RTSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

I am now more free than ever, and in another element, with 
the hope, God willing, we may aid you in putting every thing 
in a good train. There is four times more ground here now 
than when we arrived, and the country is better peopled, for 
then we found only 70 persons, and now, including the Hol- 
landers and others, there are 368 persons. I hope we may 
he able to preserve them in order and in duty, and to con- 
strain them, if necessary. I will do, in this respect, all that 
depends upon me. We will also endeavour to shut up the 
river. Captain Schute, who has the commission, and does 
all that he can, fell sick day before yesterday, at Fort 
Trinity. All that has been effected was by me, him, and 
Pappegoya, and they comport themselves very well. As to 
the arrangements to be made hereafter for the government, 
it is for your excellency and the government to determine. I 
desire that no person will come here who is selfish, obstinate, 
or negligent ; for the rest, in all which the government shall 
order, I will aid as much as my forces will permit, as every 
faithful servant of her majesty, and every good patriot 
ought. I hope your excellency will favour me, as heretofore, 
to procure for me, for the future, a good advance, and as I 
left some debts to the house, I beg your excellency to do me 
the favour to cause to be paid, my wages for the past year, 
and those of this, so that Potter may receive them for the 
payment of my debts. As, at my departure, her majesty 
deigned to grant me here a portion of land for 20 to 30 pea- 
sants, with feodal title and in fee, I humbly pray your excel- 
lency to aid me in the occupation of the countr}'-, which is 
wild and without clearing, situated below Fort Trinity, ex- 
tending from the borders of a small brook, a quarter of a 
mile Swedish into the country, and then towards the river 
inclusively, to Cape Franc, also one quarter of a mile. A large 
part of the land is covered with a large marsh and thistles, 
and a small part is good land, which, by the grace of God, I 
will cultivate as soon as possible, at my own expense, as 
many others, so that I may there find a retreat, or from it 
gain something to provide more easily for fulfilling the obli- 
gations imposed upon me. This is what I most humbly 
recommend to your excellency, praying him at the same time, 
to procure for me a good wife, relying for this object upon 
your excellency, with more confidence than any other person 
in the world ; and though the English who have been here 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 155 

have made me sufficiently plain offers, I do not wisli to decide 1654. 
upon any thing till I have obtained your excellency's autho- ' • ' 
rity, and shall therefore so remain. In gratitude for the 
kindness your excellency has shown me, you will always find Juiy. 
me disposed to execute your orders, and to serve you with all 
cheerfulness and fidelity, and as far as in my power. I com- 
mend your excellency, your wife, and all your family, to the 
Divine protection. At Fort Christina, in Noav Sweden, 
July 11, 1654. Your very humble servant till death, 

" John Rysingh.^ 

" P. S. — As the above land is near Sandhoecken, and a Wants land 
little too far for me to render myself there every day, I ask ^^Xess!^'^ 
that they will grant me upon the island of Timmer, the land Recom- 
below Skillpaddekylen, the one-half, and to pay for it by my ^egoylas^ 
services. I recommend J. Pappegoya, schuten." schute. 

Azel Oxenstiern died, the excellent and faithful minister Augiist. 
of Gustavus Adolphus, and also of his daughter, Christina, Death of os 
under whose joint auspices the Swedes were conducted to, and 
for many years sustained in this country. 

Queen Christina, during this year also, at the age of 29, Christina ai>. 
abdicated the throne of Sweden in favour of her cousin, charies 
Charles Gustavus.^ Gustavus. 

This day was set apart for a general thanksgiving, on ac- August 12. 
count of peace between England and Holland, the news of tween Eng 
which reached Manhattan on the 16th July.^ land and 

"^ ^ , . Holland. 

It was not very long after the capture of Fort Casimir, or 
Trinity, by Rysingh, that an opportunity presented to Gover- Sept. 22. 
nor Stuyvesant of retaliating. A Swedish ship, called the a Swedish 
Golden Shark, commanded by Hendrick Van Elswyck, (or as to'LutiTKi 
he has been usually called by historians who have noticed ver seized at 
the fact, Daswyck,) bound to the South River, by mistake 
or ignorance of the pilot, or some other cause, put into the 
North River, and got behind Staten Island. On discovering 
his error, the captain despatched a boat to Manhattan, for a 
pilot to take him to South River. Stuyvesant thinking this 
a good opportunity to compel the return of the fort, seized 

1 MSS. A. p. S., translated from the French translation of the Swedish. 
There seems to be a diversity in the manner of spelling this name ; we have 
heretofore used that generally found in writers, hereafter we shall adopt the 
mode used above by himself; we presume- one to be the Swedish and the 
other the English method. Some historians call him John Claude Rysingh, we 
do not know on what authority. It appears he had no wife, as the grant for 
land would seem to indicate ; but this seems to be the form of those grants 
generally. 2 Gorton's Biog. Dictionary. 

3 Albany Records, vol. ix. p. ISO. O'Call. vol. ii. p. 266. 



156 
1654. 



JOHN KYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



Sept. 23. 



Letter from 
New Eng- 
land com- 
missioners to 
Gov. John 
Bysingh. 
Alludes to 
former inju- 
ries from 
Kieft and 
Printz. As- 
sert their 
rights. 



the men, as well as the vessel and master, which led to a long 
negotiation between the Dutch and Swedes, but, as will 
appear from what follows, without producing the anticipated 
result on either side. 

Mr. Eaton again calls the attention of the commissioners 
to New Haven's right to several parcels of land on both sides 
of Delaware Bay and River, and produced a copy of a letter 
written to the new Swedish governor, with his answer thereto, 
(neither of which do we find,) but the commissioners replied 
to the Swedish governor on 23d September, as follows : 

" Much honoured sir — The commissioners for the United 
Colonies of New England, being now met at Hartford, as 
their course this year falls, have been reminded of the well- 
known right some of the English of New Haven colony have 
to several large tracts of land on both sides of Delaware Bay 
and River. Mr. Eaton, one of the present commissioners, 
has showed us the copy of the letter he wrote to you by order 
of New Haven court, dated July 6, 1654, and your answer 
thereto in Lectin, dated August 1, 1654, the contents whereof 
seem strange to us all. We were many years since informed 
of their just title, and of the unjust disturbance their agents 
found in their planting and trading there, both by Monsieur 
William Kieft, the former Dutch governor, and from Monsieur 
John Printz, your predecessor ; and thereof Mr. John Win- 
throp, governor of Massachusetts colony, and president of the 
commissioners, wrote to them both, in September, 1643, and 
thereunto, a few months after, received their several answers, 
but without any satisfaction. What you wrote concerning a 
treaty or conference before Mr. Endicott, wherein New Ha- 
ven's right was silenced or suppressed, and what you affirm 
concerning the right the Swedes have to lands on both sides 
of Delaware Bay and River, from the capes, &c., is either 
your own mistake, or at least the error of them that so in- 
form you. We have perused and considered the several pur- 
chases our confederates of New Haven have there made, the 
considerations given acknowledged by the Indian proprietors 
under their hands, and confirmed by many Christian wit- 
nesses, whereby their right appeareth so clear to us, that we 
cannot but assert their just title to the said lands, and desire 
they may peaceably enjoy the same, with all the liberties 
thereunto belonging, and in their name and behalf do assure 
you they will by no means disturb you in any of your just 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 157 

rights. Thus hoping the peace and good accord in Europe, 1654. 
betwixt England and Sweden, will have a powerful influence "— ^^—^ 
upon our spirits and carriage in these parts of America, and 
desiring you will, with your first conveniency, return a full 
and clear answer to Mr. Eaton, governor of New Haven, who 
will speedily impart the contents to us. With our best re- 
spects, we rest, your loving friends and neighbours, 

" John Browne, Theophilus Eaton, 

" John Mason, Simon Bradstreet, 

" John Webster, Daniel Denison, 
" Francis Newman, Thomas Prence. 

" Hartford, 23d September, 1654."i 

The affair of the Golden Shark not being accommodated October i. 
between the governor and captain, an invitation is sent by Goy.Rysingh 
the director-general to Eysingh, to visit Manhattan, to settle ^"^^ Man- 
their matters ; he assures him of a kind reception, and hopes hattan. is 
" that it might please his honour, John Rysingh, commander- go^trLf 
in-chief, on behalf of the crown of Sweden, of the settle- ment. 
ments on the South River, at the request of. honourable Van 
Elswyck, factor of said crown, to come hither (to New Am- 
sterdam) to arrange and settle some unexpected differences, 
so this letter is intended to assure aforesaid John Rysingh 
that his honour will receive a cordial reception, with com- 
fortable lodgings, and a courteous treatment, to his full 
satisfaction, without the least embarrassments to his honour 
and suite, goods or vessels."^ 

It appears hereafter, that Rysingh did not accept of this 
friendly invitation, but probably found his "lodgings" more 
" comfortable" at Fort Casimir, at least for a season. 

Application was made by Captain Elswyck to be permitted October le. 
to sell a portion of his cargo. The following is the reply to it : Permission' 

" Whereas honourable Hendrick Van Elswyck, factor in to seii, ou 
behalf of the crown of Sweden and South River company, eoii<3itioii of 

. -ii • 1 p i'i^ deposit of 

solicited that he might be permitted to sell a few hides, ar- the fuii ra- " 
rested in and with the vessel, the Shark, for which now a i"*"' ^^'^^ ^cs- 

p . ... titution of 

favourable opportunity presents, which being considered, the Fort Casimir 
director-general and company answered, that they had had '^ ™'^°' 
no other view, neither had yet any other, than to maintain 
with their neighbours a friendly correspondence, harmony, 
and commerce, and therefore have no objection that the afore- 
said factor, to his best advantage, and the profit of his mas- 

' Hazard's Coll. vol. ii. p. 320. 2 Albany Records, vol. ix. p. 236. 





158 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1654. 



October 20. 



Eepresenta- 
tion respect- 
ing the 
Shark, by 
directors and 
council, and 
a decree to 
have her de- 
tained. An 
Inventory 
prepared. 



ters, not only dispose of the aforesaid hides as he proposed, 
but any other wares and merchandises, provided he makes a 
fair deposit of the real value with the attorney-general, as 
representing here in this point the West India Company, the 
honourable C. Van Tienhooven, till, as the representatives 
of the said company, a due restitution and becoming satis- 
faction shall have been made for the surprise and continued 
occupation of Fort Casimir, -with all the ammunition of war, 
houses, and effects belonging to said fort, when it was taken 
by his honour, John Rysingh, commanding on South River, 
in behalf of said crown, without any provocation or previous 
declaration of war, on 30th of May last, and withholden to 
this day from us and the honourable company, with all the 
goods and effects which belong to our ministers or individuals, 
in revenge of which the director-general and council could 
do nothing less than to arrest the above-mentioned vessel and 
lading, without any injury to either, till, as already men- 
tioned, a full restitution shall have been made, and satisfaction 
given for this unprovoked assault, permitting, in the mean- 
while, to said factor, the disposition of the cargo to the best 
advantage of his masters, provided he makes a faithful de- 
posit of the cargo with the plaintiff and attorney-general of 
the company. Done at the meeting of the director-general 
and council, in New Amsterdam, October 16, 1654. 

" Signed by 

" P. Stuyvesant, N. D. Sille, 

" La Montagne, C. Van Tienhooven."^ 

The following decree against the Shark is passed, the pre- 
vious offers to Rysingh and Elswyck not having been accepted, 
and an inventory of vessel and cargo taken. The circum- 
stances of the case are also related. 

" Whereas the honourable John Rysingh, now commanding 
the Swedish nation on the South River, in behalf of the 
crown of Sweden, in New Netherland, has, on the 30th May 
last, without any provocation or hostilities previously an- 
nounced, taken by surprise from us, who represent the high 
and mighty lords the States-General of New Netherland, &c., 
the Fortress Casimir, with all the houses and effects belong- 
ing to it, in reprisal whereof, we, the director-general and 
council in New Netherland, could do nothing less than to 
arrest and detain provisionally, a certain Swedish vessel, 

1 Albany Records, vol. ix. p. 241, 242. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 159 

named the Shark, being a small fliiyt of about 40 or 45 tons, 1654. 
with its lading, of which vessel has declared himself master ' • ' 
and factor, the honourable Hendrick Van Elswyck, from Lu- 
beck, factor of said crown, which vessel, as aforesaid factor Reprcsenta- 
more than once has declared to us, belonged to the South i|°„'^thr'^°° ' 
River company, in the realm of Sweden, and arrived acci- shark, con- 
dentally in the North River, in New Netherland, on the 22d 
and 23d of last month, (September,) and was then by us ar- 
rested on the 25th, which ship and cargo has been conducted 
to this city, when we, director and council, offered said factor 
that if he could effect, by the aforesaid honourable John 
Rysingh, the restitution of the Fortress Casimir, with all its 
effects, we then should be inclined to deliver from our side 
the vessel aforesaid, with its cargo, and to place them at his 
disposal, and at the same time to renew and continue our 
neighbourly friendly correspondence and commerce with him 
and the subjects of the crown of Sweden, showing to the 
aforesaid honourable Hendrick Van Elswyck that there was 
now a fair opportunity presented to both parties to attain the 
one and the other, only soliciting time to address the honour- 
able Rysingh on this subject, and offering our safeguard or 
pass to the aforesaid Rysingh, or his plenipotentiary, to come 
hither to reconcile our differences, which was cheerfully ac- 
cepted by said Elswyck, leaving in the mean time the afore- 
said vessel and cargo untouched in the possession of the afore- 
said factor or his attorney, only taking the rudder from the 
vessel, and placing two of the company's servants, with its 
ordinary crew, on said vessel, for the greater security of the 
vessel and cargo, permitting, besides, the aforesaid factor, (as 
may be seen from our act dated 15th of this month,) to dis- 
pose not only of his own goods, but of the remainder of the 
cargo, to the best advantage of his masters, only making a 
deposit of the whole real value by the plaintiffs and prosecutor, 
the honourable attorney-general, Tienhooven, till the required 
restitution of the fort and other effects of the company shall 
have been made, agreeably to law and justice. After this ap- 
peared before us, the aforesaid factor, on the 19th of this 
month, and notified that the aforesaid Rysingh did not incline 
to come hither, neither to send a plenipotentiary, nor to sur- 
render the surprised fort, wherefore the director-general and 
council have deemed it their duty, and considered it at the 
same time equitable and just, to arrest and detain the afore- 



160 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1654. 



Eepresentar 
tion and val- 
uation of the 
Shark. 



October 27. 



Protest of 
Van El3- 
wyck. 



said vessel and cargo, under the benefice of an inventory, to 
be made in presence of the aforesaid factor or his attorney, 
and two impartial witnesses, till they shall have received fur- 
ther advice and instructions of their superiors, to bring the 
durable goods not easily spoiled, to the company's magazine, 
while the perishable commodities might be disposed of by the 
factor to his satisfaction, or in case he declined to do so, to 
be sold at public vendue to the highest bidder, or to have 
these articles appraised by impartial men, as it may please 
the aforesaid factor. What now regards the vessel, it was 
deemed proper to have her, too, appraised by impartial men, 
leaving to the factor the choice to keep one, or two, or more 
men of his nation upon it, to keep a watchful eye upon it, or, 
in case of refusal, to hire two persons for this purpose, at the 
expense of the interested, till a reciprocal restitution shall 
have been made, and all the differences reconciled, or till we 
shall have received further instructions ; and further, that a 
copy of these resolutions, with one of the inventory, shall be 
delivered to the factor in propria forma. 

" Done at the meeting of the director-general and council, 
in New Amsterdam, October 20, 1654. Signed by 
"P. Stuyvesant, N. D. Sille, 
"La Montagne, C. V. Tienhooven." 

Then follows an inventory taken by persons appointed : 
" Shark — long by the stern, 62 feet. 

Wide on deck, 13 or 14. 

Two colours, 1 white and 1 coloured. 
" With all standing and running rigging. 
" Vessel valued at $1200 00 
" Other rigging, &c., 1758 13—^2958 13." 

She is called "an old and leaky flUyt." 

" Inventory, for particular reasons. Lieutenant Swen Huy- 
gens refuses to sign."^ 

Captain Elswyck, not being at all satisfied with Governor 
Stuyvesant's proceedings respecting his ship, sends the fol- 
lowing formal protest : 

" Noble lord general director of New Netherland, and the 
members of the high council. High and respected lords, it 
cannot be unknown to your honours that when I landed, 22d 
September, either through inadvertence, or by malice of my 

1 Albany Records, vol. ix. p. 244 — 246. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 161 

steersma,n, with the vessel, the Golden Shark, intrusted to my 1654. 
care by the honourable South company, and commercial col- '^ • ' 
lege of the kingdom of Sweden, in this river in New Nether-, 
land, that I despatched a few of my crew in a boat to New Protest of 
Amsterdam, as to our good friends and neighbours, to obtain '^*'^^^''" 
a steersman, who, being well paid, should conduct the vessel tinued. 
to the South River. When they arrived on shore, my two 
men, although born Swedes, were not only carried to the 
guard-house as prisoners, while I was conducted by the vice- 
commander, under an escort of eight soldiers, from the place 
where the vessel laid at anchor to the house of Sergeant 
Daniel Litschoe, but even the aforesaid vessel was, by order 
of the director-general, taken in the Raritan's kill, our 
colours taken away, and the vessel secured by a body of sol- 
diers. It is pretended, I know, that his honour, John Rysingh, 
director of the government of New Sweden, should have 
taken possession of Fort Casimir by surprise, and that there- 
fore you arrested this ship and lading, but this is a pretension 
indeed without any foundation, because the aforesaid fort 
Avas, rather by force than on any ground of right or equity, 
constructed on the soil of her royal majesty the queen of 
Sweden, my most gracious sovereign, against which usurpa- 
tion, at that time, was protested by the Swedish governor, 
John Printz, although it was executed by the orders of the 
director-general, in 1651 ; so that the aforesaid Governor 
John Rysingh took nothing from your honour, no, he reco- 
vered only what did belong to her royal majesty of Sweden, 
and never shall it be proved that his honour ever took one 
single farthing from any individual, being a subject of this 
government, but as soon as the freemen who resided there 
desired to remain there, and took the oath of allegiance, then 
every one was actually protected in all his property, yea, 
vvhat is more, no person residing there, and desiring to re- 
move to any part under your government, was ever stopped 
b}^ the governor, but every one permitted to leave the spot, 
and carry all his property with him to any place, when he 
thought proper. But how contrary is my situation, whereas, 
not only the ship and cargo of my masters, but even my own 
property, (although I sold many articles to others, who are 
ready to tender me the payment at the delivery of the goods,) 
are withholden and taken away. What man of a sound judg- 
ment, and loving justice, could find fault with us, if we did 

21 2 



162 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1654. 



Protest of 
Van Els- 
■wyck, con- 
tinued. 



Governor 
Stuyvesant's 
answer to 
the protest. 



the same in future, and trod in the same steps with regard to 
particular persons, if we arrested their goods, as the director- 
general has given us an example ? I understand that the ship 
and cargo of mj masters, by me appointed, by the director- 
general, has been in part estimated, with the declared inten- 
tion to proceed in this business in the same manner, I declare 
therefore, solemnly, that I did not deliver to you either ship 
or cargo, or how this lading may be specified, either by my- 
self, or by any person over vfhom I had any control, but 
what is done, or may yet be done, must be considered as 
performed against my will ; I cannot prevent it. It is far 
from it that I should be satisfied, in behalf of my principals, 
with the valuation ; but it is, in my opinion, certain, that the 
loss which my principals suffer by the capture of said vessel 
and cargo, for more than one reason, is ten times higher than 
the ship and whole cargo is worth. I protest, therefore, 
against this whole transaction, m optima forma, against your 
honour and the high council, for all the damages which my 
masters suffer, or may yet sufi'er by it in future, and remain 
safe with my duty towards my principals. Your honours the 
director-general and council's most obedient." 

Was signed, " Hendrick Van Elswyck, factor of the Swe- 
dish South company. Lewis Hood." 

" It may please the notary to deliver this protest, in the 
presence of two witnesses, to the director-general, and bring 
me a receipt of its acceptance." 

In the margin stood, " Done in New Amsterdam, in New 
Netherland, 1654, i^th October." 

Yet lower, "agrees with the original," and signed, " Cor- 
nel Van Ruyven, lieutenant."^ 

On the same day, the governor returned the following an- 
swer to the preceding protest : 

"In answer to the unfounded protest of the honourable 
Elswyck, factor in behalf of the Swedish South company, is, 
that although his honour pretends that he landed in this river 
through negligence and malice of his steersman only, and 
despatched some of his crew, observe, as to his good friends 
and neighbours ; we, however, have never seen any proof of 
it ; the hostile act of the honourable J. Rysingh, under pre- 
text of friendship, who arrived before our Fort Casimir, on 
South River, in New Netherland, saluted with two guns, 

1 Albany Records, vol. ix. p. 263 — 265. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 163 

landed 30 men, who met with a kind reception of our com- 1654. 
missioner and other ministers, and were welcomed by them as ' ' 
friends and neighbours, and who, discovering the weakness 
of our garrison, disarmed the few soldiers of their High Answer to 
Mightinesses the States-General and the West India Com- ^o^ynLl' 
panj, not even leaving them their swords, not as friends and 
neighbours of the crown of Sweden, but as public enemies, 
against all military rules. They took possession of Fort 
Casimir, with all the ammunition, effects, houses, raw mate- 
rials, &c., all belonging to the West India Company, and 
keep it yet till this day ; they diverted some of our ministers, 
and nearly all our freemen, who owed, by their oath and 
duty, obedience to us, representing the high and mighty 
States-General, and the director of the privileged general 
West India Company, from their allegiance, absolved them 
from their oath, and lured them to swear obedience to the 
crown of Sweden. We pass by in silence, for brevity's sake, 
the damages, affronts, injuries, anticipations, and usurpations 
of the presiding ministers of the crown of Sweden, of lands 
and rivers which we purchased, paid for, and took into our 
possession ; we omit the landing of the vessel, not through 
the usual channel, not by a course well known to the steers- 
man, but by an unknown passage behind the Staten Island, 
towards the Raritan kill ; all this does not once agree with 
the arrival of friends and neighbours, but rather betrays 
spies and enemies ; wherefore we, director-general and coun- 
cil in New Netherland, agreeably to our oath and duty to 
protect our possessions, and recover what was captured, could 
do nothing less than secure ourselves against such pretended 
friends, to prevent new losses ; but then even were neither 
the honourable protestant or Swedes treated by us as ene- 
mies and prisoners, rather they were treated by us as neigh- 
bours and friends. His honour the factor was lodged in the 
best and principal tavern, by a sergeant of militia, Daniel 
Litschoe, with the full liberty to go and walk, to converse, 
associate, and act, when, where, and with whom he might 
please, as may be proved by witnesses, and a written affidavit 
here annexed, of the under lieutenant. The passengers and 
crew, without distinction of nation, (except those who lately 
were in the service of the West India Company,) were 
permitted to keep their oath and allegiance, and either re- 
main or depart at their pleasure. The reasons why the ves- 



164 



JOHN EYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1654. 



Answer to 
the protest, 
continued. 



Govonior 
Stuyvesanfs 
reply to the 
captain's re- 
marks re- 
specting Fort 
Casimir. 



sel, the Shark, was arrested by the director-general and 
council, and remains yet detained by them, are evident from 
the act of the resolution, of which a copy, annexed to this 
document, was delivered to the. honourable factor. In the 
meanwhile, a free and friendly pass was granted to aforesaid 
factor, Elswyck, at his request, in behalf of his principal, 
the honourable Director Rysingh, or his plenipotentiary, to 
come hither, to reconcile, if possible, our several differences. 
As appears again, by the annexed document, we further con- 
sented that said factor might dispose of or sell his masters' 
effects, and offered the restitution of vessel and cargo, pro- 
vided the Fortress Casimir, which they took by surprise, is 
again restored to us, with all its effects, as may be seen by 
the document ; while, in case of refusal, we should detain the 
aforesaid vessel and cargo, with all its appurtenances, till we 
received orders to the contrary, to secure it, and have an in- 
ventory made of same, to be valued and sold, and the amount 
deposited, willing to give a receipt for.it in forma, and which 
again can be ascertained from the documents, and what 
more could have been desired from a neighbour in a similar 
case? 

" What the honourable Elswyck suggests, that the Fortress 
Casimir was rather constructed by lorce, without any right or 
title, on the soil belonging to her royal majesty, is destitute 
of all foundation, and cannot be proved, neither can it be 
undertaken in future. It is true that the governor, John 
Printz, protested against it, but he never brought any argu- 
ment or proof forward, that it was his soil, either by occupa- 
tion, purchase, or gift, and the Fort Casimir was constructed 
on Swedish territory. No, we shoAved the contrary to the 
aforesaid Governor Printz, as we again offer to do, with the 
same frankness and civility, to the protestant, and all Avho 
may be concerned in it, (here, and not at the Hague or 
Stockholm,) which would be showing a bird on a tree, and 
prove to his full conviction, by authentic writings, and yet 
living impartial Christians and nations as witnesses, that there 
is no doubt that the high and mighty States-General and the 
lords directors are the only laAvful proprietaries of all the 
lands on the South Kiver, and this partly in virtue of being 
first discoverers of this country, of having taken first posses- 
sion of it, and conquered it by the blood of our nation, Avhen 
fcieveral forts Avere constructed by us, on the east and west 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. Ig5 

shore, below, above, and in the middle of the river, partly by 1654, 
a lawful purchase and deed of a considerable tract from the '~'^^ — ' 
original proprietors of the country, included even the spot on 
which Fort Casimir was constructed, on which, however, we stayvesant's 
do not absolutely build our claims, indisputable as these are, ^fp'?' ^oii- 
on the whole South RiA^er, but chiefly that we discovered first 
that country, and took actually possession of it many years 
before any other nation, not even the Sivedes, in the year 
1638, had any settlements on this our South Miver, in New 
Netherland, as this at large was explained in the written answer 
to Governor Printz, of which the copy is here annexed, and 
which may answer again the now renewed unfounded protest, 
without the least need to extend any further explanations on 
this point ; wherefore we are confident that her royal majesty 
of Sweden was never informed by ministers faithfully and 
truly with regard to the right of their High Mightinesses, in 
virtue of the first occupation, and, what is more yet, the first 
discovery of the whole South River, and yet the property of 
the noble directors, and thus of the right and title to all the 
lands on the aforesaid river, both at the east and west, were, 
in difi"erent parts, purchased from the savages, the original 
proprietors of these lands, or obtained from them as a 
gratuitous gift ; much less, it seems, has her majesty been 
informed of the answer which we made to the protest of 
Governor Printz, wherefore, consequently, her royal majesty 
is not to be blamed, although her majesty might have issued 
her orders, and authorized his honour Rysingh to assail and 
surprise the aforesaid Fort Casimir, and even to keep it, with 
all its ammunition and effects, which otherwise we shall not 
dare to accredit as commanded by her majesty, whose wisdom 
and discretion we always have respected and admired. There- 
fore we protest not against her royal majesty's orders and 
commission, but against her ministers and ofiicers in this 
country, both who now administer her government, so with 
regard the incorrect and abusive informations, as with re- 
spect to the suffered affronts, injuries, losses, and hostile 
attendants against the high and mighty lords the States- 
General, in their and West India Company's ministry, and 
principally against the hostile attempt of his honour, John 
Rysingh, in the surprise and garrisoning of Fort Casimir, 
with all its houses, ammunition, .materials, and other effects ; 
in disarming the company's ministers even of their swords, 



166 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1654. 



Stuyresant'e 
reply, con- 
tinued. 



Not. 2. 



Meeting of 
court in re- 
lation to De- 
laware. 
Letters from 
Swedish go- 
vernor. 



What onght 
to be done. 
Tew willing 
to go. Com- 
mittee ap- 
pointed to re- 
ceive appli- 
cations. 



against all neighbourly customs and military usages, of all 
whicli affronts, injuries, and losses, which indeed could have 
been yet more pernicious and alarming to the privileged 
West India Company, as the aforesaid fort was just surprised 
in a moment when we and our nation were in great distress, 
and utterly incapable to resist, at same time, two such power- 
ful and neighbourly nations in the attack from two opposite 
quarters. Wherefore the director-general and council excul- 
pate themselves of all difficulties, calamities, and bloodshed 
which may be the unavoidable consequences of the hostile 
attempts of John Rysingh, and other ministers of the gene- 
ral commercial college, in behalf of South company of the 
kingdom of Sweden. They therefore request the notary, 
Dirck Van Schelluyne, with both his witnesses, to deliver in 
the presence of our attorney-general, Cornells Van Tien- 
hooven, this act in forma, of an answer, upon the protest 
of the honourable factor, Hendrick Van Elswyck, as our 
contra-protest, and to procure, in his behalf, and of all who 
may be interested in it, an authentic copy of it, in dehita 
forma. Done in New Amsterdam, on the 27th October, 
1654. Signed, 

"P. Stuyvesant, Nicolas De Sille, 

"La Montagnb, Cornel. Van Tienhooven.''^ 

The following extract from the original proceedings of the 
general court for New Haven, shows some further progress in 
Delaware affairs. 

"At a general court for New Haven, November 2, 1654, 
the governor acquainted the town, that understanding from 
some that they expected some information about Delaware 
Bay, whereupon he i-ead to them a letter he wrote to the 
Swedish governor by order of the general court, in July last, 
and an answer thereunto received from the Swedes governor, 
and a letter written by the commissioners in answer to that ; 
(these letters do not appear on the records ;) also, that when 
he was at Hartford, at the convention, several spoke to him 
there about their going thither, if it might be planted, and 
therefore the town may now consider Avhich way it may be 
carried on ; but after much debate about it, and scarce any 
manifesting their willingness to go at present, a committee 
was chosen, viz. Robert Seely, William Davis, Thomas Mun- 
son, and Thomas Jefferey, to whom any that are willing to 
1 Albany Records, vol. ix. pp. 266—272. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 167 

go may repair, to be taken notice of, and tliat if there be 1654. 
cause, they treat with those of New Haven who have pur- ' ' ' 
chased those lands, to know what consideration they expect 
from them."^ 

An unfortunate affair occurred between Factor Elswyck Nov. ii. 
and one Matthias, from Providence, while the former was Factor eis- 
awaiting the result of matters at Manhattan. It appears ^ckcd witii 
from the record, that Matthias " dared to make, October 28, a knife, by 
an assault on his commander, H. Van Elswyck, factor, &c., ^en, whois 
and in his own lodgings prosecute him with his drawn knife." tried, wWp- 
Owing to the interposition of spectators, the factor was ^aiished. 
saved. Not satisfied with having committed this outrage, 
Matthias "indulged in scolding said factor, saying, 'ye 
Swedes, ye villains, ye beggars,' with other abusive names, 
and cursing, when he escaped from the attorney-general, 
either through the negligence of the attorney-general or his 
officers, or by his own dexterous agility, showing them his 
back, and mocking their vigilance." Van Elswyck com- 
plained in court, " said Matthias, in 1648, was publicly pun- 
ished for a crime, and afterwards several times imprisoned ; 
he more than once broke jail ; the plaintiff asks that the 
prisoner shall be hung;" the prisoner replies, " I resign my- 
self to the director-general and council, let them do what 
they please ; I prefer to be hung before I should be so scan- 
dalized." He confessed he actually committed the crime, but 
said the factor was first transgressor, and kicked him. He 
was allowed tAventy-four hours to exculpate himself. He 
again appears in court, and says, " factor scolded him, calling 
him a rascal, thief, and bloodhound ;" " all what your honours 
do is well, I see I am to be despatched." "The factor said to 
him, at Porto Rico, « I pardon you what you did, but when I 
arrive thither I shall claim justice ;' Matthias replied, ' I 
thank you ; I too shall bring you where the sea cannot over- 
whelm you.' " He was sentenced to be taken from prison to 
the place Avhere justice is executed, rigorously beaten with 
rods, and then banished for twenty-five years." 

The West India Company, in Amsterdam, when they re- 
ceived the news of the capture of Fort Casimir, expressed 
their astonishment in a general letter to the director, which 
we have not been able to find. It is, however, referred to in 

1 New Haven Records, vol. from " 5th February, 1649," to " 1st July, 1662," 
p. 158. 2 Albany Documents, vol. ix. p. 281. 



168 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1654. another letter from tlie same source, with then- further views 
^' ' ~' upon the subject, and expressing their opinion that the direc- 
tor ought to "revenge that injury," and of the measures 
they are adopting to secure his success. 

Extract of a letter from the directors of the West India 

Company to P. Stuyvesant, dated Amsterdam, November 16. 

" Honourable, valiant, beloved, trusty — You must have 

Letter from perceived, from our general letter, how we were astonished at 

West India ^.|^g infamous surrender of the company's fort on South River, 

Company to _ . . 

Stuyvesant, and the violent and hostile usurpation of the Swedes in that 
tho'^nXrof P^^'* °^ ^^^® country. "We then did not consider it prudent to 
surrender of dcvelopo our intention more explicitly, as it ought to be kept 
Their vi™s" sccrct ; it is, however, nothing less than that your honour 
of thetrana- ouglit to oxort cvcry ncrvo to revenge that injury, not only 
Course re- "^J restoring affairs to their former situation, but by driving 
commended, ^^^g Swedes from every side of the river, as they did ivith us, 
provided that such among them as may be disposed to settle 
under, and submit to our government, may be indulged in it. 
We should, nevertheless, prefer, (and nothing must, with dis- 
cretion, be left untried to obtain this end,) if they could be 
persuaded to select other places for their residence, within 
our district, as we should be more gratified if the borders of 
this river were inhabited by Dutchmen. No means ought to 
be neglected, in case of success, which God may grant for 
its accomplishment, either by encouraging Dutch settlers, by 
bounties or other more powerful luring motives ; it is, in our 
opinion, the interest of the company and of the government, 
that the possession of that river is secured to us. 

" We have already given orders that the ship King Solo- 
rittingoiit nion, with the remaining supply of the promised succour, be 
soiomoi^ prepared for this voyage, as you will be in want of both in 
Authorize the Contemplated expedition, and we hope yet, if the frost 
seiTinto the cloos not prcveut it, that she will sail before winter sets in ; 
"srvice. j^^^ as this is uncertain, and more yet, when about in the 
spring it may arrive in New Netherland, while a long con- 
tinued winter might disappoint such an expedition, so is it, 
that we, fearing that the Swedes might, meanwhile, have re- 
ceived aid, and fortified themselves on that river, deemed it 
highly serviceable to urge you seriously, and to commend 
that your honour will engage for this expedition, one or other 
vessel, and Ave give you, in consideration if the last arrived 
ship, the Black Eagle, would not answer your purpose in 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 169 

every respect, while, in case of refusal, either from the side 1654. 
of the owners or skippers, you may at last compel them to ' ' ' 
submission, as in similar cases ; no excuses or private interests 
can be admitted, as may be proved from daily examples in Letter from 
our government. What regards the fresh supply of soldiery, c^'^pany * 
believe us, here too we are on the alert, and the proof that continued. 
we are deeply interested in it is at hand. The drum is beaten 
daily, so that we hope that we have it yet in our power to 
embark a number of soldiers in the ship the Great Christo- 
pher, with a gunner and two carpenters ; however, if, as it 
may happen, we did not succeed in this to the utmost of 
our intention, and could not obtain so many soldiers as we 
intended, then that it is our opinion, which agrees with that 
of Lieutenant Nuton, that your honour can supply this want, 
particularly if this enterprise is directly undertaken, before 
the Swedes can receive assistance. You have actually nothing 
to fear from any other enemy, being in peace with your Eng- 
lish neighbours, so that all the soldiers, with the licensed, 
who in similar cases are in duty bound to serve the company, 
can be employed ; so too, all free persons who might offer 
themselves for this service, as the citizens of New Amsterdam 
are fully competent and strong enough to secure that city, 
without any danger, if only good order and police are esta- 
blished there, which we dare and will intrust to your honour's 
prudence and carefulness. The digging tools which you re- 
quired are sent by the ship Great Christopher, with a quan- 
tity of gunpowder, so that you need not wait for the re- 
sidue, which it is our intention to send by the first oppor- 
tunity." 

"We forgot to mention that your honour ought to leave commander 
nothing untried to apprehend Gerrit Bikker, late commander ^"^rlJsted!" 
of the fort of the company, (Casimir,) on the South River, 
while we, from the documents which we have received, and 
from private information, are compelled to conclude that said 
person has acted in his office very unfaithfully, yea, treacher- 
ously ; that he thus, without any connivance, to an example 
of others, ought to be punished, as all others who have shared 
more or less in this shameful transaction, the pursuit of which 
we seriously recommend to your honour, while we look for- 
ward to the letter in which your honour shall inform us that 
this enterprise has been crowned with success. Meanwhile, 
honourable, valiant, beloved, trusty, we recommend you to 

22 p 



170 JOHN RTSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1654. God's protection, your good friends, the directors of the 
' — ' — ' West India Company, David Van Buerle, 

A ^ J AT tn -ini-A Abraham Wilmerdonk."^ 
"Amsterdam, JN ov. lb, 1d54. 

In other letters written by the West India Company, 
shortly after the preceding, they speak of the " cowardly 
surrender" by the commander, and call upon the director for 
the necessary documents, to enable them properly " to explain 
this hostile aggression and justify their title;" some papers 
before sent by the director not having been properly authen- 
ticated. 
Not. 23. " It is difficult for us to say, if we are more astonished at the 

Further audacious enterprise of the Swedes, in taking our fort on the 
surrender. '^ South Rivcr, Or at the cowardly surrender of it by our com- 
Ask for title- mandor, which is nearly insufferable. It is thus of imperious 
purchase. Bocessity, that such measures directly are adopted, by which 
further mischiefs might be avoided. We recommend your 
honour most seriously, that we may be enabled here to ex- 
plain this hostile aggression, and justify the title of the com- 
pany to this district, to send us, by the first opportunity, not 
only authentic copies of the deeds, and their acknowledgment 
of this tract of land which we purchased, on the South River, 
in the year 1650, but all such original documents and papers 
as may be serviceable to their corroboration."^ 
unauthenti- " Amoug the documcuts joined to said letter of Peter 
cated papers g^uyvesant, July 27, are certain certificates and afiidavits 
relative to the scandalous surrender of the company's fort on 
South River, which are deficient in a principal requisite, as 
they ought to have been taken under oath, and recorded, 
without which they can never have any value in a court of 
justice." They then order verified copies to be sent. Some 
soldiers go by this vessel.^ 
Nov. 26. What further proceedings succeeded the answer of the go- 

The Golden vemor to Captain Elswyck's protest, the documents do not 
sharkioaned gj^Q^ ]5^|. ^^^g followinff rocord would lead to the inference 

for the West ' o 

India trade, that the Dutch had not given up the vessel, as it is mentioned 
that " the Golden Shark is loaned by director and council to 
the associates for four or six months, for the West India 
trade." She appears to have been prepared by director- 
general and council.* 

» Albany Records, vol. iv. 157—159. 2 Ibid. p. 166. 

3 Ibid. p. 168. * Ibid. vol. ix. p. 236. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 171 

Another meeting of the general court was held, for the 1654. 
purpose of receiving a report from the committee appointed ' " ' 
on the 2d instant, whose transactions will appear from the 
following minute. 

" At a general court held for New Haven, 27th November, Nov. 27. 
1654, the committee which was appointed the last court, about Report of 
Delaware Bay, acquainted the town that they had desired '=°°="^**«^ 

.,, .,.„ , , appointed 

this meeting, that they might inform them what they had last court on 
done in that trust committed to them. They had spoken with go^J^ui-n 
sundry persons in the town, but that not answering expecta- to heip. The 
tion, they got a meeting of the brethren and neighbours, and ^J^j^trltes 
for the most part they were willing to help forward the work, and eiders 
some in person, others in estate, so the work might be carried 
on, and foundations laid, according to God, and at that meet- 
ing they desired that the governor, and one of the magis- 
trates, with one or both the elders, might by their persons 
help forward that work, whereupon they had a church meet- 
ing, and propounded their desire. The elders declared they 
were willing to further the work, and were glad it was in 
hand, but Mr. Davenport said, in reference to his health, he Mr. Daven- 
saw not his way clear to engage in it in person, nor Mr. o°'^*(!^ou^n°^^ 
Hooke, because his wife is gone for England, and he knowing of health. 
not how God will dispose of her. The governor gave no accoun°t of'^ 
positive answer, but said it was worthy of consideration. Ws wife's ab- 
They further informed that some from other plantations see Prospect of, 
a need of the work, and are willinf]!; to ena;a2;e in it, and the ^^'^ ^'^°^ 

' ^ . . other plants- 

rather if it be begun by New Haven, and foundation laid as tions. 
here, and government so carried on, thinking it will be for 
the good of them and their posterity. 

"They also declared that they had treated with the pro- Purchase of 
prietaries about the purchase of the lands, and understand ^^^^' 
that they are out about X600, but are willing to take ^£300, pendedfor 
to be paid in four years, that is, XlOO at two years, and *^®'"' 
another at three years, and the last at four years' end, which 
they accepted of, if a suitable company appeared this spring 
to plant it. 

" After these things, sundry debates passed about it, and Discussion 
divers declared themselves willing to go, if they might see ers!*^ Messrs. 
some appear as leaders to them, for settling and carrying on ^aton and 
civil aifairs there ; and in the issue it was propounded to Mr. quested to 
Samuel Eaton and Mr. Francis Newman, two magistrates in s°- '^^'^^ 
this jurisdiction, to go along with them, who, after some on it. 



172 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1654. persuasions, were willing to take the matter into consi- 
" ' ' deration. "•'■ 

About this time, extensive negotiations were progressing, 
relative to the boundaries of New Netherlands, between the 
English and the Dutch. We find the following minute and 
resolution of the States of Holland, December 4. 

" Received a letter from the Dutch ambassador, at London, 
Decembers dated Westminster, 2Tth November, with an extensive report 
Negotiations Concerning their negotiations about the limits between the 
Butlhand'' subjects of this republic and the English subjects in New 
English, on Nctherlaud. Resolved, to advise, at the assembly of the 
of mnits!'' States-General, to send a copy of the aforesaid letter to the 
presidential chamber of the West India Company, in order 
to give, with the utmost speed, their considerations and ad- 
vice, as well as full information on all the points mentioned 
in the same letter."^ 

The answers of the gentlemen to whom the proposition 
was made, at the last meeting of the court, to act as leaders 
in the contemplated expedition, may be learned from the 
following proceedings. 

"At a general court for New Haven, December 11, 1654, 
Dec. 11. the committee appointed about Delaware Bay acquainted the 
Another towu that they desired this meeting, that the town may re- 
TOurtl°tore- ceivo the answer of Mr. Eaton and Mr. Newman, in the 
ceive the matter propounded to them the last court. Mr. Eaton gave 
Eaton and auswcr, that it is necessary there be some leader in such a 
Newman. work, but for his part, this iurisdiction having an interest in 

Both willing, ,.'.,, , , . „ . , 

under cir- him, which ho must have respect to, but it it appears that 
cumstances. Qq^ q^^w him thercunto, he shall be willing. Francis New- 
man assented to what Mr. Eaton said, and declared, that if a 
meet number appear, for quantity and quality, that the work 
of Christ may go on in church and commonwealth, founda- 
tions laid, and things carried on as here, and that in conve* 
nient time this next spring, at furthest, though he has sundry 
objections in respect of himself, and private occasions, yet he 
is so far willing to further the work, as he would not, by his 
withdrawing, hinder it."^ 
Dec. 23. The following decree is passed by Charles Gustavus, in 

1 New Haven Records, p. 160, 161. 

2 Miller, MSS. before referred to. See also Brodhead's Address, p. 35, and 
O'Call. vol. ii. p. 279, and Holl. Doc. vol. vii. 

3 New Haven Records, p. 161. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 173 

relation to tobacco. Bj an ordinance of last year, it was 1654. 
judged proper " to suppress and abolish tlie privileges granted ' • ' 
to a certain company for the monopoly of that commerce," 
" in consequence of the divers complaints and inconveniences Exclusive 
which have resulted therefrom, and particularly as the tobacco, ?^'^q^*^^^^q*° 
considered in itself, is a merchandise which is necessary to bacco by 
the comfort of no one, and for which each one ought to re- A^L^ri^a^ re- 
press and restrain his unaccountable taste ; and as Ave have stored. 
just reason to stop and forbid, rather than permit and facili- sons for pe- 
tate the commerce and importation of tobacco, yet a deep- '"^"y' ^"^ 

1- o ^ • ^c ^ ■ ^ • ^ contra ven- 

rooted custom havmg so tar spread itseli, that m our kingdom tion of ordi- 
the people very generally purchase and make use of the to- '^*'^''®' 
bacco, it has appeared to us to be dangerous to suppress and 
forbid entirely the importation of the same, but we have 
rather desired to devise means by which to render the com- 
merce in it to contribute to the public good. In consequence 
of these reasons, the exclusive privilege is granted to the 
company of America, under certain conditions, hoping that 
by this means, not only New Sweden will be able to support 
itself and prosper, but also that our nation will have greater 
opportunity and facility for accustoming itself to the naviga- 
tion and commerce of America, and that it will endeavour 
to improve itself in the same." No one, under any pretext, 
shall " dare, or have the power or permission to bring in, or 
cause to be brought into the kingdom, or the Grand Duchy of 
Finland, Carelie, Kirgersmary, Gottland, Holland, and Jempst- 
land, any portion of tobacco, secretly or openly, either to sell or 
for his own use." "Any person contravening, by importing 
from the smallest quantity up to 20 pounds, for the first 
offence, shall lose all, and pay 40 marks of silver ; for the 
second, 80 marks, and for the third, double, and so on for 
every offence ; for over 20 pounds, for every pound, a fine of 
20 runsticks of silver, and confiscation of the tobacco." All 
ofiicers to prevent infractions.-^ 

Andreas Hudde, late commandant of Fort Nassau, applies ^- '^^-^^^^ 
to director-general and council to be appointed schoolmaster, asciiooi- 
It is referred to the minister and consistory.^ master. 

Governor Stuyvesant sails from Manhattan to Barbadoes, Dec. 25. 
to make some arrangements for trade.^ It afterwards appears fj^j^Jfor'*'^* 
he did not inform the company of his intention. west indies. 

> MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. v. p. 15. 

2 Albany Records, vol. ix. p. 309. Acrel. 413. 3 O'Call. vol. ii. p. 276. 

p2 



174 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1654. The Swedish government, calculating upon their continu- 
" • ' ance in power on the Delaware, made the following estimates 
of expenses for New Sweden, for the following year, 1655 : 
December. One Commandant, at 75 silver dollars per month ; one cap- 
Estimate of tain, 36 ; one lieutenant, 24 ; one ensign, 18 ; one sergeant- 
officersand jQajov 15: three gunners, 8, each of whom is to have charge 

their pay, in "^ ' . . ° ' ' *= 

New Sweden, of the magazmc m his, redoubt ;, one corporal, 9 ; one drum- 
for i6o5. j^gj.^ fjx . thirty-six soldiers, at 4 ; one provost, 9 ; one exe- 
cutioner, 6 ; three priests, 10 ; one superior commissary, who 
shall also be book-keeper, 20 ; one fiscal, who is also to be 
adjutant to the commander, 12; one barber, (surgeon?) 15; 
one engineer, who is also secretary, 12 ; one sub-commissary, 
placed at the River Hornkill, 12 ; total, 550| per month, 
6606 per annum, dollars of silver, or 4404 rix dollars.^ 

1655. 

The subject of settling on the Delaware again claimed the 
attention of the people of New Haven. 

"At a general court held at New Haven, for the jurisdic- 
tion, 30th January, 1655, a petition was presented by Thomas 
Munson and John Cooper, of New Haven, on behalf of a 
company of persons intending to remove to Delaware Bay, 
wherein they propound, that for the enlargement of the 
kingdom of Christ, the forwarding of the gospel, and the 
good of posterity therein, that they may live under the wings 
of Christ, they would afford some encouragement, to help 
forward so public a work. 

" 1. That two magistrates, Mr. Samuel Eaton, and Mr. 
Francis Newman, may have liberty from this court to go in 
person at first, and in case they see not themselves called to 
lay out so much of their estate as is like to be disbursed in 
such an undertaking, that then it would please the court, 
that out of the jurisdiction they may be honourably provided 
for, as men that are willing to lay themselves out for the 
public good. 

" 2. In case that there be an undertaking, then that they 
may at first go under the protection of this jurisdiction, and 
that in case of any afi"ront, the jurisdiction will engage to 
assist, till, by the blessing of God, they may be able of 
themselves to set up a commonwealth, according to the fun- 
damental form of government laid at New Haven. 



January 30. 

Petition of 
company in- 
tending to 
go to Dela- 
ware for aid. 



Ask for two 
magistrates 
to go with 
them. 



Ask the pro- 
tection of 
the juris- 
diction, till 
they can es- 
tablish 
themselves. 



> MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. v. p. 15. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 175 

" 3. That seeing our numbers are yet small, about or be- 1655. 
tween 50 and 60, we desire the court to consider what number ' ■ ' 
they think may be a competent number, that we may secure 
God's providence, and yet not let the work fall for want of 
too great a number. 

"4. That two great guns and poAvder, and what belongs to want guns 
them, might be granted. and powder. 

" 5. Seeing that most that have purposes to go, do only Those who 
for public respects undertake, and not for any need at pre- ^° '^f^ ^^' 

■'■■'• ' ^ »' i emption 

sent, and that they do leave their houses and lands without from taxes 
that improvement that they themselves did make, they desire '^^'^ ^^^^'^'=- 
that for some time, as the court shall think meet, they may 
be freed from rates and public charges. 

" 6. Seeing that they whose hearts God stirs up to under- Ask money 
take at first, are men, for the general, of no great estate, to^uyT'^'^ 
and some cannot go without help, we desire that a sum of smaii vessel. 
money may be raised in this jurisdiction, which may be em- 
ployed either to buy a small vessel that may attend their 
service, or otherwise, as shall be thought meet. Now that 
which occasions this last, is not only the sense of their great 
expense and charge at first, and the present need that some 
have now, but also we have heard from sundries, that gene- 
rally men are willing to help on the work, either by persons 
or estates. Thus begging pardon for our boldness, and hum- 
bly desire to submit all their consultations unto the direction 
of the God of wisdom, and so remain yours to be com- 
manded, John Cooper, Thomas Munson, 

"In behalf of the rest." 

To which the court returned : 

"That having read and considered a paper of some pro- The court 
positions presented by Thomas Munson and John Cooper, of ^34^^^°^^°*'^^ 
Kew Haven, in the name and behalf of sundry persons of 
this jurisdiction and elsewhere, appearing as undertakers for 
the first planting of Delaware, in order to the public good of 
this jurisdiction, and the enlargement and further advance- 
ment of the kingdom of Christ in these parts, do return in 
answer as followeth : 

"1. That they are willing so far to deny themselves for AUowthe 
the furtherance of that work, in order to the end propounded, ™^^'such^^' 
as to grant liberty to one or both of those magistrates men- others as 
tioned to go along with them, who, with such other fit per- '^^ ^^^ 
sons as the court shall see meet to join with them, may be 



176 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1655. empowered, for managing of all matters of civil government 
' • ' there, according to such commission as shall be given them 
by this court. 

"2. That they will either take the propriety of all the 
Will provide purchased lands into their own hands, or grant it to such as 
seuttnrfu- shall undertake the planting of it, provided that it be and 
ture goTorn- remain a part or member of this jurisdiction. And for their 
settlement cncouragement, they purpose, when God shall so enlarge the 
increases. English plantations in Delaware, as that they shall grow the 
nor may be greater part of the jurisdiction, that then due consideration 
alternately shall be taken for their ease and conveniency of both parts, 
Ten ana De- ^^ that the govcrnor may be one year in one part and the 
laware. next year in another, and the next court for making laws 
may be ordinarily but once a year, and where the governor 
resides ; and if God much increase plantations in Delaware, 
and diminish them in these parts, then possibly they may see 
cause that the governor may be constantly there, and the 
deputy governor here, but that the lesser part of the juris- 
diction be promoted and eased by the greater part, both in 
rates and otherwise, which they consider will be both accept- 
able to God, and (as appeareth by the conclusion of the 
commissioners, anno 1651) most satisfying to the rest of the 
United Colonies. 

" 3. That for the matter of charge propounded for en- 
wiii consult couragement to be given or lent, to help on their first begin- 
piantations ^^^g? ^^^7 ^^^^ propound the thing to the several particular 
about en- plantations, and promote the business for procuring some- 
ment.^*^ thing that way, and shall return their answer with all con- 
venient speed. "^ 

It appears that a Mr. John Cooper^ had been to Delaware, 
and returned to New Haven. In order to aiford him an op- 
portunity of imparting the information he possessed, as well 
as to take further necessary measures, a special meeting of 
the court was called. Of their proceedings we have the fol- 
lowing minute : 

" At a general court for New Haven, 16th of March, 1655, 

Marciiie. the town was informed that the occasion of this meeting is to 

let them understand how things are at present concerning 

Delaware, now John Cooper is returned, he finding little en- 

' New Haven Records, pp. 83 — 85. 

2 May not the above John Cooper be an ancestor of the present extensive 
Jersey family of tliat name ? 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 177 

couragement in the bay, few being willing to engage in at 1655. 
present, and therefore they may consider whether to carry it "^ ' 
on themselves, or to let it fall. Mr. Goodyear said, notwith- 
standing the discouragements from the bay, if a considerable a person re- 
company appear that will go, he will adventure his person -^^^l,^^^ 
and estate to go with them in that design, but a report of Reports dis- 
tJiree sJnps being come to the Swedes seems to make the someiyiiimg 
business more difficult. After much debate about it, it was t° go °o*- 

. -n 1 withstand- 

voted by the town, m this case, that they will be at twenty or ing. 
thirty pounds charge, that Mr. Goodyear, Sergeant Jeffery, Arrival of 
and such others as they think fit to take with them, may go ^^^'^'^ ^^®' ^ 
to Delaware, and carry the commonwealth letter, and treat Delaware. 
with the Swedes about a favourable settlement of the English Town votes 
upon their own right, and then, after harvest, if things be g^f°^°igftgj 
cleared, the company may resort thither for the planting of it."-"- to the 

This is the only account we recollect to have seen of the 
arrival of the Swedish vessels. If correct, they probably ^he aTrivS 
arrived after the vessel in which Rysingh came : it will be of tiie swe- 

11,11 1 f. •Til- • £■ dish vessels. 

recollected he speaks oi a considerable increase, m a tew 
months after his arrival. 

Several persons having expressed a willingness to proceed Aprag. 
to Delaware, another meeting of the court is held, on the 
9th of April. 

"At a general court for 'Ne^Y Haven, 9th April, 1655, the several pro- 
town was informed, that the occasion of this meeting is about to DeFaware. 
Delaware Bay ; there being several who have purposed to go, Court ex- 
but they conceive they want both number of men and estate to be under 
to carry it on : now if any be willina; to further it in person jurisdiction 

1 1 11 1 T • ■ ■. • IP of New Ha- 

or estate, they may do well to declare it, it having been first ven. 
made known to them that, though they may go free, and not 
engage to be a part of this jurisdiction, yet they, and all such 
as come after, must engage to go upon the same foundations 
of government as were at first laid at New Haven, which 
were now read unto them, and though some objections were 
made, yet, notwithstanding, the business proceeded, and divers 
declared themselves willing to further it, as appeared by a 
note in their secretary's hand. 

" And for their further encouragement, the town granted, ""'atchmen 
if any go, and leave none in their families fit to watch, their Tided for ^^°" 
wives shall not be put upon the trouble and charge to hire a *'^®''' ^^'"'' 

1 1 11-1 , . lies in their 

watchman, the persons only which are present being to carry absence. 

1 New Haven Records, p. 165. 



178 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1655. on that service. They also further agreed to lend the com- 

" — ' ' pany the two small guns which are the town's, or else one of 

them and one of the bigger, if they can procure leave of the 

Town will jurisdiction for it, with at least half a hundred of shot for 

Tt nd"^^' *^^* I'^^gS®^ g^^^j i^ ^^®J ^^^Q it, a meet proportion of musket 
powder. bullots, according to what the town has, and also a barrel of 

that powder which the town bought of Mr. Evans; and con- 
Their houses ccming their houses and lands which they leave, what of them 
be frerfrom" ^j'^^S unimprovcd shall be free from all rates, one year and a 
taxes for a half from the time they leave them, paying as now they do 
*™®' for what they improve ; then they shall have one year's time 

more, that they shall pay but one penny an acre for fenced 
After two lands and meadow, as they do at present. But if they dis- 
years and a p^gg j^q^ pf them whon that two vcars and a half term is out, 

half, must ^ ni-iT"r>i ^ . 

pay usual they must pay for their lands after the old way of rating, 
rates. ^^2. four pennies and two pennies an acre, while they keep it 

in their hands. "^ 

Stuyvesant's proceedings in the detention of the Swedish 
April 26. ship, woro approved in Holland, for in a letter of this date 
The West In- from the West India Company to the director-general, they 
approT^^of''*' ^^Jy " "^® approve of your prudence in arresting the Swedish 
the arrest of yessel, witli its cargo, wMlc we, in our last to the director. 
Shark. havo declared our mind in what manner the Swedes on the 
How the South River ought to be treated, however, we cannot omit to 
to be treated, inform you, that we, in our deliberations upon, and examina- 
Defectiveti- ^[q^ q^ ^^^q daims of the company in the South River, dis- 

tle-papers. • i • n i i 

covered that the transmitted copies of the documents were 
not only insignificant, but in places unintelligible, and prin- 
cipally the documents between the Director Stuyvesant and 
the Swedish governor, in 1650." Then referring to the call 
made by the English to see our documents, viz. letters-patent 
and deeds of the land purchased by the company, with the 
provisional contract between us at Hartford, in 1650, they 
say, "but to our great surprise, none of these documents 
have been received by us."^ 

In reference to the proposed expedition against the Swedes, 
Ship of 36 after alluding again to the instructions given to Stuyvesant, 
guns almost /^7i;io at tliis time had gone to Barbadoes, without notice to 

ready to sail ^ -n i • i f i • t \ • i 

for South the directors, till his letter from there m January,) m regard 

^^^®'^- to the treatment of them, they inform him that they " have 

hired from the burgomasters one of the largest and best ves- 

» New Haven Records, pp. 166, 167. 2 Albany Records, vol. iv.p. 177. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOE-GENERAL. 179 

sels, the Vigilance, of 36 guns, which is now preparing to 1655. 
sail in twelve or fourteen days ; as soon as she shall have ' ' 
arrived, you are commanded and authorized to undertake 
this expedition with all possible despatch and prudence, even Expeduioi* 
if the director shall not be returned from his voyage. You ^g^''^.^^"'^" 
may open this letter and act conformably ; keep secret. We 
are informed the Swedes are making immense preparations 
in Sweden to second their countrymen on the South River. "^ 

Further instructions are given by the West India Company May 26. 
to Stuyvesant, on the treatment of the Swedes, and the ex- Further in- 
pedition. " We informed you in our last general, and now strucuons 

■•^ _ •/ ... about the 

here enclosed letter, in a manner sufficiently plain and intel- swedes. 
ligible, as we presume, what our opinion and intentions were \°^l'^^^' 
with regard to the Swedes on South River; which warning or giveathem, 
order we now renew, with this further explanation, which we ^ gucws'sfuL 
have adopted after mature elucidation, that after your exploit 
shall have been successfully executed, you permit them to hold 
the land on which Fort Christina is built, with a garden to 
cultivate the tobacco, because it appears that they made this 
purchase with the previous knowledge of the company, pro- 
vided said Swedes will conduct themselves as good subjects 
of our -government and company, of which we inform you, 
that you may act accordingly, while we, before we leave this 
point, must recommend you once more, in the most serious 
manner, to make the utmost speed, after the arrival of the urse de- 
man-of-war, with this exploit, while we cannot doubt your expedition.^ 
honour has already made all the necessary preparations, as 
we had informed you of our intentions, by the Bompteka." 

They allude to instructions sent on the same subject, in a May 28. 
private letter, supposing Stuyvesant still absent.^ 

Governor Stuyvesant having returned from Barbadoes, August is. 
though probably before he could have received the foregoing Prociama- 
instructions from Amsterdam, sets himself to work, and fa^tforuie 
makes various preparations for the intended expedition against expeditioa. 
Fort Casimir, alias Trinity. The first measure that we have 
noticed was a proclamation for " a general fast, thank, and 
prayer day, on the 25th August," which says, "but which is 
the chief object on this solemn humiliation and thanksgiving, 
is to implore the only bountiful God, that it may please him 
to bless the projected expedition, only undertaken for the 
greater security, and extension, and consolidation of this pro- 

' Albany Records, vol. iv. p. ISO. 2 ibid. pp. 18(5, 191, 193. 



180 



JOHN KYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1655. 



Superinten- 
dents of ex- 
pedition. 



August 19. 

Offers to 
those wlio 
enlist or are 
wounded. 



August 19. 

Demand on 

merchant 
vessels for 
the expedi- 
tion. 



vince, and to render it prosperous and successful, to the glory 
of his name." The director and council prohibit " all usual 
exercises, as ploughing, sowing, mowing, fishing, and hunting, 
on that day, and all other amusements and plays, all tapping 
and intoxication, under penalty of arbitrary correction."^ 

The governor and Montague, being too sick to superintend 
the expedition, they appoint Vice-Director De Sille, and 
Attorney-General Tienhooven,^ to perform that duty, in con- 
nection with the captain of the " Weigh-scales," the valiant 
Frederick de Koninck. 

An invitation is given " to any individuals loving the in- 
crease, welfare, and security of this now flourishing province 
of New Netherland, inclined to serve in the projected expe- 
dition, either from principle, or at reasonable monthly wages," 
to address themselves to the director-general and council, or 
any member of council, who " make the solemn promise, that 
if any person (which God avert) come, by any oifensive or 
defensive measures, to lose a limb, or become maimed in any 
manner whatever, such a one shall receive due compen- 
sation."^ 

'<The director-general and council, assisted by the valiant 
Captain Frederick De Koninck, deeming it necessary for the 
service of the province, for various reasons, to solicit the use 
of a few merchant vessels for the service of this country, 
provided a suitable compensation shall be allowed, to under- 
take, with their aid, the proposed expedition, under God's 
blessing, agreeably with orders of the directors ; and in case 
the skippers might decline to engage in it, then it is resolved 
in council to command all such to engage in their country's 
service, with their vessels, ammunition, and crew, with their 
victuals and implements, subject to the orders of the director- 
general and council, and join this expedition, with the man- 
of-war 'Balance,' despatched from Holland for this purpose, 
and to sail to South River, and remain there so long as the 
director-general and council, or their delegates, may judge 
they may be of service to their country, for which service, a 
reasonable satisfaction shall be given to the skippers, or their 
employers, at Amsterdam, in Holland, by the directors and 
patrons of New Netherland. Signed, Peter Stuyvesant, 

"De Sille, Tienhooven."'^ 



■ Albany Records, vol. xi. pp. ?>0, 32. 
•> Albany Documents, vol. xi. p. 34, 35. 



2 Ibid. p. 28. 3 Ibid. p. 33. 



PETER STUYA^ESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 181 

Foppe Jansen is appointed, by council, " provisional com- 1655. 
missary, to superintend and take care that all ammunition ' ''^' 
and victuals required for the projected expedition, of which 
correct lists shall be delivered to him, are obtained, shipped, 
and due attention paid to them during transportation."^ 

Persons were sought for "who have a perfect knowledge August 24. 
of the bottom, depths, and shoals in and about South River, Pilots 
to make use of them as pilots. Sol, Garretson and Peter ^^°'^"' ■ 
Lourison were engaged, as thoroughly acquainted with those 
waters, at 10 shillings per day." 

Edmund Scarborough presented a petition to the director- August 24. 
general and council, " that he may depart from Manhattan, a person ap- 
with his sloop and some negroes, for Virginia," which was ciiTo*^depart 
granted, "provided he give security to the value of £5000 wUhasioop 
sterling, that he will neither directly nor indirectly run into ^^^ vu^mia. 
the South Bay nor river, and that his men do promise, upon Gives bond 

, - , . . , , . not to enter 

oath, not to do the same, nor to give any intelligence to any go^th River, 
person, on sea or shore." A person of this name was sui*- and keep se- 
veyor of Virginia, at or about this time.^ 

Director-general and council, "considering the feebleness August 25. 
of the college when the director-general and honourable De Persons ap- 
Sille shall be gone to South River, as they, under God's p°;^t^'J ^o 

*=' ' >/ ' act m ab- 

guidance, are resolved," other persons are appointed to act. senceof oi- 

reetor-gene- 



The director-general takes with him 1500 gyllens of black 



ral. 



and white seawan, on the expedition to South River, to be Director 
used for the service of the company, either to pay soldiers' f^ threxpe^ 
expenses or victuals, or for presents to the natives.^ dition. 

The day before set apart throughout the province for fast, Fast day. 
thanksgiving, and prayer, for the expedition. 

The skipper of ship Love is commanded to engage with August 29. 
his ship, for the expedition, on " our assurance of remunera- vessels 
tion, and to be ready with his crew, ammunition, and victuals, [;^etgrXe*' 
besides all such implements and materials for embarkation, as ^ith ammu- 
may be sent on or before Thursday next." "^'°°' 

Several skippers, it appears, declined acceding to the com- skippers de- 
mands of the director-general and company, who thereupon council use 
assume a more persuasive mode, and say, "if the aforesaid muderian- 
skippers or merchant vessels accommodate them each with ^"''°^' 

1 Albany Documents, vol. xi. pp. 34, 35. 

2 MSS. A. P. S., in Reg. Pemis. vol. iv. p. 96. Albany Records. McSherry's 
Maryland. 

3 Albany Records, vol. x. pp. 88, 91, 92, 94; vol. xi. p. 35, 39, 64. 



182 
1655. 



May take in 
cargoes, but 
must remain 
at anchor 
till the suc- 
cess of the 
expedition is 
known. 



August 29. 

Further de- 
mands for 
Tessels, pro- 
Tisions, &c. 



August 30. 

Last warn- 
ing. 



Three yachts 



August 31. 

A French 
privateer en- 



Damages to 
be paid. 



Sept. 5. 

Sailing of 
the expedi- 
tion. 



JOHN EYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

two men, besides witli the surplus of their victuals and am- 
munition, on all which it is resolved to indemnify the skip- 
pers, and at the same time they are permitted to take in their 
lading, provided they remain at anchor till the success of the 
expedition shall be known, or if ready before, to fetch their 
permit and despatches from South River, while the director- 
general and council deem it of the highest importance to 
inform the mayors in Finland, as soon as possible, of the 
success of the expedition." 

"Van Tienhooven and Frederick De Koninck, captain of 
the man-of-war <The Balance,' are by warrant authorized and 
commanded to go On board the ships ' Bear,' ' Spotted Cow,' 
and 'New Amsterdam,' and first solicit the said skippers, and 
on refusal to command them, and require from each ship two 
men, 200 pounds stockfish, two or three firkins of barley, one 
ton of beef, one ton of pork, with 300 pounds of bread, and 
as much powder as they can spare, without inconvenience, 
delivering to the skippers a receipt."^ 

A formal notice is served upon each of the skippers of the 
vessels New Amsterdam, Spotted Cow, and Bear. " The 
skipper of the ship is warned, for the last time, to send with- 
out any further delay, two expert sailors on board the man- 
of-war the Balance."^ 

Three yachts are also employed for the expedition, at six 
guilders a day, provided they, the skippers, procure two men 
and one boy at their own expense."^ 

The director-general and council " have deemed it neces- 
sary, to insure the success of the proposed expedition, to 
engage, besides the vessels and yachts in actual service, the 
French lorivateer lately arrived here, and named L'Espe- 
rance." In case the galliot receives damage. Captain Jean 
Flamand is to receive reasonable compensation, agreeably to 
decision of impartial and expert men."* 

All these, and probably other preparations being com- 
pleted, the vessels take their departure for the South Biver, 
where, after a very short passage, they arrive in safety. The 
fleet consisted of seven vessels, having on board from six to 
seven hundred men. The director-general was accompanied 
by the honourable Mr. De Sille, and the Rev. Mr. Megapo- 
lensis, as chaplain, a force certainly amply sufficient to com- 



1 Albany Documents, vol. xi. pp. 36 — 38. 

2 Albany Records, vol. xii. pp. 41, 42. 



Ibid. 



4 Ibid. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. Ig3 

pel the small number of Swedes on the Delaware to any 1655. 
measures they might see proper to propose. ' • ' 

Although the preparations at Manhattan seem to have been 
conducted with no special secrecy, except so far as to prevent 
persons departing who could communicate information im- 
mediately to the Swedes, they appear not to have been fully 
apprized of the facts ; yet it is asserted that they had a hint 
of what was in progress, through some of the savages ; but 
whether they placed confidence in their reports or not, no 
special means of defence were apparently adopted by them. 

The first point on the Delaware where we hear of the fleet, 
was Fort Elsingborg, which was in ruins. Here they made 
arrangements for the grand attack on Fort Casimir. Fortu- 
nately, we have a full report of the proceedings of the Dutch, 
in the following letter from Stuyvesant himself, dated at 
Fort Casimir, after the surrender. 

Letter from Stuyvesant to the council at Foi-t Amsterdam : Sept. 12. 

" Honourable, prudent, and discreet — On Sunday, justly stuyvesant'g 
eight days from this day, after the sermon, was our departure, coundf a&^ 
The next day, about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, we arrived in ter the sur- 
the bay of the South River ; a profound calm, with an incon- ^ortc Jumr. 
venient tide, prevented our coming up till the following day, 
when we cast anchor before the Swedish Fo7^t Elsingborg ; 
there we took a review of our small force, and divided it 
regularly into five sections, each under its own colours. On 
Friday morning, wind and tide being propitious, we lifted 
anchor, passed Fort Casimir about 8 or 9 o'clock, without any 
act of hostility from either side, cast our anchor about the 
distance of a small goteling's shot above the aforesaid for- 
tress, went directly on shore with our force, despatched Cap- . 
tain-Lieutenant Smith with a drummer, towards the fort, to 
claim the direct restitution of our own property. The com- 
mander solicited time for consideration, and till he should 
have communicated the event to Governor Rysingh, which 
was rejected; meanwhile were all the passes leading from 
the fortress to that of Christina, occupied by fifty of our 
soldiers, while the commander, Schute, was a second time 
solicited and warned, under the favour of our cannon, that 
he would not wait an attack of our troops, to avoid bloodshed, 
with other more serious calamities. The commander, in an- 
swer, solicited an interview with us for a negotiation, which 
being acceded to, he did meet us in the valley, about the 



184 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1655. middle, between the fort and our newly-constructed battery; 
" ■ ' and instantly was his request that he might be permitted to 
despatch an open letter, after it was shown to us, to the go- 
stuyvesant's Ycmor, which proposal was seriously rejected. He left us 
tinueV°'^' *^^^"' dissatisfied, on which our troops approached the valley 
in sight of the fort. When, in the meanwhile, Q7d' breastworks 
were raised about a man's height, the surrender of the fort 
was demanded for the third and last time, on which was 
humbly supplicated a further delay, till early the next morn- 
ing, which was granted, because we could not be ready with 
our battery that evening or following night, to approach yet 
nearer the fort, under the favour of our nms. The next 
morning the commander appeared, and e^i^^^^ed with us into 
a capitulation, on the following conditions : about morn, our 
troops, with flying colours, marched into the fort, and this 
day a sermon was delivered, with our imperfect thanksgivings, 
as :'^g,d's han.j.^ .'iid blessing was so remarkably visible with 
us, ^t well iu the weather and prosperous success, as in the 
disc: tagement of our enemies ; wherefore we request and 
comnjt^d, that the allwise and good God shall not only, on 
the ■■. ?'%[ days of worship, but on a solemn day, to be ap- 
poin \ %y your honours, be openly thanked and praised, 
and ' , , fther ardently addressed with prayers, that it may 
please his Divine Majesty to favour us with his further aid 
and blessings. 

"Yesterday, about noon, when the fortress surrendered, 
arrived the factor, Elswyck, from Fort Christina, and asked, 
in the name of the commander, in a courteous manner, the 
reasons and intention of our arrival, with the orders of our 
principals. The answer was, ' to recover and preserve what 
belonged to them.' He then requested that we might remain 
satisfied with what has been efi"ected, without advancing more 
forward towards the Swedish fortress, with persuasive elo- 
quence and courteously artful arguments, at last interlarded 
with threats, hodie mihi, eras tibi, which were answered as the 
tone and the case required. Our small force is meanwhile 
preparing to march hither to-morrow, or the day after to- 
morrow. We are induced to move slowly on for our own 
salvation, partly to try our men, partly to send your honours 
an early communication, with regard to the first and last 
orders of our lords the mayors, in their last letters relating 
to that point, expecting your advice and opinion on these 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 185 

letters witli the present messenger, who is to return without 1655. 
delay ; and to enable your honours to do this with greater ' '~^ 
effect, 1 send you a copy of their private letter, addressed to 
me personally, which letter your honours will be so good [to 
return ?] with their general letter on this subject, and com- 
municate us the> advice. 

" I will, meanwhile, consult on the best measures, with the 
honourable De Sille and Captain Koninck, and adopt them 
accordingly, with which concluding, I recommend you to 
God's protection, and remain, meanwhile, honourable, pru- 
dent, discreet, your affectionate friend, P. Stu YVES ant. 

" In Fort Casin 12th September, 1655. 

" About thirty '. ddes have submitted to us, and solicited 
to be permitted to go to the Manhattans, whom you may ex- 
pect by the first opportunity, and whom ye will treat with 
civility. We hope these will soon be followed bv thers.,'-^-^ 

The following are the articles of capitulatio.. d"- Fort' ,5 i- Sept. n. 
mir, or Trinity : V 

"Capitulation or conditions on which Fort Casimir, T 'Its Articles of 
commissary, Swen Schute, was surrendered to the hono' Vble "^p'*^'^*'*"^. 

J T ^ -u oi Fort Casi- 

director-general, Peter Stuyvesant. - mir. 

"1. The commander shall, whenever it may pier JJiTi, Swedes may 
or when he obtains an opportunity, by the arrival "the th^rguas 
croon., or by any other private vessels, be permitted to trans- &c. 
sport from the Fortress Casimir, all the artillery belonging 
to the crown, either large or small guns, as they were desig- 
nated by the commissioner, 4 iron guns of 14 lb. balls, and 5 
pieces, viz. 4 small and 1 large one. 

" 2. Twelve men, with their full arms and accoutrements, Twelve mem 
shall be permitted to march from the fort with the commis- ^i^httiT*^ 
sioner, as his life-guard, the remainder only with their side- commission- 
arms, provided that the guns and muskets belonging to the fort, as a ufe- 
crown shall remain at its disposal, or that of the commis- g"ard;tiie 
sioner, to transport them from the fortress whenever the com- side-arms, 
mander may have an opportunity of bringing it to its execution. 

" 3. To the commander shall be delivered in safety, all his Private ef- 
personal property and furniture, which he may either carry clrsg°iven' 
with him, or send for, when it shall please him, and so too, up to them, 
all the goods of all the other officers, provided that the com- surrenders 
mander remains oblio-ed to surrender, this day, the Fortress ^^"^ ^"''^ ^^^ 

r\ ' • IT 1 • 1 11 • . . the company 

Lasimir to the director-general, with all its guns, ammunition, property. 

1 Albany Records, vol. xiii. p. 348, 
24 42 



186 



JOHN KYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1655. 



September. 



Offers to 
those who 
are willing 
to remain 
under the 
Dutch. 



Oath to be 
taken by 
Swedes who 
remain. 



Form of the 
oath suu- 
Bcribed by 20 
Swedes. 



and implements of war, and other effects belonging to the 
general privileged West India Company. Done, concluded, 
and signed by the combatants, on the 11th September, A. D. 
1655, in the man-of-war the Weigh-scales, [or Balance,] at 
anchor in the neighbourhood of Fort Casimir. 

"P. Stuyvesant, Swen Schute."^ 

The following offers were made, after the surrender of Fort 
Casimir, &c. by Stuy vesant, to the Swedes who chose to remain : 

" All persons inclined voluntarily to take the oath of alle- 
giance to honourable Peter Stuyvesant, director-general, &c., 
and to be faithful to their oath, are permitted to remain as 
freemen on South River, and to provide there for their main- 
tenance, as good and free inhabitants ; whereas they who 
might have any conscientious scruples forbearing them to 
t&ke this oath, are permitted to leave this province of New 
Netherland, having previously disposed of their goods to their 
bes.g, Advantage, and shall, when willing to leave this country, 
be it "s^ommodated with a free passage." 

"i)a^A. — I, undersigned, promise and swear, in presence 
of the omniscient and almighty God, that I will be true and 
faithC'dl to their high and mighty lords and patrons of this 
New Netherland province, with the director-general and 
council already appointed, or who may be appointed in fu- 
ture, and will remain faithful, without any act of hostility, 
sedition, or intention, either by word or deed, against their 
high sovereignty, but that I will conduct myself as an obe- 
dient and faithful subject, as long as I continue to reside on 
this South River in New Netherland. So help me God Al- 
mighty. Signed, 

" Jan Hoffel, Harmen Jans, 

<« Claes Peterson, Johan Anies, 

" Constantinus GRUMBERan, Olgff Transen, 



" Abraham Jansen, 

" Barent Jansen, 
<■<■ Martin Martens, 
" Samuel Peterse, 
" William Morris, 
« Claes Tomassen, 
" Molens Andriessen, 



Lambert Michielson, 
Simon Hidden, 
Jan Echost, 
Thomas Bruyn, 
Andress Jansen, 
Jan Jansen, 
Matheys Elkisse."^ 



In all twenty, of whom only seven wrote their names. 

1 Albany Records, vol. xiii. pp. 349, 350. Holl. Doc. voL viii. pp. lOS, 109. 

2 Albany Records, vol. xiii. p. 361. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. lg-7 

The surrender of Fort Tinnity being thus readily accom- 1655. 
plished, and with so little noise that the event was unknown ' ^~~' 
at Christina till next day, Stuyvesant directed his attention 
next to the conquest of that fort also, which being imme- 
diately in command of Rysingh himself, did not submit so 
readily, but the opposition was made rather through negotia- 
tions than fighting. Stuyvesant having been directed, in 
case of success, to restore it to the Swedes, may have felt 
less disposed to exert his power than to accomplish his object 
by milder means. The strength of Christina, too, had been re- 
duced by sending off men to Trinity, who were captured. One 
great gun was, notwithstanding, fired at the Dutch, which drove 
them into the woods. After, however, doing all they could 
in the way of defence and negotiation, the fort was surren- 
dered to the Dutch on the 25th, after a siege of fourteen 
days, when articles of capitulation were signed, as follows : 

" Capitulation between the valiant and honourable John Sept. 25. 
Rysingh, governor in New Sweden, and the valiant and hon- Articles of 
ourable Peter Stuyvesant, director-general in New Nether- "^p'ti^at^o'i 
land, from the other side. Christina. 

" 1. All guns, ammunition, implements, victuals, and other Grown pro- 
eifects belonging to the crown of Sweden and South Com- [on/to*thr 
pany, which are now in the fort or its vicinity, shall remain Sweaes. 
in full property to the crown and company, while it shall 
depend upon the governor either to take all these with him, 
or deliver them to the director-general, P. Stuyvesant, on 
condition that all, when demanded, shall be returned without 
any delay whatever. 

" 2. Governor J. Rysingh, with all field-officers and subal- Governor 
tern officers, ministers and soldiers, shall march out of the ™''°®°®^3 

' _ ' to march out 

fort with beating of drums, fifes, and flying colours, firing ^rith drums, 
matches, balls in their mouths, with their hand and side-arms, TLjne° ^i^ 
first, to Timmer-isle, (Building or Timber Island,) where they tiiithe«Ba- 
all, at their arrival from the fort, shall be lodged in the ready to 
houses, with security, till the departure of the director- take them to 
general with the man-of-war, the Weigh-scales, which shall Rysingh and 
convey, at longest within fourteen days, the governor with ^iswyck 
his people and goods, so far as the Sand Point, about five in fort to ar- 
miles from Manhattans, in full security. Meanwhile, it is range their 

private sS- 

permitted to Governor Rysingh, and his factor, Elswyck, fairs. 
with four or five servants, to remain so long in their houses 
in the fort, till they may arrange their private affairs. 



188 JOHN EYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. • 

1655. " 3. All papers, letters, documents, and acts belonging to 
' • — ' the crown of Sweden, the South Company, or private indi- 
viduals, discovered and obtained in Fort Christina, shall be 
delivered, unopened and unsearched, to the late governor, to 
be distributed at his discretion. 

" 4. No person belonging to the crown of Sweden, or the 
All persons South Companj, officers, soldiers, ministers, or freemen, shall 
dr^t^if ^° ^® compelled to stay, but permitted to accompany the gover- 
they choose, nor whcrevcr they may deem proper. 

" 5. All the high and low ministers of Sweden, or of South 
Personal Company, ministers, officers, soldiers, and freemen, shall be 
givenup. maintained in the undisturbed possession of their individual 
property. 

" 6. If any servant or freeman desires to leave this coun- 
Personsnot try, and now could not be ready to depart with the governor 
par/aiiowtd ^^^ ^^^ pooplo, all such shall be permitted to dispose of their 
time to set- peal and personal property, during the period of one year 
fairs. and six weeks, provided they take the oath of loyalty for the 

^ time they intend to remain in this river. 

" 7. If there were any Swedes or Finns who do not wish 
Persons to depart, then it shall remain free to Governor Rysingh to 
stay,Tftei° admonish them, and if they, upon such admonition, are in- 
being admo- clined to follow him, then all such shall not be prevented by 
Kysinghf the director-general from -doing so, while they who volun- 
may do so, tarily are resolved to remain, and desire to search for their 
their reii- sustcnanco in this country, shall enjoy the liberty of the 
gion and Augsburg Confcssiou, with a minister to instruct them in this 

mimsters. , . " 

doctrine. 

" 8. The governor, John Rysingh, the factor, Eiswyck, 

Kysinghand with all the Other high and low officers, soldiers, and free- 

men shaube ^leu, who now wish to depart with their personal property, 

provided shall obtain from the director-general a convenient vessel, 

totake^them which at Sand Point shall take them in, and transport them 

to Sweden, further to the Texel, and from there further with a Boeder 

galliot or other good ship, to Gottenburg, free from expense, 

provided that such ship or galliot shall not be molested or 

. detained at Gottenburg, for which the aforesaid governor 

remains responsible. 

" 9. If Governor Rysingh, Factor Eiswyck, or any minis- 
Not to he ters of the aforesaid crown or South Company have contracted 
rSfordebl ^^J ^sbts, they shall not be subject to arrest within the go- 
vernment of the aforesaid general. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. Igg 

" 10. Governor Rysingh is permitted to inquire, unmo- 1655. 
lested, how the late commander, Schute, officers, and other ' ■ ' 
soldiers, have conducted themselves in the surrender of the 
fortress at Sand Point. 

"11. Provided the governor engages to march out of the rorttobe 
Fortress Clmstina on this day, being the 25th of this month, ^ly!^ "^ 
September, with all his men, and to surrender it to the 
director-general. Done and signed on 25th September afore- 
said, A. D. 1655, on the paved place between Fort Christina 
and encampment of the director-general. 

" Peter Stuyvesant. 
" John Rysingh, Director of the country, New Sweden." 

" It is further agreed by capitulation, that the skipper with special 
whom the governor, Rysingh, and factor, Elswyck, shall de- ^fndTRy- 
part, shall be expressly commanded to land Rysingh and smghand 

£., ' , . , . ^ _, / ^ ^ ^ , , 1? Elswyck ia 

Elswyck, either m England or h ranee, and that the director- England or 
general shall advance in cash to said John Rysingh, or by a ^'■=^'^<='5' ^^^^ 

°. J ^n :! ./ advance him 

bill of exchange, the sum of ,£300 Flanders, which sum the money, Ey- 
aforesaid Governor John Rysingh accepts to pay in cash, or smghpro- 

., . mising to 

hj a bill of exchange, at Amsterdam, to the director-general pay m Am- 
or his order, within six months after reception of said money, ■'^'^''''^'^^™' . 

^ _ _ ^ _ ^ " ■' leaving ins 

giving the meanwhile, in security for this money, an equiva- effects a^ se- 
lent out of effects belonging to the crown or South Company, °""*^' 
to director-general, upon a receipt to be left here, with a copy 
for the party, both signed by the contracting parties on 25th 
September, 1655, on the paved place between Fort Christina 
and the encampment of Director Peter Stuyvesant. 

"Peter Stuyvesant, 
"John Rysingh."^ 

In a postscript of the 24th, Stuyvesant says he sends the capitulation 
directors the "capitulations concluded with Fortress Christina, c^fj^t^n^ 
to be signed to-morrow," referring to the messenger for par- noticed. 
ticulars ; hopes soon to be with them ; recommends his afi'ec- 
tionate wife, children and subjects to God, and anticipates a 
" splendid" meeting, &c.^ 

We have the Swedish account of the whole affair at both Swedish ao- 
forts, in the following report of Governor Rysingh himself, ^aTurror'^ 
in which he censures the valiant Swen Schute for so readily Forts chris- 
delivering up Fort Trinity. The Dutch account of the latter casimir. 
affair we do not find. There is a difference of dates between 
the two accounts respecting Fort Casimir, otherwise, as far 

' Albany Records, vol, xiii, pp. 355 — 359. 2 i^ij. p_ 351, 



190 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVEENOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1655. as they relate to the same matters, they agree tolerably 
' ^""^ well. 

" Report concernmg the hostile and treacherous invasion 
Governor of the Swedish colony in New Sweden, by the Dutch, under 
officiafre- *^® Command of P. Stuyvesant, governor of the New Nether- 
port, lands, wherefore the faithful subjects of his royal majesty of 
Sweden, who have endured such violence, do most humbly 
betake themselves to his royal majesty's most gracious shelter 
and protection, to the intent that they may be sustained and 
indemnified for the wrongs and injuries which they have 
suffered. 

"In the year 1655, on the 30th day of August, the Dutch 
from the North River, where Manhattan or New Amsterdam 
is situated, with seven ships or vessels, under command of the 
said P. Stuyvesant, having on board 600 or 700 men, arrived 
in the South River, where New Sweden lieth, and anchored 
before the fortress of Elsingborg, which was then dismantled 
and ruinous ; the next day they passed Fort Casimir, and 
bringing to a little above, they landed, and immediately sum- 
moned Swen Schute, who was in command, to surrender the 
fort, enforcing their summons both with menaces and per- 
suasion, and proceeded to throw up some works. Some time 
before this, having learned from the savages that the Dutch 
were about to assail us, we had caused Fort Casimir to be 
supplied with men and munitions to the best of our ability, 
and had drawn up a resolution in writing to defend the fort 
in case the Dutch should attack it, ordering Captain Schute, 
the commandant, to send on board their ships, when they 
approached, and demand of them whether they came as 
friends, and in any case to warn them not to run by the fort, 
upon pain of being fired upon, (which in such case they could 
not reckon an act of hostility.) But if they were minded to 
treat with us as friends, concerning our territory and boun- 
daries, he should compliment them with a Swedish national 
salute, and assure them that we were well disposed to a fast 
friendship. Nevertheless, Captain Swen Schute not only 
suffered the Dutch ships to pass the fort without remonstrance 
or firing a gun, Avhereby they gained the command both of 
the fort and of the whole river, and cut off the communica- 
tion between the forts, by posting troops between them, as 
high up as Christina Creek, but surrendered the fort to Stuy- 
vesant by a dishonourable capitulation, in which he forgot to 



\L. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 191 

stipulate a place to wliich he, with his people and effects, 1655. 
might retire ; he also subscribed the capitulation, not in the ' ' ' 
fort or in any indifferent place, but on board a Dutch ship. 
So Stuyvesant detained the garrison, and transported most Governor 
of them to IManhattans, whereby we were greatly reduced in l^^^j^f^^! 
strength and endangered, and not even knowing as yet that port, con- 
Fort Casimir had so suddenly fallen into the enemy's hands, *''^"'^'^- 
we had sent thither, in the mean time, nine or ten of our best 
men to strengthen the garrison. This detachment, when they 
had crossed Christina Creek, betimes in the morning, found 
the Dutch posted there, who immediately attacked them, fifty 
or sixty men strong, and summoned them to surrender, but 
they put themselves in posture of defence, and after a skir- 
mish with the Dutch, were all taken prisoners, except two, 
who retreated to the boat, and were several times fired upon 
by the enemy, but without being slain or wounded. Upon 
this we fired upon the Dutch from the sconce, with a great 
gun, whereupon they retired into the woods, and afterwards 
treated harshly and cruelly such of our people as fell into 
their hands. 

" The same day, the factor Elswyck was sent down from 
Fort Christina to Stuyvesant, to demand an explanation of 
his conduct, and to dissuade him from further hostilities, as 
we could not be persuaded that he seriously purposed to dis- 
turb us in the lawful dominions of his royal majesty and our 
principals. But as Stuyvesant had so cheaply obtained pos- 
session of Fort Casimir, whither we had sent our best soldiers, 
thus depriving ourselves in a great measure both of men and 
munitions, he would give Elswyck no satisfaction, but claimed 
the whole river and all our territory, and had well-nigh de- 
tained Elswyck as a spy. When we learned this, we collected 
all the people we could for the defence of Fort Christina, and 
laboured with all our might, by night and by day, in strength- 
ening the ramparts, and filling gabions. The next day, being 
September 2, the Dutch showed themselves in considerable 
strength on the opposite bank of Christina Creek, but at- 
tempted no hostile operations. On the morning of the 3d, 
they hoisted their flag on our shallop, which lay drawn up on 
the beach, and appeared to be about establishing themselves 
in a neighbouring house. We therefore sent over Lieutenant 
Sven Hook, with a drummer, to demand what they purposed, 
for what cause they posted themselves there, and for what we 



192 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1655. 



Governor 
Bysingh's 
ofElcial re- 
port, con- 
tinued. 



should hold them. When he had nearly crossed the creek, he 
asked them from the boat, whether he might freely go to 
them ? They answered yes ; and whether, after discharging 
his commission, he might freely return ? to which also they 
answered, yes, as we could all plainly hear in Fort Christina, 
and can bear witness accordingly. So the drummer rowed 
the boat to the shore, without beat of drum, because the 
lieutenant already had their parol, and knowing no cause of 
hostility, he supposed this ceremony to be unnecessai-y. They 
then both went on shore, and an officer met them, and con- 
ducted them some distance to a house, where the enemy had 
already taken up a position. The Dutch then sent our lieu- 
tenant down to Stuyvesant, pretending that he was a spy, 
and Stuyvesant arrested him and threw him into the ship's 
hold, but Captain Fridr. Konish detained the drummer and 
his drum in his own custody, and thus they treated our mes- 
sengers, contrary to the laws and customs of all civilized 
nations. 

" By the 4th, they had planted gabions about the house on 
the opposite bank of Christina Creek, and afterwards thrcAV 
up a battery under cover of them, and intrenched themselves 
there. Some of our people interpreted all this as indicating 
the purpose of the Dutch to be to claim and hold all our 
territory up to the creek, and to construct a fort there, not 
yet believing that they would, in contempt of public peace, 
and without any known cause, commence hostilities against 
us, until they had set up some claim, or promulgated some 
protest against us, whereas, up to this time we had received 
from them neither message nor letter assigning any manner 
of cause or complaint. 

" On the 5th, the Dutch ships went up to Third Hook, 
(tridie Hoeck,) where they landed their men, who then passed 
over to Timber Island, and thence over the great falls, {stoore 
fallet,) and so invested Fort Christina on all sides. They 
brought their ships into the mouth of the creek, and planted 
their great guns on the western side of the fort, and when 
we burnt a little powder in a couple of pieces to scale them, 
they fired several shots over our heads from Timber Island, 
where they had taken post in a house, and announced to us 
that they had taken up a position on the west side, by regular 
volleys. We continued to prepare ourselves to make the best 
defence which our strength would allow, if we should be 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 19g 

attacked, for we were not yet satisfied what the Dutch in- 1655. 
tended ; but in a short time an Indian came in to us with a " ^~^ 
letter from Stuyvesant, in which he arrogantly claimed the 
whole river, and required me and all the Swedes either to Governor 
evacuate the country, or to remain there under Dutch pro- ''^"^s^'s 
tection, threatening with the consequences in case of refusal, port, con- 
Hereto I answered briefly, by letter, that I would reply to *'""«'^- 
this extraordinary demand by special messengers, and sent 
him my answer by the same Indian. We then held a general 
council of war, as to what should be done, if the Dutch 
assaulted us by storm or battery, and it was determined that 
we should, in any case, maintain the defensive, and make the 
best resistance we could, but should not commence or provoke 
hostilities, on account of our weakness and want of supplies; 
that we should wait until they fired upon us, or began to 
storm the works, and then defend ourselves as long as we 
could, and leave the consequences to be redressed by our gra- 
cious superiors. 

" The Dutch now began to encroach upon us more and 
more every day. They killed our cattle, goats, swine, and 
poultry, broke open houses, pillaged the people without the 
sconce of their property, and higher up the river they plun- 
dered many, and stripped them to the skin. At New Gotteu- 
burg they robbed Mr. Pappegoya's wife of all she had, with 
many others, who had collected their property together there. 
They continued to advance their approaches to Fort Chris- 
tina, (which was a small and feeble work, and lay upon low 
ground, and could be commanded from the surrounding 
heights,) and threw up two batteries besides those on the op- 
posite bank and on Timber Island, and hoisted their flags on 
all of them, as well as on our ship in Fish Creek, all which 
hostile acts, injuries, and insults we were, to our great morti- 
fication, compelled to witness and sufi"er, being unable to resist 
them, by reason of our want of men and of powder, whereof 
our supply scarcely sufficed for a single round for our guns. 
Notwithstanding all this, we still trusted that they would at 
length be persuaded to hear reason, and accordingly, on the 
7th, we sent messengers down to Stuyvesant at Fort Casimir, 
with a written commission, whereby we sought to dissuade 
him from further hostilities, protesting against his invasion 
and disturbance of our proper territory without cause as"- 
signed, or declaration denying, as far as they could, our right 



194 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1655. 



Governor 
Eysingh's 
official re- 
port, con- 
tinued. 



of possession in the river ; also suggesting to him the jea- 
lousies between our respective sovereigns, and other conse- 
quences of great moment which would ensue ; that we were 
determined to defend our rights to the utmost of our strength, 
and that he must answer for all consequences, and finally 
required him to cease hostilities, and to retire with his people 
from Eort Christina. But all this availed nothing with him, 
and on the contrary he persisted in his claim to the vfhole 
river, and .would listen to no terms of accommodation, de- 
claring that such were his orders, and that those who had 
given them might answer for the consequences. He then 
wrote me a letter on the 9th, in which he anticipates all terms 
of accommodation, will not allow that we have any rights to 
the said river, seeks to refute our arguments, and styles our 
possession a usurpation, and so interprets every point to his 
own advantage. 

" As we still determined to maintain our own defence, and 
abide the result, the enemy continued to carry on their ap- 
proaches day and night, and with our little force of about 
thirty men, we could make no sorties, or prevent him from 
gaining positions from which he could command the sconce 
so completely that there was not a spot on the ramparts 
where a man could stand in security, and as he now daily 
advanced his works, and summoned us to capitulate, with 
threats of giving no quarter, our men proposed to us to go 
out and try to bring Stuyvesant to reason, both on account 
of our want of supplies, and the advanced condition of the 
enemy's works, and especially because our provisions were 
scanty, and would soon be exhausted. Besides, our few and 
hastily collected people were getting worn out, partly sick, 
and partly ill disposed, and some had deserted. From these 
considerations, and the fear of a mutiny, it was agreed, that 
I and Elswyck should go out the next day and hold a parley 
with Stuyvesant, and endeavour to restrain him from forcible 
measures, and to bring him to reason. We accordingly went 
out for this purpose on the 13th, and Stuyvesant and Nicatius 
de Sille met us between the sconce and their most advanced 
work. We solemnly protested against his procedure and his 
hostile conduct, and replied verbally to his last-mentioned 
letter, confirmed our title with the best arguments we could, 
and held a long discussion with them ; but all this produced 
no impression upon them, and they maintained their first 



tinued. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERi\X. 195 

ground, and insisted upon the surrender of Fort Christina 1655. 
and the whole river, to which we replied that we would de- ' • ' 
fend ourselves, and resist them to the last, clearly showing 
them that they were unjustly invading our possessions, and Governor 
declaring that we would appeal to our government to redress ^^^^f^^! 
our wrongs, and protect our rights thus forcibly trenched port, con- 
upon, and so we went back to the sconce, exhorted our men to 
a manly defence, and encouraged them as well as we were able. 

"As soon as the Dutch had nearly completed their works, 
they brought the guns of all their batteries to bear upon us, 
and on the 14th instant formally summoned Fort Christina, 
with harsh menaces, by a drummer and a messenger, to capi- 
tulate within twenty-four hours. We then assembled a general 
council of the whole garrison, and it was found to be their 
unanimous opinion, that inasmuch as we had not sufficient 
strength for our defence, (the Dutch having completed their 
works against the sconce, and neither the sconce nor the gar- 
rison being able to stand an assault,) and were in want both 
of' powder and other munitions, and had no hope of relief, 
therefore they were all of opinion, that we should make the 
best terms we could obtain with the Dutch ; all which may 
be seen by the documents. So the next day we announced 
to the enemy, that we would consider their summons within 
the time prescribed, and being now reduced, by our want of 
supplies and weak condition, to yield to the violence practised 
upon us, we concluded a capitulation with Stuyvesant, as may 
be found by the original among the documents, and surren- 
dered Fort Christina to him on the 15th instant, stipulating 
that the guns and all the effects belonging to the crown or the 
company, should be restored by the Dutch, according to the 
inventory, upon demand, and reserving the restitution of our 
sovereign's rights, in time and manner fitting ; providing also, 
that the Dutch should freely transport to Sweden, both us, 
and as many Swedes as chose to accompany us, for we held 
it better that the people should be restored to their father- 
land's service, than to leave them there in misery, without 
the necessaries of life, in which case they would have entered 
the service of the Dutch or English, and never again advan- 
taged their country."^ 

After the success attending the capture of the two forts, it 
is said, by Campanius, " the Dutch proceeded to destroy New 

1 N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. N. S. vol. i. p. 443—448. 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVEENOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1655. 



Gottenberg 
falls into the 
hands of the 
D-utch. 



Swedes hard- 
ly tised by 
the Dutch. 



Indians 
attack the 
fort. 



Tender of 
Fort Chris- 
tina to Gov. 

Kysingh. 



Gottenburg, laying waste all the houses and plantations with- 
out the fort, killing the cattle and plundering the inhabitants 
of every thing they could lay their hands upon."^ No other 
document has fallen into our hands to confirm this statement ; 
although the Swedish power on the river being subdued, this 
fort of consequence came into possession of the Dutch. 

Acrelius says, " the Swedes suflFered great hardships from 
the Dutch. The flower of their troops were picked out and 
sent to New Amsterdam ; though under pretext of their free 
choice, the men were forcibly carried aboard the ships. The 
women were ill treated in their houses, the goods pillaged, 
and the cattle killed. Those who refused allegiance were 
watched as suspicious. That this ill usage took place, appears 
from the testimony given by Rysingh to those who had suf- 
fered, several of which were preserved in the original. The 
Dutch have in vain endeavoured to defend their aggressions 
by allegations that the Swedish establishment was by a pri- 
vate company, because the whole was undertaken under the 
authority and protection of the government."^ 

One of these certificates given by Rysingh, is copied on 
the records of the Swedes' Church in this city ; it is " a 
passport given by Rysingh to Nicholas Mattson. "I do by 
these presents certify, that the bearer has, during my whole 
time, behaved as an honest faithful servant of the crown. 
He was brought on board the enemy's vessel, and endured, 
for three weeks, with the other prisoners, contumelious in- 
sults. In the same time his house was plundered, and his 
wife stripped of her very garments."^ 

Lambrechten says, "it is a fact, that in the fall of this 
year, Fort Casimir was assaulted by more than 500 Indians, 
instigated, as it is presumed, by the Swedes."'^ 

Agreeably to the instructions given to the director-general, 
a tender of Fort Christina was made to Rysingh, as is related 
in a Dutch document already referred to, which says, " al- 
though the above-mentioned acts (alluding to the surrender) 
might have been supported and justified according to the 
laws of nations, and to several views, nevertheless did the 
company, to show and declare to the world that they did not 
wish nor seek any hostilities with anybody, but only maintain 



I Campaniles, p. 84. Holl. Doc. vol. viii. p. 3-2—60. 2 Acrel. p. 417. 

3 Records of Wiccacoa Church. 

4 Lambrechtoii, p. 109. He gives as authority, Holl. I\Ierc. 1G58, p. 43. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 197 

and defend their own rights, they made, on the same day (of 1655. 
the surrender,) a written offer to put Fort Christina again " ' ' 
into the hands of the said Jolm Eysingh, on honourable and 
reasonable terms, to be sworn to and faithfully kept on the 
part of him and his officers, as authorized by her royal 
majesty of Sweden, on one side, and on the part of the di- 
rector-general and his council on the other, as authorized by the 
company ; but the offer was declined by Rysingh, under pre- 
tence that this affair was not complete, and he would rather 
hold himself to the capitulation made." 

Rysingh, the late governor, arrived at Manhattans in a Rysmgh ar- 
"frantic mood," charging Governor Stuyvesant with a breach Mllhtttan 
of some of the articles of the treaty, loss of public property. His conduct 
and not suitably providing for his accommodation, all which 
are replied to in the following communication to Rysingh 
from Stuyvesant : 

" Petrus Stuyvesant, in behalf of the New Netherland, &c., October 28, 
does insinuate to you, John Rysingh, as he is pleased to 
qualify himself, formerly director of his royal majesty of 
Sweden and the company of the South in New Sweden : 

"1. That your honour placed, besides the houses in the Letter from 
Fortress Christina, some effects and materials vfhicli have not stuyvesant 

. .to Rysingli, 

been delivered to us, but may be left in Fortress Christina, complaining 
whereof we now inform you, protesting that we do not con- °f ^^^ ''°f' 

•J ' r O duct, and re- 

sider ourselves holden to the restitution of any other effects ferringto 
or materials than those we received, and for which you have restore fo^ 
our receipt ; whereas, besides that we, (in regard of the old Christina. 
confederation and union between their High Mightinesses and 
crown of Sweden,) did offer you the Fortress Christina, with- 
out doing it any hurt, or forcing it by our artillery, and with 
same intention made you an offer of the keys before your 
departure, yet you left it unprotected and abandoned it, and 
therefore all losses and damages suffered by the interested 
are to be answered by you. We shall, hov/ever, as far as it 
yet remains in our power, endeavour to protect it, by our 
delegates and soldiers on South River, till the crown of Swe- 
den and their High Mightinesses shall have compromised this 
business, and informed us both of the result. 

" 2, We insinuate that when you, last Sunday, stepped 
here on shore in a frantic mood, you injured us in our quality, 
by uncouth language, and many threats that you would per- 
secute us in every corner, would accuse us of an infraction 



198 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1655. of a solemn capitulation, because we declined to accommodate 
" " ' you, witli your suite, to your satisfaction, and did not offer to 
defray your expenses, whereas, you cannot prove, by the let- 
Letter con- ter of the capitulation, that we were holden in any manner 
jt^iv^^h *^ defray your expenses, or those of your suite, but only a 
haTing left free passage to some parts of Europe, for which end you were 
stuyves'ant embarked, with your dependants, in a capital ship, "the 
is absolved Balance," and provided by the captain with an honourable 
h^Txpenses^ entertainment, till the merchantmen ready to sail could admit 
you, with your accoutrements and baggage ; so that when you 
left the ship voluntarily, with your people, we deem not our- 
selves further obliged by the capitulation to defray any of 
your further expenses, except only in the way of courtesy, 
and from respect to your high station, on which last account 
only, we presented you more than once, and offered by re- 
spectable individuals, to accommodate and entertain you in 
my own house, with which, nevertheless, you seemed not 
satisfied. We succeeded in persuading you, by others, to re- 
side in one of the principal houses in this city, when, how- 
ever, indulging yourself in unmannerly threats that you 
would return to destroy the place, with other indecent lan- 
guage and actions, you scared so much the honest inhabitants 
of the house, that for peace' sake they left their own lodgings 
for a while, by which conduct, and your usual threatenings, 
before and after that day, in such an unmannerly way against 
ourselves, this province and city particularly, just reasons 
were given us, after we produced many proofs from respect- 
able and reputable persons, to compel yoii to defend yourself 
and conduct, but so far is it, that we made use of our right, 
that we set it entirely aside, by our respect for the crown, 
and the high relation in which you stand to it. While we 
only went so far as, by our own station, we were in duty 
bound to do, because the rumour of your threatenings had 
struck the ears of the skippers and passengers with whom, 
agreeably to the capitulation, you were to embark, so that 
their fears were raised, and they were not without apprehen- 
sions if prudence would permit them to take you, with your 
suite, and such a large number of your dependents, in their 
ships, except they obtained previously a good security for 
their ships and cargoes. They are at least unwilling, appre- 
hending some mischief, to land you in England or France, in 
conformity to the secret capitulation, concluded without 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 199 

knowledge of your people, except they met, as by accident, 1655. 
in the Channel, or near the heads, some French or English " ''^ 
vessel, of which we deemed it necessary to give you a timely 
information, by our secretary and witnesses, so that you may 
have no reason to blame us, but your unmeasured threaten- 
enings, if our orders concerning our secret capitulation were 
not executed. Done in Fort Amsterdam, day as above. 

" Peter Stuyvesant." 

Then follows a certificate of the secretary, Van Ruyven, 
" that he read the above, word for word, to Rysingh, residing 
at the house of Lieutenant Daniel Litschoe, in the city, de- 
livered his protest, and left him a copy of it, to which he 
answered, ' It is well, I shall answer it,' in presence of Johan 
de Decker, commissary of Fort Orange, and Dirck Van 
Scheldyne, 28th October."^ 

The following order was passed by the director-general and 
council : 

" The skippers and freighters of the ship Bear remonstrate Arrang3- 
that their ships are so fully laden that it was not in their ^^e^egf^^s- 
power to admit the Swedish passengers, with their goods, as sagetoswo 
was agreed in the capitulation, as the vessels are already *^*°" 
much disqualified to go to sea, and would become far more 
60, while, nevertheless, the country's service requires that 
the Swedes, agreeably to the capitulation, should be accom- 
modated with a passage to Europe. The attorney-general is 
commanded to visit the two above-mentioned vessels, and 
ascertain which of them can admit the Swedish baggage, and 
if all is filled up, then to unload so many goods and mer- 
chandise of private persons, and carry them to the ship 
Vf ater-hoost, till, to the satisfaction of the skippers, sufficient 
room is left for the Swedish baggage, more so as the service 
of the country, in conformity with the capitulation, requires 
such an arrangement. By order of director-general and 
council. C. Van Ruyven, Secretary."^ 

The following order for the debarkation of Rysingh, was 
sent to the "Bear" and "Sea-cow:" 

" The skipper and merchant of the ship Bear, Cornelius Order to 
Willimsen Beer, and Jan Jansen Behavur, are commanded land^jojja 
to send on shore, either in England or France, as may suit Rysingb. 
them best, the honourable John Rysingh and Factor Elswyck, 
agreeably to the capitulation, and the remaining Swedes at 

1 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 135 — 137. 2 Ibid. p. 135. 



200 



JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 



1655. 



October 28. 



Order for 
money to be 
paid to John. 

Rysingb. 



Rysingh's 
receipt. 



October 29. 

Bysingh's 
answer to 
the letter of 
the dh-ector- 
general. 



the Helder, and to recommend to the commissary of tlie 
West India Company, Peter Claesen Croon, -with their goods 
and merchandise, or transfer them there on a galliot, to be 
transported to Gottenberg free of all expenses, in conformity 
to capitulation. Done at Fort Amsterdam, &c." 

Then follow documents relating to the promised advance. 

" I, undersigned, certify and declare, that I have requested 
the honourable Cornelius Jacobsen Stanwyck to pay, in con- 
formity to capitulation, the sum of 800 gyllens, or bill of 
exchange, for payment of which, with the interest, and all 
its eventual losses, I, undersigned, besides all the effects of 
aforesaid E-ysingh in my possession, submit all my own pro- 
perty, real and personal, to the control of any court of jus- 
tice, wherefore I signed this with my own hand. 

" P. Stuyvesakt." 

Then follows a receipt for the above bill, of John Rysingh 
to director-general, " agreeably to our capitulation, for two 
bills of exchange, one for 1000 gyllens on London, the other 
for 800 gyllens, together £300 Flanders, which being paid 
and satisfied, I promise to pay again the above sum within 
six months after received ; these in conformity with our capi- 
tulation to aforesaid P. Stuyvesant, or order * * * for which 
I make a deposit, agreeably to our capitulation, of all the 
effects of the crown of Sweden and the South Company, now 
in possession of P. Stuyvesant, qualifying and authorizing 
him to dispose and sell so much of the effects of the crown 
of Sweden and South Company, as aforesaid sum, and da- 
mages and interest will amount to, in good Holland money. 
" Signed, John Eysingh, 

« Hendrick Van Elswyck. 

" Witness, F. D. Decker."^ 

The following is the reply of Governor Rysingh to the 
director-general, soon after which he probably left the 
country : 

" Royal majesty of Sweden. His obedient servant and 
appointed director of New Sweden, John Rysingh's answer to 
you, Peter Stuyvesant, director-general of New Netherland : 

" On your honour's open writing, which was delivered me 
yesterday, at my lodgings, by three persons, I cannot but 
answer in few words, upon that which, in regard to those in- 
ventories, was agreed between your honour and me. It is 

' Albany Records, vol. x. p. 136 — 140. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 201 

evident, that bj its contents, it is no more than just that 1655. 
your honour remains responsible for every article which re- ~ '~^ 
mainecl in and out of Fort Christina. These materials and 
implements of war, ammunition, &c., were delivered to Johan Kysmgh's 
Davidson, the master of your artillery, and your commissary. g°^y"ue<j 
If the persons appointed by your honour, and to whom the 
keys of these were delivered, had been dissatisfied with them, 
then they ought not to have accepted, or at least not kept 
these keys, much less should they have carried off these 
articles without the presence of some of my people. Your 
men took away, at Tennakong, in an uncouth manner, all the 
cordage and sails of a new vessel, and then they went to the 
magazine, without having the keys demanded, entered it 
alone, broke the boards of the church, and so took away the 
cordage and sails. 

" That ancient confederation and union between his royal 
majesty of Sweden and the high and mighty lords the 
States-General of New Netherland, which your honour is 
pleased to mention, has been truly very little respected by 
your honour, by your invasion, besieging, and conquering, 
finally, of the territory and forts of my most gracious lord 
and king, in this part of the world. What regards myself, 
I can never believe that the aforesaid High Mightinesses have 
instructed your honour with similar orders, more so, as your 
men acted indeed as if they had been on the lands of their 
inveterate enemy, as for one example, in plundering Tenna- 
kong, Upland, Finlandt, Printzdorp, and several other places, 
which are indeed incontestable witnesses, not to say a word of 
what was done in Fort Christina, Avhere the women were vio- 
lently torn from their houses, whole buildings destroyed, and 
they dragged from them, yea, the oxen, cows, and swine, and 
other creatures, were butchered day after day ; even the 
horses were not spared, but wantonly shot, the plantations 
destroyed, and the whole country left so desolate, that scarce 
any means are remaining for the subsistence of the inhabit- 
ants. That I could not accept your honour's offer to reside 
again in Fort Christina, I think that I fully explained in my 
answer of 26th September last; that I was only responsible 
to his royaj majesty of Sweden, and the honourable South 
Company. That your honour mentions that your troops had 
marched already, before my departure, out of the Fortress 
Christina ; that he delivered its keys to me, while I, in an 



202 JOHN RYSINGH, GOVERNOR OF THE SWEDES. 

1655. unbecoming manner, left that place without defence or pro- 
' — • — ' visions, which occasioned further damages, and that I for all 
these was responsible; to this I answer, not I, but your 
Uysingh's honour, left the fort bereft of every thing; as you had car- 
o^tilued ^'^^^ ^^' ^^ ^^^^^^ men, every thing which was discovered, yea, 
even mine own private property, with that of my family, 
although the greatest part of it had been conveyed, before- 
hand, to the ship, when your men, drawing out about evening, 
on 28th September, (0. S.) invaded us, when we, with a 
handful of men, without any other defence, were left as sheep 
doomed to the knife, to receive the wild barbarians. It can- 
not, in truth, be proved, that any keys of the forts have been 
returned to me by your men, and much less that I did accept 
these, and I am much astonished, indeed, that your honour 
can write such things to me. But it is happy indeed that you 
are not my judge, wherefore I neither care much about what 
your honour said, that I should remain responsible for it, and 
for all the damages which might have been occasioned by the 
defenceless state of the fort. Is it not risible indeed, that 
another person should become answerable for what has been 
caused by you alone ? I recommend this case to God, and to 
my lord and king, who will avenge the violence committed 
against his possessions and subjects. 

" I deem it not requisite to waste many words in answering 
the second point, neither ought that which there is brought 
against me as a gi-ief, be considered otherwise as a blas- 
phemy ; I conversed before with many persons of high and 
low station, and knew, God be praised, very well to pay to 
each of them that regard which was due to them, neither am 
I inclined to act here against it, but how this has been reci- 
procated towards me, shall be shown at the proper time and 
place. 

" The separate treaty, which your honour calls a secret 
capitulation, and which, as your honour stated, was concluded 
between him and mo, without the' knowledge of my people, 
is not quite so, as it was with their knowledge, and in their 
presence, upon the paved place, signed by your honour, which 
your honour is holden and obliged to execute, if he does not 
wish to be, in future, accused of having violated^his word. 
"What has been said of my violent threatenings is entirely 
unknown to me ; but if the sayings of a party are once ad- 
mitted, then many might be believed against any honest man, 




PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

of wtich not one can be proved. I endeavoured, with justice 
• on my side, as it was stipulated distinctly by the capitulation, 
not to leave my countrymen here behind, who came hither 
with me, and tried to prevent their being hired to remain r.ysmgii's 
here, that all should embark with me in one ship ; but I soon ^^^^^^' 

' . Ill continued. 

afterwards discovered that not only the largest part of them 
had been persuaded, by great promises, to' stay here, while 
the few persons who could not yet be shaken were divided and 
distributed, against the capitulation, upon different ships, here 
and there, neither can they recover the small bundles of 
goods which they had saved. 

" I renew, therefore, my solicitation to your honour, that 
all my men may, without any further molestation, embark 
with me in the same ship, and further, that every article pro- 
mised me in the general and separate treaty, both sanctioned 
by your honour's signature, may be kept inviolate, while I 
pledge myself to your honour at this time, that neither by 
myself, neither of any of my people, any offence or outrage 
shall be committed upon any individual on the ship, during 
the voyage, either by words or deeds, and otherwise I pro- 
test, as I now do, in optima forma, against your honour, 
against every transaction against my most gracious lord and 
king, and against his majesty's subjects, by the invasion, 
siege, and conquest of the whole South River of New Sweden. 
It may also appear, from the several parcels of goods, if it 
is not placed on the inventory as ship materials, cattle, and 
various other separate articles. Done in Amsterdam, in New 
Netherland, 29th October, 1655. John Rysingh."^ 

Governor Rysingh and his company take their departure Eysingh 
for Europe in the "Spotted Cow" and "Bear," but were ptrtL'ffrom 
compelled, by weather, to put into England, where he had an the country.- 
opportunity of communicating to the Swedish minister an 
account of the late occurrences on the Delaware, and received 
the £300, according to treaty. 

Thus terminates the short career of Governor Eysingh, 
and with him the Swedish power and influence on the Dela- 
ware, the consequence of his rash and injudicious attack on 
the fort, and disobedience to the instructions of his govern- 
ment. The Dutch have, therefore, again, under lieutenant- 
governors, controlled, appointed, and commissioned by the 
director-general and council, the entire command of the river, 

' Albany Records, vol. xiii. pp. 303 — 367. 



204 DERCK SMIDT, COMMANDER AD INTERIM. 

1655. for a time. During tlieir joint occupation of the river for 
* — ' — ' about seventeen years, such was the state of things arising 
from jealousy", and a mutual thirst for power, that the growth 
and settlement of the country made but little progress, though 
probably the Swedes had the advantage ; yet their increase 
was small compared with what, under other circumstances, 
might reasonably have been expected. It is true, they were 
not well sustained by the mother country, and to this may 
probably be attributed, in a great measure, their want of 
success. 

It is said that " two out of three Swedish clergymen were 

expelled the country."^ The one left was a man of " godless 

and scandalous life." Were there so many here? — their 

names are not mentioned. 

Derek Smidt On Stuyvcsaut's departure for Manhattan, he appointed 

appointed Qaptain Derek Smidt, commissary or interim commandant. 

commissary Jr ? ./ ^ 

pro tern. for a short time.^ 

A petition is presented to director-general by Abraham 
Nov. 29. Lucena, Salvador D'Andrade, and Jacob Cohen, "in their 
Jews ask to own name, and on behalf of the Jewish nation residing at 
South'River. Ncw Amsterdam, showing that the suppliants, on February 
Declined ge- 13^ 1655, werc permitted by the director of the West India 
permitted Company, &c., to travel, reside, and trade here as other in- 
fortbepre- habitants, and to enjoy all the privileges," &c.,, "soliciting, 
therefore, most reverently, that your honour will not obstruct 
them, but permit that they, agreeably to the obtained privi- 
lege in Holland, may travel and trade on the South River, 
&c., with the same liberty as the other inhabitants." Each 
member of the council gave his opinion on the subject ; 
Stuyvesant and Montague said, " it cannot be granted, for 
weighty reasons ;" De Sille thought, as " they had embarked 
some goods for South River, it might not be becoming to 
grant a permit, but wait orders from the directors;" Tien- 
hooven " thought it would be prejudicial to the [trade ?] and 
population of this country, and therefore, at present, during 
winter, ought to be rejected, and carefully and faii'ly repre- 
sented to the directors, and that a young man, for the present, 
of that nation, may depart for the South River with a few 

J O'Call. vol. ii. pp. 290, 318, and note, which says, " that one freeman was 
appointed to read, every Sunday, something from the Apostles; that the Lu- 
theran minister wlio was there was sent to Sweden ; that by the capitulation, 
one Lutheran minister should be retained, which was granted." 
2 Acrelius, p. 418. 



se&ti. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 205 

cargoes, -without being drawn into precedent." They there- 1655. 
fore came to the decision, that "for weighty reasons, is the " • ' 
request expressed in general terms declined, but as we are 
informed the suppliants have embarked already some goods 
thither, so are they now permitted to send two persons to- 
wards South Eiver, to trade with it, and Avhen they shall 
have disposed of their goods, then to return hither."^ 

The director-general and council, "wanting, for the pro- Nov. 29. 
motion of the interests of the company on South Ptiver, an johnPaui 
expert and well qualified person to command there in their p^j^Xa vL- 
absence, and direct the affairs at that distance, on the good director, ms 
reports, and their own knowledge," appointed John Paul Jac- 
quet, " confiding in his probity, experience, and talents," 
vice-director and chief on that river, and commander, of all 
the forts, lands, and places on said river, to keep good order 
for the security of Fort Casimir, and other places already 
fortified, or which may be fortified in future, and to have his 
orders observed and executed, in all concerning commerce, 
police, justice, militia ; and further, to command all the sol- 
diers, boatmen, freemen, officers of any class, either now in 
office, or that hereafter may be commissioned by him ; to act 
as vice-director in behalf of the company, to keep order, do 
justice and administer it either in civil or military cases, and 
finally, to execute all what, by his station and office, might be 
required, agreeably to instructions received or to be re- 
ceived."^ 

The following is a summary of the instructions given him : December 3. 

To have, in the fort and river, command of all officers, Hisinstruc- 
soldiers, and freemen, possess chief authority, place of ho- *^^°^' ^^^^® 
nour, and first vote in council and all meetings called by him, mand and 
to which he shall propose all matters relative to police, jus- "^^^'^^ '^°^" 
tice, commerce, &c., to be decided by a majority of votes, he 
having the casting vote. 

The council to consist of Vice-director Andreas Hudde, Members of 
Elmerhuysen Klein, and two sergeants, if an afiair purely ^^ <=^^'^'=''- 
military, or relate to the company exclusively; but if purely 
civil, between freemen and the company's servants, then, in- 
stead of two sergeants, two most expert freemen. 

A. Hudde to be secretary and surveyor, and keep minutes, a. Hudde, 
Keys of the forts and mao;azines in the place of the vice- ^<=*=f<=*"y 

«/ _ ° _ J^ _ and survey- 

director's residence, to be intrusted to him ; he alone to give or. 

1 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 178. 2 Ibid. p. 174. 



206 
1655. 



Observance 
of the Sab- 
bath. 



No officers to 
be absent 
from fort at 
night. No 
Swedes to 
stay in it. 
Visits to 
the fort. 

No vessel to 
go above the 
fort. Gene- 
ral regula- 
tions. 



Respecting 
lands. Niim- 
bers to re- 
side togeth- 
er. Rent of 
lands. 



Special di- 
rection con- 
cerning the 
lands near 
fort. 

Streets to be 
laid out. 



December 3. 

Observe con- 
duct of the 
Swedes. 



Jacquet's 
oath. 



JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

tlie watchwordj and enjoy all general and special authority, 
and command of other officers under him. 

Strictly to observe the regulations respecting the sale of 
brandy, &c., to Indians, plundering gardens and plantations, 
running through the country, in town, and drinking on the 
Sabbath, its profanation, &c. 

No officers or soldiers to be absent from the fort at nij^ht ; 
no freemen, especially no Swede living in the country, to stay 
in the fort at night. Fort Gasimir not to be too often visited 
by them or the savages, much less the fortifications examined. 
In this respect, pay particular attention on arrival of any 
foreign vessels, yachts, or ships. 

No vessel to go above or below Fort Gasimir to trade with 
savages or Ghristians, but such as remain at the fort at an- 
chor, and well near the shore. All on guard to be kept in 
good order, keep fort in good repair, and its fortifications in 
proper state of defence ; but permission may be granted to 
plant, on taking oath to assist the fort, or be transported, in 
case they refuse the oath. 

In granting lands, above all things, take care that a com- 
munity of at least sixteen or twenty persons reside together, 
or so many families, and to prevent coveting lands, require, 
for the present, instead of one-tenth to be paid per morgen, 
only 12 stivers per annum. 

Grant no houses or lots on the side of the meadow of Fort 
Gasimir, viz. between the creek and the fort, nor behind the 
fort, that land to be reserved for fortifying and outworks of 
the fort. For favouring the dwelling together on the south 
side of the fortress, lay out a convenient street behind the 
houses already erected, and lay out convenient lots in the 
same, about 40 or 50 feet broad, by 100 long, and the street 
at least 4 or 5 rood broad. 

Take very good notice of the behaviour of the Swedes 
there being yet, and in case any of them should be found not 
well afi'ected to the honourable company and the state of our 
native country, "to prevent further trouble, you are to cause 
all such, with all imaginable civility, to depart, and if possi- 
ble, send them hither," &c. 

This was probably the commencement of the present town 
of New Castle, then called Ncav Amstel. 

Jacquet took the oath to be loyal and faithful, administer 
justice, and maintain laws, " maintain and protect the Re- 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 207 

formed religion, as it is learned and instructed in this country, 1655. 
in conformity to the word of God and the synod of Dor- ' "^ ' 
drecht, and to promote it as far as his power may extend ; 
secure and defend the fort, &c."^ 

The following duties were imposed by Jacquet : on hogshead Dec. 20. 
of French wine, 20 guilders ; anker of brandy, and distilled Duties on 
waters, per tun, 6 guilders ; Holland or foreign beer, per ^^'^ ^''" 
tun, 4 guilders.^ No liquor to be sold to Indians. ' 

Persons appointed by Jacquet to examine the situation of Dec. 25. 
the fort, report it to be " very much decaying in its walls and Decayed 
batteries, and if it should ever be of any use, it ought to be crsimir. 
renewed from the bottom, as the outworks are nearly de- 
stroyed, while what remains cannot last very long, from its 
disrupted and tottering situation."^ 

Jacquet had previously, for many years, resided in Brazil, 
in the service of the company. 

A license of marriage is recorded, between Wm. Mauntz, Marriage 
" a young man from Wallshire, old about 33, to Jannitze 
Tomas, born in New Netherland, old about 16 years."* 

Several sachems arrived at Fort Casimir, and demanded to Dec. as. 
be heard, as they had proposals to make, which being granted. Meeting of 
they, in presence of Hudde, Gysbert, Bracy Elmerhuysen, sachems at 
Sandy Boyer, and many others, stated — First, that from the Their de- 
late commander, (Delmet ?) they were promised an extension "'^'^s for 

,,.,. -f-x- • extension of 

of the trade, and at higher prices. Director Jacquet replied, trade. Pre- 
" that having lately arrived, he did not know what was done ^^^^^g^" 
before, but his wish was to live in peace and amity with them, 
and that if any thing promised had been neglected through 
ignorance, it ought to be overlooked." 

2. They ask an alteration in trade, "using avast volu- 
bility of words," and demand for two deers a dress of cloth, 
and so of other things in proportion. The director replied, 
*' that his principal's custom was not to dictate, but that each 
was at liberty to act his pleasure, and might go where 
his purse and the wares best suited," to which they as- 
sented. 

3. That according to previous custom, to make presents to Presentspn>- 
the chiefs, it was. proper, as a confirmation of the treaty. ^^^'^^' 
The director " remonstrates that goods were now very scarce, 
though as much inclined as ever to give such proofs of friend- 

' Albany Records, vol. x. pp. 174, 186 — 191. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 82. 
2 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 191. a Ibid. p. 403. 4 Ibid. p. 407. 



208 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1655. ship ; tliej would now, however, do what they could at pre- 
' • ' sent, and promise in three days to gratify their wishes." 

On the next day the preceding articles were communicated 
Subsci'ip- to the inhabitants of Fort Casimir, and accepted with plea- 
habftantr' ^urc, cach checrfully subscribing, except Israel and Isaac 
for presents. Van dcr Zcc, wlio made difficulties, and preferred to depart 
dcciinT^""^ from the river, and abandon the trade, rather than assist, 
with the other inhabitants, to maintain the peace and tran- 
quillity of the community. 

One hundred and eighty-nine guilders were collected, of 
Individual which the Wcst India Company gave 38, Jacquet, 14-10, 
forsacLml Huddc, 10-10, Mr. Jacob, Jan F. Camman, Connel Mauntz, 
each 13, Elmerhuysen Klein, 14, Thomas Brays, William 
Mauntz, John Eacophoff, S. Boyer, Harman Jansen, John 
Schagger, each 9, Oloff Steams, 8, Laurens Bors, 6, and 
Mons. Andreis, 4, most of whom wrote their names, a fev/ 
only making marks.-^ 

1656. 

A certain Claes Peterse Smith presents a claim for ser- 
Januaryis. viccs rendered on South River, as well as for payment or 
A claim pre- icstitution of three small fuzees. Council answer, that " when 
^r^^f th^^' *^® petitioner has proved these particulars, and where he left 
directors. the arms that were at his house when the Fortress Casimir 
was surrendered, further notice will be taken of his request."^ 

In the following letter, the States-General make a call 
January 18. upon the Wcst India Company for soldiers, to be sent to 

New Netherland : 
soidiersre- "With this WO rcqucst and require of you to send, as soon 
drire'sl'ldes ^^ possiblc, the reinforcement, for the purpose of driving 
from New away some Swedish soldiers from the New Netherlands, as is 
Netheriand. j^r^gntioned in your last letter sent to us, on Avhich we depend."^ 

The free persons of the Swedish nation residing on the* 
January 19. sccond comcr abovc Fort Casimir, appear before council, and 
Petition of solicit that they may remain on their lands, as they have no 
again^iiv^ inclination to change their place of abode, neither to build in 
ing in the ^^g ^g^ village, but claim the promise made to them by the 
Allowed to director-general, Stuyvesant, and that they will conclude 
remain on finally what to do after the time of one year and six weeks, 
which was allotted them by the capitulation, shall be expired. 

1 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 407. 

2 MSS. A. P. S., ill Reg. Peiins. vol. iv. p. 96. 3 HoU. Doc. vol. viii. p. 2G. 



their lands. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 209 

The parties being heard, their petition was granted, agreeably 1656. 
to capitulation, and they who are willing are permitted to ' • ' 
come and reside in the village, while they who cannot yet 
conclude, shall be obliged to ask leave for this purpose, after 
that period shall be expired.^ 

Mattliy Busain is appointed, by director-general, court 
messenger in Fort Casimir, and directed by Jacquet to be 
acknowledged as such.^ 

Jacobus Crabbe presents a petition respecting a plantation February 5. 
near the corner, where brick and stone are made and baked ; Manufacture 
granted, though after the place is inspected.^ 

Council publish a placard commanding all persons to have February 13. 
their lots enclosed before 15th March, on penalty of 6 gl. Lots to be 
Those who keep goats must have a keeper, or in case they l^k^eper for 
are injured, expect no damages.* goats. 

Swen Schute asks receipts for articles delivered Derek 
Smith, former commissary.^ 

A servant charges Thomas Broen for striking him, so that 
he cannot labour. Thomas Broen ordered to provide the Misceiiane- 
servant with victuals till he can labour.^ 

Thomas Broen is arrested for abuse of Director Jacquet.'^ 

A qualification is made before A. Hudde, respecting a mar- February 24. 
riage contract, which was delayed completion till a minister 
of the G-ospel should arrive here.^ 

The following letter from the directors in Holland to Stuy- 
vesant, written after receiving an account of the capture of the 
forts, shows their views of it and the capitulation, which are 
somewhat curious. They say, "We do not hesitate to ap- March 13. 
prove of your expedition on the South River, and its happy views of the 
termination, while it agrees in substance with our orders ; f"''=°*°'"^ *>f 

' O ' the capture 

hoY/ever, we should not have been displeased, that such a ofFortCaei- 
formal capitulation for the surrender of the forts had not ™pJtu^ation 
taken place, but that the whole business had been transacted Curious rea- 
in a similar manner as the Swedes set us an example of, when ^^^' 
they made themselves master of Fort Casimir ; our reason is 
that all 'which is written and copied, is too long preserved, 
and viay sometimes, when it is neither desired nor expected, 
be brought forward, whereas words not recorded, are by length 
of time forgotten, or may be explained, construed, or excused, 
as circumstances may require. But as all this is passed by, 

' Albany Records, vol. x. p.411. 2 Ibid. pp. 411, 413, 414,421. 

3 Ibid. p. 421. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 

27 8 2 



210 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1656. so our only object in making this observation, is to give a 
' ' ' -warning, if similar opportunities might present themselves in 
future. You will take care that said Fort Casimir is in every 
respect -well provided, and placed in a state of defence, but 
do not mind the Fort Christina, leaving only, to ascertain its 
possession, three or four men in it, soliciting some individuals 
to establish themselves there. "^ 

H. Appleboom, the Swedish resident at the Hague, made 

March 22. the following declaration or protest to the States-General, 
against their proceedings on the Delaware last year : 

" The underwritten resident of Sweden doth find himself 

Appieboom's obliged by express order, to declare unto their high and 

^^° ®^ ■ mighty lordships herewith, how that the commissioners of the 
West India Company of this country in the New Netherlands, 
now the last summer did unexpectedly assault, by force of 
arms, the Swedish colony there, taking from them their forts, 
and drove away the inhabitants, and wholly dispossessed the 
Swedish company of their district. It is true and without 
dispute, that the Swedish company did acquire optimo titulo 
juris that part which they possessed, and did buy it of the 
natives, and consequently have had possession of it for several 
years, without that the West India Company of these coun- 
tries did ever pretend any thing. Wherefore, the said resi- 
dent doth not doubt but these hostilities will very much dis- 
please their high and mighty lordships, and doth desire, in 
the name of his most gracious king and lord, that their high 
and mighty lordships would be pleased to take some speedy 
order for the redressing of such unlawful proceedings, as the 
justice, the mutual amity between both nations, and the con- 
sequence of the business require, and is expected from their 
high wisdoms, whereby the Swedish company may be restored 
undamnified. H. Appleboom. 

"Done at the Hague, 22d March, 1656, (N. S.)"^ 
It appears by the following minute what action was taken 

March 24. by the Statcs-Gcneral on the subject: 

"24th March, 1656. Received a memorial presented to 
the States-General by the Swedish resident, Appleboom, with 
complaints, that the preceding summer, the officers of the 
Dutch West India Company in New Netherland had attacked 
with arms the Swedish company, inhabiting the lands on the 

' Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 204. The date at the foot of this letter is 
May 13. 2 Thurloe's State Papers, vol. iv. p. 599. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 36. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 211 

Southi River of Florida, in the most unforeseen manner, taken 1656. 
tlieir forts, and driven out the inhabitants, and had dis- ' ' ' 
possessed, by this means, the Swedish company of their dis- 
tricts ; the said resident therefore praying that it would 
please the States-General, in order to redress the disorderly 
proceedings of the West India Company, to take such mea- 
sures as were most consonant to justice, the mutual friendship 
subsisting between the two nations, and the importance of 
the question. Resolved, that the said memorial shall be ex- 
amined, together with an extensive memorial presented to 
the States-General on the same business, by the deputies of 
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Hoorn, to make as speedily as 
possible a report on it, and prepare an answer to the Swedish 
memorial."^ 

" The expulsion of the Swedes from the South River, con- 
tinued for many years to be a subject of complaint, on the 
part of the crown of Sweden, to the States-General."^ 

Intelligence communicated by J. P. Jacquet was received March 29. 
by council, that some of the remaining Swedes were very Compiamts 
turbulent and dangerous. Swen Schute and Jacob Swenske, g^^^^ggf^" 
among others, were alleged to have held secret intercourse turbulence, 
with the savages ; the commander was ordered to send them, gchuteric. 
by the first vessel of Jan Jacobsen, to Fort Amsterdam, and ordered to 
to insure nis success, m case 01 resistance, 12 soldiers were Manhattan. 
sent to him, to be returned in the same vessel. The oath of 
allegiance was to be taken by the other Swedes, and the re- 
fractory to be transported.^ 

Evertze Devez, a Swedish woman, complained against, in a woman 
New Amsterdam, for debauching the negroes of the company peuware? 
and others; "having a very bad name," is required to trans- 
port herself, without delay, to Long Island or South River, 
"to avoid public scandal."'^ 

After the surrender of Fort Casimir to the Dutch, and 
before the news had reached Sweden, a vessel called " Mer- 
curius," Captain Hendrick Huygh, sailed from thence with a 
considerable number of emigrants. She arrived safely in the 
Delaware, but very much to the surprise of all on board, they 
soon learned the fact that all was in possession of the Dutch. 

• Copied from MSS. in N. Y. Hist. Society's possession, given by Dr. Samuel 
Miller, and received by him from William Murray, dated Hague, .Tune 29, 1799. 

2 O Call. p. 327; also a Swedish memorial, translated fromAitzema, vol. v. 
pp. 247, 573, dated June, 1664. 

3 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 352 ; vol. xi. p. 327. < Ibid. vol. xiii. p. 256. 



212 



JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 



1656. 



March 29. 

Arrival of 
the Mercury. 
Kot permit- 
ted to land, 
hut may 
come to Fort 
Amsterdam. 



March 30. 

Letter from 
J. Pappe- 
goya, on the 
subject of 
the Mercu- 
ry. Resolu- 
tion of di- 
rectors. 



The arrival is soon announced, by several comnmnications, to 
the authorities at Manhattan, as aj^pears from the following 
extracts : 

" The commanding officer on South River informs them, by 
Mr. Allerton's small vessel, of the arrival of a Swedish ves- 
sel named 'Mercurius,' manned with 130 men. Resolved, 
not to permit the Swedes to come on shore, and that they 
might return in the vessel to Sweden, or if it rather pleased 
them to come hither, that a permit to pass and repass would 
be sent, to depart again from here without any trouble in any 
manner, after they should have provided themselves with a 
fresh supply of victuals and other necessary commodities. 
Done at night at Fort Amsterdam, between 28th and 29th 
of March."! 

Director is informed, in addition, by a letter from honour- 
able John Pappegoya, of the arrival of the Mercury, "with a 
few Swedish families, which, for some weighty reasons, cannot 
be permitted to be landed there on shore, without further 
orders of principals ; that they are disposed to return, which 
cannot and ought not to be refused ; but further it appears, 
that it is highly probable that this small vessel, with 130 souls 
on board, after such a long voyage, might be, on its return 
home, in want of victuals, if this vessel could not be pro- 
vided with a fresh supply ; so is it, that we, director-general 
and council, intending nothing else, and having nothing more 
at heart than to preserve the ancient union and friendship 
between the two nations, leaving our disputes about our ter- 
ritorial claims on the lands on South River to the decision of 
our reciprocal principals, give an absolute consent, pass and 
repass, to the aforesaid vessel Mercury, its officers, sailors, 
and passengers, to come hither to their contentment, to pro- 
vide here in New Amsterdam for all their wants, by a fresh 
supply of victuals and other commodities, and leave again at 
their good pleasure."^ 

Finding remonstrances and appeals to Jacquet in vain, and 
that nothing could be effected here, the captain proceeded 
overland to Blanhattan, the head-quarters of the Dutch go- 
vernment, and there addressed the following letter to the 
director-general and company, in which he feelingly describes 
his unpleasant position : 

1 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 351 ; vol. xi. p. 326. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 83. 

2 Ibid. vol. X. p. 353 ; vol. xi. p. 328. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 213 

" Gentlemen — Whereas my instructions required that I 1656. 
should unload my cargo, and a few families and some colo- " ' ' 
nists, in New Sweden, in the neighbourhood of Fort Christina, 
but when I arrived off the mouth of the river, I understood. Letter of 
very unexpectedly, that every thing which might deserve the fo^H-^^^^f^ 
name of Swedish, inhabitants, fortresses, ammunition, yachts, general and 
scales, with all the stock and personal property, was, either p3rvery 
by ministers of the "West India Company, or by the director- unexpected- 
general, taken by a capitulation between the director-general thin^Tn pos- 
and Commander John Rysingh; which unexpected change session of 
made me resolve to try to obtain a faithful statement, where- 
fore I went to Fort Casimir, and being there informed of all 
that had passed, although I could not acknowledge any other 
sovereign than my own, I required some explanation, in a 
courteous conversation with Commander Jacquet, requesting 
to proceed unmolested to the place of destination, to execute 
what I was instructed to, who replied, that he could not com- 
ply, having no orders from the director-general and council 
for this purpose ; he desired me, therefore, to obtain the 
general's opinion in writing, and kept me meanwhile in ar- Requests ex- 
rest, against all reason, in my opinion, as hinting that I was fj!^^ j'^°°'' 
looked upon as a traitor and an enemy of his state, whereas quet;isar- 
I visited him with the best faith, to avoid any disagreeable rSrred to 
occurrences, or giving offence, without intending it. This the director- 
passed, he received an answer from the director-general, who fo^^edupon 
declined to permit me to act agreeably to my instructions, as a traitor, 
while his honour made me an offer, that if I would come to 
New Amsterdam, I should be at full liberty to do so, as well 
to unload my vessel, as to take in a new cargo, provide my- 
self with a fresh supply of victuals, trade there at my plea- 
sure, and return afterwards to Sweden, enjoining, and said it 
was the determined resolution of the director-general, that 
the colonists should return with me in the same vessel ; when 
I afterwards undertook this journey by land, and therefore, 
for the present, solicit, with all reverence, that it may please 
the director-general and council to consider the distressing 
situation of these colonists. Besides the immense losses Presents a 
which they suffer, many good farmers were ruined, parents Btatemont of 
were separated from their children, even husband from wife, ^'^ '=»-"'' ^n* 
and all, without exception, bereft of liberty of their religious the favour 
worship. In this distressed state, they were compelled to ofthedirec- 

. T o • • 11 1 tor-general, 

reside among a foreign nation, whose language they could &o. 



214 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1656. not understand, wliose manners were unknown to them, be- 
' ' ' sides that they crossed the sea to colonize and increase the 
population of New Sweden, not that indeed of any other 
April. 11. country further. I solicit that I may be permitted, with the 
families and colonists under my direction, and the cargo en- 
trusted to my care, may settle in any of the deserted places, 
or in any other unsettled part of the country, or which I 
might select and deemed proper for our present purpose, till 
I receive new orders from Sweden, or was informed of the 
course which my masters should recommend to pursue, or 
might be dictated by the mayors, leaving the past transac- 
tions as I found them, alone ; that we might not be separated 
Asks for per- from oue another, and we be permitted to trade for our sup- 
^ttieTome- po^t, till, by BOW ordcrs, we were provided for our future lot ; 
where till which, if it is not permitted, then I would solicit what has 
ce^efresh ^^cu offcred by director-general and council, viz. that the 
instructions, vcssel, to obtain a fresh supply of victuals, might be favoured 
with a safe conduct, and that this might be extended to my 
person, obliging myself to remain in the river, to cultivate 
friendship and good correspondence, and contribute all that 
was in my power to avert all calamities, as well of Indians as 
Christians, to the security of the subjects of both govern- 
ments, leaving it further to our principals to make a final 
arrangement for settling between them the contested points, 
which issue we are resolved to await with patience and resig- 
nation. New Amsterdam, April 11th, 1656. 

" Hendrick Huygh."! 
Upon considering the foregoing petition of Capt. Huygh, 
the director and council decide as follows : 

They deny any knowledge of the truth of the alleged 

AprU 11. assertion of the captain, that Jacquet called him a " traitor 

and enemy," and say, " The written proposal or request in 

substance corresponds with the letter of John Pappegoya, of 

24th March, from South River, written for this purpose, and 

answered by the honourable director at large, on the 29th of 

that month, which answer and resolution the director-general 

Mercury per- and couucil are still conforming themselves to, viz. that their 

o^elcdTo bonours, for reasons explained in that letter more at large, 

depart from canuot admit in the South River any vessel, nor permit any 

South Kiver. f^^g-g^ trade, nor the residing of foreigners on its shores in 

that district, except those who arrive there with their special 

' Albany Records, vol. x. p. 362 ; vol. xi. p. 338. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 215 

orders and commissions, wherefore the order is again renewed 1656. 
to the petitioner, to depart from there with his ship Mercury, ' ■ ' 
its crew and passengers ; it is left to the petitioner's choice 
to effect this from their free will, and by their own orders, 
and depart to which place they deem proper, or, by refusal, 
the director-general and council will be compelled to adopt 
other measures to effect the departure of the ship Mercury, 
and any other vessel arriving there without their orders, or 
the commission of their principals, of which alternative the 
director-general and council demand the petitioner's prompt 
resolution and answer, while the director-general and council 
will not be responsible for any damages which might be the 
consequence of his non-compliance. Done at meeting of 
council in Fort Amsterdam. Signed, 

"P. Stuyvesant, a. De Sille, 

"MONTAGNE, TiENHOVEN."^ 

Captain Huygh appeared next day in council, "and an- Aprm2. 
swered, on our resolution of the 11th, that he accepted the Huygh's an- 

f. 1 , f • 1 • 1 i1j.1j. swer to order 

sate conduct ot passmg and repassing, and was resolved that ^^ council 
his ship Mercury, and her crew, passengers, and cargo, should and their re- 
come hither, while he would remain here till her arrival : he kte^p the ° 
solicits further, that the vice-director there may be authorized swp weigh- 
to despatch said vessel as soon as possible ; which was then, po^t. 
by the director-general and council, taken into further con- 
sideration. To avoid further expenses, it was deemed super- 
fluous, as yesterday was proposed, to send thither the man-of- 
war, to convey the Mercury here in safety ; and they deem it 
now only necessary and serviceable that the ship Weigh-scales 
shall remain here till the Swedish vessel shall have arrived." 

They accordingly despatched a messenger with a letter, Aprai2. 
dated 12th April, to Jacquet, to which it appears, from a No answer 
record between the 12th and 29th, they had received no ^.n- [g^'^^^J! ^"i^^ 
swer, at which they express much surprise, and " cannot specicoi mes- 
account for it or the delay of the Swedish ship, except by toXuthRi- 
various floating rumours ; some say they heard from savages ^^r. Ensign 
that there had arisen some differences between our nation and to know the 
the aforesaid Swedes, or with the Indians on South River." reason of de- 
The director -general and council, after considering, " are of ship, 
opinion that the welfare of the country in general, and par- ^^"^ou^s. 
ticularly of the West India Company, are closely connected 
with that of South River, and the departure from there of 

1 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 366 ; vol. xi. p. 341. 



216 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1656. tlie Swedlsli ship Mercury, crew, and passengers. Thej re- 
' ' ' solve, in order to obtain direct information, to command 
Ensign Smith, at the head of 12 or 15 armed men, to go 
thither by land, with orders to send from there by a savage, 
&c., as soon as possible, tidings if the ship Mercury had 
sailed from there or not, and what is the present situation of 
the affairs of the company in that neighbourhood ; and the 
ensign to return as soon as possible."^ 

Not long after the recovery of Fort Casimir by the Dutch 
April 12. from the Swedes, grants of land were made by Stuyvesant, 
Early con- many of which are on record, either at Albany or New Castle, 
wnear'' ^^ stylcs himself "Peter Stuyvesant, under their high and 
Fortcasimir. mighty the lords States-General of the New Netherland, and 
the honourable West India Company, director-general of New 
Netherland, Curracoa, Bonayro, Aruba, and the dependencies 
thereof, and the honourable gentlemen of council." The earliest 
that we have noticed is April 12, to Thomas Broen, " a plan- 
tation lying in South River of New Netherland, below the 
Fort Casimir," 2046 rods, with express conditions, &c. A 
house and lot to A. Hudde, "nigh Fort Casimir," Novem- 
ber 30. Under same date, a plantation to Alexander Boyer, 
"north of Fort Casimir, on the point between the first and 
second meadow," and various others of intermediate dates. ^ 
The situation of things seems to have assumed a threaten- 
Mayi. ing aspect, arising, apparently, from the interference of the 
Swedes and Indians in the affair of the ship Mercury, as ap- 
pears from the following documents on record. 

Letters and declaration were received from A. Hudde, at 
South River, with respect to the situation of that country. 
Governor Stuyvesant advised the council to send the man- 
Condition of-war " Wcigh-scales," and two members of council, to ob- 
Sout™Ri>er' ^^^^ corrcct information, and to retrieve affairs as much as 
Caaeof ship possiblc, to the bcst advantage of the company. 
DiscusX'n Mr. De Sille agrees with the director about sending a ves- 
on Bending gg^ • jg -willinff to go himsclf, if, in case of any difficulty in 

the Weigh- T.T * 1 1 -n 1 r- i • n -i i • ^ 

scales to JNcw Amsterdam, they will take care oi ms lamily and mte- 

SouthRiTer. pests. Montague agrees with the director about the " Weigh- 

scales," provided that orders be given that no hostile attack 

shall be made on the Swedish vessel, as she actually unloaded 

1 Albany Records, vol. x. pp. 367, 384; vol. ix. p. 366. 

2 Albany Records, "Dutch Patents, beginning in 1654." Reg. of Penns. 
vol. iv. p. 121. Penn's Breviat, p. 36. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 217 

her cargo and discharged her crew. Tienhoven, taking into 1656. 
view the letters from Jacquet, and the information by Pludde, ' ■ ' 
ahout the ship Mercury, which has dared to proceed to 
Mantes Hoeck, where she landed her passengers, with the 
consent of the vice-director, from which many difficulties and 
trials might arise, and as the man-of-war, the " Weigh-scales," 
is yet on our shores, thinks she should be employed on the 
South River, to crush any such attempts, and that she ought 
to be despatched at once, " to bring, if it is possible, in the 
most civil manner, the ship Mercury from there, and recon- 
cile the natives to our nation." 

The council, after hearing these several suggestions, adopt 
the following resolution : 

" Taking into further consideration the weighty reasons Resolution 
why the aforesaid ship, the Mercury, as we did hope, against cLTof the" 
the orders of the commissary, Hendrick Huygh, did not come Mercury, 
hither, and heard upon it, and compared the reports of several 
passengers, viz. Mr. Isaac Allerton, Captain Jan Jacobsen, 
Claes De Croyter, and several other persons, among whom, 
Otto Grim, a soldier, and N. N. Swart, carpenter of the ship 
Vfeigh-scales, who all unanimously unite in the declaration, 
that as far as they know, the not returning hither of the said 
vessel was not caused by the skipper or crew of said ship, but 
that it was prevented by several Swedes, who, in conjunction sheisde- 
with many Indians, arrived on board of said ship with Pap- g'^^eLs, L- 
pegoya, and remained altogether in large numbers, till said dians, and 
ship had actually passed Eort Casimir, while the same men ^pp'*°°^*' 
and others did further relate that to them it appeared, from 
all circumstances, pretty clear, that some of the principal 
Swedish settlers were the only cause of all this turmoil, and The crew and 
that a large number of Swedes who had taken the oath of empt from 
allegiance were stirred up by them, or hired by their misre- ^^'™^®- 
presentations ; at least we cannot, as yet, either from these 
reports, or from the letter of the commissary, Hendrick 
Huygh, who constantly remaineth here, and waited for the 
arrival of said vessel, find any fault with him, neither with 
skipper, his officers, or crew ; all which being taken into ma- 
ture consideration, to prevent greater damages and more Despatch the 

serious complaints, we deemed it more proper and useful to captamand 
^ _ '■ '■ ^ two mem- 

despatch thither in the man-of-war the " Weigh-scales," Hen- bersofcoun- 

drick Huygh, with two members of council, promising to take ^^j^j^*'^^ 

care of his interests, when he conducts himself in a proper scales. 

28 T 



218 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1656, manner, as a good and loyal servant ouglit to do, and so far 
' ' ' as may be in his power, to promote the peace and harmony 
between savages and Christians, continuing, with regard to 
Freedom him, full liberty to pass and repass with his ship and cargo, 
^InT rotec-' "^^thout giving any offence, or violating our laws ; when he is 
tionpro- permitted, on his arrival here, to trade with his goods, pro- 
rptein°on^^ vided he submits to the payment of all such duties, and those 
conditions. Only, as Other subjects and strangers pay, with the same pri- 
vileges, while at his request our commissioners are authorized 
not only to protect him, and assure him the enjoyment of all 
which we have promised, but further assist him, by word and 
deed, against all who, against his orders, had already, or 
might obstruct his orders in the departure of said ship from 
South River, and to procure him a recovery of damages, if 
he suffered any on her cargo. Done, &c., May 1. 

" Signed, Peter Stuyvesant, 

N. De Sille, 

C. TlENHOVEN."^ 

In consequence of the foregoing, Huygh signed the follow- 
ing obligation : 

"I, undersigned, Hendrick Huygh, commissioned by the 
Mays. company of the South, in Sweden, on a voyage in the ship 
Obligation Mercury, as the commissary, before my arrival on South 
Huygh to River, not knowing any thing about the changes which hap- 
conduct pened there since I left that country, promise under my sig- 

Mmself well, . . «/ ' i JO 

and submit nature, in lieu of oath, that I, on the safeguard which I have 
to director obtained from the director-general and council, will conduct 

and council. , '-' 

myself, as well in regard to my commerce, as to my residence 
either here or on the South River, as a faithful and obedient 
servant, and submit to all such orders and laws as the sub- 
jects of New Netherland, and particularly that I will in no 
manner whatever, foment disunion between Christians and 
May 3. savagcs, but that I rather will exert myself to the utmost to 
And to soothe the animosities between the Christians and natives, and 
mosfties'be- ©ndcavour to reconcile and unite them, and act and conduct 
tween mysclf, in every respect, as if I was a sworn subject of this 

and natiTBs. State. In further security of my promise, I submit my per- 
son, and my property, real and personal, present and future, 
to the judicature of any court of justice. Signed at New 
Amsterdam, May 3, 1656." 

1 Albany Records, vol. xiii. pp. 1 — 7. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 219 

Mathias, a Swedish clergyman, arrives in the Mercurius, 1656. 
and returned to Sweden in about two years.^ ' • ' 

Also, Andreas Bengtsen, the ancestor of the JBanJcson 
families, into which the name changed ; he was living here, 
April 6, 1703.^ 

A regulation was adopted, "that all the swine should be May 22. 
yoked within twenty-four hours, or be killed by the soldiers."^ ^1^^^^ 

Jews are prohibited from trading on South River.* juneu. 

H. Huygh represents to the director-general and council, Juiy n- 
that on their promise and assurance, when he arrived before Thesiorcu- 
the city of New Amsterdam with his ship Mercury, that he MaXattan." 
should be treated with civility and courtesy, till the case in 
question should be decided, he desires to be informed what Duties on 
duties they contemplate demanding, that he may know how cury. 
to regulate his conduct. They inform him that " he ought 
to pay the duties of recognition on all the imported goods, 
10 per cent., but as he remonstrates, and it actually appears 
that some of the goods are damaged, he is permitted to pay, 
in lieu of recognitions, for all the goods laden on the Mer- 
cury, amounting, by invoice, to 9079-10 guilders, (^£1513, Vaiueofhei 
■ 4s. 2d.) the sum of 750 guilders, (<£141, 13s. M.f "''°°' 

A Swede and a Finn were arrested for selling beer to a July, 
savage, but being lately arrived, and doing it through igno- ignorance of 

T 1 T fi law excused. 

ranee, were discharged.'^ 

Printz's daughter, Armgard, now Madame Pappegoya, who Augusta 
still remained (with her husband) in the country, had, for Memorial of 
some reasons, been deprived or dispossessed of her father's p™fz^for 
property ; now applies to the director-general to be reinstated her father's 
in it. Her memorial sets forth, " It is, without doubt, well 
known to the director-general, that our late lord governor, 
my highly revered lord and father, prepared a farm, partly 
cultivated by freemen, who are returned to Sweden, and sur- 
rendered it to him, and partly cleared by his orders, and cul- 
tivated for several years ; that this was granted him by the 
king, and by the present royal majesty was confirmed, but 
which now, since three years, being abandoned, was again 
covered with bushes, and the dwelling-house nearly destroyed 
by the Indians, and so I have been obliged to repair it, by 
three Finns, and to sow its fields, when, unexpectedly, I was 

< Campanius, p. 109. 2 Clay, p. 31. 3 Acrelius, p. 420. 

4 Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 212. 

6 Ibid. vol. xiii. p. 374; vol. xi. p. 433. 6 Ibid. vol. xiii. p. 101. 



220 
1656. 



Her petition 
granted. 



Transfer of 

Tort Casimir 

to city of 

Amsterdam 

arranged. 

Name 

changed. 



August 16. 

Colonists to 
be trans- 
sported free 
of expense. 



JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIKECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

forbidden by the present commander, to take possession of it 
again ; wherefore I am compelled to inform the director-general 
of this event, with humble supplication that it may please 
him graciously, and from the friendship between him and my 
lord and father, to favour me with this possession, as I am 
confident that his honour will do, and solicit further, that my 
people may remain unmolested at Printzdorp, and continue 
to cultivate its soil ; and that his honour, &c. may be pleased 
to grant me, for my greater security, letters-patent for that 
spot, and so too for Tinnakonk. I hope that my lord and 
father will acknowledge it as a mark of great friendship, and 
as far as it is in his power, be remunerated with thankful- 
ness ; with which I recommend the director-general to the 
protection of God Almighty. Dated at Tinnakonk, August 3, 
1656. The director-general's humble servant, 

"Armgard Printz." 
" The suppliant is permitted, agreeably to the capitulation, 
to take possession of the lands of her lord and father, in 
Printzdorp, and to use it to her best advantage. Done at 
New Amsterdam, August 28, 1656. P. Stuyvesant.''^ 

It is not precisely known where Printzdorp was situated, 
but it is supposed to have been a village, (as the name implies,) 
in the neighbourhood, or upon a part of Tinnecum. Tradition 
places it on the south-east portion. 

The Dutch West India Company, being much in debt, from 
various causes, previous to the affairs on South River, which, 
instead of relieving, had the tendency to embarrass them 
still further, having been compelled to obtain aid from the 
city of Amsterdam in recovering South River, now proposed, 
in order to relieve themselves, to transfer Fort Casimir, and 
some adjoining territory, to the city of Amsterdam. After 
repeated negotiations, the arrangement was effected, the 
colony was named New Amstel, and steps taken to encourage 
settlements, as will be seen by the following conditions en- 
tered into between the burgomasters of Amsterdam and the 
colonists in the city's colony of New Amstel. 

They are to be transported, with their families, furniture, 
&c., in vessels to be procured by the city, who are to advance 
the freight money, to be afterwards refunded. The city en- 
gages to provide them a fruitful soil, healthy and temperate 
climate, watered by, and situated on a fresh water river, on 

1 Albany Records, vol. xi. p. 518, 519; vol. xiii. p. 154, 155. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 221 

which large ships may sail, having made an agreement with 1656. 
the West India Company to this effect, for a place at their " ■ ' 
disposal, to which no other persons have any claim ; the city 
there to lay out on the river-side a suitable place for their a town to be 
residence, and fortify it with a trench without and a wall Xer^^sidT 
within, and divide the enclosed land into streets, a market, and to be 
and lots, for traders, mechanics, and farmers, all at the ex- s°hooimas- 
pense of the city. The city to provide a schoolmaster, (who ter to be pro- 
shall also read the Holy Scriptures in public, and set the to be reader. 
Psalms,) and provide for him. 

The city to provide, for one year, clothing, provisions, and City to pro- 
garden seeds, build a large storehouse to contain their goods, year, eioth- 
clothing, and provisions, keep a factor there, with all neces- '"^S' &c. 
saries, and sell them at Amsterdam prices to the colonists, warehouse. 
company's toll excepted, which shall be employed in buildins; ^«"soods at 

^ *^ . . . Amsterdam 

and supporting public works, by those authorized by the West prices. 
India Company and city. The police of the town or city, as Police and 
well as administration of justice, to be as in Amsterdam. A Justice as at 

. . . Amsterdam. 

sellout, or head of justice, appointed in the name of their 
High Mightinesses and West India Company, by deputies of 
Amsterdam, who shall give the director a power of attorney. 
Three burgomasters to be appointed by the common burghers, Mode of ap- 
from the ''honestest, fittest, and richest," and five or seven p°'°''°| 

" ' ' town om- 

schepens, for which the burghers to nominate a double num- cers. 
ber, from which the director by attorney is to select. When 
the town contains 200 or more families, they shall choose a common 
common council of 21 persons, to meet with the burgomasters ''°"'^"^' ^°'^ 

^ ' . ^"^^ when 

and schepens, and consult on matters relating to government chosen, 
of the city ; once established, the council to supply vacancies 
by a new election, by a plurality of votes ; they shall an- 
nually choose burgomasters, and nominate a double number 
out of which to choose schepens. The schepens are to de- Duties of 
cide causes for all sums under 100 guilders, ($60 ;) over that ^'=^°p«'»s. 
sum, appeal allowed to director-general and council of New 
Netherland. The schepens to pronounce sentences in crimi- 
nal cases, subject to appeal. 

The city of Amsterdam to agree with a smith, wheelwright, city to fur- 
and carpenter, to live there with the colonists. ^^^^ ^^' 

..,.., . chanics. 

The said city shall divide the lands about the town into Lands to be 
fields, for plough, meadow, and pasture, and allow for roads. '^'^''^*'^- 
Every farmer to have, " in free, fast, and durable property," 
as many morgens of land as the family can improve, and for 



tenths for 20 
years. 



on commia- 
Bion. 



222 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1656. grazing, which, must be under cultivation in two years, or 
' ' ' forfeit them ; no poundage, horn-money or salt-money to be 
required for ten years from the first sowing or pasturing ; at 
Free from the end of ten years to pay no higher tax than the lowest in 
any other district of the West India Company. Shall be free 
from tenths for twenty years from first sowing ; at end of 
twenty years, the tenths shall be given to city of Amsterdam, 
half of which tenths to be applied to support of public works, 
and of persons employed in public service ; and so also of 
poundage, and other charges, whenever paid. 

During and after sending ships from Holland, to load and 
Shipping bring over corn, seeds, wood, and merchandise by the city, 
must con- ^]^g most useful of the colonists are at liberty to charter pri- 

sign goods to . • i i • r> * 

city, to sell vatc ships ; but they must be consigned to the city of Am- 
sterdam, who shall provide for them there storehouses, sell 
the goods, and return the proceeds as ordered, deducting only 
2 per cent, for commissions, and one-tenth of net proceeds 
for disbursements by the city, for the freight and passages 
of the colonists and their goods, which shall cease when the 
disbursements are refunded. 
Colonists The colonists may take what they require from the city's 

"^ods*from warehouse, at a fixed price, the account to be sent with their 
public, and goods, to be dcductcd therefrom. 

Europe. Colonists may cut what wood they require for building 

Privileges of bouscs and vcsscls, from any forests in the district not granted 
fishing and to private persons, free of cost, and may also freely hunt in 
hunting. ^Ijq woods, and fish in any waters not private property, under 
Certain offi- regulations to be made by the company, &c. The burgo- 
appointcdhy mastcrs of Amsterdam, as founders and patroons, shall ap- 
tos^oTAm- PO"^t secretary, messengers, and other inferior persons, and 
isterdam. the city of Amsterdam shall see that all tools and implements 
Mines and be transported free, and without recognitions. The discoverer 
fr^Tdis- ^^ minerals, crystals, precious stones, marble, &c., may keep 
coverer. them as his own for ten years, free of duty or imposition ; 
after ten years, to pay the company one-tenth of their pro- 
city to pro- ceeds. The city of Amsterdam shall provide a warehouse 
tousrinAm- ^OY all the goods it intends to send to New Netherland, to be 
sterdam. visitcd by any person appointed by the directors of the West 
India Company, under the inspection of a person appointed 
by the city, and marked with the marks of the city and com- 
pany, the recognition to be paid to the company, according 
to the list. These goods may then be laden, with the know- 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 223 

ledge of tlie company, on any vessels they may obtain. If 1656. 
the city ships any goods on freight to New Amsterdam, they ' — ' — ' 
must submit to the same regulations as others ; but if the 
city of Amsterdam sends its own or chartered vessel, laden Regulations 
only with its own goods, the vessel must go to its own city or °^ ^^^pp^^s- 
colony, but all the goods on board shall be advertised in the 
city warehouse, under the inspection of any one of the com- 
pany appointed for the purpose, to whom the letters and 
commission from the company shall be delivered; and vice 
versa, of goods imported from the city's colony into Amster- 
dam ; duties due to the country and the company to be- paid. 

All materials, &c., for farming or trades, to be free from Materials for 
recognition ; all produce of New Netherland, on importation, J*''™™s ^^'^ 
to be free of duty ; so also, salted or dried fish taken there, free. 
Peltry, as beavers, otters, &c., to pay 8 per cent. Besides 
the duties above, paid in Amsterdam, there must also be paid Duties. 
in New Netherland, 4 per cent, in light money, reckoning the 
rix-dollar at 63 stivers.-^ 

A board of commissioners to manage the aiFairs of New Board of 
Amstel, to reside in Amsterdam, was appointed ; preparations "^oni^^sion- 
made for an expedition of emigrants, 40 soldiers engaged, Amsteiap- 
under command of Captain Martin Krygier, and Lieutenant Emw-'^nt 
Alexander D'Hinoyossa, the expense of which, and support and soldiers 
of settlers one year, estimated at 36,000 guilders, ($14,000 Krygier'and 
or $15,000,) raised by a loan.^ Hinoyossa. 

A contract with Niles Matson, for an island, near Chris- ^^land and 
tina, and a certain field to Paul Janses, situated on south- Christina, 
west side of Christina Creek, obliquely to the fort; with 
regard to the mill, this is left to the choice of sub-sheriff and 
commissioners to repair it."^ 

The following deliberations of the council of the city of Nov. 4. 
Amsterdam, relate to the new colony to be established : 

Extract from the resolutions of the council of the city of 
Amsterdam : 

"November 4, 1656. — The burgomasters having imme- Rosoiutions 
diately made known to the council, that their honours, in °J ^n^^ter- 

_ ■'_ ' ' dam respect- 

providing for the wants of the New Netherlands, among other ing the new 

matters, had deliberated in what manner, and by whom, the Farmers to 

city should take over Fort Casimir, situated near the River fee sent over. 

Delaware, from the West India Company, it being destined 

' Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. pp. 543 — 547: List of Duties, 548. 
2 O'Call. vol. ii. p. 334. ' 3 Albany Records. 



224 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1656. to be the first place of abode in the new colony, and is, for 
' — ^ — ' the future, to be guarded and protected from outward vio- 
lence, as the present garrison is taken from thence by the 
said company, and is intended to be quartered in their other 
forts laying along the river, further upwards ; and that their 
honours took into consideration these means, to wit, to send 
over from sixty to seventy farmers, from the country called 
Guliker, and the surrounding places, for finding tenements 
for the daily quarters of the soldiers, for instructing them 
for warfare, and on certain conditions, in their turn to guard 
and to stand sentinel, and the remainder of the time to be 
occupied in agricultural pursuits, or if it would not be better 
to have a certain number of soldiers to garrison the fort ef- 
fectually. Then their honours, considering that these means, 
one the more, the other less, would only amount to reasonable 
expenses to this city, have decided, before coming to a final 
determination, to request and take the advice and order of 
this council; on which having deliberated, and judged that 
the keeping of soldiers, or those that have to attend to their 
duty, for the safety of places, villages, or cities, is one of the 
fundamental necessities of the same, 

" It is unanimously resolved and decided to request the 
burgomasters wifh this, and authorize them to do what they 
judge best, and for the greatest advantage of the projected 
colony.^" 

It was ordered that a bridge was highly necessary over 
Nor. 4. the creeTc, near the Fortress Casimir, because the passage is 
Bridge near now impracticable ; decided that it shall be made, 22d instant, 
Fortcasimir. ^^j^^ Monday. 

Also, that the fields be fenced. Two persons to be ap- 
Overseers of pointed overseers or inspectors of fences. Harman Jansen 
fences ap- ^^^ Jq];^j;^ Echhost wcrc appointed. The community are re- 
Paiisades qucstcd to cut polisades to strengthen the fort, which the 
for fort. public Safety much requires, as the fort ought to be enclosed 
with palisades on every side.^ 

A '< placard" complains that lots and plantations, in the 
Nov. 27. neighbourhood of the fort, lie open like commons ; as their 
Lauds to be proprietors are not residing on the spot, others have taken 
clrtait^Ime, posscssiou of morc lauds than they can cultivate ; fences to 
or penalty. \)q put up by last of February, or forfeit 10 guilders, or on 

» HoU. Doc. vol. XV. pp. 7 — 9. 2 Albany Records, vol. x. p. 448. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 225 

seven days' delay, 20 guilders ; another seven days, they to 1656. 
be considered obstinate, and forfeit the land. ' ' ' 

The cultivation of and trade in tobacco was at this time one 
of the chief objects of attention, and the character of it Dec. 12. 
stood very high. On the 9th of November, the community Act for the 
was summoned at the fort, to nominate four persons, out of J°^p'"=^'°'^ °f 

' _■! ' tobacco. 

whom to elect two expert persons as tobacco inspectors ; and Two mspoo- 
on the l2th December, a placard was posted up, stating that, *°'^t^^" 
" as it is ascertained that this river has become renowned for 
its tobacco, and persons are daily encouraged to settle within 
its limits, if this produce is managed as it ought to be, and 
properly cured and packed, and all sorts of fraud which 
might be used is carefully avoided ; and whereas, all this can- 
not well be effected, except it is examined and inspected be- 
fore it is exported ; and whereas, expert and faithful persons 
are required for this inspection," &c., Meenes Andriessen and 
William Maunts are selected from the nomination, as inspec- 
tors, " who shall inspect and examine all the tobacco, before 
it may be delivered, shipped, or exported, and give a certifi- 
cate to the owner." If any one will not submit to inspection 
and examination, the honourable Jacquet "commands all the 
inhabitants residing on this river, that they shall not, in fu- 
ture, undertake to deliver any tobacco, or receive it, much 
less export it, without the act of inspectors that it has been 
weighed and inspected; and for each 100 weight of inspected 
tobacco, paid 6 stivers by the receiver, and 4 stivers by the Penalty for 
seller, on penalty of 50 guilders for first offence, and for ^jt^^^f. 
second and third in proportion, the informer to receive 20 spection. 
guilders, and his name kept secret."^ 

The following are the instructions from the directoi'S in Dec. 19. 
Holland to Governor Stuyvesant, for the conveyance of Fort 
Casimir, as a distinct colony, to the city of Amsterdam, the 
name of which, as well as Forts Christina and New Gotten- 
berg, are to be changed : 

" Whereas the burgomasters, as we mentioned before, have orders for 
chosen to settle their colony on the South River, in the !f'^°^ff^.°^. 

_ "^ _ ' Fort Casimir 

neighbourhood of Fo?'t Casimir, noiv to be called New Am- toburgo- 
STEL, who, farther to garrison said fort, and defend the in- ™^^'''^" "^ 

' ' >-> ' Amsteraain. 

habitants of said colony, farmers, and free mechanics, (about Name 

souls,) embarked a company of soldiers, under command ^^'J^^^.^" 
of Captain Martin Krygier, whom we, upon the good report stei. 

• Albany Records, toI. x. p. 450. Ibid. p. 448. 



226 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1656. of your honour, have recommended to the burgomasters, we 

'""' ' did not only deem it necessary to send you this information, 

but at the same time to command to deliver said fort, v/ith the 

Airicks ap- lands in its neigbourhood which we had purchased, to Jacob 

pointed com- ^i^^^j^g yjJiQ embavks as director and commissary-general of 

nussary. _ ' _ . 

said burgomasters, over and in the colony aforesaid, whom 
your honour will assist with his aid and advice. We authoi-ize 
your honour to make this transfer in due form, including in 
it all the artillery and ammunition, and what further of the 
company's property might remain in that fort, not omitting 
to have an inventory made of all the articles, which ought to 
be signed by said Director Airicks, to regulate our conduct 
by it in process of time. 

" What regards the Forts Ohristina mid New G-otfenberg, 

Tort Chris- Tiow Called by us Altona and the Island Kattenberg, your 

tmachanged j^onour will, for the present, garrison both with eight or ten 

Gottenberg soldicrs, as wcll for defence of the Swedes and our inha- 

Kattent)er<' ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ vicinity, as to imbue the natives with some 

awe. Your honour will by no means neglect to inform us, by 

the first opportunity, of the present situation of affairs, and 

what in your opinion would be their best direction. You will 

dispose of the remainder of the soldiers where your honour 

shall deem most proper. 

" The confidence which we feel about the success and in- 

Waidenses crcasc of this ncw colony, and of which we hope to see next 

expected to gp^^ing somc prominent features, while to all appearance large 

numbers of the exiled Waldenses, who shall be warned, will 

flock thither as to an asylum — this confidence induces us to 

send you orders, that you may endeavour to purchase, before 

Large pur- it cau be accompUshed by any other nation, all that tract of 

chase of land ^^j^-c? situatcd bettocefi the South River and the corner of the 

ordered, be- t, . . . . 

tween South North Rivcr, to provido establishments for these emigrants, 
and North ^^^ reccivo in this manner an additional defence and in- 

Rivers. 

crease. 

" It is the opinion of many here, that by the establishment 
of said new colony, many of our inhabitants will be induced 
to move thither by reason of considerable expected benefits, 
without paying any taxes during the first years ; which point, 
as it is well deserving consideration, so it ought, if feasible, 
to be prevented, and the management of said colony be fol- 
lowed. It is in this regard momentous to prevent complaints, 
for which occasion is given when the goods are overcharged 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 227 

above the sums for wliicli they here had obliged themselves." 1656. 
They then speak of the commissary appointed to the admi- '^-~''~-' 
nistration of the colony, intending to land with the ship Prince 
Maurice, at Fort Amsterdam, to obtain there, with less trou- 
ble and expense, the merchandise and goods which, from the 
smallness of that vessel, were embarked on the "Beaver," and 
''Flower of Gelder;" and ask his honour's assistance to the Di- 
rector to promote his journey, and render it as expeditious and 
convenient as possible : " because neither the vessel nor cargo 
is subject to any visitation at New Netherland ; but when it 
shall arrive at South River, at the place of destination, then 
it will be unladed and inspected by the custom-house officers, 
and then carried to the magazine in conformity to 34 and 
35 articles of the printed conditions." 

Jacques Cartier is mentioned as engineer and a good sur- 
veyor, and who might be of great service in selecting the spot 
for the houses to be erected on, &c., " that so the said colony 
may at least be successful in its beginning."^ 

In consequence of Alrick's detention, the delivery of the 
colony was not formally made till next year. 

Frequent reference has already been made to a long " Hol- 
land document," written in this year, which gives an interest- 
ing view of matters on this river from the building of Fort 
Nassau, which might be interesting if printed consecutively : 
but as the material parts have been noticed under their appro- 
priate dates, only the views at that time entertained respect- 
ing the importance of the Delaware are introduced here. 

" This river Delaware is considered the finest of all North Eariy no- 
America, being wide, deep, and navigable ; abounding in ^eilwlre " 
fish, especially an abundance of sturgeons, of whose roes a Great quan- 
great quantity of cavejaar mi^ht be made. titiesofstur- 

" The land about here, and on the borders of the river, 
is very good ; for the most part remarkably well adapted for 
the culture of corn, and other agricultural pursuits, and pro- 
duces a great many kinds of fruits." It then speaks of the 
great beaver trade of the Schuylkill.^ 

Acrelius says : "In the spring of this year several parties 
came from New Amsterdam to settle here. It was then that Emigrants 
the ffovernor-general and council gave deeds of land — 75 in ^""^ ^'^'^ 

" r» A m Amsterdam. 

all — till the end of August. These grounds were small; 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. pp. 222 — 225. 

2 HoU. Doc. vol. viii. pp. 32—50. 




January 10 

Town meet- 
ing to fix 
prices of 
skins. 



Pled: 
penalty of 

offence 



PrioeB 
agooed upon. 



JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

greater part only lots in the town." Orders were given that 
16 or 20 families should settle together for the sake of safety, 
which, however, was only observed about Fort Casimir. A 
yearly rent of 12 stivers for every morgen. Within the dis- 
trict of the Swedes no deeds were given at this time, but a 
tax of 5 or 6 gyllen laid on every family, agreeably to pro- 
ject of the schoute.^ 

1657.. 
A meeting of " the community" was summoned at Fort 
Casimir, at which it was stated " that some persons did not 
hesitate to spoil the trade with the Indians, by increasing 
already more than one-third the price of deer-skins, which 
price it is feared will continue to be heightened, to a great 
loss of the lower classes ; whereas the inhabitants who must 
earn their living by their hands must pay a higher price for 
several articles than they can dispose of them for to others 
again. Whereas this inconvenience is the least, compared 
with the consequences to be apprehended from such a course, 
when in the spring the trade in beavers is again to be opened; 
in which case, the inhabitants residing in this neighbourhood 
may be utterly ruined : and many serious complaints have 
already been made to the commander, while nothing can yet 
be effected to avert, or provide for these evils — it is now pro- 
posed to the community that they will determine together on 
a price, which shall be adopted as a rule in trading ; while 
the director and council promise that all such orders as they 
shall decree, provided they will give their assistance and 
superintendence, shall be promptly executed. On which the 
and community resolve to adopt the following rules, and promised, 
by their signatures, on their honour and oath, to maintain 
them ; not objecting to be considered perjured men if, in any 
respect, they betray their trust and violate these orders ; and 
will forfeit the privilege of trading for a whole year ; for 
second time, agreeably to orders ; and for third time, finally 
of being expelled from the river. And they further pledge 
themselves, each for himself, if they become acquainted with 
similar transgressions, they will give information to whom the 
law shall direct. 

Prices agreed upon. — For a merchantable beaver, two 
fathoms of seawan. 

' Acrelius, p. 420. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 229 

For a good bear's liide, to the value of a beaver, two 1657. 
fathoms. " '^^ 

For an elant's (moose) hide, to value of a beaver, two 
fathoms seawan, and so in proportion. 

For a deer-skin, 120 seawan. 

Those of foxes, ratclapan, hispan, and others, in propor- 
tion. Done in a general meeting in Fort Casimir, January 
10, 1657. Signed, John Powel Jaquet, Andreas Hudde, 
Israel Allerton, Jeners Willem Mountsen, Alex'r Boyer, 
Thomas Broen, Galnet Haes, Jacob Crabbe, Harmen Jansen, 
and twenty-two or twenty-three others, whose names are re- 
corded, of whom eleven or twelve made their marks.^ 

A placard of the director-general complains of great January lo. 
abuses by the inhabitants running after the savages and de- order re- 
taining them, when they have articles for sale : and orders, fP<";*^'^^ . 

o •' " _ ' huckstering 

"that in future, no persons shall go to the Indians, by land with the in- 
or by water, to trade with them, or offer them gifts, by sail- '^"^"^^' 
ing up and down the river ; nor meet the Indians when they 
approach their dwellings, to hire and coax them, or call them 
in their houses ; but permit them to use their pleasure:" — 
under penalty of the forfeiture of the furs thus obtained, be- 
sides arbitrary correction. 

Jacob Alricks, who had been sent by the burgomasters of 
Amsterdam as director of their new colony of New Amstel, 
was unfortunately shipwrecked off Long Island ; he thus 
communicates to Stuyvesant the condition of himself and com- 
rades, in a letter of which only fragments remain : — 

"Whereas, the noble lords of the privileged West India March 12. 
Company, &c., agreed that the great and respectable lords, Letter of j. 
the burgomasters of the city of Amsterdam, should be per- st^y^eLnt ' 
mitted to establish a colony on South River, in New Nether- shipwreck 
lands, on which aforesaid lords burgomasters proposed certain Maurk^ron 
conditions to all such persons as should be inclined to expa- Long island, 
triate themselves hither as colonists, as may be seen by the assL^tance 
annexed copy*: on which terms several persons solicited per- from the di- 

-., , , 111 1 rector-gene- 

mission to go thither, who consequently embarked, at the rai. 
expense of the city, in different vessels : viz., ship Prince 
Mants, (Maurice,) about one hundred and twelve persons, 
besides sixteen of the crew, officers and sailors ; thirty-three 
souls on the ship Bear ; eleven on the expected ship, the 
Flower of Gelder; being together, one hundred and sixty- 

' Albany Records, vol. x. p. 458. 
U 



230 JOHN PAUL JACQUET, VICE-DIRECTOR AND COMMANDER. 

1657. seven souls, who intend to make an establisliment on afore- 

*"""'^ — ' said South River ; and that they all, who, in behalf of the 

aforesaid city, should be intrusted with the direction of the 

J. Airicks's aforcsaid colony, should inform me before they arrived on the 

'u^'rMkof ^^^P P^ce Maurice at Manhattans, should convey their let- 

PrinceMau- tcrs, instructions, and address to your honour, in behalf of 

rice, coU" ,t a •!! •j'^i''^^ 

tinued. the aforesaid colony. ^ ^ ^ ^ 

" On which I, with one hundred and twenty-eight souls, 
embarked in ship Prince Maurice, we hoped and wished that 
we might have arrived at the Manhattans ; but, unhappily, 
we struck the shore of a certain place opposite Long Island, 
Sicktewacky.^ The crew were saved, and we are in hopes 
that we shall succeed with the largest part of the lading, if it 
please God ; all which increases the difficulty, hardship, and 
labour, is, the increasing cold and freezing weather to which 
we must remain exposed, to avoid yet more severe losses. In 
the mean time, I am with the aforesaid persons, among whom 
about fifty soldiers, with their captain, Martin Krygier, and 
the lieutenant, D'Hinoyossa, (D'Jongren,) and further, the 
other persons here, in the greatest distress : and I ardently 
look to obtain means and opportunities, with some succour 
and aid for our safety, so that we may execute the plan of 
the lords directors and burgomasters aforesaid. But as the 
ship Prince Maurice was shipwrecked, and is in such a situa- 
tion that it must be considered as lost, so that I am compelled 
to implore your honour's advice and assistance, humbly there- 
on, soliciting your honour will not delay in any manner. * * 
"Except that your honour were thoroughly acquainted 
with this situation, and could inform me what you deemed 
best to do — as there is no time for us to spare — I must con- 
clude, requesting that you will be so kind to accommodate all 
such persons as may arrive, and have arrived there in the 
ships Beaver and Flower of Gelder, in behalf and on account 
of the city of Amsterdam, in the most becoming manner, till 
further orders. I expect, meanwhile, your answer ; with a 
small vessel, with a pilot and three or four other seafaring 
men, well acquainted with this place, to examine what might 
yet be saved from the ship." 

" Signed, J. Alricks.^ 
" Long Island, March 12, 1657." 

• " Near the present town of Islip, in South Bay, near Fire Island inlet."'' 
O'Call. V. ii. p. 335. * Albany Records, vol. xii. pp. 405 — 407, 415 — 417. 



PETER STPYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 231 

Alricks still remained with the wreck at Sicktewackj, Long 1G57. 
Island. The director-general, who went there to render his ^— ^^— ' 
advice and assistance, had departed for Manhattan. The 
wind was so unfavourable that the yacht Concord could not March 20. 
go to sea — the skipper was provided with a lading- — the skip- Prospects of 
per Dirk Claessen declared he had only room for twenty ^^"'^'^gi!'^ (,f 
ankers, which were then on board; asks. the special attention the Prmee 
to the property belonging to the city ; learns by Captain '^^^'^™°- 
Jacobs that the Beaver, Flower of Gelder, and the Bear had 
arrived at Manhattan, with fifty to fifty-five souls to settle in 
the colony of New Amstel ; hopes the director will provide 
lodgings and victuals till the rest arrive, and transport them 
to South River in a convenient ship, with their goods ; Jacob 
sails to-morrow with flour."^ 

Director Stuyvesant issues an order respecting the j^leasure- March 26. 
boat of the late Gfov. Printz, which, "he is informed," is pieasure- 
decaying, and nearly rotten where she now lies : he therefore gg^'p^^tj, 
permits Peter Meyer to make use of her for transporting let- 
ters ; provided, that when required, he will satisfy the attor- 
neys of the late Gov. Printz, and discharge Stuyvesant from 
the responsibility of the capitulation.^ 

Isaac Allerton, senior, protests against Commander Jac- April e. 
quet, for a quantity of tobacco seized at New Amstel. A a'^ainft Jao- 
certificate of it, being a true copy, is signed by Johanni auet. 
Rysingh, junior, probably a son of the late governor.^ GoT°^y- 

The proprietors of the new colony appear to be entering singh. 
with spirit into plans for its increase and prosperity ; accord- 
ingly they are sending out colonists, with all necessaries for 
their settlement. The vessels which accompanied Alricks, 
whose misfortune we have noticed, are soon to be followed by 
a vessel of war, bearing a minister of the gospel, of which 
Stuyvesant is advised in a letter from the directors, dated 
April 7. 

" The city of Amsterdam," they say, " or the commissioners April 7. 
who are appointed to, and entrusted with, the direction of the ship Ba- 
colony on the South River, have now in readiness the man- coronistelnd 
of-war, the "Balance," which will sail within three or four a minister, 
weeks, with divers families and other free colonists. In this ^r NeT^ 
ship comes over a minister for said colony ; and whereas said Amstei. 
city does not spare any expenses, so it would aiford us a high 

1 Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 409. 2 U^id. vol. xv. p. 96. 

3 Ibid. p. 130. 



232 



J. ALRICKS, NEW AMSTEL— J. P. JACQUET, OF COLONY. 



1657. 



April 12. 

Article of 
cession of 
Fort Casimir 
to the bur- 
gomasters of 
Amsterdam. 



New Am- 
stel. 



Bounds. 



Alricks 
commis- 
sioned in 
room of 
director, itc. 



gratification that this enterprise, by every possible assistance, 
■was encouraged, and said vessel provided Avith a valuable 
cargo on its return. Wherefore we recommend you to endea- 
vour to secure its success : we have enclosed the list of pas- 
sengers with the invoices of the private merchandise laden in 
the sloop Golden Mill. The attorney-general is directed to 
be on his guard when it is unloading."^ 

The minister here spoken of "was the Rev. Everardus Welius,^ 
who died a few years afterwards. 

Agreeably to the orders given, the transfer of Fort Casi- 
mir was this day made to the burgomasters of Amsterdam, in 
the following words : — 

" I, Peter Stuyvesant, in behalf of the high and mighty 
lords, the States-general of New Netherlands, and lords 
directors of the privileged West India Company, Director- 
general of New Netherlands, &c., declare, that on this day, 
in conformity with the orders and letters of the directors 
dated December 19, 1656, I made a transfer and cession to 
the Hon. Jacob Alricks, and Commissary-general of their 
colony on South River, in New Netherlands, the Fortress 
Casimir, now named Neiv Amstel, with all the lands depend- 
ant on it, in conformity with our first purchase from, and 
transfer by the natives to us, on the 19th July, 1651, begin- 
ning at the west side of the Minquas, or Christinakil, named 
in their language Suspencough, to the mouth of the bay or 
river included, named Bompjeshock, ^Trees Corner,) in the 
Indian language Cannaresse, and this so far in the country 
as the limits of the Minquas land, with all the streams, kils, 
creeks, harbours, bays, and plains belonging to these ; of all 
"which lands, with all their appendages and dependencies, we 
now make a cession and transfer, in the name and behalf of 
the lords directors, patrons, to the aforesaid the Hon. Jacob 
Alricks, in behalf of the honourable burgomasters and rulers 
of the city of Amsterdam, making a cession of all our actual 
and real possessions, property, right, and privileges, and all 
this on such conditions as between the aforesaid directors, and 
the burgomasters and rulers of the city of Amsterdam, have 
been sanctioned ; appointing therefore, in our place, and con- 
stituting the aforesaid Hon. Jacob Alricks in that quality, in 
behalf as before proprietor, in our place, without reserving 
to ourselves, in our former quality, any action or pretension ; 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 237. 2 Q-Call. vol. ii. p. 33G. 




PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

promising therefore to hold sacred this our transfer. In 
truth whereof, we have signed this, and confirmed it with our 
usual signature. Done in Fortress Amsterdam, New Nether- 
lands, April 12, 1657. P. Stuyvesant. 

" Nicolas De Sille. 
" Peter Tonneman."^ 
Shortly after, the "Gilded Beaver" was engaged to take Departure of 
the new director Alricks to New Amstel, the future seat of '^^™''' ''°'* 

... ^ New Amstel. 

his government, with the goods, and colonists amountino- to 
125, including about 76 women and children ; or, accordino- 
to Van Sweringen, who was supercargo, '< 180 souls," 60 
being soldiers." They reached their place of destination after 
a passage of five days, and took possession about the 21st or 
25th of April. Thus terminating the government of Director 
Jacquet, so far as the city's colony is concerned. 

In consequence of various complaints against Commander 
Jacquet, the director-general finds it necessary to remove 
him from office. This he does in the following document, 
which differs much from the instruments used for such pur- 
poses at the present day, as it furnishes the reasons for it, 
and, at the same time, manifests some sympathy. It is en- 
titled — 

"Further orders to the Commander Jacquet, by which he April 20. 
is removed from office. 

" Honourable, beloved, faithful : — 

" In our last letter, which we sent by the Hon. Alricks, charges 
we left it to your choice to continue there in your office, ''uef and^'or 
Since that time, we have received so many complaints, all der tor his 
proved in writing, of your delaying, if not actually declin- Jommanden 
ing to administer justice, and obstructing legal arrests ; of 
arbitrary executions on your own authority, without the shadow 
of any legal process, and really by acts of violence ; in tak- 
ing possession of lands, and cultivating those which we did 
grant to other persons : and many other unbecoming extra- 
vagancies towards different individuals, as well freemen as 
ministers of the company. That the hearing alone (and 
what effect would a detailed narrative have on our mind ?) 
causes us a deep regret, and creates no less unpleasing appre- 
hensions ; and although we were even yet fostering the hope 
that the aforesaid complaints about an overbearing and out- 
rageous conduct would have been removed on our serious ad- 

1 Albany Records, vol. xv. pp. 124 — 125. 2 Lond. Doc. vol. iv. p. 173. 
30 u2 



234 



J. ALRICKS, COMMANDER OF NEW AMSTEL. 



1657. 



Jacquet's 
dismission. 



April 24. 

M. Krygier 
sent to 
South River, 
with Derek 
Smith as 
guide, to re- 
ceive goods, 
&c., from 
Jacquet. 
Instruc- 
tions. 



AprU 25. 



monitions and warnings, and at least have been remedied in 
part, so do we see tliis hope de novo frustrated ; as the last 
written complaints of Jan Schaggen, Allerton, and others, 
cannot be palliated, much less defended. V/'herefore, we are 
with regret compelled to advise you to prepare your defence 
against their criminations, as we in the meanwhile discharge 
you from your office, commanding you to deliver all the effects 
of- the company, with a correct inventory, to Andreas Hudde, 
Jan Juriansen, and the sergeant, Paulus Jansen, under a legal 
receipt, of which they shall take two copies, sending us first 
the one, and then the other. On which confiding, we will, 
with the usual salutations, recommend you to God's protec- 
tion, and remain, Hon. beloved, faithful, 

"Your affectionate, 

" Petek Stuyvesant.2 

"Done in Fortress Amsterdam, in New Netherlands, April 
20, 165T." 

After his discharge from office, various complaints are made 
against him, and the matter taken into court. See June. 

Captain Martin Krygier was appointed by Stuyvesant to 
proceed overland to New Amstel, to receive from Jacquet the 
effects of the company. Krygier asks for ensign Derek Smith 
as a guide, he having passed the road several times ; which, 
the director " deeming it necessary and good that the deli- 
very and transfer should be made in the presence of Smith, 
as he had delivered them to Jacquet," grants : and Smith is 
accordingly instructed " to leave the city with Krygier and 
others, and conduct them to South River, to New Amstel ; 
obtain every information from Jacquet about the effects, espe- 
cially the ammunition and stock remaining, and how the rest 
had been disposed of; when an inventory is taken in his and 
H. Huygens's presence, to transport to Fort Christina, now 
Altona, as much of the ammunition, victuals, and materials, 
as may be required there. Among others, a double number 
of swords and fire arms for twenty persons, and good mate- 
rials in proportion. They are to be left there, upon their 
receipt, with Hudde, Jansen, and Juriansen. The rest of 
the effects to be shipped on the " Beaver," or left in custody 
of Hon. J. Alricks, or his commissary, till further orders. 
The remaining stock of the company to be transported over 
to Christinakil, and left there in custody as before. All this 

> Albany Records, vol. xv. pp. 13S — 139. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 235 

being done, Smith may return in the Beaver, witli the rest 165T. 
of the soldiers, or by land, leaving only sixteen military, with ' • ' 
the substitutes, in Fort Christina. He is to treat commander 
Jacquet with all courtesy, and give him no reason of com- 
plaint ; but inquire of him and others, after the goods miss- 
ing, and placed on inventory ; so also of the stock, and ren- 
der a true account."-^ 

In a fragment of a letter from Alricks, at New Amstel, he May 8. 
says he is informed of the complaint of Allerton and Schag- charges 
gen againat Jacquet ; that he has examined it, and " thinks ^uet°settied 
it more passion than reason" — has terminated it. Schaggen state of 
keeps the land, Jacquet the produce of it and the garden ; Ne^°lmstei. 
the effects inventoried by Jacquet, even the smallest matters, ^o^t decay- 
received; a few necessary articles conveyed to Christina, 
others laden with ship Love for Manhattan, and thirteen men, 
all provided with victuals. He, Alricks, wants oxen and 
horses to carry wood, and repair the fort at the strand, which 
is fast decaying, with several other places ; much wood will 
be required ; the cattle are weak ; only two cows give milk ; 
there are only a few hogs ; a few soldiers have applied them- 
selves to agriculture, and settled in the country, and deserve 
not to be ejected. He speaks of a daughter.^ 

Alricks says he has taken a survey of the " Plocks" ? and May2S. 
nations in this vicinity, and discovered these by examination Nations in 
to be twelve in number • * * * wishes to make them a If °'^-*' °! , 

' ivew Amstel, 

present in remembrance of his arrival ; several soldiers are No commis- 
expected ; proposes to director-general to appoint Gerrit Yan swerinn-en* 
Sweringen, " as there is actually no commissary here who can proposed. 
take care of the rights of the company, on the arrival of 
wares and merchandise."^ 

N. De Sille, attorney-general, in consequence of various com- May 23. 
plaints, as well by mouth as writing, by commissaries, inhabi- various 
tants, ofl&cers, and soldiers, as well as of the Swedish nation, ^.^ainst Jao- 
allunderyour honour's government, "made with respect to J. quetbyat- 
Paul Jacquet, your honour's late commander in South River, rai^^ius'lr- 
who in every respect conducts himself there in a very un- rest, 
courteous manner, vexed the community, tyrannized over the 
inhabitants, and made the soldiers' lot nearly insufferable, 
requests, nomine officii, permission of director-general to ar- 
rest Jacquet." The director answers "the suppliant to 

' Albany Records, vol. xv. pp. 149 — 151. 2 Ibid. vol. xii. pp. 412 — 413. 
3 Ibid. vol. xii. pp. 415—416. 



236 
165T. 



May 24. 

Jacquet 
complains of 
arrest, and 
asks for the 
reasons. 



June 12. 

Swedes to 
live in vil- 
lages. 



Jurgin, 
court mes- 
Benger and 
provost. 

Complaint 
against Jac- 
quet. 
Cattle 
scarce. 



June 14. 

Abbe Claes 
in service of 
Printz, Pap- 
pegoya and 
Kysingh. 



J. ALRICKS, COMMANDER OF NEW AMSTEL. 

make careful inquiry into all the complaints, and meanwhile 
allot the commissary's office to the person of Jacquet, for his 
residence, to make up his accounts ; and at same time arrange 
the complaints against him in order, and deliver them to direc- 
tor-general and council to be properly disposed of." 

Jacquet complains of being under arrest by the attorney- 
general ; asks the reasons for it ; finds himself in great trou- 
ble ; wants a copy of the petition of the attorney-general 
under which the arrest was made, together with one of the 
causes of impeachment which he " presumes to bring against 
me, so that I may defend myself;" to which the attorney- 
general answers, "as plaintiflf, ratione officii."^ 

Gregorius Van Dyck, sheriflF, appointed by the Swedes, 
who it appears were still governed in part by their own offi- 
cers, presents his credentials and instructions to the director- 
general and council, dated 20th May last, on South River. 
He appears before them, and his petition is read, " setting 
forth the necessity of concentration as soon as possible." 
Council authorize the sheriff, and appointed commissaries, 
and command them to concentrate their houses, and place 
them in future in the form of a village or villages, either at 
Upland, Passyunk, Finland, Kinsessing, at the Verdietige- 
hoeck, (the Doleful Corner,) or at such place as they may 
deem most convenient to their purpose, provided they pre- 
viously notify the directors Avhen they select any other spots 
than here specified. 

The director-general and council approve of "one Jurgin, 
the Finn, on the Orooked-kiU, as court messenger, to admi- 
nister the office of provost, provided he comes to New Am- 
sterdam for his salary." 

The farmers complain against Jacquet. 

As cattle are yet few, they cannot be located on one-half 
increase, which appears to have been a principle heretofore 
adopted. 

One Abbe Claes renders an account, which he requests to 
be paid him from the property left by the honourable John 
Rysingh, " considering that he wants it very much, as he has 
nothing in his old age to live upon." It appears it was for 
services after he closed his account with Governor Printz 
and H. Huygen, September 1, 1653, up to September 1, 
1655 ; he received money after Printz's departure, from the 

1 Albany Records, vol. xv. p. 187. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 237 

commander, John Pappegoya, and after the departure of 1657. 
Rysingh.^ He had lost a hand in the service. Ordered to ""^ ■ ' 
be paid. Hujgen certifies to his faithful services. It is or- 
dered to be paid when in funds, and charged to " Swedish 
company's effects at settlement of accounts." 

Isaiah Mesa, a Jew, remonstrates, " that he found himself June 12. 
aggrieved by a sentence of 14th April last, pronounced by AJewcom- 
the vice-director on the South River, New Netherland, J. P. p''""^ , 

_ y against Jac- 

Jacquet, and council, relative to a dispute between him and quetand 
some of the Swedes; desires to appeal; granted, "provided '^^^'^^^^ 
he makes, as usual, a deposit of 12 guilders, which being 
performed, he is commanded, as the sheriff of the Swedes is, 
on his departure, to deliver his conclusion within twenty-four 
hours, to enable us to give a decision."^ 

Jacquet appears before council; a compilation of com- jacqnctap- 
plaints is read ; he asks a copy, which the director-general is gg^ndj*^^*"^^ 
directed to furnish.^ 

Jacquet appears in court; "he was told that it was said June is. 
he first violated the arrest which was laid on tobacco of Niels Appears be- 
Swarsen, which he denied, but said Jacob Swenske did, who 5ipjjg°a'^ ' 
carried his tobacco from there 21st December, and Jacquet charge; is 
not till 2d January following. G. Van Dyck, sheriff on aVpy°ont. 
South River, being in court, demands a copy of Jacquet's 
charge against Swenske, which was ordered. An answer in 
writing presented by Jacquet ; attorney-general rejects it, 
and says he must answer " ilico on the accusations, or return 
to his arrest.""^ 

From a letter of this date, from Alricks to Stuyvesant, August 10. 
some particulars are learned respecting A. Hudde, who had Second mar- 
been for several years connected with the affairs of the nu^dl His 
Dutch company. It appears " he unexpectedly married dejection 
again, and regained his former confidence. He had been be- ment™ a^^ 
fore somewhat dejected and low spirited, that others were peaiof ai- 

..,.■,,.., .. T ^ ricks in his 

joined with him in the same commission, and seemed appre- beiiaif. 
hensive that ere long he might be set aside, as here was re- 
ceived a schedule that he Was not much longer to be respected, 
and that every thing was referred to the sergeant and. clerk ; 
on which occasion, and at his earnest request, I recommended 
to your honour his petition for his dismission ; but as he is an 
old servant of the company, residing here, whom, when dis- 

I Albany Records, vol. xv. Ibid. p. 218. z Ibid. p. 202. 

3 Ibid. p. 216. * Ibid. p. 220. 



238 



J. ALRICKS, COMMANDER OF NEW AMSTEL. 



1657. 



August 10. 

Murder of L. 
Hansen by a 
savage. 
Some arti- 
cles stolen 
were reoo- 
Tered. 



August 21. 

Arrival of 
the Balance 
and a yacht. 



Number of 
houses and 
improve- 
ments in 
New Amstel. 



Mode of go- 
vernment in 
New Amstel. 



charged from the company's service, in the same quality as 
he was before provisionally, on the same wages, board, and 
in the same quality, engaged in the service of the city, pro- 
vided he would act at the same time as under-sheriiF, on the 
fees which in that office he may recover, without any other 
charge on my principals, till otherwise should be disposed of 
it by our lords and masters."'- 

J. Alricks further speaks of Laurens Hansen, " captain 
des armes, from Christina, now Altona," who went with 
Alexander Boyer "on a trading expedition for their princi- 
pals," to the Minquas, in consequence of permission granted, 
and was " murdered by a savage, and robbed of some seawan, 
and a few other articles which he had with him." A short 
time afterwards, "a Minquas savage, who ruled as a chief in 
the next fort from here, in the country of the Minquas, came 
with other savages in our colony, bringing with him some of 
the seawan, and some other articles taken from the savage 
who perpetrated the deed." This seawan was " sealed up 
before witnesses, and consigned to Hudde, ad opus jus lia- 
bendum," in order to obtain time to give notice to the director, 
as it belonged to Hansen, one of the garrison of Fort Altona. 
He requests the director to inform him how to dispose of it.'^ 

The "Balance," with galliot "New Amstel," arrived safely, 
though the former was in great danger near Cape Henlopen, 
where she experienced several very severe shocks, so that the 
crew became greatly alarmed. She is to go to New Nether- 
land. Fifty to sixty lasts of clapboards are ready for her.^ 

"Every preparation was made to render the settlement 
both orderly and secure ; lots were conceded to the colonists, 
a magazine erected, the fort repaired, a guard-house, bake- 
house, and forge built, together with residences for the clergy- 
man, and other public officers, a city hall for the burghers, a 
building or log-house, two stories high and 20 feet square ; a 
square enclosed the public buildings. At the end of the first 
year. New Amstel was a goodly town of about 100 houses.'^ 

Alricks, in one of his letters, thus speaks of the govern- 
ment of New Amstel, before and after his arrival : " I found 
the government to consist of a military council over the sol- 

I Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 424 — 425. 2 Ibid. 

3 Ibid. vol. iv. pp. 237,247; vol. xii. pp. 405—411, 419, 44S, 449; vol. xv. 
p. 124. 

, 1 Holl. Doo. vol. XV. pp. 12, 213, 225, 227—231, 233, 252 ; vol. xvi. pp. 196, 
200 ; from O'Call. vol. ii. p. 337. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 239 

diers, who v,'ei-e here of old. The differences between the old 1657. 
settlers, who consisted of about twelve or thirteen families, ' ' ' 
were decided by the commander and two persons acting as 
schepens, and a secretary appointed from among the inhabit- 
ants, by the general, on the part of the West India Company. 
These expressed a desire, now that the place had changed 
hands, that a burgher-like government should be continued, 
according to the conditions, as it was under the director- 
general and the West India Company ; so it was, and they 
continued to decide all differences between burgher and 
burgher. All affairs appertaining to the city and military 
matters were disposed of by me and the council, and differ- 
ences between the city's servants, soldiers, trainsbands and 
freemen, until the arrival of the Balance, (this day,) when 
seven city councillors were elected, and from them three new 
schepens were chosen ; another secretary and schout were also 
appointed, two elders and two deacons, for the management 
of church affairs."^ 

Salt-works are referred to, at which ships stop and take in Sept. le. 
the rest of their lading. The " Weigh-scales" may take 150 sait-worus, 
vats. Vessels may .reach there in a day from New Amstel. '^™''^'' '■^°' 

Bricks or stones for chimneys are wanted ; they appear to 
have been made at, and brought from Fort Orange. Captain 
De Raet sailed this night upwards to the Schuylkill.^ 

Complaints are made against Alricks, for using the com- Sept. is. 
pany's oxen and negroes. ^^^^l ^f " 

The directors express themselves pleased that so few are Emigration 
disposed to go from Fort Amsterdam to South River ; they ^'■°'^/°f 

J^ o _ 'J Amsterdam 

hope it may so continue ; no force to be used.^ smaii. 

Great sickness (a fever) prevails at New Amstel. Alricks, October 2s. 
his wife, and three or four children sick; scarcely a family Great sicii- 
exempted ; no deaths as yet. "®^^' 

Three persons arrive with about forty cows. Alricks being cows. 
in great want, purchases them at 128 to 130 guilders per 
head. He wants a "ross-mill for breaking corn, "^ 

Two boats, with 14 Englishmen, ran on shore at Haver- Two boats 
kill. Captain Planning is sent to save them ; he lost an an- ^giith,^^ 
chor, and did not succeed. Michael was then sent, who ran- 
somed six from the savages, and brought them to New Amstel. 

1 Holl. Doc. quoted in note by O'Call. vol. ii, p, 337. 

2 Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 437. 3 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 249. 
4 Ibid. vol. xii. p. 437. 



240 



J. ALRICKS AND M. KRYGIER. 



1657. 



Dec. 15. 

Frauds at- 
tempted. 
Warning 
against is- 
sued by di- 
rector-gene- 
ral and 
council. 



Alricks re- 
presents 
forts in bad 
condition. 



Dissatisfac- 
tion ex- 
pressed 
against Al- 
ricks. He 
vindicates 
himself. 



As Alricks immediately sent information to the governor of 
Virginia, it is probable they belonged there.-'- 

The director-general and council issue a " -warning," having 
been informed by different merchants and inhabitants of the 
city of Amsterdam, and the village of Beaverwyck, through 
petitions, " that they long ago furnished different inhabitants 
on South River, in the neighbourhood of their former forts 
Nassau and Casimir, with several cargoes, for the payment 
of which the majority of the inhabitants mortgaged their 
lands, houses, and all their real property. Said debtors, by 
removing to the colony of New Amstel, endeavour to sell and 
alienate, to defraud their creditors, which is against all law 
and justice ; therefore all such sales and transfers made 
without consent of creditors, are null and void ; purchasers 
are warned not to make any payment on such purchases, un- 
less a formal notification is made previously of their inten- 
tion, under penalty of being compelled to pay it a second 
time to the creditors, unless done in the presence or with the 
consent of the concerned.^ 

Alricks, in a letter to Stuyvesant, represents Fort Amstel 
in a sad condition, the expenses heavy, means gone ; fort and 
several buildings much damaged; no magazine to save vic- 
tuals ; walls and fortifications crumbled down, as easy to pass 
them as through the gate ; another gate required, to make 
"some outward appearance of defence." He says of Chris- 
tina, that " 75 men should go to Fort Christina, now Altona ; 
for a long time no garrison has been there, and as it was 
rather decaying, and they knew not what to do, either in re- 
gard to their lodgings or victuals ; they found indeed, at first, 
enough to do in the beginning, when struggling with so many 
difficulties, to save and provide for themselves, as they had no 
employment for their stock, and not desiring to take care of 
them, much less that they should be solicited further, so no 
representation in this respect took place, but they solicited 
.that I would from time to time provide the garrison with 
bread, and also now and then some peaS, oil, and other arti- 
cles of which they were in want. I never refused. I cannot 
guess what reasons for discontent they might have, and on 
what ground they could make any written complaint about 
my past transactions with them. I cannot discover that I 
have ever given them any reasons for ofi"ence, or that I per- 

' Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 437. 2 Ibid. vol. vii. p. 40G. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOIl-GENERAL. 241 

formed any thing against their will and desire. But what 1657. 
has been reported by Ensign Smith and Henry Huygen, on ' ' ' 
this I shall only say, in a few words, Avith regard to the en- 
sign, he says often more than he well understands, and often 
wished he had used fewer words in my lodgings to my ser- 
vants, but nevertheless I passed it by, and never have given 
any offence either to him or Van Huygen."^ 

" The Delaware was frozen over in one night, so that a Delaware 
deer could run over it, which the Indians relate had not hap- 
pened in the memory of man 



"2 



frozen in 
one night. 



1658. 
The galliot remained at the kill all winter, but is now at March is. 
Altona for the nutwood (hickory) which was chopped by Articles of 
Stuyvesant's orders, and is going to Tinnicum for rye straw. *'^^®- ■^^'" 

m 1-NTA wood; rye 

Three hundred planks are wanted at New Amstel, for straw, 
the garret in the magazine, with lodgings of the commis- ^^i-o^'^o/^^Q 
sary, with the house in the fort wherein Alricks resides, of fort, and 
which only one-third part is furnished, with a garret and one ^^^l^J^^' 
room ; a new guard-house is wanted, as the old one is entirely tions. 
decayed. There is no carpenter there.^ 

With respect to the distribution of lots, Alricks says, " at Distribution 
first after my arrival, eight or more days passed by before I o^^^^io^^a^ 
could effect any thing about it, as there was scarce a single by lot. 
lot Avhich could be freely disposed of, as one or another made 
some claim upon it ; this made it necessary to collect infor- 
mation, when at last, on the petition of Jacob Elder, it was 
resolved to distribute all these lots, so that they should draw 
for them. When the ' Weigh-scales' arrived, I authorized 
the late Fabreck Spelen and A. Hudde to act in the same 
manner. On my arrival, and not before, the lieutenant, 
D'Hinoyossa, assisted at the drawing, so that to him again, 
at the arrival of the ship, and the schepen, Rademan, the 
disposition and distribution of the lots were referred, and by 
them accepted. Mr. A. Hudde, with a carpenter, Breant, 
surveyed in June last, as much land as he desired, and ac- 
tually received, as is evident from the signature of each in- 
dividual, yet in my possession. This was done as well to the 
colonists as to the officers and soldiers. * * * Scarce 
one of the men here had a dwelling-house for their residence, 

' Albany Records, vol. xii. pp. 417 — 423. ^ Campanius, p. 55. 

3 Alricks's Letters, in Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 285, &c. 
X 31 



242 

1658. 



Condition of 
things at 
Wew Amstel. 
Want of 
carpenters. 
Great sick- 
ness. Dis- 
couraging 
prospects. 



March 30. 

last day at 
both forts. 



April 20. 

Affairs on 
South Kiver 
deranged. 
Smuggling 
common. 



Persons wish 
to settle 
near Altona. 
Swedes to be 
regulated. 
Director- 
general, &c. 
to go to De- 
laware. 



April 30. 

Saw and 
grist mills. 



May 8. 

Director 
arrived. 



J. ALRICKS AND M. KRYGIER. 

or is now engaged in constructing one, as there were only 
four or five carpenters here, whom I was compelled to employ, 
and they were usually poor workmen, without experience or 
ingenuity, and what they are able to effect is of very little 
consequence ; they who cannot pay must labour for them- 
selves alone, without any assistance, and consequently make 
very slow progress. The prevailing sickness and hot fevers 
threw us considerably back, and made many linger ; there 
were neither stables nor hay ; nevertheless, as a few heads of 
cattle arrived from Virginia, our hope is somewhat revived."-^ 

The proclaimed thank, fast, and prayer day was celebrated 
on the 13th, and on the following day in the same manner, 
by the Rev. Welius, who by the commissary at Altona was 
desired to deliver a sermon there for the same end, which was 
done. "I fear, nevertheless, a scarcity of victuals."^ 

The director-general suggests to council that the affairs on 
South River required to be examined into, and that some 
changes in their management were necessary, many irregu- 
larities having been introduced, owing probably to the removal 
of Jacquet. It was requisite " that the rights of the com- 
pany ought to be maintained, particularly in collecting the 
recognitions from imports and exports, as he was advised by 
letter of great frauds by merchants of this city, and others 
on South River ; that those who do not pay could sell cheaper 
than those who do. That several persons of New Amstel 
colony asked permission to settle near Fortress Altona, in 
the company's district, there to begin plantations. Some 
regulations were necessary also among the Swedes." The 
council therefore advise that the director-general and the 
honourable Peter Tonneman should proceed to the Delaware, 
and place matters in a proper train.^ 

Joost Andriansen & Co. propose to build a saw and grist- 
mill below the Turtle falls, the site for which they obtained 
from the provisional commissary ; they ask a patent for it, 
which is granted by the director-general, on condition that 
they charge no more for grinding than is paid at the com- 
pany's mill.'^ 

The director-general and Mr. Tonneman having arrived at 
South River, the Swedish sheriff, Gregorius Van Dyck, Oloff 
Stille, Mathys Hanson, Pieter Rambo, and Pieter Cock, ma- 

* Alricks's Letters, in Albany Records, vol. iv. pp. 285, &c. ^ Ibid. 

3 Albany Records, vol. xiv. 227—228. « Ibid. p. 250. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 243 

gistrates, Swen Schute, captain, Andries D'Albo, lieutenant, 1658. 
and Jacob Swensen, ensign, met liim at Tinnicum, and pre- ' '~^ 
sented their petition for various privileges, as will appear 
from the following summary. They renewed their allegiance, 
by taking the subjoined oath, as all others were required to 
do. 

For executions, they ask a court messenger. Director says Ask for 
the iailer can perform this duty, as he is now employed by '°^'"* ^^^' 

" 1 n/ 1 i. J J seuger. 

the sheriff and commissioners to make summons, arrests, and 
executions. 

They ask for free access to the soldiers of Altona, in case For soldiers 
they wish their aid for execution of resolves. The provisional ^"t^^^""^' 
commissary is commanded to furnish them, if solicited by the 
sheriff. 

They ask that no person shall leave their limits without the ueguiations 
knowledge of the magistrates, much less male and female ser- ^'"' ^"sitives. 
vants ; that when they leave without a discharge, or try to 
run off, they may be arrested. Director orders that no per- 
son shall leave without consent of commissary, but first ob- 
tained of director-general and council, as usual in New 
Netherland ; and if any Swede departs, sheriff to order him May be ar- 
to return, and in case of refusal, to arrest him, and inform ^''*^'^^- 
the director. 

Some subsidies are required ; sheriff and commissary to in- subsidies 
quire " where they can be obtained with the least incumbrance "'i"®^''''^- 
for the Swedish nation, our good and faithful subjects, whom 
we promise that we cordially desire to favour as much as any 
of our own nation, on the oath which they voluntarily took, 
and which must yet be taken by those who have not, viz. 
We promise and swear in presence of Almighty God, that Form of 
we will be loyal and faithful to the high and mighty lords the 
States-General of New Netherland, and lords directors of the 
general privileged West India Company, with director-general 
and council already appointed, or in time being, and will re- 
main and shoAY them honour, respect, and obedience, as good 
and honest subjects ought to do, as long as we remain in this 
Nevf Netherland province, so truly help us God Almighty."^ 

The director, on his return to Manhattan from South River, May is. 
May 13, reports " many things there not as they ought to be, stuyvesant 
chiefly smuggling and fraud on the company's recognitions on ^f "I°!'J ^'^ 
goods imported from Holland, many articles not having the 

1 Albany Records, vol. xiv. p. 249. 



244 



J. ALRICKS AND M. KRYGIER. 



1658. company's mark being shipped in late vessels, without pre- 
" • ' caution taken against it, as with a case of 36 guns from the 
man-of-war Weigh-scales, embarked by the brother of Dr. 
Welius, which were distributed by Alricks among the com- 
munity." 

2. He is surprised at the oath taken by Alricks from newly 
arrived settlers, entirely omitting the directors of the com- 
pany, and director-general and council in New Netherland. 
Alricks promised to alter it. 

3. Vanderlis and one N. Ring, being aggrieved by a sen- 
tence, intended to appeal, and requested the secretary to 
enter the appeal, which he declined doing. 

4. The Swedes, after taking the oath on South River, de- 
manded that they might be permitted, if there arose a differ- 
ence between the crown of Sweden and our state in Europe, 
not to side with one or the other party, but remain neutral 
and quiet, to which the director-general consented. 

5. He had laid out a few lots near Fort Altona, some 30 
feet, the double of 60 feet broad, 100 feet deep, on condition 
that two buildings should be erected ; if the first proprietors 
failed to build, their lots to be disposed of to others ; the 
first proprietor may demand 100 guilders for fencing, &c. 

6. Officers elected over the Swedes — Captain Swen Schute, 
Lieutenant Andries D'Albo, Ensign Jacob Swensen.^ 

Alricks seems to be sensible that the director-general, 
during his late visit, had not been entertained as became his 
rank, and writes him, after his return home, the following 
apologetical letter : 

"After your departure from here, I hope that your return 
home may have been easy and prosperous, and that you met 
your family in the same happy situation. I solicit now and 
trust that your honour will excuse our moderate reception, as 
it was not in our power, in our distressed situation, to contri- 
bute any thing further to your comfort, and I beg you will 
take our good-Avill for the deed. If our situation improves, 
then we will endeavour to acquit ourselves of our duty to- 
wards you, and, if possible, cancel our debts. "^ 

It will be recollected that two boats, with a number of 

May 28. Englishmen from Virginia, were cast away on Cape Henlopen, 

and a part of them ransomed by Alricks. It appears by a 

letter of this date to P. Stuyvesant, and in one of a later 

1 Albany Records, vol. xiv. p. 245. ^ Ibid. vol. xii. p. 456. 



Oath omits 
mentioning 
directors. 



Appeal from 
a sentence. 



Swedes ask 
to be neutral 
in case of 
war. 



Lots laid out 
near Altona. 



Election of 
officers. 



May 17. 



Apology of 
Alricks to 
Stuyvesant, 
for not treat- 
ing him in 
better style. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 245 

date from the directors in Amsterdam, that they view this 1658. 
transaction with a jealous eye, and fear that it is only a " ' ' 
scheme of the English to get possession of this part of the 
river ; to prevent which they afterwards direct a purchase to 
be made. 

In the first letter they say, " two boats, with 14 English, Apprehen- 
arrived near Cape Henlopen, and were taken by savages, sionamAm- 

•i _ ■■■ ' _ " o 7 sterdam re- 

ransomed by Director Alricks, and settled in the city's colony ; spectmg the 
from which it is apprehended, that if said English remain ^tracUous^to 
there, and increase in number, said nation, which at present, stuyvosant 
although without sufficient grounds, claim the said river, with hisToncufct 
adjacent country, will endeavour to intrude upon us there, towards 
and dwell on said spot, as they before tried it from the side 
of New England, and become its usurpers on the first favour- 
able opportunity ; whereon it is resolved, that to prevent 
this, the director-general, Stuyvesant, shall be authorized and 
recommended to be on his guard, and take care that Director 
Alricks be instructed that said persons, who are represented 
as fugitives, if they, without a willing consent and act of their 
governor in Virginia, left that colony, be again conducted 
thither ; or if they are free persons, to disentangle himself 
from them in the best manner possible, without giving them 
any ofi'ence ; at all events not to admit any English beside 
them in that vicinity, much less to allure them by any 
means whatever."^ 

Michael Baukhuysen, " adelhorsf in the colony of Director May 28. 
Alricks, complains that he was engaged on South River as a person 
jailer, (captain geweldiger,) but that he is employed by the complains of 
sheriff" as the meanest servant ; prays that a mandamus may 
issue to Alricks, commanding that Alricks ask of him no 
other services than those of adelborst, or discharge him. 
Answer — the suppliant must previously address himself to his 
competent superiors.^ 

The directors in Amsterdam, fearing the English designed 
to make a purchase of the lands below Bombay Hook, direct 
Stuyvesant to anticipate them. They view the affair of the 
boat and crew as a deception. 

"We have been informed by the commissioners appointed Juner. 
for the direction of the colony of this city in New Nether- 
land, that the burgomasters were inclined to take possession 
of a tract of land called the JfTioreMU, and situated in the 

' Albany Records, vol. viii. p. 185. 2 n^jfj^ yoi. xiv. p. 392. 

x2 



246 J- ALEICKS AND M. KRYGIER. 

1658. bay of South River, at its west side, (on which bay they in- 
' '"'' tended to place some buoys for the security of the vessels 
■which arrive on that coast,) they requested us that we should 
Order to purchaso, on our own account, said tract of land, beginning 
wffrom ^* Gsbi^e Henlopen till Boomtjies-hook inclusive, and make 
Cape Henio- then a legal transfer of it to their director. It was further 
IT Hook'"' *^^^^ intention to construct a redoubt for its defence. As 
Afraid of the this Undertaking cannot but promote the interest of the com- 
EngUsh do- panj^ and procure an additional security to its possessions, so 
Propose would WO not delay in recommending that you would exert 
buoysin the yo^^sclf to obtain the possession of this tract as soon as pos- 
liTer. sible, ^nd if it is not done before, to purchase it from the 

original owners, from whom a written transfer, with usual 
formalities, must be obtained, that afterwards your honour 
may transfer it again in due form to the director of said 
colony. You will perceive that speed is required, if for no- 
thing else, that we may prevent other nations, and principally 
our English neighbours, as we really apprehend that this 
identical spot has attracted their notice; because we have been 
informed that lately two boats, with Englishmen from the 
Virginias, were seen near the Cape Henlopen, and thereabout 
were driven on shore, when the crew was taken prisoners by 
the savages. When they were ransomed by the director, 
Alricks, they pretended to be fugitives, perhaps to remove 
from their governor the suspicion that they had been acting 
under his direction ; while we are further informed that the 
director, Alricks, consented that a few English families might 
settle there ; and when we reflect on the insufferable proce- 
dure of that nation, not only by intruding themselves upon 
our possessions about the north, of which our title is indis- 
putable, and when we consider the bold arrogance and faithless- 
ness of those who are residing within our own jurisdiction, 
then we cannot expect any good from that quarter; and 
therefore recommend you to pay a particular attention that 
you become duly informed what number of families have 
actually settled there, and that you warn the director, Al- 
ricks, of the disastrous consequences of placing too great a 
confidence in them, with all possible courtesy. Do not omit 
to advise us, in time, of the true state of affairs, that we may 
take such measures as may be required. Amsterdam, June 
7, 1658."! 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. pp. 273—274. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 247 

An ordei- for a purchase of land, it will be recollected, was 1658. 
given in 1656, somewhat similar to this. ^— r— ' 

It was usual for vessels from Amsterdam, bound to South 
River, first to touch at Manhattan, unless special permission 
to the contrary was granted by the directors, as was done in 
the following instance by the directors in Amsterdam : 

" Whereas Barent Jochemsen, skipper on the vessel < The 
Gilded Mill,' chiefly freighted by this city to transport colo- 
nists and freemen, wishes to sail directly to South River, and 
solicited us to grant him this request ; we deemed it becoming 
to acquiesce in the proposal, wherefore if he might not stop 
at the Manhattan^ as is the letter of the usual formulary in 
the contract with private shippers, we desire that he may not, 
on his return, be troubled or molested for this reason."^ 

The following extracts from letters of Alricks, show the September. 
prevalence of sickness, and deaths among them : 

New Amstel, and the surrounding country, suffered much Great skk- 
from sickness, as well as other causes. Alricks writes, that "T^^' ^^^^^ 

. . . . . . . deaths. 

" our actual situation, which is certainly very distressing by 
an ardent prevailing fever, and other diseases, by which the 
large majority of the inhabitants are oppressed and broken 
down, besides that our ' barber' (surgeon) died, and another, 
well acquainted with his profession, is very sick." 

" But few old people died, but a great number of young 
children, who could not stand it. Six of us fell sick. The 
members of the council, Hinoyossa and Rynvelt, with the 
sheriff and all the schepens, had a very severe attack, and 
the greatest part remain yet bedridden, but I hope they may 
ere long recover, as the sickness now begins somewhat to 
abate." Besides this, " Christian Barents, v/ho was to make 
the ross-mill, has died. In great distress for bread and corn." 
(August 9, September 5, October 7.) 

The ship Mill arrived with 108 souls ; ten to eleven died September. 
on board, owing to the long voyage, from scurvy, and three ship miu ar- 
more since arrival. They were in want of water. No cook- DJathsfrom 
ing took place for several days. her. 

"Died here, Commissary Abraham Rynvelt, and left by October 28. 
will his estate to Commissary Van Sweringen. Also died, Death of 
Anthony Merman, so that here the generally prevailing sick- Commissary 
ness has taken off several of our respectable inhabitants, &c. 
besides other persons, but chiefly young ones or children; 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 278. 



248 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1658. besides, many are yet lingering and bedridden, and who can 
" ""^ slowly recover their former health and strength. Muskets 
rusty and want cleaning."^ Complains of smuggling, and 
proposes a watch of three or four soldiers. 

The director-general and council " wanting, for the admi- 
October28. nistration and promotion of the company's and our own 
Appoint- affairs on South River, an expert and respectable person to 
^AlmBe^-^' commaud there in our absence, as vice-director and commis- 
man as vice- sary, and direct the whole for the best of the company, 
commissary placing unbouudcd Confidence in the abilities, honesty, and 
of South Ki- experience of William Beekman, schepen and elder in the 
city of New Amsterdam, have appointed him as our commis- 
sary and vice-director, to administer and take care, during 
our absence, of the aforesaid country, of the fortresses, the 
militia and freemen, issue good orders, and make those well 
respected and fairly executed ; to administer justice, accord- 
ing to his best knowledge and judgment, as well civil as cri- 
minal and military affairs, according to instruction. All to obey 
him as such, especially the present provisional commissary." 
His salary and boarding same as the late commissary Jac- 
Saiary. quct, viz. 50 guilders per month, and 200 guilders per annum 
for board, in conformity to resolution, July 30.^ 

He took the oath of office^ on the same day, in which he 
Oath. promises to be loyal and faithful, to administer justice, to 

maintain the reformed religion as it is preached in " Father- 
land" and here, in conformity to the word of God, and the 
Synod of Dordrecht, and promote it as much as in his power ; 
do every thing for security and defence of the government, 
and conform in every respect to instructions, of which the 
following is a summary : 

When arrived at South River, as the company rese7wed 
Instructions, neither house nor lot, he is at first, and provisionally, to take 
ms resi- Yds lodgings in the diveUmg-house in Fortress Altona; but as 
he ought generally, and especially on the arrival of vessels, 
to have his permanent residence at or near New Amstel, he 
must, as soon as possible, procure convenient rooms or a 
dwelling, and hire for a year at expense of company. 

On the arrival of any vessels or yachts of any nation, or 

1 Albany Records, vol. xii. pp. 467 — 476. 

2 Ibid. vol. xiv. p. 314. By this resolution it appears that then Mr. Beekman 
was commissioned as commissary at this salary, which Jacqiiet also enjoyed. 

3 Recorded on page 388. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 249 

at least before tlieir unloading, to be in or near Fort New 1658. 

Amstel, attend carefully to tlieir loading and unloading, and '^ ■ ' 

in no manner permit any goods or merchandises to be laden 

or unladen, or embarked in other vessels, without examination ms duties. 

and certainty that the recognitions have been paid from those 

in Fatherland or here at the commissary's office, or that the 

company be not defrauded of revenue. 

To secure this, and prevent smuggling, he is to have all to have a 
the time a guard of the company there, under his orders or °'^^^'^' 
those of a sergeant, or some other officer of the company. 

In case of discovery of contraband, he is to act as auditor, with re- 
and seize them, in conformity to placards of director-seneral ^"^"^"^ *? . 

' «/ 1 o smuggled 

and council of New Amstel, prosecute the smugglers, &c. gooas. 
provisionally, till further orders, before the council there, 
"whose judgment he shall demand. From their decision he 
may appeal to Manhattans. 

He is to have a share of all smuggled and confiscated ms share of 
goods which by his industry and diligence have been disco- *^'^™" 
vered, as also of all fines, at the judgment and discretion of 
director-general and council, to whom the goftds are to be sent 
by first opportunity, or an account of them. 

He is provisionally invested with all the powers of the com- Has aii pow- 
pany on the river, except the district of New Amstel, with company 
regard to all the ministers and servants of the company, who except at 
shall support him in his office, order all freemen of whatever ^^ "^^ ® ' 
nation, keep the first under good order and discipline, and 
to the second maintain and administer good justice, both in 
civil and military affairs, and in criminal cases of minor 
grade, all in conformity to former instructions, either to late 
commissary or to the Swedish nation, or as future circum- 
stances may require ; shall employ the sheriff and commis- 
saries already appointed, or which had previously been 
appointed over the Swedish nation. 

'< Whereas it had pleased the lords directors to extend the Kespeeting 
limits of the colony of the city of Amsterdam, upon request ^^'^ piwchase 

of lands. 

of the commissaries, and to favour it with the tract of land 
named Bompjes hoeck, (Trees Corner,) from there to the south 
to Cape Henlopen, and consequently authorized us to pur- 
chase aforesaid land from the original proprietors, and thus 
is he particularly commanded to act in concert with, and 
solicit the advice of, the honourable Jacob Alricks, or any 
other who shall be qualified by him for that purpose, to be- 

S2 




Fortifica- 
tions. 



Take inven- 
tory. 



Examine 
guns and 
fortificar 
tions. 



Beekman's 
letters. 



January 6. 

Alrioks loses 
his wife. 
Further de- 
tails of dis- 
tress. 



March 28. 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

come well informed wlio the real proprietors are of aforesaid 
lands, to hear and weigh their pretensions, and if their de- 
mands are reasonable, to enter with them into an agreement 
about it, or otherwise inform us about it ; and if the aforesaid 
honourable Alricks might feel himself inclined, and has an 
opportunity, to erect, before winter sets in, some fortifications 
in tlw neiglibourliood of Cape Henlopen, or about the Hoern- 
kill, or to make any buildings there, then he ought to be 
specially authorized and commanded to make first a purchase 
of the land which he should want, of which then as soon as 
we are informed of the situation and extent, a deed shall be 
prepared." 

"Directly on arrival, prepare correct inventory of all the 
effects of the company ; also a correct list of all the horses 
and cattle formerly belonging to the Swedish officers, how 
many at first, and what became of them. 

Examine into quantity and quality of the guns in the for- 
tress of New Amstel, especially their weight ; also what other 
matei'ials were received by Alricks from the company, on 
behalf of the city.^" 

A voluminous correspondence of Beekman has fortunately 
been preserved among the Albany Eecords. As they fm^nish 
almost the only history of that period, and enter into details 
of many circumstances as they occurred, and are indeed 
chiefly official communications to Stuyvesant, we shall rely 
much upon extracts from them for that portion of our work. 

1659. 
About this time Alricks lost his wife, by the prevailing 
sickness, and appears to be in great affliction in consequence 
of it and other causes. He says, " winter early, long, and 
unexpected, caused great distress ; the previously long con- 
tinued rain prevented the collection of fodder for the crea- 
tures, and continued sickness curbed us so far down that all 
the labour in the field and agriculture was abandoned ; the 
guns are rusty, not having a proper place to keep them in." 
" One reason of want of victuals is, the lands are new." "I 
did see from the first, that from the few Netherland settlers 
who actually resided here at our arrival, scarce one obtained, 
during our residence, one schepel of grain ; those who came 
with us hither, or emigrated afterwards to this place, did not 

I Albany Records, vol. xiv. pp. 389—392. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOE-GENERAL. 25J_ 

much more, or could effect any thing better, as the time, in 1659. 
the first year, was spent in building houses and making gar- ' ^"^ 
dens, in which small compass of garden each individual, as 
well in clearing soil, in building, and carrying the materials, Settlers en- 
was so busily engaged, that the summer was passed without f^i^^ "^"^ 
having thrown much seed into the ground ; besides this, was no time is 
then obstructed by the general prevailing sickness, during cuulrc.^""' 
two successive years, while the immoderate hot weather was 
another impediment."^ 

The following letters from the directors in Holland to Go- 
vernor Stuyvesant, show that the Dutch entertained constant 
suspicions of the fidelity of the Swedes in public trusts, espe- 
cially since their request to remain neutral in case of any 
interruption to the mutual harmony between the two nations. 
They say : 

"We approve the orders of your honour on the South February 13 
River, with the exception of the appointment of Swedish Letter from 
officers in that district, because that nation is not to be trusted, ^^^f^^'^ °^ 

' , ' West India 

which may not only be presumed from its former conduct, but Company to 
is evident from their request to the director that they might ^' ^*"^^ 
be permitted to remain neutral in case a Swedish succour pleased witu 
might arrive. These are, in our opinion, bold proposals from of^swectoiT* 
subjects who pledged their obedience to our government and officers. 
the company, when they took the oath of allegiance, and remoyed/ 
who betray the sentiments which they foster in their bosoms ; 
wherefore we have been yet more surprised, as it had been 
rather preferable to have disarmed the whole nation, than to 
provide them with officers, and place the arms in their hands, 
which they might use against us, not only by the arrival of 
any Swedish succour, but on any other occasion. It is there- 
fore required, to prevent such an event, that this mistake 
should be corrected, not only by removing the Swedish officers, 
but by replacing them with other officers of our own nation, 
when you ought further to take hold of the first favourable 
opportunity to disarm them at the least symptom of disaffec- 
tion. The sheriff and commissaries of the same nation ought 
not to be reappointed when their time is expired, and others 
of our nation put in their places, to render their associations 
fruitless, and discover their machinations with more ease. It 
would be useful for this purpose, could you succeed, to sepa- 
rate them, and induce them by fair means to settle among 

• Albany Records, vol. xii. pp. 480 — 483. 



252 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. our own inhabitaiits, when we could not be endangered by 
" ' ' them. You must conclude, from what we have already writ- 
ten on tliis subject, that we consider it of the highest imi^ort- 
ance, wherefore we recommend you to execute our orders 
with the greatest carefulness."^ 

They give some further instructions : Governor Stuyvesant 

Beekman's is to " admonish Alricks, from time to time, of his duty, and 

^on^*^* particularly to assist William Beekman, who is now continued 

custom-house officer and auditor in the colony of the city on 

South River.^ 

" It is now no longer required that you transmit the weight 

Prices of ar- of the brass and iron guns, with the valuation of the remain- 

surrendered ^^S ammunition and instruments of the artillery train, cattle, 

atFortCasi- and Other articles which were surrendered with the Fort Casi- 

mir, now New Amstel, to Director Alricks, as we have agreed 

on this point with the burgomasters and rulers of this city, 

who now are its legitimate proprietors ; we shall therefore be 

attentive to communicate to you the prices of the ammunition 

and other implements which occasionally may be transmitted 

to New Netherland, that you may have a certain rule to act 

on in your distribution of these articles to your neighbours."'^ 

About this time various alterations were made by the bur- 

Aiterations gomasters in Amsterdam, in the conditions upon which the 

in conditions colouists had agreed to emie;rate, and which caused much 

to colonists ; , " . . . 

create dis- discoutcnt whcu the news arrived ; provisions were only to be 
satisfaction, (jigtriij^^iije^ from the public magazine among those who left 
Holland prior to December, 1658 ; merchandise to be sold 
only for cash, and the city to be no longer obliged to keep 
supplies in their magazines. Exemption from tenths, instead 
of continuing for twenty years, were to cease in 1678, and 
poundage, horn, and salt-money, ten years earlier than stipu- 
lated, when the director-general could impose what rate he 
pleased. Goods in future must be consigned exclusively to 
the city of Amsterdam, whereas the West India Company 
allowed all traders resident on South River to export wherever 
they pleased, except beavers and peltry, the monopoly of 
which was still retained by the city. Many poor folks, whilst 
yet they had any thing left wherewith to pay for their pas- 
sage, had offered it to Alricks, and besought him, with clasped 
hands, to accept it in payment of their debts, but he de- 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. pp. 291 — 292. ^ Ibid. p. 285, 

3 Ibid. p. 286, &c. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 253 

clined, saying, " Ye are bound to remain for four j^ears." 1659. 
" We have spent, in our hunger, wretchedness, and misery, ' ' ' 
all that "we saved from our small pittance ; ^^•e have nothing 
left wherewith to pay." " You must pay first, and then go." 
Numbers fled to Virginia and Maryland, Avhere they spread 
the news of the weak and desperate condition of New Am- 
stel.-^ Stuyvesant, in a letter of 4th September, complains 
of this conduct of Alricks to the company ; which see. 

A public fast and prayer day is directed by the director- March 28. 
general to be observed on Wednesday, April 2, which Alricks Fast and 
says will be observed. " What regards the proclamation of T^'^y^^^^^-y' 
a fast and prayer day, transmitted here to be published on 
the 2d of April, I delivered it to the secretary as I received 
it from your honour ; he will copy it in the form in which it 
ought to be done, and deliver it then to the gospel minister, to 
be published by him on that day. The minister keeps always 
the copies in his possession, by which it may thus always be 
seen what your honour commanded, and in what manner, so 
that in this regard every thing is performed that would be 
required — wherefore I enclose the declaration of the secretary 
on this subject."^ 

" The fort and several buildings are much decayed; there condition of 
is no magazine to save the victuals ; lodgings too small, not ^^^ ^°^^' 
light, and many out of repair ; the ramparts, &c. unfit for 
use ; beddings for the cannon in same situation ; the walls 
and fortifications so far crumbled down that it is easy to pass 
them as by the gate itself, so that another gate is required, 
to make some outward appearance of defence, chiefly against 
the Swedish nation, who are yet ardently fostering the hope 
to be restored to possession."^ 

The following fragments of a letter from Alricks to Stuy- March, 
vesant, show some of the causes then operating against the 
colony : 

* * * u That prevailing violent sickness, which wasted DepioraWe 
a vast deal of goods and blood, from one year to another, and coi^°^fro^ 
which not only raged here, but everywhere throughout this sickness, se- 
province, and which consequently retarded not only our pro- therlndTii- 
gress in agriculture, but threw a damp over the other under- ^^^y ^^ ^ 

takings. Besides that, in the ship 'Mill,' which only lately with sup- 
plies. 

1 O'Call. vol. ii. pp. 376 — 377, who quotes HoU. Doc. vol. xv. pp. 23 — 27 ; 
vol. xvi. pp. 215 — 217. Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 290. 

2 Albany Records, toI. xii. pp. 482, 491. 3 Ibid. p. 419. 

Y 



254 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. arrived, a very short time before the severe cold weather, 
* ' ' were embarked more than 200 souls, besides those who last 
spring arrived, and bringing, as appears by the lists, about 
Marcii. 500 souls, without bringing any victuals with them, which 
baffles, in this respect, all our measures. It is true we re- 
ceived by said ship a small cargo of about 3000 guilders' 
worth, for the purchase of victuals. The ship Mill arriving 
late ; the harvest, by the unfavourable season, being collected 
late ; the little grain which was not drowned by the heavy 
incessant rains, but remained stifled in its growth, was sold 
at such excessive prices, that it often could not be purchased, 
where it was necessarily wanted. We were not permitted to 
go to Virginia nor to the north, so that our bread magazine, 
our pantry-room, our only refuge is to Manhattan. In this 
full persuasion, we despatched the galliot, which, however, by 
the early winter, was frozen there, and as we had only a very 
scanty supply, and could obtain nothing anywhere else, it 
actually occasioned great distress among several inhabitants, 
although the usual rations were distributed among the arrived 
colonists, and even other individuals." 

* * * u His honour's good intentions [for supply of 
Captain of a provisious] being carried into execution, and that his yacht, 
with piwd-'^ which was before commanded by Lumis Obbes, now named 
Bions runs thc Brigantinc, laden with victuals of pork, beef, maize, &c., 
was despatched hither, but to our misfortune, its skipper 
proved himself a faithless villain, and went off with the ves- 
sel thus provided, on privateering, to loojc out for a good 
prize, as we learned from various information ; so that it hap- 
pened to us as is so really said, 'misfortune goes seldom 
alone.' After all this, we were surprised by a dreadful and 
long-continued hard winter, so that no use could be made of 
Deplorable any vcssel whatever ; so that sicknesses during summer sea- 
Btatcof the ^ ^^^ ^^je scvcrc cold in winter, took away the greatest 

colony. Hard ' 7 .; o 

winter. part of the year, and prevented much labour from being per- 
formed. The sicknesses and deaths pressed on us with such 
unabated violence, that a large number of men, and not a 
small number of our cattle perished, during that period. We 
will devoutly pray our God, and hope that our sins may dis- 
continue, and then of course the punishment shall be abated, 
which we are wishing from our whole heart. "^ 

Apru 25. At this early period, the discovery of mines and minerals 

1 Albany Records, vol. xii. pp. 484, 485. 



PETER STUTVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 255 

appears to have been a favourite object of attention. Several 1659. 
notices appear on the records, such as at Esopus, and on the '" ■ ' 
Raritan, but the following is noticed particularly for its con- 
nection with the history of this state at a later period. The 
directors of the company say, " We lately saw a small piece 
of mineral, said to have been brought from New Netherland, 
which was such good and pure copper, that we deemed it 
worth inquiring of one Kloes de Ruyter about it, as we pre- 
sumed he must know if the fact is as stated. He asserted 
that there was a copper mine at Menesinh, and that between copper 
the Manhattans and South River was discovered a mountain ™™'^^=^'; 

Menesmk. 

of crystal, of which he said he brought several specimens 
with him."^ 

A communication was made to the author, and is printed 
in his Register of Pennsylvania, volume i. page 440, from the 
late Samuel Preston, referring to some traditional accounts 
respecting the '^ mme-7ioles" and the ^^ mine-road,'' as having 
been made at a very early period, by " a company of miners 
from Holland." He says, "from the best evidence I have 
been enabled to obtain, I am clearly of opinion that Menesink The earliest 
was the oldest European settlement of equal extent ever made in'^pg^g^'i^ 
in the territory afterward named Pennsylvania." The pre- ^ania. 
ceding remarks respecting the discovery of the mines, may 
possibly show the origin of these mine-holes, and thus verify 
the later traditional account. 

It had been decided by the Dutch, if practicable, to make 
a purchase of the Whorekill. The following extracts from 
Alricks to Stuyvesant, show the progress of this business : 

" We further understood that the cargo destined for the May i4, 
purchase of the Whorekill was now arrived, at which we re- Cargo m- 
joice, but that no guns were shipped, as these were not ob- the'l^urlhase 
tainable at the Manhattans ; wherefore I solicit your honour of whorekiu 
that I may be permitted to supply them from the smuggled '^^"^^ ' 
guns which were arrested in the ship Weigh-scales, which I 
would perform with pleasure, if it was possible, but as these 
guns had been a long time in the magazine, and became wet, 
but principally as several of the new colonists were without 
guns, and were intended to be armed ; so it was deliberated 
upon this point in our meeting, and resolved to open the 
cases, which having performed in presence of D'Hinoyossa 
and Rynewell, it was discovered to contain 35 small guns, 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 304. See also, Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 428. 



256 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 



1659. 



Distribution 
of guns 
from the 
" Weigh- 
scales." Se- 
veral burst. 



..May 24. 

Eeekman 
and D'Hino- 
yossa at 
Whorekill to 
purchase 
land. 
English 
claim. 



June 14. 

Orders to 
fortify and 
garrison can- 
not be com- 
plied with. 



June 13. 

Alricks asks 
transfer of 
Wborekill to 
the city. 



with brass handlures, of wliicli tlien was said tlaat each cost 
in Holland 3 gl. 5 st., and it was concluded that these 
should be delivered to the ensign, Anthony Rademan, to 
be distributed among the citizens who were without. When 
this was eiFected, several of these guns, when used, burst. 
This was communicated to the directors, of whom several 
were among the directors of the company, with the addition, 
that he who would reclaim these guns might be referred to the 
attorney-general, and that so as those were, they were here 
necessary, so might the city's account with the company be 
charged with it." 

Difficulties with the vessels, and their passes and searches. 
Beekman is complained of as causing detention by his ab- 
sence.^ 

Messrs. Beekman and D'Hinoyossa departed 23d of last 
month for the Whorekills ; were there on 30th, and despatched 
a savage to the chiefs in the country, desiring them to come 
down, with a view to agree with them. Ali-icks writes, " Now 
I hear some rumours that the English pretend that this river 
country is their property; that they intended to send ten 
persons hither to claim it, and place them in possession, with 
which several discontented persons would coincide to effect 
this plan, as there are here persons boasting to have seen let- 
ters written from Virginia to the Swedes, that they might 
remain here as a free colony under the English. "^ 

Alricks again alludes to the sickness for two years, hard 
winter, unfavourable summer, and no ship arriving with vic- 
tuals, as an excuse for not complying with certain directions, 
and says, " more so as I am commanded by my principals, in 
their letters, to secure another place besides this, to fortify 
and garrison it, which cannot be undertaken, much less ac- 
complished, without great expense, towards which the small 
cargo of the ' Mill' avails little, as all the victuals are to be 
purchased at a high price — for maize, 6 gl. per schepel."^ 

Agreeably to their instructions, Messrs. Beekman and 
D'Hinoyossa having effected the purchase of the Whorekills, 
as appears by a deed sent by William Beekman to director- 
general, Alricks applies to them, "in conformity to the orders 
of my principals," for " a transfer of this purchase in forma, 
as well as of the other land of this colony, (New Amstel,) 
and further, that I (J. Alricks) may obtain a duplicate of said 

> Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 48G. 2 Ibid. 496. ^ Ibid. 499. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 257 

transfer, sealed and signed in the same manner as the princi- 1659. 
pal, on parchment or francldn, that it may be sent to my ' ' ' 
lords and masters in p atria. "'^ 

A person arrives from Bearson, or Gfodtsnend Island, and June 26. 
reports the leading men in the country had a meeting, but Danger ap- 
that nothing could be known, except that several inhabitants pi"«^«'^<^«'^- 
had been warned to keep at home, or on the soil.^ 

Alarms continue respecting the English in Maryland. Al- July 29. 
ricks says to Stuyvesant, " the chief consideration with regard Alarms from 
to the South River is, that the arrival of the English here ^i^'f^*^^*' 

' o Writes to go- 

must excite some interest, and raise discontentment. It is vemor. 
not doubted by the generality, that they intend to come 
hither. It was resolved here to address the governor of 
Maryland, that he would send back our deserted soldiers, but 
as we don't know his name or residence, the letter was sent 
to Colonel Jude- Utie, who resides in Bearson Island, where- 
as his honour is the first of the tAvelve magistrates there, so- 
liciting that it might please him to forward this letter, with 
his recommendation, to its address, which was accepted, 
although his honour, during the conversation, declared that 
he actually had a commission in his house to come hither, but 
that, in the mean time. Lord Baltimore was arrived, com- LordSaiti- 
mandinff that the lands, from such to such degrees, should be ^°^^ '^"'**'^ 

o ' o ' survey of 

reviewed and surveyed, and when ascertained, reduced and lands, 
remain under his jurisdiction, without any intention to aban- 
don any part of it."^ * * * 

As soon as it was known here that Josias Fendall, governor August is. 
of Maryland, was commanded to inquire into limits, and 
warn intruders off, it caused great anxiety among the inha- 
bitants ; operations are discontinued, and each one is pre- 
paring for flight."^ 

The following proceedings took place at a council held at Augusts. 
Ann Arundell, in Maryland, August 3d, being the commence- 
ment of the affair in which Colonel N. Utie acted so conspicu- 
ous a part : 

" Present, the governor, (Fendall,) the secretary, (Philip Proceedings 
Calvert, Esq., brother to Lord Baltimore,) Colonel Utie, of^o^^iof 

' ^ ' ,^ . . ' Maryland. 

and Mr. Edward Lloyd. Then was taken into consideration 
his lordship's instruction and command to send to the Dutch 

I Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 498. 2 Ibid. p. 503. » Ibid. 

4 Ibid. p. 506. This is probably the letter to which the one that follows is 
a reply ; if so, it must have been written some time previously to this date. 
33 t2 



258 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. in Delaware Bay, seated within his lordship's province, to ■ 
"■ — ' ' command them to be gone, and ordered, that Colonel Na- 
thaniel Utie do make his repair to the pretended governor of 
Instructions a pcople Seated in Delaware Bay, within his lordship's pro- 
to coL, utie. yj^gg^ ^j^rl that he do give them to understand that they are 
seated within his lordship's province, without notice given to 
his lordship's lieutenant here, and to require them to depart 
the province." 

" That in case he find opportunity, he insinuate unto the 
people there seated, that in case they make their application 
to his lordship's governor here, they shall find good condi- 
tions, according to the conditions of plantations, granted to 
all comers into this province, which shall be made good to 
them, and that they shall have protection in their lives, 
liberty, and estates which they shall bring with them. 

" Signed, Philip Calvert." 

The following letter was addressed " to the commander of 

the people in Delaware Bay," and from the tenor of it, would 

appear to be in reply to one written to the governor by Al- 

ricks ; the date of neither is given, but that of the governor 

of Maryland seems to form part of the proceedings of council : 

" Sir — I received a letter from you, directed to me as the 

August 3. Lord Baltimore's governor and lieutenant of the province of 

Letter of go- Maryland, wherein you suppose yourself to be governor of a 

■yernorof peoplc Seated in a part of Delaware Bay, which, I am very 

Maryland to ^ ^ ^ ,. / . , -, n ^ i r- i 

governor of wcll informed, lieth to the southward oi the degree torty, and 

Delaware, therefore can by no means own or acknowledge any for go- 
requiring "^ tn ^ 1 1 • 1 1 1 • -1 

him to de- vernor there but myself, who am by his lordship appointed 
^'^''*' lieutenant of his whole province, lying between these degrees, 

88 and 40, but do by these require and command you pre- 
sently to depart forth of his lordship's province, or otherwise 
desire you to hold me excused, if I use my utmost endeavour 
to reduce that part of his lordship's province unto its due 
obedience under him."^ 

Stuyvesant thus represents the state of the colony to the 
company in Amsterdam : 

" The situation of the city's interest on South River is 
Sept. 4. very precarious, without great prospect for improvement, and 

' Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 514. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 97. N. Y". Hist. 
Sec. Coll. vol. iii. p. 368, from Maryland Records, by Bozman. This letter 
may also be found in a note to O'Call. vol. ii. p. 378, where it bears date 
July 8, 1659, as from HoU. Doc. vol. xvi. p. 99. 



PETER STU YVES ANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 259 

it is much to be apprehended that if no other and better 1659. 
measures are adopted, that this settlement will fall into ruins. ' ' ' 
It would be too long and tedious a task to enumerate the various 
complaints which are reported from there, and cannot all be Letter from 
equally credited. This is certain, that several inhabitants fanftTwest 
are removing from there. While I am writing this, there in<iiaCom- 
arrived here from there an English ketch, which sailed from gtCTdLm. 
Boston three weeks ago, with provisions ; the skipper, a well- R"i«ious 
known and credible person, said that while he was on South colony, ow- 
River, about fifty persons, among whom several families, re- ^°^^° ^^' 
moved from there within a fortnight, to Virginia and Mary- a vessel 
land : a chief excuse for these removals to Virginia, (that the ^'^°^ Boston, 
general complaints and rumours are spread here and every- 
where,) is supposed to be the too great preciseness of honour- 
able Alricks. We gave to individuals a pass for coming 
hither, even to such as offer to pay their passage and fare, or 
who are giving security for it, who otherwise would have de- 
sired rather to remain among their own nation than to remove 
among strangers. The probability of this might be corrobo- 
rated by our own experience, because his honour more than 
once prosecuted and solicited that those might be returned 
who did come hither, without being willing to accept their pay 
or security, not even when we addressed him on this point 
with such preciseness, of which, perceiving the dangerous 
fruits, we resolved, at least till further orders and advice, to 
act not with much rigour from our side, by returning thither 
all such as might come here, as there is more prospect for the 
city of receiving its payment from those who remain under 
this government, and within this province, than from those 
who, if not admitted, are as much enforced to remove and 
settle amongst strangers ; on which we therefore shall expect 
your honour's advice to regulate our conduct." 

He alludes to rumours afloat respecting the English of Kent English ex- 
and Maryland, a part of Virginia, making an attempt on ^y^^J^"" 
South River. Fears and suspicions of a confederacy between 
Sweden and England, and the disputes with our government 
might continue, and some enterprise be undertaken under 
Swedish colours; fears their feebleness to oppose such an 
event.^ 

" We mentioned in our last the desolate situation of the September, 
city's colony on South River, by the elopement and removal 

' Albany Records, vol. xviii. pp. 28 — 39. 



others. 



2QQ J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. ' 

1659. of a number of colonists towards Virginia and Maryland, and 

" — • — ' other places, day by day, and growing worse and worse, so 

that scarce thirty families remain there. Besides, the sol- 

Removaisto diers of the city, who were fifty in number at their arrival, 

Maryland. ^j.q melted down to near one-half, of whom two-thirds have 

families re- been garrisoncd at Whorekill, not without fear and peril to 

^^^' be there all massacred by the cruel savages, so that in and 

about New Amstel no more than eight or ten soldiers are 

remaining."^ 

Alricks writes to Stuyvesant that " six persons arrived at 
Sept. 9. New Amstel from Maryland, on last Saturday, about 8 p. M., 
Letter from viz. Colonol Nathaniel Utie, his brother, his cousin, a Major 
Alricks to Jacob Dc Vrintz and servant, with four fugitives, of whom 

p. Stuyvc- ' 1 >i T • 

sant, giving thrcc worc apprehended, and one escaped. Colonel Utie de- 
acoount of sanded an audience on Wednesday, which was consented to. 

interview •' ■^ 

with Colonel When they appeared before us, I asked for his commission, 
utie and ^^gn he showed me his instructions, which he said was at the 
same time his commission, of which I now enclose a copy. 
H-e appeared pretty harsh and bitter ; however, what he 
joined to it was perhaps yet more pungent and bitter, yea, 
even so that it was not to be suffered. He urged that we 
should give him our answer and declaration without delay, by 
yea or no, or he should be compelled to use other means, and 
then he would be innocent of the blood which in such case 
might be shed. He was fully authorized; might not indulge 
in any delay, neither could there be a more favourable period 
to execute the plan, as they might now dispose of a number 
of tobacco-planters. It appears that they are warmly en- 
gaged in the execution of this project, as becomes further 
evident from his answer or protest." * * * [Three lines 
are here lost.] " The citizens are few in number, and un- 
Avilling to fight, because, as they say, the city has not kept 
its conditions, but curtailed them ; and to be short, it is utterly 
impossible to secure this place without a larger reinforcement, 
or immediate relief, which, on receipt of this, ought to be 
conveyed hither with all possible speed, without the least de- 
lay." He hopes the galliot can be equipped, and "your 
honour come in person. We cannot expect to live with them 
in peace, except your honour, with his usual discretion and 
prudence, can dispose them in such way as your own council 
may deem proper. Do not then forsake us in our distressed 

' Albany Records, vol. xviii. p. 445. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 261 

situation, neither permit that we should be ruined. New Am- 1659. 
stel, September 9, 1659. — P. S. Three weeks allowed."^ ' "~~' 

On the 12th of September, Beekman writes to Director 
Stuy vesant, that on the 9th he had despatched to him a sa- Sept. 12. 
vage with the honourable Mr. Alricks, and now sends another, Letter from 
fearing some accident to the former, and would have sent a ^p^st^'"^ 
soldier with the latter, but for a rumour of the difficulties at sant, giving 
Staten Island. He proceeds: "On the 6th of this month, ofthTvlsit 
towards evening, arrived at New Amstel, Colonel Nathaniel ofCoioneiN. 
Utie, with his suite, being altogether seven in number, who, part'ofLord 
on the 8 th, solicited an audience, which directly was granted. Baltimore. 
I was then very urgently entreated by Mr. Alricks to assist 
in their meeting, to hear the colonel's conclusion and pro- 
posals, while he further said that I was far more deeply in- 
terested in it than he, in regard to my relation with the West 
India Company, while the city of Amsterdam had been 
guarantied by the company, who sold the land to the city of 
Amsterdam as free from any incumbrances. 

" Colonel Utie first delivered a letter to Alricks ; then, at our 
request, a copy of his instructions ; then communicated his 
orders from the governor of Maryland, and <■ declared that 
we here in South River have taken possession of Lord Balti- 
more's jurisdiction, and therefore commanded us to leave it 
directly, or declare ourselves subject to Lord Baltimore ; and 
if we hesitated to resolve upon it voluntarily, he deemed him- 
self not responsible for the innocent blood which might be 
shed on that account.' We answered, ' that this communi- 
cation appeared very strange in every respect, as we had been 
in possession of this land during so many years, as well as by 
octroy of the States-General and the directors of the West 
India Company, which we previously obtained.' His honour 
said, ' he knew nothing about it ; it was granted to Lord 
Baltimore, and was confirmed by the king himself, and re- 
newed two years ago, and sanctioned by the parliament, to 
the extent of forty degrees ; when he repeated again he was 
innocent of the blood which might be shed, as Lord Balti- 
more was invested to make war or peace, without any man's 
control. He said further, ' we ought to take hold of this op- 
portunity, as our men had chiefly deserted us, and they who 
are yet remaining will be of little or no aid, therefore it is 
our intention to take hold of this occasion, as we will not let 

1 Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 509. 



262 J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659, it pass by, convinced as we are of your weakness, and it now 
' — ^~~' suits us best in the whole year, as the tobacco is chiefly har- 
vested ; we therefore demand a positive answer, just as you 
Letter from may plcase ;' just as if he would say, 'it is indifferent what 
^p^sf™*'^ you may resolve/ We answered, 'that we could not decide 
sant. utie's the casG, but that it must be left to our lords and principals 
^**' in England and Holland.' He replied, 'he did not care 

any thing about them.' We answered, 'that we would do 
nothing without them, and were in duty bound to refer the 
case to the director-general of New Netherland, to whose 
government we were also subject, and it would require some 
time to consult them.' He demanded 'what time would be 
required.' We proposed then 'three weeks,' on which the 
colonel said, ' I have no orders to give any respite ; neverthe- 
less I will give you the required time.' 

" On the 9th, we summoned him to the fort again, to re- 
ceive our answer in writing, when the colonel repeated his 
former saying, and then said to me particularly, as he under- 
stood that I was commander at Christina, that ' I too must 
depart from there, as it was situated within 40°.' I answered, 
' that if he had any thing to say to me, that he ought to ap- 
pear at the place of my residence ;' when he replied, ' I think 
it sufficient, at all events, that I made you this communica- 
tion.' The writings reciprocally delivered are now transmitted 
to your honour by Mr. Alricks ; we expect your orders and 
assistance with all possible speed, and ardently wished that 
your honour was here on the spot. We devoutly pray that 
it may please God to spare your honour in health, and pros- 
per the administration of your government, while I remain, 
your faithful servant, William Beekman. 

"Altona, 12th September, 1659. ^ 

" P. S. Last week a soldier ran away, so we now only have 
thirteen men, besides the sergeants."^ 

The following protest against Colonel Utie's proceedings, 
Sept. 9. by the commanders on South River, shows the ground they 
took in this high-handed measure : 

" Whereas you appeared yesterday afternoon, at your re- 
Protest quest, in our meeting, and read and showed us there a certain 
against pro jnstruction, which, as you said, was given by order of the 

ceediugs of ?/•/ > <d ^ ^ 

CoLutie. honourable Josias Fendall, lieutenant of Lord Baltimore, but 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 5. This volume contains a large portion of 
Beekman's correspondence between 1658 and 1663. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 263 

without day or date, or place, when or where it shouhl have 1651). 
been written, being signed by Philip Calvert, secretary, &c., '-~^^^' 
and designing us by it, as at the Delaware Bay or the colony 
here ; in which aforesaid instructions is simply said and al- Protest 
leged that this place is situated in the aforesaid Lordship's ^roceedin-s 
Baltimore's province, and that therefore this government, ofcoi. utie. 
together with its subjects, ought to leave this spot the instant 
it was notified to them by you. You further proposed by it, 
that all the lands between 38° and 40°, from sea to sea, east 
and west, belonged to Lord Baltimore's governors of Mary- 
land, and that what had been before disputed in Old England, 
had lately been granted and confirmed; relating to us all 
this, without producing one single document for its sanction, 
or forwarding to us any of this kind, so as we too could have 
wished that you had been pleased to commit your proposals 
in writing, to avoid future misunderstandings. It is true you 
declared, in words of more weight, that in case of refusal of 
immediate departure, to be unaccountable for the much inno- 
cent blood that might, by reason thereof, be spilled. Such 
proceedings and treatment appeared to us unexpected and 
strange, and so do such procedures and treatment by Chris- 
tians and Protestant brethren, and our near neighbours, with 
whom we desired, and of whom we never solicited any thing 
else, nor do it yet, than a sincere cultivation of harmony and 
friendship, that we yet desire may be uninterrupted, as we, 
from our side, are confident that we never gave them any 
reason of discontentment ; we therefore request once more, 
as we did before, to deliver us at least an extract, to verify 
your principal's pretended rights, to ascertain the title and 
limits of his property, either that these have been conquered 
by his right hand, or that they have been acquired by a title 
of purchase or donation, so too, what in Old England might 
lately, or for some time might have been disposed by the par- 
liament in favour of the claims of your principal. 

" We oifer to show and prove this instant, in what manner 
we obtained the possession of this land, as well by a grant 
of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United 
New Netherlands, as by a legal transfer of the West India 
Company, by the payment we made for this land, and its actual 
possession. 

" But that we, if some misunderstanding with regard to 
this or any other subject might have taken place, we should 



264 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. wish that such a difference should be submitted to our sove- 

" • ' reigns, as the parliament and the States-General, otherwise 

because we are but new comers in these countries, and there- 

Protest fore unacquainted with the circumstances of this affair, or 

against -what mav be found concerning the same in the public offices 

proceedings •' o ir 

ofcoi. utie. of record or elsewhere. We refer ourselves to the proofs, 
against any suggestions to the contrary which are yet in the 
possession of the director-general, and in whose government 
of New Netherland we reside. 

" It was further continued at the next meeting, with regard 
to your instructions. It is given in consideration, if it is 
lawful, that offers are made here to some of our inhabitants, 
and favourable terms of agreement about some plantations 
proposed, enforced by the prospect of a future commerce 
with the inhabitants of Maryland, and the promise of pro- 
tection and much liberty, which has been already actually 
performed, as well to such individuals as by their oath were 
bound to obedience to their lords and masters, and who were 
owing considerable sums to one and other of their fellow- 
citizens, and who, seduced by such lures, are wavering if they 
shall abandon their former pursuits, and conclude to run 
away, to meet their utter ruin half- ways, by which, neverthe- 
less, their lords and masters are disappointed, and are frus- 
trated to recover their debts ; wherefore we are compelled to 
enter a solemn protest against your honour and his principals, 
as we are doing by this, against all losses and damages which 
we suffered already, or yet might sustain, with a view to pur- 
sue the recovery there, and as we may deem proper. 

" With regard to the continuation of peace and harmony, 
as concluded by the republic of England and their High 
Mightinesses the States-General, we cheerfully refer ourselves 
to it ; also to the treaty and alliance concluded 5th April, 
1654, under which resort all governments, as well in America 
as in Europe, and whereby they are charged and recommended 
to commit no hurt, hostility, or injury against one another, 
as by the 16th article. 

" I am confident, nevertheless, that you will consider every 
point maturely, and require nothing further than you, in 
equity and justice, can desire to maintain. We declare that 
we are utterly averse to defend or patrocinate the least in- 
justice, but are always cheerfully willing to second those who 
have the right side, or to give place to them ; while in all. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 265 

what more is required, and exceeds this just measure, or is 1659. 
contrary to it, we refer to our sovereigns, or otherwise ; we " ■ ' 
so, tenderly, protest against all losses and damages as before. 

" It was further proposed, that in order to deliver a more 
decisive answer, it would be expedient to write, with all pos- 
sible speed, to the director-general, for which end the colonel 
allowed three weeks or thereabouts, at least till his answer 
can be received. Was signed, 

" J. Alricks, John Williemsen, 

"Alexander D'HiNOYOSSA, John Crato, 
" William Beekman, Hendrick Ripp. 

"By order of the director-general and council, with the 
Director Beekman and schepens. By absence of secretary, 

" G. Van Sweringen."^ 

Beekman refers to a letter sent, for greater security, by a Sept. 20. 
savage, with Sanders Boyer and Vanetas, to inform him of 
the transactions with the English ; they, however, returned 
last night to New Amstel, the savages having advised them 
not to proceed. At a consultation at request of Alricks, it 
was agreed to send Van Sweringen, with eight or ten men, 
with two soldiers, by land to Manhattan. By two Englishmen 
lately arrived, they learn that when Colonel Utie returned, 
five hundred men would be ordered to be ready to march on Kvehun- 
orders. Beekman, on hearing this, sent a person to Virginia '^^"'''^ ^'''^ 

' _ o ' r o preparing t» 

for information, solicited Sheriff Van Dyck to provide eight come from 
or ten men for the security of Fortress Altona, but he did ^^^^ 
not succeed ; is expecting instructions and reinforcements 
from director-general. 

They again resolve to write, by ten men by land, " as the Sept. 21. 
road was here deemed very unsafe." Beekman returned to 
Altona for two soldiers, which were sent over to Alricks be- 
fore evening, but he had changed his mind, and sent back the 
soldiers. Alricks hired a yacht of Captain Jacobs, to sail 
that evening, on hearing which, Beekman stepped into a 
canoe, and wxnt to New Amstel, where he met Vanetas and 
Andreas, who said Alricks had changed his mind, because he 
deemed it improper to send so many men from the colony. 
Beekman writes, " it seems to me that Alricks and Hinoyossa 
are much perplexed and full of fear, with respect to the Eng- 

' Albany Records, vol. xii. in which are several chasms, which we have , 

filled from the copy in the A. P. S. Collections, published in Reg. Penns. vol. 
iv. p. 97. Roll. Doc. xvi. p. 117. 

34 Z 



266 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 



1659. 



Sept. 23. 



Letter of P. 
Stuyvesant 
to Alricks 
and Beek- 
man, blam- 
ing their 
course witli 
Utie. 



Tan Ruyven 
and Krygier 
appointed. 



lish coming from Maryland, which I could not helieve." No 
tidings of the sheriff and commissary. Alricks, in a letter 
of same date, to Peter Stuyvesant, confirms the return of the 
savages and men, after being eight days on the road, which 
compelled him to hire the yacht at 200 guilders. " Hopes in 
God for a large reinforcement;" says "the English conduct 
themselves in such a manner that we cannot count on any 
time with certainty, neither can there be placed any confi- 
dence in them".^ 

After receiving from Alricks and Beekman their account 
of Colonel Utie's visit, Stuyvesant expresses his displeasure 
at some of their proceedings, in the following letter : 

" I did see, with no less regret than surprise, in your last 
letter, with the annexed documents, the frivolous conclusion 
of Nathaniel Utie, and your not less frivolous answer and 
further proceedings with him, on such a frivolous fabricated 
instructions, without date or place when and where it was 
signed, or by whose authority and order it was given ; much 
more so yet, that you permitted the aforesaid Utie to sow his 
seditious and mutinous seed among the community, during 
four or five days, without compelling him to defend his coming 
there ; permitting him first, (after the fifth day of his arrival,) 
at his request, to obtain directly an audience, with a further 
written promise, signed by the great council, that a further 
and more satisfactory answer should be given upon his frivo- 
lous conclusion and well within three weeks, and all this only 
on his threatening expressions, without showing any qualifi- 
cation or commission by whom he was authorized ; unques- 
tionable proofs, indeed, of want of prudence and courage, 
partly avowing his rash conclusion, at least greatly encourag- 
ing the boldness of the man, who rather deserved to have 
been apprehended as a spy, and conducted hither, than to 
have obtained an audience upon such a frivolous fabricated 
instruction, without a commission. To leave then no shadow 
of hope to that spy, thus are we, by the past transaction, and 
your honour's letter, compelled so to redress the one and cor- 
rect the misconduct of others, to appoint and authorize the 
bearer of this letter, our beloved, discreet and faithful Corne- 
lius Van Ruyven, secretary, and Captain Martin Krygier, 
burgomaster of this city, to dispose and regulate all the affairs 
there, agreeably to their commission and instruction, placing 

* Albany Records, vol. xii. p. 516 ; vol. xvii. p. 6. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 267 

further under the command and direction of Captain Krygier, 1659. 
the military force which in our present situation we could ' ' ' 
spare with difficulty ; requesting by this that the aforesaid 
committee shall be received and respected as ourselves, in stuyvesant 
executing their instructions, to procure them all assistance, ^^^Beek- 
and to pay them due obedience. In which confiding, we will, man 
with our cordial salute, recommend you to God's protection, 
and remain, &c. P. Stuyvesant.^ 

'New Amsterdam, September 23, 1659." 
The following are the commissions referred to in the pre- 
ceding, which show more fully the nature of their duties. 

" P. Stuyvesant, &c. &c. Whereas, for the purpose of pro- Sept. 22. 
tecting and securing the interests of the company and city Commission 
of Amsterdam's colonies on South River and New Nether- ^° ^^'^^^''^ 

Krygier, as 

lands, we have immediately resolved to expedite and forward captain of 
a certain number of militia, over whom, in our absence, it t^'^™^^'^*' 
was necessary to appoint a suitable and valiant commander ; 
therefore, from our own experience, and relying upon the 
experience, fidelity, and value of Martin Krygier, burgomas- 
ter of this city, Amsterdam, in New Netherland, we have 
commissioned and appointed the same, and by these presents 
do commission and appoint him as captain over the said troops, 
and all others that may be found along the South River and 
elsewhere, or may hereafter be raised, ordering and com- 
manding all officers, high and low, and the soldiers, the said 
Martin Krygier as their captain to acknowledge, respect, and 
obey, according to our good meaning and intention. Thus 
done and given under our hand and seal, September 22, 1659, 
at New Amsterdam. P. Stuyvesant." 

"P. Stuyvesant, in behalf of West India Company, &c. Sept. 23. 
Know ye, that in consequence of unexpected advices from commission 
their excellencies, Jacob Alricks and William Beekman, for ^f^^ysier 

" _ ' and Van 

the purpose of preserving and protecting the concerns of the iiuyven, aa 
honourable the company's colonies and the city of Amster- ^^^^^^ 
dam, we have commissioned, authorized and despatched, by 
these presents, our trusty and well-beloved honourable Corne- 
lius Van Ruyven, secretary, and Captain Martin Krygier, 
burgomaster of this city, and according to instructions already 
given them, or hereafter to be given, on receipt of broader 
and better advice respecting the government and security of 
those places, to establish all possible and prompt orders, and 
1 Albany Records, vol. xix. pp. 331, 332. 



268 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. by these presents, all and every one to wliom these presents 
"'"^' ' shall be shown, or to whom they may appertain, commanding 
and summoning our aforesaid commissioners, viz. Cornelius 
Van Ruyven.and Martin Krygier, as such, according to pre- 
sent and future instructions, authorized to receive and respect, 
and accept, on the execution of these presents, and of what 
may tend to strengthen the interests of the company, to give 
them all such advice, comfort and aid as it becomes them." 
The ninth and tenth articles of instructions to Messrs. Van 
Sept 23. Ruyven and Krygier, in relation to Colonel Utie, are, 

" If the before-mentioned Nathaniel Utie, be it in person 
Instructions 01" ^J anybody else, might return for an answer on his frivo- 
to Van Kuy- jQ^g demand, and no less frivolous signed promise, as is said 

ven and , , . ■,.. ..,, 

Krygier to to havo Dcen givon mm in writing, the gentlemen commis- 
treat Utie as gioners are to give unto him, as being a spy, and wholly un- 
qualified, no answer, until he first exhibits a due qualification 
of a state, parliament, or lawful established government ; in 
the mean while to keep him and his second as hostages, and 
treat them civilly, until they exhibit better qualifications, or 
that other commissioners bring a more peculiar and better 
answer from any state, prince, parliament, or lawful govern- 
ment, to the end we may be duly acquainted where, how, and 
on whom we may take satisfaction for the costs and expenses 
already been at, or yet to be at, in the maintenance and de- 
fence of our own. 

" The said Utie returning or not retm-ning, they will fill up 
Commission the commissioii delivered them in blank, and despatch the 
mansto^go'to pcrsous therein named, or to be named, with all speed, to the 
Maryland, govcmor of Maryland, if they can conveniently be despatched 
from thence, and may have a speedy answer back again. If 
the same cannot, according as they find matters, be done bet- 
ter and more speedily from hence, then to cause Mr. Augustus 
Heermans, with all speed, to return hither, to despatch his com- 
mission from hence. In the mean while, they will endeavour to 
[obtain as] much intelligence as in anyways is possible, to [from 
our] good friend at Beren Island, for our and their use."^ 
Governor Stuyvesant having heard of Colonel Utie's visit 
Sept. 23. to, and conduct at South River, resolves to send two commis- 
sioners to Maryland, and appoints Augustine Heermans and 
Resolved Waldron for that purpose, with the following com- 
mission and instructions : 

1 A. P. S. MSS. in Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 98. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 269 

"Peter Stuyvesant, in behalf of the high and mighty 1659. 
lords States-General of the United Provinces, the noble lords "^ ' 
overseers of the authorized West India Company, as director- 
general of New Netherlands, Curacoe, Bonaire,(?) Araba, and commission 
the appurtenants of them, with advice of the lords of the ^^^g^f''"''' 
council, to all men that these shall come to see and hear, Heemans 
salut. We make known that we have qualified, authorized, ^ron!^'*^" 
and have given power, as we do qualify, authorize, and give 
power, by these presents, to Sirs Augustine Heermans and 
Resolved Waldron, as our trusty ambassadors, to address 
themselves to the honourable Josias Fendall, governor of 
Maryland, and after the delivery of the copy of this and 
letter to his honour, in a friendly and neighbourly way, to 
request the redelivery and restitution of such fi*ee people and 
servants as for debt and other ways have been fled, and as to 
us is given to understand, that for the most part are residing 
in his honour's government, especially about a year since have 
gone out of this colony of the high, well esteemed lords go- 
vernors of the city of Amsterdam ; which if you do, we are 
ready to assure you, that in maintaining of good justice and 
neighbourly duty, to do the same beside all those that may 
come runaways to us out of any of your neighbour govern- 
ments ; otherwise, if contrarywise your honour shall make 
any exception or delay upon this friendly and neighbourly 
representation then to his honour, as also to the council or 
any that this may concern, to make it known, that we shall 
be enforced, lege talionis, to publish and to grant all liberty 
and stay free from arrests, and recess to all planters, (ser- 
vants and negroes included,) which are now out of his honour's 
government, or hereafter shall come to us. 

" Secondly, we do command our aforesaid ambassadors and 
agents to make known to the lord governor and his council 
what has passed about the coming and arrival of one Nathaniel 
Utie, in the aforesaid colony of New Amstel, seeking to sub- 
orn and induce the inhabitants of the high and mighty lords 
of the said colony to rebellion from their legal commander 
and our nation, and further, without lawful order, act, or 
qualification from any state, prince, parliament, or govern- 
ment, showing only an authorized instruction or cartabel, 
without time or place, or when written, nor by order of any 
state, province, or parliament or government subscribed, de- 
manding, and in case of refusal, threatening our said fortress 



270 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. to blood, with the said colony of New Amstel, thereto adding 
' ' ' the said fortress, within the time of three weeks, (in case the 
same was not surrendered willingly,) with power of people to 
Commission invado by way of hostility, which is altogether contrary to 
wlf™'" *^® articles the 2d, 3d, 16th and last of the confederacy and 
Heermans pcaco betwcon the republic of England and the Netherlands, 
dron^''^' "^ 1Q54: made ; and also we, out of the said conceived in- 
struction, by Colonel Nathaniel Utie delivered to the lords 
directors of the said colony of New Amstel, cannot conceive 
any higher power or authority, or order to such seditious pro- 
ceedings and persuasions to the subjects, from their legal 
lords and own nation, and far less for to demand and threaten 
such places, where their undoubted right can be shown by 
patent of the high and mighty lords States-General, granted 
to the noble lords overseers of the West India Company ; 
■ further, by bargain and sale, and deeds of the natives, and 
possession above these forty years, which is then contrary to 
the law of nations, and contrary to the forementioned articles 
of peace, to this time as yet entirely observed, to whose 
judgment and decision all questions, (if there should arise any 
between both nations,) first must be reserved, according to the 
last article of the peace, where our own forenamed ambassa- 
dors are especially authorized and commanded seriously to 
request the foresaid lord governor and his council, by virtue 
of the foresaid articles of peace, to give us right and justice 
against the said Colonel Nathaniel Utie, with reparation of 
damages already sustained by his frivolous demands and 
bloody threatening ; in conservation of our plantations in the 
South River, and hereafter may be enforced to do.-^ And 
further, by these our open commission, do request that the 
above-mentioned ambassadors, Augustine Heermans and Re- 
solved Waldron, as our trusty agents, according to the law 
of nations, may be received, heard, and full credit may be 
given, promising to ratify and to approve, and to hold of 
force what shall be done by them according to the commis- 
sion, as if such was done by ourself. These we have given 
under our ordinary cachet and signature, in Amsterdam, in 
New Netherlands, the 23d of September, anno one thousand 
six hundred and fifty-nine. 

" P. Stuyvesant. 

1 Something seems to be wanting in the preceding sentence to render the 
sense of it complete ; but it is as above in the record. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 271 

"By command of the lord director-general of the New 1659. 
Netherlands, Curracoe, &c., and the lords of the council. ' ' ' 

" C. V. EuyvejST, Secretary.''^ 

The commissioners bore the following letter from Stuyve- 
sant, objecting to the conduct and demands of Colonel Utie, Scpt. 23. 
and informing the governor and council of their appoint- 
ment : 

" Honourable lords — We have with great astonishment un- Letter to 
derstood how that one Colonel Nathaniel Utie, of late, with- governor, &. 

ifiTn- ofMarylana, 

out that there is yet snowed to us any lawful qualification, from Gen. p. 
commission, or order from any state or government, but only stuyvesant. 
upon a seditious cartabel, in form of an instruction, without 
inserting any time or place, or where or from whom, or in 
whose name, order, or authority it was written, only sub- 
scribed Philip Calvert, secretary, is come to us within our 
government and colony of New Amstel, and upon the same 
so formed instruction, hath demanded the foresaid places and 
colony of New Amstel, and upon refusal, hath threatened the 
governor, council and inhabitants of the place to blood, in 
case that the foresaid fortress and colony is not rendered will- 
ingly within the time and space of three weeks, and to come 
again by force of people to enforce the same by way of hos- 
tility to invade the same. And moreover, the inhabitants of 
the said place subject to the high and mighty lords States- 
General of the United Provinces, have sought to alienate, 
and to induce to rebellion from their lawful commander and 
our nation, which is also directly against the confederacy 
peace articles between the republic of England and the above 
said high and mighty lords States-General of the United 
Provinces, made in the year 1654 ; and whereas the afore- 
mentioned Colonel Nathaniel Utie, in his discourse, did make 
mention as if he by you thereto was qualified and commanded, 
which nevertheless we, out of the aforesaid pretended in- 
struction, in noways can be induced to believe ; therefore we 
have, to avoid all misunderstanding between these govern- 
ments' people and subjects, thought fit to send to you as 
agents and ambassadors, our well-beloved and trusty Augus- 
tine Heermans and Resolved Waldron, for to remonstrate all 
what is aforesaid, and how ill those odious proceedings will 
be taken by the high and mighty lords States-General, the 

1 N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. iii. p. 371—373. MSS. A. P. S. in Reg. Penns. vol. 
iv. p. 97. 



272 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. lords overseers of the "West India Company, and the high 
' • ' esteemed lords and governors of the citj of Amsterdam, as 
they are taken now already so by us, and to request for what 
is past, in reference to the articles of peace, and in a kind 
and neighbourly way, the apprehension of certain fugitives : 
all this in conformity to their commission. These are only 
to serve for their address and safe-conduct, and we accord- 
ingly request, that the foresaid our commissioners, according 
to the right of nations, may be credited and believed as our 
trusty ambassadors, which we, in like occasions, at all times, 
shall be willing to acknowledge, and remain in all other ob- 
servations, which we trust shall be accepted in all cordiality. 
" Honoured lords, your affectionate friends and neighbours, 

"P. Stuyvesant. 
" By command of the lords overseers general, and lords 
councillors of New Netherland. C. V. Ruyven, Secretary. 

" Dated Fort Amsterdam, in New Netherland, the 23d 
September, 1659."i 

Immediately on their arrival near Fort Christina, Messrs. 
Sept. 28. Van Ruyven and Krygier inform Alricks of the fact, in a 
Letter from letter dated 28th September. After acknowledging receipt 
Van Ruyven ^f ^ jg^.^ f AMcks, of the 9th, they say, " Though the 
giertoAi- director-geucral's present situation, with regard to savages, 
ricks, In- forbids, yet the serious and earnest entreaties for any succour 

forming of '*' ^ '^ ^. ^ 

arrival with of men, victuals, and powder, and that your honour did not 
60 soldiers^. pQggggg more than eight men, soldiers, two adelhorsten, and 
ditioninout- One Sergeant, besides the citizens are but few in number, and 
®*" unwilling to fight, because the city, as your honour says, has 

broken her conditions, and rendered them less favourable; 
and further, that your honour is full of apprehension with 
regard to the threatening neighbours, whose pretensions and 
demands are entirely frivolous, is yet, on same day, by said 
director-general and council, to afford you, and the whole 
world, how deep an interest they feel in the security of this 
South River, which has now been in possession of the privi- 
leged West India Company more than thirty-six years, re- 
solved and determined to send me here with a force of sixty 
men, in succour, under the military command of the valiant 
Captain Martin Krygier, which was instantaneously executed 
and promoted with such speed, that in less than three days, 
every article required for such an expedition was in readiness, 

> N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. iii. p. 370, 371. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 273 

■with which we embarked at the Manhattans, in three barques, 1659. 
sailed from there on 23d instant, and this instant arrived, " ' ' 
which is therefore directly communicated to you, so that 
either you may, on receipt of this, come directly to see us in 
Fortress Altona, or send your deputies, provided that they 
are persons endowed with sufficient knowledge and qualifica- 
tions to assist in considering and arresting the use of such 
orders and means as might be serviceable for the maintenance, 
preservation, and defence of this excellent South River, and 
particularly the colony of New Amstel. With which com- 
mending you, &c., your affectionate friends, 

" C. Van E,uyven, 
" Martin Krygier. 

" Done at South River of New Netherland, in the yacht, 
between Forts New Amstel and Altona." 

At foot was written — " Sir, Whereas, before sealing this 
letter, the Lieutenant D'Hinoyossa, with other persons, ar- 
rived on board our vessel, so we understood by them of your 
indisposition, on which we resolved to proceed and cast anchor '^•• 
before New Amstel, and to visit you in person. 

(" Arms of city Hoorn.'y 

Messrs. Van Ruyven and Krygier censure Alricks^ as the 
cause of all the misfortunes of New Amstel. They require vanEuyven, 
the fifty soldiers sent back who had been sent from Manhat- ^irig^^^ag*^ 
tan to defend New Amstel, and say it is his duty to keep up cause of 
that number, which would have prevented runaways, and that ^'^ew Am- 
he must collect them ; charge him as the author of all the sfei. 
calamities which befell New Amstel ; insist on his recovering 
it ; " must supply soldiery from the colonists, who are unwill- 
ing to enter into the service of the city unless Krygier re- 
mains," being willing, under him, to defend the place to the 
last man. " In such a bad name is this place, (New Amstel,) 
that the whole river cannot wash it off, and would to God that 
it remained here, and that it was not openly proclaimed in 
our fatherland, to the scorn of this whole province. And 
now concerning the freemen, as we have learned by experience 
that your honour compels them to remain here, notwithstand- 
ing they declared their distressed situation, that they cannot 
find employ here, and are willing to oblige themselves under 
oath not to leave before payment of their debts to your ho- 

' ' Albany Records, vol. xviii. pp. 466, 467. 

2 No date, but between Sept. 23 and Oct. 1. 
35 



274 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 



.j^g. 



1659. nour, which management is too slavish and odious for a free 
'- ' -' nation, and in our opinion not in unison with the intention 
of the noble lords of Amsterdam. All this your honour may 
Van Euyven reply is untrue ; that you allow every one to depart when he 
and Krygier ^^^^ . ^^^ ^-^^^ reply, ' When we were able to pay for our pas- 
sage, we offered to honourable Alricks, and with folded hands, 
to accept it for payment of debts ; he declined, saying we were 
bound to stay four years ; now we have spent all our little 
pittance, from hunger, anxiety, and misery, and have nothing 
left.' It would, in our opinion, stem and soften the odious 
clamour, and remove blame from you, to permit such as can 
find no employment here, depart to Manhattan, provided they 
can give security for arrears to the city ; if not, that they 
engage on oath not to leave the province without your con- 
sent or on payment. We cannot perceive any advantage by 
compelling them to remain. It ought not to be that we should 
leave them to perish by famine, trouble, and cold, though the 
rumour is afloat that many have actually died by hunger ; this 
would not be in unison with the duties of a Christian ; then 
it follows we must at least provide them with necessaries and 
clothing, by which their debts are increasing ; then again is 
the hope that those who go to Manhattan will, some day or 
other, pay ; otherwise, in despair they will run off to Virginia, 
than which it is better they should run to Manhattan." 

They speak of the transfer of the colonists, ten or twelve 
unwilling to enter into a residence in the city, and placing 
them provisionally in Fortress Altona, under command of 
Beekman ; besides these, twenty men more in garrison there 
for defence of fortress ; that he shall employ as many sol- 
diers as we take colonists in service of this colony and For- 
tress New Amstel. 

The director-general suggests the propriety of a general 
General War with the savagcs ; has written to fatherland ; at present 
war with sa- j^gg(jg i}^q p-aHiot, and requests it, provided another good ves- 

Tages pro- o ^ l ' x u 

posed. sel is found for the contemplated voyage. 

Reminds him that Captain Krygier, as it is our custom to 
Soldiers of cleau and place every thing in proper order in our Fort Am- 
New Amstci gj;gj.(;|am commanded some of the soldiers whom we conducted 

disobey or- 

dersofKry- hither to clcau half the Fortress New Amstel, which was an- 
gier. Justi- jj^j^iiy effected, and that each person might do something, so 

fled byAl- -^ ^ ^ -r»ioJiJ 

r^ok". commanded aforesaid your sergeant, Bernard btoodcur, to do 

the same on the other part of the fort, with his men. " It 



Soldiers at 
Altona. 



PETER STTJYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 0-^5 

is forbidden me by honourable Alricks and Lieutenant Hino- 1G59. 
yossa, to obey any other command than theirs," was the an- ' ' ' 
swer, which sounding in our ea,rs as an uncommon trumpet, 
we directly addressed the honourable Alricks, in presence of ciimoyossa 
D'Hinoyossa, declaring our surprise, as he must know, by ^°^J^^^ 'i" 
our credentials and instructions, with vfhat high commission clean the 
we were endowed; wherefore we should wish to know if it ^°^\°^''^^y 

' gier s orders. 

was done with his knowledge. It proved true, both saying 
that the city's servants were not holden, agreeably to their 
oath, to obey any other commands than those of the city ; 
and Plinoyossa further declared that no one, while he held 
commission, should exercise command over him, or the sol- 
diers of the city, and such other discourse which should not 
be passed by without protest, yet we do it, as it might lead 
to discussions, &c. to be avoided ; we trace it, however, to the 
oath which had been taken, excluding the directors of the 
West India Company ; propose its alteration.^ 

It appears from the following letter of Beekman, that September. 
Stuyvesant was not altogether satisfied with the manner of 
conducting the first interview with Colonel Utie : 

" I received your communication and a body of soldiers. Dircctor-ge- 
Alricks and I received your letter by Van Ruyven, and ob- ^?^^^ ^^'. 

'' ... pleased Utie 

serve you are displeased we did not detain Utie. I was in- was not ar- 
clined to do so, and actually proposed it to Alricks and ^^^^^' 

' ./ i 1 Beekman 

D'Hinoyossa, they fearing great calamities from it, and a excuses him- 
revolt of the citizens. We have heard no more of the English, 
except a report that Colonel Utie had gone to see the gover- 
nor. The sheriff and commissary, instead of sending eight 
or ten men, speak of your sending by Huygens, not to pro- 
voke war, and that you would send men to protect against 
the savages."^ 

Van Ruyven, &c. write to Alricks in rather a fault-finding oct. 1. 
style, charging him with want of energy in raising troops, &c. Letter from 
They urge him most seriously to complete and maintain fifty ^^^ ^^' 
soldiers, sent by director-general when, on account of proba- Airicks, een- 
ble war with the savages, they could be badly spared, and ™"nft^^. 
ought to be returned thither with all speed. They charge ing or using 
him with using no efi'ectual efforts to enlist. " Did one of the ^^^°''"®'^^- 
city ofiicers stir one single foot towards this object, or shall it 
be urged it was published by beat of drum ? but no person 
arrived. This was known beforehand, that no one would be 

' Albany Records, vol. xviii. pp. 423, 424. 2 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 12. 



276 



1659. 



Cct. 14. 



Letter from 
West India 
Company to 
P. Stuyve- 
8ant, on 
state of co- 
lony. Al- 
ncks cen- 
sured. Plan 
proposed for 
improving it. 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

obtained in this manner, at least not from the inhabitants, 
because the great majority who did yet remain in the city 
service are dissatisfied with the magistrates of this colony, 
for what reasons must be best known to your honour ;" * * 
" but [these] persons ought to have been encouraged by offers 
of favourable terms and salary, as is the usage in fatherland, 
and anywhere else, in such a great distress." " But what 
excuse can be made why the soldiers on the Whorekill, as we 
were promised last September, were not commanded to march 
hither, or have not arrived." "It is indeed too absurd, that 
the director-general and council should bereave their own 
places, of far greater consequence, of the necessary soldiers, 
and send them hither for succour, and that you should not 
send for your own soldiers, but leave them to guard one or ttvo 
houses, built apparently more for private views than for the 
welfare of the country, and employ sixteen or eighteen for 
this purpose."^ [The remainder lost.] 

The unfortunate situation of the colony still continues, and 
the directors of the company in Amsterdam give vent to their 
feelings in the following letter to the director-general in New 
Amsterdam : 

" We heard with regret the indifferent situation of the co- 
lony of this city on South River, and especially the elope- 
ment of its inhabitants into Virginia, and other adjacent 
districts. While we consider this a symptom which threatens 
a total ruin of said colony, without even a distant prospect 
of gathering the fruits of the expenses of this establishment, 
which is not only injurious to the undertakers of this great 
enterprise, but very injurious to our interests in general, as 
it will bring us into disrepute with our neighbours. As this 
misfortune seems to have been originated chiefly on the too 
rigid preciseness of the Director Alricks, who would not per- 
mit the colonists to settle in the Manhattans, notwithstanding 
their offer to pay their debts to the colony, or to procure bail 
for those to his contentment, so it is highly becoming that 
you should endeavour to divert him from this plan as soon as 
it can be done, and expose to him the serious consequences 
of this case, in a plain and intelligible manner. Your honour 
might show him that it would be far preferable, if he would, 
in this critical moment, make voluntarily an offer to the re- 
maining creditors, to settle in the Manhattans, provided they 

' Albany Records, vol. xviii. pp. 425, 426. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 277 

give bonds for the debts wbich they are yet owing, while in 1659. 
this case their recovery may sooner or later be expected, ' ' ' 
"which is utterly hopeless and impracticable, if they move from 
the district of the company, and settle anywhere else. In Letter from 
case, however, the said director does persist in his opinion, company To 
and might reclaim colonists who have already settled in Man- p- stuyve- 
hattan, so it is your duty not to compel them to compliance, tiwr^^ 
as it was your opinion to put in practice. It will further be 
of service to solicit the return of those who did emigrate to 
Yirginia, and other neighbouring districts, if it is feasible, 
and employ all such means as you may deem the most effica- 
cious, to obtain this end." 

" The suspicions and apprehensions which have arisen with swedes. 
regard to the Swedish nation which -are remaining in the 
South River, and that the English might be tempted to some 
enterprise against us, under their name and colours, cannot 
be prevented ; more so while your honour, although without 
any bad intention, did place the arms in their hands, not only 
by the permission to form themselves into a company of the 
militia, but by appointing officers of the same nation to said 
company; whereas they ought to have been separated one 
from another, and have been amalgamated with our inhabit- 
ants, -as we at large developed in our letter of loth February. 
We persist yet in the same sentiment, to which therefore your 
honour is recommended to conform yourself, before they can, 
in alliance with their neighbours, take any advantage of us."^ 

The commissioners proceeded to Maryland, and on the 16th Oct. i6. 
of October, obtained a hearing of "a council held at Patux- Meeting of 
ent, at which were present the governor, secretary. Captain of^iaryilnd 
William Stone, Thomas Gerrard, Luke Barber, Colonel Na- andthecom- 
thaniel Utie, Baker Brooke, and Edward Lloyd." The commis- Delivery of 
sioners presented their credentials, and the letter from Stuy- ^^^^^^^ and 

... . instructions. 

vesant, which being in "Dutch," were "Englished" by order 
of council, by Simon Oversee ; after which they delivered the 
following 

" Declaration and manifestation by way of speech, deli- Declaration 
vered unto the honourable governor and council of the pro- the^comm^^ 
vince of Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, from and in behalf sioners. 
of the honourable governor-general and council of the pro- 
vince of New Netherlands. 

"Notifying first and foremost the ancient original right 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. pp. 310—312. 

2A 



278 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. and title the subjects of the high and mighty States-General 
'"^■'^ ' of the United Provinces, under the propriety of the lords of 
the West India Company of Amsterdam, in Holland, have 
Declaration unto the proviuce of the New Netherlands, latituded from 38 
theTmmis-^ to about 42, by the great ocean sea, and from thence * * 
sioners, con- all * * islauds and main continent, northerly up to the 
tinned. ^.-^g^. ^^ Canada, on the west side, Virginia and now Mary- 
land, upon the great bay of Chesapeake, and on the east, 
New England. To say, that their ancient right and title to 
that part of the new-found world of America ; both in a 
manner derived to them, first from the king of Spain, as then 
subjects or vassals to the first finder and fundator of that 
new world, who, after war and peace in those days concludeth, 
did renounce and give over unto the United Republic of the 
Seven Provinces aforesaid, all his right and title of those 
countries and dominions they have then in process of time 
conquered and seated in Europe, America, and elsewhere, 
whereof the abovesaid province of the New Netherlands, the 
Island of Curracoe, and Brazil, became the true proper inhe- 
ritance to the Dutch nation in those parts, in that respect. 

" Secondly, as for the generality, the French were, in the 
year of our Lord God Almighty 1524, the second followers 
of the discovery in the northern parts of this America, by 
Jehan De Verazzano, a Florentine ; then came the English 
and Dutch afterward also, and took possession in the parts 
we are in now, for since the year 1606 or 1607 to about 1618 
or 1620, the English established and seated their colony of 
Virginia, by distinct patent, from the degree 34 to about 38 ; 
the Dutch the Manhattans, from 38 to 42, and New England 
from the degree 42 to 45. The French claim in Florida and 
in Canada, (Spain, the West Indies or Mexico ; the Portu- 
guese, Brazil;) and thus is this New World divided amongst 
the Christian princes of Europe, by communication of each 
other's ambassadors agreed upon ; out of which reason King 
James of England did will, command, and require that the 
colony or province of Virginia, and the province of New 
England should remain asunder, and not meet together within 
the distance and space of a hundred leagues, which was al- 
lotted for the Dutch plantations, then called by the general 
name of Manhattans, after the name of the Indians they 
were first seated by. And is here to be noted that they 
deeply mistake themselves who interpret the general name 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 279 

of Manhattans aforesaid, unto the particular town built upon- 1659. 
a little island, because, as it is said, it signified the whole ' '^ 
country and province, or at least that particular place in that 
province ; as per example, like it is frequent still to this day Declaration 
amongst some to say ' to go or come from the Manhattans,' ^g^'^ommi"- 
when they mean the whole province, like unto Virginia or sioners, con- 
Maryland, for that particular town itself is never named the 
Manhattans, but New Amsterdam. And as for the South 
River, or as it is called by the English DelaAvare : in the par- 
ticular, the said river was in the primitive time likewise pos- 
sessed, and a colony planted in the western shore, within the 
mouth of the South Cape, called the Hoorekill to this day. 
The Dutch nation erecting there and all over the country 
their states-arms and a little fort, but after some time they 
were all slain and murdered by the Indians, so that the pos- 
sessions and propriety of this river at the first in his infancy, 
is sealed up with the blood of a great many souls. After 
this, in the year 1623, the Fort Nassau was built about fifteen 
leagues up the river, on the eastern shore, besides many other 
places of the Dutch, and the Dutch Swedes to and again 
settled, until it thought the governor-general and council good 
to remove the said Fort Nassau, in the year 1650, downwards 
to the western shore again, and there to fix a town, as it is to 
this day, no man ever making any protest or claim, from 
Maryland or Virginia, against it. We say furthermore, to 
have the propriation and just right and title of that whole 
river, (and all our abovesaid province,) also lawfully obtained 
and legally bought from the natural proprietors the native 
Indians, especially the western shore, from time to time 
hitherto, as far and more within land to the west, as our line 
and limits as yet are extended and seated. By virtue of all 
"which, and the right and title above-mentioned, we have always 
maintained and defended the said river against all usurpers 
and obstructors, as it is publicly known to this dayj and shall 
do for ever. 

<■<■ Thirdly, from that primitive time aforesaid have the 
Dutch nation in the province of the New Netherlands, and 
the English nation in the province of Virginia and Maryland 
aforesaid, always friendly and neighbourly corresponded to- 
gether, and that which is very well to be noted [by your]self 
in the last open war, without any claim, injury, or molesta- 
tion one to another ; until, upon the 8th day of September, 



280 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. this running year 1659, Colonel Nathaniel Utie came to our 
' — • — ' aforesaid South River, (by the English called Delaware Bay 
aforesaid,) into the town and Fort New Amstel, erected in the 
Declaration year 1650 as abovosaid, and without any special commission 
or speech of ^y. j^wful authority from any state, prince, parliament, or go- 
sioners, con- vernmcnt, exhibited only by a piece of paper, a cartabel, by 
tinned. form of an instruction, from Philip Calvert, secretary, written 
without year or day, nor name or place, wei-e neither signed 
nor sealed by any state, prince, parliament, or government, 
demandeth in a manner, and required in a strange way, that 
the town and country should be delivered and surrendered up 
to the province of Maryland, as he saith, for my Lord Balti- 
more ; going from house to house, to seduce and draw the 
inhabitants to rebel and fall from their right lawful lords' 
sovereign government and province, with threatening, in case 
of no present willing submission and delivery, to come again 
and bring them to it by force of arms, fire and sword, whereto 
he saith a great company were kept and held for that pur- 
pose in readiness ; nay, that the whole province of Maryland 
should rise and come to bring them under, and that they then 
should be plundered and their houses taken from, and so forth; 
against which action and incursions, and illegal proceedings, 
the deputy-governor and magistrates of the aforesaid river 
and colony firmly have protested, and answer made under 
their own hand subscribing, dated the 9th of September, 1659, 
last past, insinuating that the further occupation of that great 
business of consequence did belong, and must be referred to 
the honourable governor-general and council of the whole 
province of the New Netherlands, of whom an answer should 
be expected within three weeks' time ; who, after aid and as- 
sistance done to their subjects in the aforesaid river, have us 
underwritten as ambassadors and messengers, with all speed 
sent hither to you, the honourable governor and council, as- 
sembly, or whom it any way might concern, in the province 
of Maryland of Chesapeake Bay, for to declare and manifest, 
by power and authority of our commission, whereof we this 
present deliver duplicate. 

" First, that the foresaid injurious parts are done not only 
against the law of nations, neighbourly friendship, and com- 
mon equity, but also directly contrary to the amity, confede- 
racy, and peace made and concluded in the year of our Lord 
God Almighty 1654, between the two nations of the republic 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 281 

of England and the republic of the United Provinces, and 1659. 
their subjects all over the world, viz. articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, ' • ' 
10, and 16 ; whereby we proclaim the said amity and peace 
is disturbed and interrupted by the said Colonel Nathaniel Declaration 
Utie, or his principals of the province of Maryland, against "^e^^o^^lf. 
the province of New Netherland aforesaid, and therefore sioners, con- 
make protest, and by power from the abovesaid 16th article 
of peace and [do] demand justice and satisfaction of all those 
wrongs and damages the province of the New Netherlands 
and their subjects have already by the abovesaid injurious 
proceedings suffered, or as yet may come to suffer. 

" Secondly, we demand the sending and returning back to 
our foresaid South River and colony, all the Dutch and 
Swedes people, subjects, runaways, and fugitives which from 
time to time, especially this present year, (for the most part 
deeply * indebted, or delinquents,) are come over and re- 
main in this province of Maryland, as it is strongly suspected 
by means of the abovesaid odious and injurious design from 
hand to hand encouraged ; declaring that the said honourable 
governor-general and council of the New Netherlands are in 
readiness to do the like in sending and returning back to 
Maryland all those runaways and fugitives which may come 
into their jurisdiction and government aforesaid ; which mani- 
festation in case of not, that according to leffe talionis, the 
honourable governor-general and council of the New Nether- 
lands aforesaid, hold themselves constrained, necessitated, 
and excused to publish free liberty, access and recess to all 
planters, servants, negroes, fugitives, and runaways which 
from time to time may come over out of the jurisdiction of 
Maryland into the jurisdiction of the New Netherlands 
aforesaid. 

" And whereas (to say some things by way of a little dis- 
course to the supposed claim or pretence of my Lord Balti- 
more's patent unto our aforesaid South River or Delaware 
Bay) we utterly deny, disown, and reject any power and 
authority, (except breakers of peace, and actors as public 
enemies, which rests only upon their strength and self-will,) 
that may or can legally come to reduce or subdue the said 
river and subjects from their right lawful lords and proprie- 
tors, by whom it is undeniable justly and lawfully possessed 
and seated about forty years ago as abovesaid, when to the 
contrary, the patent of the said my Lord Baltimore is of no 

36 2a2 



282 



J. ALEICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 



or speech of 
the commis- 
sioners, con- 
tiaued. 



1659. longer standing and settlement than about twenty-four or 
' — ' — ' twenty-seven years, without any particular expressions or 
special title mentioned, to take that river of Delaware Bay 
Declaration from the Dutch, not insomuch as Sir Edmund Ploy[den] in 
former time would make us believe he hath unto, when it 
afterward did prove, and was found out, he only subreptifT 
and obreptiiT hath something obtained to that purpose which 
was invalid. And put the case, the said my Lord Baltimore, 
or any other, hath any seeming title to the aforesaid river or 
Delaware Bay, then his lordship, according to the 30th article 
of peace and confederacy, should have made his repair before 
the 18th of May, 1652, to the honourable commissioners ap- 
pointed by both states on purpose for the determination of 
such and the like differences as might have been committed 
or transacted between the two nations, in the foreign parts 
of the world, ever since the year 1611 to the 18th day of 
May, 1652, after which time it is in plain terms prohibited, 
and proclaimed that then no pretences more should be ad- 
mitted. 

" In obedience to which, to prove the true meaning and 
interpretation of the aforesaid 30th article, by two evident 
examples and witnesses of your own law, and chiefest autho- 
rity of the republic of England, we say that New England in 
those days claiming also some interest to our limits from their 
side, and my lord protector's ships by open war sent hither 
to subdue the aforesaid province of New Netherlands at the 
other side, peace being concluded, renounced and deserted, 
upon that occasion, their design, and went against the French; 
so that the right and title the Dutch nation have unto their 
province of the Netherlands aforesaid, ever since more and 
more stands confirmed and ratified. But forasmuch new mo- 
tion is made, and question moved into our western limits, and 
having thereupon observed and suspected the Bay of Chesa- 
peake, in the uppermost parts therefore winding so much to 
the north-east, to run about Sassafrax and Elk River into our 
line, we therefore lay also claim to those parts, until by due 
examination hereafter, the truth hereof may be found out, or 
agreed and settled among us otherwise. 

" Lastly, and finally to conclude, the honourable governor- 
general and council of the New Netherlands abovesaid, doth 
declare and manifest that like we at our side never have in- 
tended any wrong or offence to the province of Virginia, or 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 288 

now Maryland, in tlie Bay of Chesapeake, so we desire to 1659. 
continue still with them in all neighbourly amity, confederacy, ' • ' 
and friendship, saving only that justice and satisfaction may 
be given as here demanded ; propounding further, by way of Declaration 
advice to prevent further mischief, that three rational persons thJ'^^^mis^ 
on each side may be committed out of each province aforesaid, sioners, con- 
for to meet at a certain day and time, about the middle of 
between the Bay of Chesapeake and the aforesaid South River 
or Delaware Bay, at a hill lying to the head of Sassafrax 
River and another river coming from our river almost meet 
together, with full power and commission to settle there the 
bounds and limits of between the aforesaid province of the 
New Netherlands and the province of Maryland for ever, if 
possible, otherwise to refer the difference they might find not 
agreeing, to both lords proprietors or sovereigns in Europe ; 
but in the mean while that all further hostility or infractions 
to each other may cease, and not proceed further, so that the 
honourable governor-general and council of the New Nether- 
lands hereof assured, further charges and damages excused, 
may call their soldiers home, which upon the action, or to 
defend their province and colony aforesaid, are only sent 
thither, and that we both sides at a fair correspondence may 
be kept as always hitherto before. 

" By denial or refusal whereof, we do proclaim our inno- 
cency and ignorance' to all fhe world, and do protest generally 
against all wrongs, injuries, charges, and damages already 
sustained and suffered, or as yet to be suffered and sustained ; 
declaring and manifesting that we are, and shall be then ne- 
cessitated and forced, by way of recourse or reprisal, accord- 
ing to the 24th article of peace, to preserve, maintain, and 
to hold our right, title, and propriety of our aforesaid South 
River colony or Delaware Bay, and our subjects' lives, liber- 
ties, and estates, as God in our just cause shall strengthen 
and enable us. 

" Desiring this may be recorded and notified unto all to 
whom it in any way may concern, with the true meaning and 
tenor thereof, and that a speedy direct answer and despatch 
may be given to us in writing, from you, the honourable go- 
vernor and council of the province in Maryland, for to be 
returned and recorded by our honourable governor-general 
and council of the province of New Netherlands. 

"And so, wishing the Lord God Almighty will conduct 



284 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. your honours both to all prudent results, that we may live 
' • ' neighbourly together in this wilderness, to the advancement 
of God's glory and kingdom of heaven amongst the hea- 
thens, and not to the destruction of each other's Christian 
blood, whereby to strengthen the barbarous Indians ; nay, 
may rather join in love, and league together against them, 
which God our Saviour will grant. 

" Written and signed by our own hands, in the province of 
Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, at St. Mary's county, and de- 
livered this 6th day of October, Anno Domini 1659, in 
Patuxent. Augustine Herman, 

"Resolved Waldron."! 
After which the commissioners withdrew. The council 
Proceedings " rcsolvcd, that the business be forthwith taken into debate, 
and that they would have an answer ready by Saturday, the 
8th, at 5 o'clock, p. M.," and then adjourned till next day, 
the 9th, when they met, and " after a long debate considering 
his lordship's instructions and order were only to give the 
Dutch warning to be gone, that when we are able to beat 
them out they may not plead ignorance, resolved, that an- 
swer be given in writing, by way of letter directed to the 
general of the Manhattans, in these words, viz, 

" Honourable lords — We have received your letters of cre- 
Answerpre- doncc by the hauds of Sirs Augustine Herman and Resolved 
them for the Waldron, your ambassadors, wherein, as we find many ex- 
commission- pressious of lovo and amity, so we account ourselves obliged 
to return you real thanks in unfolding the causes of that 
which it seems hath been the reason of your astonishment 
and wonder, and as the matter shall permit, give you that 
satisfaction which with reason you can expect, and which we 
likewise shall exact from you in the rendering to us as sub* 
stitutes of the right honourable Cecilius, lord baron of Balti- 
more, lord and proprietary of this province, &c., that part of 
his lordship's province lying in Delaware Bay, to us entrusted, 
and by you (as it seems) injuriously seated, in prejudice to his 
lordship's just right and title. * , * For answer, therefore, 
unto your demands by your said agents made, we say, that 
Colonel Nathaniel Utie was by us, in pursuance of a com- 
mand from the right honourable lord proprietary, ordered to 
make his repair to a certain people seated upon Delaware 
Bay, within the 40th degree of northerly latitude from the 
1 N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. iii. pp. 374— 3S1. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 285 

equinoctial line, to let them know that they were residing 1659. 
within our jurisdiction without our knowledge, much more, " — ' — ' 
without our license, without grant of land from, or oath of 
fidelity to his lordship taken, both which are expressly, by Answer to 
his conditions of plantation and laws to all comers here to t'leco'nmis- 

.,,. T. , , . . , t f ^ sioners, con- 

mhabit, conditioned and enjoined ; and further, to offer unto tinued. 
them such conditions, in case they intended there to stay, as 
Ave ourselves enjoy. But in case of refusal and abode there 
made, to let them know we should use lawful means to reduce 
them to that obedience which all people within the degree 
aforesaid are bound to yield unto us, intrusted within this 
province by the right honourable the Lord Baltimore, sole 
and absolute lord and proprietary of the same, by patent 
under the great seal of England, bearing date 20th of June, 
in the year of our Lord God 1632, (?) and since by act of 
parliament confirmed ; (a copy whereof we have shown to 
your said ambassadors ;) and since you, by your writing, as 
well as by your ambassadors, seem to insinuate that the said 
colony in Delaware Bay is seated there by and under your 
command, we do protest as well against them and you, as 
against all other persons, either principals or abettors in the 
said intrusion upon our bounds and confines. Our damages 
and costs in due time, and by all lawful means, to recover, 
which we either have or shall at any time hereafter chance to 
sustain by the recovery of that place so seated within our 
bounds and limits, and injuriously by you detained. 

" The original rights of the kings of England to these 
counti'ies and territories, must be our endeavour to maintain, 
not our discourse to controvert, or in the least our attempt to 
yield up, as being that which we can neither accept from any 
other power, nor yield up to any other authority without the 
consent of our supreme magistracy, their successors in the 
dominion of England. Though we cannot but mind you that 
it is no difficult matter to show that your pretended title to 
that part of this province where those people, (now, if at all, 
the first time owned by the high and mighty States to be in 
Delaware Bay seated by their order and authority,) do live, 
is utterly none, and your patent (if you have any) from the 
States-General of the United Provinces void and of no effect. 

" And to those instructions by us delivered to the said 
Colonel Nathaniel Utie, so much insisted on by you, we say, 
they are such as every person, inhabitant of this province, 



286 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 



1659. 



Answer to 
the commis- 
sioners, con- 
tinued. 



Further pro- 
ceedings. 



Paper de- 
livered by 
commission- 
ers on tlie 
patent of 
Lord Balti- 
more. 



ought to take notice of, as being subscribed by the secretary 
of this province, and to no other did we give them, or he 
make use of them. Neither can we believe the hieh and 
mighty States-General, &c., do think or will now own those 
people at Delaware Bay to be there seated by their authority, 
since they have heretofore protested to the supreme authority 
then in England, not to own their intrusion upon their terri- 
tories and dominions. As to indebted persons, if any be 
here that are to you engaged, our courts are open, and our 
justice speedy, and denied to none that shall demand it of us, 
which we think is as much as can in reason be expected, and 
the self-same course we take, and the only remedy we afford 
to our neighbour colony of Virginia, and our fellow-subjects 
and brethren of England. Thus hoping that you will seriously 
weigh the consequences of your actions, we rest in expecta- 
tion of such a compliance as the style you give yourselves 
imports, having taught us to subscribe ourselves your affec- 
tionate friends and neighbours."-'- 

After which, " Ordered, that notice be given to the ambas- 
sadors to attend their answer the next day." 

"After the answer agreed upon, Messrs. Herman and Wal- 
dron presented the folloAving paper : 

" Upon the sight and view of my Lord Baltimore's patent, 
this 7th day of October, 1659, presented unto us by the 
honourable governor and council of Maryland. 

" To say, reserved only what the honourable governor- 
general and council of the New Netherlands, in the behalf 
of our lords proprietors and sovereigns, the high and mighty 
States-General of the United Provinces might have to allege 
against it. 

" We repeat and reply our former declaration and mani- 
festation the 6th of this instant delivered unto the honourable 
governor and council of the province of Maryland, and say 
further, 

" That the original foundation of the aforesaid patent 
showeth and maketh appear that my Lord Baltimore has hath 
to his royal majesty of England petitioned for a country in 
the parts of America which was not seated and taken up be- 
fore, only inhabited, (as he saith,) by a certain barbarous peo- 
ple, the Indians ; upon which ground his royal majesty did 
grant and confirm the said patent. 

» N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. iii. pp. 3S4, 3S5. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 287 

" But now whereas our South River, of old called Nassau 1659. 
River of the New Netherlands, (by the English surnamed ' ' ' 
Delaware,) was taken up, appropriated, and purchased by 
virtue of commission and grant from the high and mighty 
States-General of the United Provinces long before ; there- 
fore is his royal majesty's intention and justice not to have 
given and granted that part of a country which before was 
taken in possession and seated by the subjects of the high 
and mighty States-General of the United Provinces, as is 
declared and manifested heretofore ;. so that the claim my 
Lord Baltimore's patent speaks of, to Delaware Bay or a part 
thereof, in several other respects and punctuality is invalid ; 
of which we desire that notice may be taken. Actum as 
above. Augustine Herman, 

"Resolved Waldkon.''^ 

The council again met on the 8th ; the answer was ten- "^ 

dered, but there being some errors in the clerk's copy, they 
adjourned till the 9th, when the ambassadors being present, 
it was signed by the governor, dated 9th, and " so delivered 
to the ambassadors." 

Thus terminated the discussion, conducted on both sides 
with coolness and moderation. The Dutch certainly pre- 
sented their claim in a very forcible, clear, and able manner.^ 

The journal of Messrs. Herman and Waldron is preserved The journal 
entire on the records. The following abstract of it shows °^!^!!T" 

o and Wal- 

their route, the dangers they encountered, and the manner dron,onmis- 
in which they conducted their negotiations, which unfortu- ^.gmoror 
nately terminated unsuccessfully. Maryland, 

On the 30th of September, Messrs. Herman and Waldron, ^^g^'^j'th 
and a few soldiers for convoy, left New Amstel ; about three ^^ and 
miles they came to a small creek which empties into Jagers- Tii""r'depar- 
land Creek ; a west-north-west course brought them to another tureand 
creek ; course westward, a march of three miles, they came JJumey. 
to another running stream ; the savages here refused to pro- 
ceed, and they encamped for the night. Heard a shot fired 
towards north, the savages supposed it to be from some Eng- 
lishmen ; the company fired three times, not answered. The 
next day, (October 1,) they pursued a west to south course, 

' N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. iii. pp. 384, 385. 

2 The foregoing are from the copy made from the Maryland Records, by J. 
Leeds Bozman, Esq., for N. Y. Hist. Soc, and published in their Collections, 
vol. iii. 



288 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. crossed two streams, suspected to be branches of South River ; 
' *; ' they then passed through dry underwood, the land somewhat 
rising, then a valley, till 9 o'clock, when they arrived at the 
first current stream, which the savages said emptied into the 
Bay of Virginia ; there they breakfasted, and guessed they 
were about five miles from New Amstel ; the savages called 
the creek Curriamus, or Horekill, as the whole tract is named 
after it ; from this they passed through woods, south-west and 
west-south-west, without a path, and about a mile further 
along the creek, where .they met with the boat, which the 
savages informed them had been drawn on land, and tho- 
roughly dried. Dismissing their guides, they proceeded by 
water, except Sander Boyer, who, with his savages, continued, 
but soon the boat being half filled with water, they were 
obliged to go on shore, caulked it with rags, instead of the 
tow, which they had left behind, made it tolerably tight with 
bailing, reached Elk River, and at last, at east branch of it, 
made a fire in the woods, and with the evening tide proceeded 
on with great trouble, as the boat was very leaky, and had 
neither rudder nor oars, but only pagays, (perhaps paddles.) 
Having rowed nearly all night on Elk River, about 8 
Arrival at o'clock, (Octobcr 2,) arrived near Sassafras River, and stopped 
ver^Fin(f a t^®^6 ^^ ^ plantation of one John Turner, where they met 
fugitiye sol- Abraham De Fin, a soldier of Altona, who had run away with 
torL™^ ' ^ Dutch woman ; a pardon was ofi'ered if they would return 
to New Amstel or to Manhattan in one month. The woman 
accepted, she had three months to serve ; soldier made many 
objections, but made two oars for the company ; sent Sander 
Also, Swedes Boycr On shore for information ; could get none, as only a few 
part of ' Finns and Swedes were there, who had run away from Go- 
printz'a CO- vernor Printz. After some rest they continued on, but had 

lony. '' 

scarce left the shore, than Abraham and another, Marcus De 
AdTenture Fin, approached in a canoe, and endeavoured to obstruct their 
owner of the passagc, claiming the boat, although assuring them they should 
boat have the boat on their return ; they stopped the company by 

force, drawing a pistol and threatening to fire ; they had, be- 
sides, two guns with them. At last, with great difficulty, they 
Arrive at succecdcd in getting rid of them. At the mouth of the river 
Great firing ^^^y camc to Coloncl Utic's ; heard strong firing, supposed 
heard. to proceed from fifty or sixty men, " neither was the noise of 
music much less," which continued through a great part of 
the night, so that it seemed they were preparing to visit 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. , 289 

South River. Looking for information, tliey came to a begin- 1659. 
ning plantation, hewing and cutting of timber for a building, "^""^ ' 
but the carpenter, who was known to the company, knew not 
the object of the firing, unless they were feasting. He invited 
them to stay with him, as there was no other house nearer 
Kent, but they pursued their journey two miles further. 
Wishing to despatch a savage to New Amstel with the tidings, 
they could find none. 

Rowed (October 3) with the tide of that day and night, till Arrive at 
opposite Pooloo Island ; they passed in their leaky boat to Entertained' 
the east of it; from here to Kent there is no fresh water, there, a 
Towards evening arrived at north side of Kent Island, where 
meeting a strong flood, and much fatigued, took quarters with 
Captain Wike, one of the three magistrates of the island. 
Of him they endeavoured to learn v/hether the English had 
laid any regular plan for attacking South River ; had under- 
stood it belonged to Maryland, and was obliged to sustain 
Lord Baltimore in his right and title ; the company under- 
took to prove the contrary, and " he who would have must get 
it by force ; that we were prepared with more than one hun- 
dred soldiers arrived, and double expected, yet we hoped to 
live on friendly terms." During the discussion, they heard Report 
of a rumour from Mr. Bateman, who had sent for Mr. Wright, p'^^'h. 
an Indian interpreter from above the bay, that the Indians, 
with regard to the war they were engaged in with the Eng- 
lish, had confessed they had been stirred up by the Dutch 
who lived at Whorekill, to murder the English, wdiich took 
place thus : " a certain savage met a Dutchman at Whorekill, 
and told him he would kill a Dutchman, because his father 
had been killed by a Dutchman before, to which the Dutch- 
man replied, that his father had been killed by an English- 
man, and therefore ought to take revenge on them, on which 
a savage went off and killed an Englishman ; thus the war 
■was continued, aided by the Dutch, in supplying arms, &c. 
I denied it at first, then palliated it. Inquired for a boat to Bargain for 

, t . .-I 1111 1 anotlierboat 

take us to the governor, as ours could be no longer used, so 
he offered his. Inquired what security we could give, to re- 
turn or pay for it, as he had been frequently deceived ; they 
had none but their word and credentials, or refer to Mr. 
Brown, who they presumed had arrived with his ketch at 
Seaforn ; they agreed at twenty pounds of tobacco per day 
for the boat, and twenty pounds for the man. Here we met 

37 2B 



290 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 



Arrive at 
Seaforn. 



Difficulty 
about pay- 
ing for the 
Iboat. 



Arrive at Pa- 
tuxent. 



1659. the soldier's wife, who was willing to go back ; he was so 
' — • — ' lazy as not to earn bread for her, and therefore she ran 
off. 

Arrived (October 4) at Seaforn ; Brown had not ; Captain 
Wickes proposed to procure lodgings for us at Colonel Utie's, 
who, they understood, was at his plantation ; excused them- 
selves, saying they were confident he was on the island, as 
they heard such a grand firing ; took lodging at a savage 
trader's, who was from home, his wife and child only there ; 
the company blamed her husband for enticing away the peo- 
ple from New Amstel ; she excused him by saying they came 
there, and left scarcely victuals enough for the family. 

Passed (October 6) a draft on Mr. Brown for the boat- 
owner ; not satisfied ; must have at Kent or Seaforn, 1500 
pounds tobacco, or pay at Manhattan in brandy. Declined 
a visit to Colonel Utie, as they had urgent business with go- 
vernor. Had a fine run to Billingly plantation, at the cleft, 
hearing of no preparations against South River. 

Arrived (October 6) at Patuxent, at Colonel Coortsey's, 
who was "very courteous, and conversed pleasantly." Here 
they learned that Colonel Utie was authorized to communicate 
to the colony of New Amstel that they had settled on Mary- 
land limits, and ought to submit. The company then pre- 
sented their claims by possession, &c. for so many years, as 
before. 

They left at Colonel Coortsey's, (October 7,) their boat, 
travelled nine miles by land to Secretary P. Calvert's, Mr. 
Coortsey with them part of the way ; about 3 o'clock arrived 
at Calvert's ; despatched two men to inform him of their ar- 
rival ; could not forbear to pay him their respects ; passed 
over the creek to Mr. Overfees, where we intended to take 
up our quarters, previously having communicated to the secre- 
tary our commission to the governor of Maryland on important 
business, and requested him to notify the governor as soon as 
possible, as he lived several miles off, of our ai-rival, and re- 
commend an early audience. 

Mr. Overfees invited Calvert to dine with them, (October 8,) 
he and his next neighbour also ; renewed request to secretary 
to inform the governor, as expenses were heavy, including the 
boat, and soldiers all waiting their return, besides more than 
piea-santcon- ^^^ hundred soldicrs arrived from Manhattans ; he promised 

versation. i i n 

to do all he could, but it could not be effected betore next 



Proceed by 
land to Se- 
cretary Cal- 
vert's, and 
tell him 
their husi- 



Dine with 
Secretary 
Calvert at 
Overfee's. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 291 

court. They conversed freely on differences between Vir- 1659. 
ginia and Maryland, wished happiness to Maryland and Man- ' • ' 
hattans. " This, we remarked, denoted the whole land, having 
retained its ancient name from the tribe of savages among Discussion 
whom the Dutch made a beginning of the first settlement, ^Iry oTtheit 
and so gradually we struck on the point of the limits, which claims. 
he said of Maryland was 38° to 40°, along the sea, by which 
Delaware Bay was included, and then in a direct course to 
Pamaris Island, and thence to origin of Potomac River. We 
answered 38° to 40° ought to be understood of Chesapeake 
Bay upward, and then colony of Virginia reached same bay 
to the sea. He replied, ' not so, and that it ought to meet the 
limits of New England.' On which we asked, 'where then 
would remain New Netherlands, if their limits were to join 
New England,' to which he answered 'he did not know.' 
Then we said, ' that we knew it for us both together, that it 
was a mistake, and that our New Netherlands were in posses- 
sion of these limits several years before Lord Baltimore ob- 
tained his patent, and that they actually settled these spots ; 
alleging further, among other reasons, that Edmund Preyton 
(Ployden ?) made in former days a claim on Delaware Bay, pioyden's 
and that the one pretension had not been better supported \^^^^ 
than the other ;' to which he replied, ' that Preyton had not 
obtained a commission, and was in England thrown in jail for 
his debts ; he acknowledged that he solicited by the king a 
patent of Novum Albium, but which had been refused, on 
which he addressed himself to the viceroy of Ireland, of whom 
he obtained a patent, but that it was of no value at all.' On 
this we confounded him entirely with his ow^n words, by say- 
ing, that it could not be known of my Lord Baltimore's pre- 
tension, if he had any on the Delaware Bay, had obtained 
these by false or foreign representations ; neither could it be 
believed that the king of England, who once took notice of 
the Dutch plantations in New Netherlands, and who com- 
manded those of Virginia and New England, as we could 
prove by their own English authors, expressly to remain at a 
distance of one hundred leagues from one another, deter- 
mined nothing about it. It was therefore an unquestionable 
proof that he might reach the borders of New England, that 
it then was void a,nd of no value whatever." 

From this time to the 12th, they were waiting the gover- 
nor's answer ; on the 12th, they dined at Mr. Overfees, with 



292 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. Secretary Calvert ; Minister Doughty accidentally came in ; 

' • ' Captain Smith's map of Virginia, and another printed about 

the date of Lord Baltimore's patent, were introduced, differ- 

Another dis- ing with each other, from which they endeavoured to prove 

cussion Lord Baltimore's claim, " but we showed that the Bay of 

aoout , ' " 

claims. A Chesapeake, being so much to north-east, would come on our 
map mtro- ij^^its 1 how Can that be, as New England was discovered 
first. On this we answered, the Dutch had been nearly three 
years, differing perhaps as early in their own quarters as they 
in theirs ; they counted from Walter Raleigh ; we then derive 
our right from Spain.. He answered, we were then not a 
free nation, &c. &c. Waxing warm, they took up other 
subjects. 

On the 13th, nothing done ; on 14th was court day at Pa- 
courtday. tuxent ; petitioned for an audience, and a place to be fixed 
fen'din^Tt'**" ^^"^ ^ rcccption ; on 15th, near sunset, received an answer, 
Audience and an invitation from Calvert, in name of governor and 
pXted. council, for an audience at house of Mr. Bateman, and sent 
Horses sent two horses for them. 

Bione™'^' On 16th, they started for Bateman's, at Potusk, about 
Arrive at Po eighteen miles; at about 3 or 4, arrived Governor Fendall, 
ttisk. Meet gegj-gtary Calvert, &c., who, after a courteous reception and 

governor, &c. ^ i i i i 

Courteous congratulations, dinner was announced, after which the go- 

Md diuner vcmor promised an audience, advancing towards the table ; 

Herman was placed on his left, the secretary on the right, 

then followed Waldron and the members of council, all around 

the table. During dinner a pleasant conversation ensued. 

When the cloth was removed, their letters and credentials 

Negotiations were Opened by governor, who seeing they were in Dutch, 

IfterdiTner. Called Mr. Overfee to interpret them. The commissioners 

Discussions then began their speech in English, delivering at the same 

nations. time, dupHcatcs of their papers, the secretary compai'ing as 

they were read ; this being all they had to communicate at 

this time, copies were exchanged and the originals left. "We 

observed an astonishing change. As it appeared council had 

no correct knowledge of what had passed, governor asked if 

his letter by Utie had not been received by director-general 

and council. We said, no, they received no letter ; we were 

informed on South River that Alricks received a private one 

in answer to one of his, without date, time, or place, of which 

he could take no notice." Governor said he had no intention 

to meddle with the government at Manhattan, but Avith that go- 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 293 

vernment and people who settled on Delaware Bay lately, 1659. 
within their limits, and that he once did send Colonel Utie ' ■ ' 
to them, and that he should have delivered his instructions, 
though only given to regulate his conduct, and in behalf of 
his responsibility, though we were not obliged to deliver to 
them our instructions ; to which we replied, " that the go- 
vernor and inhabitants on South River made no separate 
government, but a subaltern and subject, being only vice- 
governors and members of New Netherlands," &c. They 
answered, " they knew no better, and had always understood 
that the general director on South River, in Delaware Bay, 
did hold his commission from the city of Amsterdam, and 
had settled there with his people as in a separate government. 
We answered " No, but that the city of Amsterdam was in 
possession of that place as a colony and a particular member 
of New Netherland, in a similar manner as their colonies in 
Virginia and Maryland were subsisting, and we had many 
similar colonies in New Netherland, so that any injustice or 
injury committed against the colony of New Amstel, was per- 
petrated against the whole state of New Netherland." Mean- in humour 
while. Colonel Nathaniel said, with great vehemence, "that ^^^'^^ 
they might take notice of all what had happened, but that all Eepiyof tha 
which was done against people which had dared to settle commissioa- 
within the province of my Lord Baltimore, and if governor 
and council would be pleased to renew his commission, he 
would do once more what he had done before." To which we 
replied, " If you returned once more, and acted in the same 
manner as before, you would lose the name of ambassador, 
and be considered as a perturbator of the public peace, be- 
cause it is not lawful in an ambassador or delegate to attempt 
any other thing than to present, in a courteous manner, his 
message to the magistrates or supreme chief to whom he was 
sent ; but that it was the language of open hostility, a lan- 
guage of war, to summon a place to surrender in such a man- 
ner as by fire and sword." To this he answered, " that he had coi. utie 

, „, ,,.. . , .. again re- 

not done so, iurther than his instructions and commission pues, 
justified." We again answered, "that they would only pay 
regard to the answer which they received in return, and 
therein he would clearly perceive in what manner he made 
his." To this he further said, "that he too had understood 
that they had threatened to transport him to Holland, which 
he wished they had executed." We replied, " that if he once 

2b2 



m 



J. ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 



Col. Utie 
cheeked by 
the gover- 
nor. 



1659. more returned there, and acted again in that manner, perhaps 
■^ — ' — ' nothing better might be his lot." He answered, "in what 
manner then ought he to have conducted himself; he had de- 
spatched two of his men before him, to notify his arrival, 
after which he took up his abode in the city, and if it then 
was not permitted to take a walk and look at the place, and 
converse with its inhabitants, who invited him to enter their 
lodgings." We answered, "that it was well permitted to do 
this, but not to stir up revolt and rebellion against the ma- 
gistrates, and threaten them, if they would not voluntarily 
surrender, that they were to be plundered and expelled, so 
that those altercations caused uneasiness on both sides;" and 
the colonel particularly glowing with rage, was commanded 
by the governor to keep himself more reasonable ; that never- 
theless we remained at full liberty to explain ourselves with- 
out interrupting each other ; on which we appealed to what 
we had brought with us in answer from New Netherland, which 
we had declared and made known, and which we solicited 
might be taken into serious consideration, so that we might 
K«marka of avoid any frivolous discourses. The governor hinted, among 
other points, that we had arrived there without having de- 
manded or obtained, as ought to have been done, a license, 
and which they ought to have communicated ; to which we 
answered, " that we were yet unacquainted with the form of 
the government, but would conduct ourselves in future in 
conformity to their customs, as they should deem proper to 
establish on such a passage." On this Colonel Utie exclaimed, 
« that we ought to have stopped at his island to inquire there, 
if we should be admitted to land; further, in so many 
words, that if he had met us, or had known any thing about 
it, he would in such case have kept us there, and not permitted 
us to proceed further," when one of the council interrupting 
him, said, "that then we should have been accommodated 
there with a better vessel, as we declared we arrived in a 
small leaky boat, as we would not wait to procure a better 
vessel." We, however, clearly perceived, that if we had not 
exerted ourselves to the utmost on the road, to avoid Colonel 
Utie, he would have left nothing untried to disappoint us, and 
frustrate our plan. After these discussions, we were requested 
Commission- to retire. After discussing among themselves, we again re- 
wT^r-l' r.^ turned, and were informed that what they had done was under 

Dut again ro- ' •' _ 

ttim. special commission of Lord Baltimore and their oath ; to- 



the gover- 
nor, and re- 
ply of com- 
missioners. 



Col. Utie 
again 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 295 

morrow they would hear Lord Baltimore's intentions, and we 1659. 
should be despatched on Saturday. ' '~~^ 

In the mean time, we had friendly discussions with them 
individually, on various points. "We proposed to submit mat- various in- 
ters to a committee of both nations, or enter into a friendly ^°^™^^/'°'i- 

' •' versations 

correspondence for trade, &c. While they seemed to consent, with mem- 
they were inclined to defend their rights under their patent. 0^'^^^^°^''°^" 
Had also a private interview with the governor, who showed vate inter- 
Lord Baltimore's patent; we asked a copy; permitted to ^o'^^p^^of 
make an extract. Governor and council go to hold a country 
court. Commissioners found that Lord Baltimore had re- 
quested lands not yet settled and cultivated, and only inhabited 
by savages. Thus we concluded that our South River, named 
anciently Nassau River, was ours, in virtue of our commis- 
sion and grant of their High Mightinesses the States-General, 
and hath long been settled before appropriated and purchased, 
&c., so thait Lord Baltimore's pretensions, as far as related to the 
Delaware Bay, or part of it, was invalid. At P. M. governor written an- 
and council returned ; after supper, delivered our answer in ®^''^.°^ '=°™- 

' cr 1 missioners 

writing ; read it to them. We observed a new change in delivered. 
them. Governor observed, that our sayings and acts to the remlrkr^ 
contrary rendered invalid said patent, as it was given by his ^sks for 
majesty with full instructions that Delaware Bay remains to ^^ ^^ ' 
the English. They required our patent of New Netherland commission- 
and Delaware Bay ; we answered, we did not need expose it 
at present, as we did not come for the purpose, but only to 
prepare a day for a future meeting between both parties. 
Governor then thought he ought not to have shown his. We 
replied, we intended no other use of it than for Delaware. 
Governor said Claiborne had before made the same objection 
regarding island of Kent, of which he had taken possession 
before the patent, but did not avail, as he had to implore 
Lord Baltimore to save his life. We replied, this was a dif- 
ferent case ; we were not subjects of England, but of the 
Dutch nation, and had as much right to settle parts of Ame- 
rica as any others. 

Governor again (on 18th) demanded to see our patent of Governor 
South River ; had it not with us, but would show it at a fu- for^p'^t^en? 
ture meeting. Some members retired to frame an answer, 
which was read to us. We asked if this was all ; said they 
had nothing else. Some remarks on soldiers' hostilities, that 
each must pursue his own course. We replied, we should 



ers excuse 
themselves. 



296 «'• ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. prepare ourselves for defence, as before declared and solemnly 
' ' ' protested ; well knew that tliej would not attack us in a clan- 
destine manner, &c. &c. They replied, they would use their 
Runawaysto owu pleasure; payment for runaways might be settled by 
r courts ^""^ courts, but we could not compel them to return, because they 
considered Delaware in their jurisdiction ; the meeting con- 
cluded. 

Governor asked the meaning of "Dutch Swedes," which 
"Dutch- we had used in our declaration; the greatest number being 
Swedes" ex- ^^ them ; they had been partners and associates residing for 

plamed ^'O , \ ^ , , '^ ° . 

governor, a time Under jurisdiction of the company, or rather connived 
at, but who became more insolent, so as at length, in a trai- 
torous manner, they surprised Fort New Amstel, before called 
Fort Casimir, by which director-general and council in New 
Netherland were compelled to cleanse that neighbourhood of 
such a vile gang. 

October 19, handed an answer to our decision by secretary, 
Answer neatly written, and bade him farewell, as we could not find 
handed to ^j^^^ ^j^^ woro inclined to enter into an amicable agreement, 

commission- ^ . 

ers. without authority from Lord Baltimore, or wait for orders, 

trade^nd"*^ which he might perhaps convey during summer. Had some 
commerce, convorsation on trade and commerce between Delaware and 
^att^rs.**' Maryland, by land, which might be done without reaching the 
question of right ; desired him to communicate with his bro- 
ther, Lord Baltimore. 

Inquired with great anxiety about a mountain we had men- 
tioned as a place of meeting, from which the Sassafras River 
in Virginia, and the kill which empties itself into South River, 
behind Reedy Island, seem to derive their origin. We had 
our passage over this mountain, which deserves by us to be 
examined and surveyed. 

On the 20th they prepare for their departure, and next day 
Departure of despatched Waldrou to return by land, with relation of our 
transactions, and all the papers, while I proceeded to Vir- 
ginia, to inquire of governor what is his opinion on the subject, 
to create a division between them both, and purge ourselves 
of the slander of stirring up the Indians to murder English 
at Accomac. Signed, A. Heermans."^ 

Beekman says, " one-third of the seven persons who make 
Not. 11. out our present garrison, reside out of the fort, and are all 

> Albany Records, vol. xviii. pp. 337 — 364. 



commission- 



causes some 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 297 

married persons." A court-martial had been held on a drunken 1659. 
sergeant.^ '""'' ^ 

A galliot arrives with letters from Peter Stuyvesant ; Al- 
ricks offers her to the director-general, if he has any occasion Dec. 3. 
for her services. Hudde is going to Manhattan. Beekman 
says he has sold his mill to Hinoyossa.^ 

Much uneasiness was created by the following circumstance, Dec. 13. 
related in a letter from Beekman to Stuyvesant ; 

"John Schelten and John Tenneson discovered some pow- Discovery of 
der concealed in the desk ; Hinoyossa was informed of it : p°^<^®^ 

CSLiTISCS ' 

they are now conversing upon this point, now by the one, alarm, 
then by Van Ruy ven ; then calling for an advocate. We are 
called their masters, and yet too often they seem to follow 
their pleasure, but we shall be on our guard. We examined 
several, and inquired if they had not been commanded by Van 
Ruyven and Captain Krygier to go to Manhattan, and if they 
had not been willing to go thither before the commissaries 
arrived here. The same question was proposed to Beyneer 
Van Hayst, but we made no discovery, which it seems not 
their wish we should do. It seems, however, that some per- 
son here or there lays concealed, and that there were some 
clandestine machinations by some individuals in the commu- 
nity, against the commissioners of your honour, during their 
short residence here." 

"I consider Mr. Carman in great danger, if my informa- 
tion is correct ; his wife conveyed secretly all her principal 
property to her trusty friends, as they call him openly a 
speculator ; in short, they cause a vast deal of trouble and 
anxiety." 

" On the 26th of last month, the sheriff and commissioners Proposal to 
proposed, in their ordinary meeting, that I should charge each g'^^J^^ 
family of the Swedes and Finn nations with a tax of six gl., Finns, 
or with so much as annually might be required for our ordi- 
nary expenses, which, by their calculation, would amount to 
about 400 guilders. I answered, they should prepare a cor- 
rect list of all the families. I expect, meanwhile, to be 
favoured with your advice in what manner I am to conduct 
myself." 

" The Rev. Wellius was yesterday buried. He died on the DeathofEev. 
tenth day of his sickness. I too, was last Monday night Wetness of 
attacked by an ardent fever; my breast became suddenly Beekman. 

• Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 18. 2 iiji(j_ p_ 20. 



298 J- ALRICKS AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1659. very much oppressed, with violent pains in the side, so that I 
' ■ ' appeared in a very forlorn situation. I discharged, during 
three days and nights, nothing but bloody flux, by a copious 
discharge, so that the sight of it created a great alarm, which 
debilitated me so much that I can scarcely go alone without 
grea.t difliculty. I hope and pray that it may please God to 
spare my life yet a little while, for my wife and little chil- 
dren's sake. I write this with great difficulty." 

" As an imperious necessity required it, and your honour 
ffinoyossa might be informed of it through another channel, I am pleased 
going toHoi- ^Q inform your honour that the honourable Hinoyossa, not 

lam with a " j y 

remon- later than Monday next, goes to Holland in a Virginia ves- 
strance. g^j^ Carrying with him a remonstrance to the burgomasters 
of Amsterdam."^ 

The director-general announces, in a letter of this date, to 
Dec. 21. the company in Holland, the appointment of Augustus Heer- 
p. stuyve- mans and Eesolved Waldron, as commissioners to the governor 
West M^ia ^f Maryland, and sends them a copy of their " letter of cre- 
company of dcnce and instructions," as well as the journal kept by them, 
ment of wai- including a letter of the governor of Maryland, "from 
dronand which," they say, "your honours may see, that notwithstand- 
commiasion- i^g our rcmonstranco and that of the commissioners, with 
ers to Mary- regard to the honourable company's indisputable title, right, 
copiesofia- and actual possession of South River, those of Maryland held 
structions, fg^g^ j.^ ^hcir frivolous pretensions, from which it may be pre- 
advice ajad sumcd that they will take hold of the first opportunity to 
assistance, gxpcl our people from our possessions, unless, ere long, by 
your honours and the burgomasters of Amsterdam, regard is 
paid to the population and defence of these parts. We are 
already informed, with some certainty, that the governor of 
Maryland had already caused a survey to be made of these 
lands, at the distance of about one or two miles from the 
fortress of New Amstel, and made a distribution of these 
among several inhabitants of Maryland, against whom, if they 
take actual possession, we solicit earnestly your honour's or- 
ders, to know what we have to do, and how to conduct our- 
selves against such usurpers, if they left for a while the 
aforesaid fortress unmolested, and at the same time the neces- 
sary and efficacious means to execute your honour's orders 
with reputation."^ 

The directors of the "West India Company again allude, in 

^ Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 22. 2 Ibid. vol. xviii. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 299 

their letters to Peter Stuyvesant, to the increasing clilBSculties 1659. 
on the South River, and speak of negotiations being in pro- ' • ' 
gress with the burgomasters, for the retransfer of the colony 
of the city to the company. They say, " we see, however, soioiers 
from the documents, that Collector Beekman, on South River, j^J^^^^n 
has engaged some soldiers without your honour's knowledge, without the 
which ought not to have been done without communication o^p^st„°y. 
to, and special orders of your council, to whom the general vesant. 

,. . . . 1 )>i Censured. 

direction is intrusted. '■ 

" We observe, with regret, the unfavourable situation and 
decline of the colony of the city on South River, but as we 
have already discussed this point at large in our last letter, 
we shall now pass it by." 

" It occasioned us, indeed, deep regret, when we were in- Bad condi- 
formed of the difficulties which are threatening the colony of ^y'^pfcuy!" 
this city on South River, as unlawful usurpers seem to stand Negotiations 
at the door. We are pleased with the measures and exertions Jj^!^ny 
by which your honour intended to avert the danger, while it and burgo- 
is our great concern that this settlement should, by all possi- ^o„t7t. 
ble means, be preserved ; not only because, if it prospers and 
remains respected by its neighbours, it is a bulwark for the 
settlements of the company against any enemy on that quar- 
ter, but because it may be presumed the said colony might 
ere long be given in property to the company, as we are ac- 
tually negotiating on this point with the burgomasters, and 
will inform you of the issue, if it is concluded."^ 

In a letter to the West India Company, Stuyvesant alludes Dec. 26. 
to differences between Van Ruyven and Krygier, and Alricks, Difficulties 
in which the latter charges the company and commissaries ^^^^^^ ^ 
" with all the troubles which have been raised in the colony, and AWeks. 
as its depopulation by retreat of colonists, and of the colony's 
soldiers, consequently the ruin of the whole colony, if this or 
any place depending on it was lost." Refers to "his frivo- 
lous and abusive protest, charging us as impudently as falsely, 
that we absolutely commanded to recall the garrison from the 
Whorekill."3 

Jacob Alricks, the vice-director of the city's colony of New Dec. so. 
Amstel, died, having previously nominated Alexaiuder D'Hin- Death of 
oyossa his successor, and Gerit Van Gezel, secretary. His ^Jricte.^*' '^^ 
continuance in office was short, and his administration con- 

' Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 317 2 Ibid. p. 326. 

3 Ibid. vol. jcviii. p. 66. 



300 A- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEEMAN. 

1659. sidered rather prejudicial to the interests of the colony ; as 
'""'^ ' we have seen he was censured for his conduct, and many of 
the evils which befell the colony were charged to him, whether 
justly or not it is difficult to determine, as so much jealousy 
existed at that time, in those who were perhaps interested in 
his downfall. Some disgraceful proceedings at the time of 
his death will be noticed in the early part of the next year. 
It is said he left the colony considerably in debt, but probably 
much allowance must be made for the peculiar circumstances 
which surrounded him, such as prevailing sickness, want of 
provisions, the death of his wife this same year, &c. Many 
Dutch families had removed to Maryland, and it is said the 
inhabited part of the colony did not at this time extend two 
Dutch miles from the fort.^ Only ten soldiers remained in 
the fort here, and five at Whorekill. 

1660. 
The death of Jacob Alricks, which has already been men- 
january 14. tioncd, produccd some trouble in the city's colony. Mr. Beek- 
condiuon of man, in a letter of this date, says, " since my last by the 
coMequence g^Hiot, wc lost, at Ncw Amstel, the honourable director, 
of Airicks's Jacob Alricks, who died December 30. His death causes a 
mnoyossa gfcat alteration in the colony, and principally so among the 
hissuccessor. council and the heirs. The honourable D'Hinoyossa M'as, by 
his last will, designated his successor, and if I am well in- 
formed, said Jacob Alricks conducted himself generally in a 
fierce and forcible manner, by which many were alienated 
from him, so that it is nothing surprising that the inhabitants 
generally wish that you could make it convenient to arrive 
here in the spring, to establish good order, and appoint 
another director. 

" While I was dictating this letter, there arrived here a 
Conrention cousin of Mr. Alricks, deceased, with a package of letters 
Ac.^on^Ar^' froiMi ^Ir. Van Gezel, who informed me that after my depai"- 
ricks'saf- turc yesterday, there had been again a convocation of the 
sehepens and vroedshap of the city, which happens nearly 
every day under his present administration. He AvisEed to 
obtain from them that the honourable Alricks had very un- 
happily directed his administration, which they declined ; nay, 
they would not appear again upon the third and fourth notice, 
whereupon Elmerhuysen and Mr. Willems were summoned, 

' Acrelius, 422. Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 25. 



PETEE STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 301 

and Mr. Evert, the chorister, was conducted to the fort by 1660. 
the sheriff, the sergeant, and four soldiers, to give his evidence ""^^^ ' 
against the deceased director, and at the same time Mr. Van 
Gezel had been put under arrest in the fort, as he fostered 
the opinion that he stirred up the people against him ; so that 
it has a great deal of appearance that the affairs will come 
there in great confusion." 

"Complaints against Jan Jui-iansen Becker, for selling -Tanuary 14. 
liquors to the soldiers for cash or on credit ; yea some, priu- intempe- 
cipally young lads, drank up two or three months' wages be- ^j™*^ °,^-^J^ 
fore they stayed here six or seven weeks. They delivered t>"i-n a ca- 
him a note of hand, in which it was written that he had pro- ""vages. 
vided tJiem with the necessaries of life to the amount. I am Danger in 
obliged to forbid it, but he continues secretly. This credit 
has been the cause that two soldiers, being intoxicated, burnt 
a small canoe of the savages, on which the savages threatened 
to set fire to a house, or shoot our cattle, so that I was com- 
pelled to satisfy them. Every necessary is here very high." 

Beekman asks " that his son may be gratified with appoint- 
ment and wages of an adelborst."^ 

Some savages report that two corpses of savages had been January 21. 
found by savages in the underwood, on a marsh, supposed to Murder of 
have been murdered by Christians, at which the savages were *^° savages. 
highly dissatisfied, and threaten those of New Amstel. I 
cannot, however, ascertain the fact, but communicate it to 
D'Hinoyossa."^ 

In New Amstel, Cornells Van Gezel was removed from January 25. 
office, and in his place John Prato appointed as councillor, "^an Gezei 
The sheriff, Van Sweringen, acts as secretary ; " so that the pre- present ad- 
sent administration now consists of honourable D'Hinoyossa, miii'stration. 
Van Sweringen, and Prato, while they assume to their aid in 
all extraordinary transactions, Mr. Williams, the surgeon, and 
the gunner, John Block. D'Hinoyossa has again engaged 
Peter Alricks in his service, to act as commander on the 
Whorekills, in the spring."^ 

"Some farmers arrived here in the ship Golden Mill, and Arrival and 
settled opposite to our fort ; complain of want of subsistence, situation of 
as they gathered very little from the land, and received their i^ew settlers, 
plant-maize, from Alricks, which they received late, and 
being English corn, came very late to maturity, and was 

' Beekman's Letter in Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 25 — 33, 
2 Ibid. 3 Acrelius, p. 424. 

2C 



302 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 



1660, 



Distressed 
situation of 
some new- 
settled far- 
mers. 



Peb. 3. 

Murderers of 
the tliree 
savages as- 
certained. 
Consulta- 
tions about 
it with the 
Indians. 



Meeting in 
consequence 
of the mur- 
der. 



frozen in the field, so that they have scarce any victuals, 
neither do they possess the means of obtaining it from any- 
where else, not even from D'Hinoyossa, notwithstanding he in- 
vited them to New Amstel, with promise of his assistance. 
He distributed to seven or eight families one quarter of maize 
to each, and told them he did so only in his individual capa- 
city. It is true these farmers had a considerable quantity 
of winter corn, but several persons are of opinion, if they 
cannot receive aid, they will be obliged to abandon the soil 
before the new harvest of corn, as they already sold their 
clothes last winter to keep themselves alive." 

" Since two days, the river is free from ice, and again na- 
vigable. We are in great want of a drum, as ours is too 
decayed for use."^ 

u ■\^e received information with regard to the murderers of 
the three savages, among whom is one Minqua. The deed 
was perpetrated on the farm of honourable Alricks, deceased, 
by two of his servants, who, on 26th ultimo, were imprisoned 
by honourable D'Hinoyossa. This aifair will cost us a great 
deal of trouble, as it is reported the savages are resolved to 
take revenge on those of New Amstel. I was yesterday there, 
and observed that they who resided at some distance from 
that place fled to the nearest houses under the fort. I heard 
many complaints against D'Hinoyossa; among various others, 
that he should have said that he would contribute not a far- 
thing in this case of murder, but that it must be borne by the 
community, and that he was pretty indifferent whether the 
savages went to war or not. This is only report. I will try 
to induce him to a peaceable course." 

" This instant I received a letter from Sheriff Van Dyck, 
whom I had requested to come to New Amstel with the com- 
missaries, when the savages intended to meet there, to con- 
verse about the murder, as the constitution and manners of 
the savages were better known to them than to us new 
comers. They excused themselves, however, as they did not 
receive a special and written message from the director-general 
and council of New Amstel, and further, they informed us 
that the savages told them they ought not to interfere or 
meddle in any manner with this business, because they of 
Smith's Corner of Neio Amstel were of the same nation, yet 
they would, if in any manner possible, come to-morrow, to 

1 Beekman's Letters, Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 33, 34. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 303 

act then together in concert; that it wouhl not answer to re- 1660. 
fuse their aid, if necessity required, if solicited to bestow it, " ' ' 
as this might prevent bloodshed."^ 

" Cornelis Van Gezel arrived here at Altona on 30th ; per- condnct of 
sists in avoiding to meet the honourable D'Hinoyossa, who had fo^^^"^^ y^^ 
commanded him that he should declare on his solemn oath, Gezei. 
upon penalty of 25 guilders, what property the honourable 
Alricks left behind. He said that he was daily so troubled 
and insulted, that he would not longer be induced to remain 
there, when D'Hinoyossa carried from Gezel's house a large 
mirror and painting, apparently on the fine of 25 guilders, 
because he had not appeared before him." 

" On the 1st instant, I received from D'Hinoyossa a sealed Auctioneer 
letter, without address, who sent with it an apology, that he ^"^g"^'^^'^'^" 
had no time to write the address, without hreaking in upon 
Ms laziness. He inquires if Gezel is here, and if he in- 
tended to go to Manhattan by land, which he took amiss, as 
Van Gezel was yet holden to bring in his accounts as auc- 
tioneer, and those of the orphan-house. When I communi- 
cated this to Gezel, he immediately returned thither. 

"He mentioned too, in the same letter, that he and his Monthly fast 
council had commanded that a fast and prayer day should be ^^^ p^^ayer- 
holden on the first Monday of each month. 

"While copying this in a hurry, I unexpectedly received a vanOezei 
message from Van Gezel, soliciting that he might be informed ^onof^seek- 
if I could protect him from D'Hinoyossa's violence, as D'Hino- man at ai- 
yossa presumed to say that if he retreated to Altona, and 
should not be delivered up at his summons, that he would 
carry him off with force ; to which I answered, that I would 
directly communicate the affair to your honour, and that 
meanwhile I "would protect him till I should receive your 
answer." 

" Jan Schoeten arrived here from Maryland, as I was ready Return of 
to seal this, who says, that many there would return here, if ^jfj.'7and° 
I would assure them of my protection, which I promised till 
I should receive your orders on the subject."^ 

The following case shows the state of crime and the mode February 20. 
of punishment; the sentence was signed by Beekman, at case of crime 
Altona : " Gerrit Hermans and Go vert Jansen having quar- ^g^j^^^*^ " 
relied together, the former was wounded on the left hand with 

' Albany Records, Beekman's Letter, vol. xvii. p. 39. 
2 Ibid. 



804 
1660. 



March 1. 

Murder of 

savages by 
Wo Chris- 
tians. Dele- 
gates ap- 
pointed to in- 
vestigate it. 
Their in- 
structions. 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

the latter's sworcl, the little finger being cut off, and other 
severe -vvounds inflicted on the palm of the hand. Govert 
Jansen, with the full consent of the sergeant, is condemned 
to pay the account of the patient, in compensation for the 
loss of his finger, and the laming of the second also, 60 
guilders, and besides to defray the expense -while under the 
care of the surgeon, and be condemned for six weeks to the 
spade and wheelbarrow, in the fort," which sentence was ap- 
proved by director-general and council at Fort Amsterdam, 
in form. May 31.^ 

D'Hinoyossa andBeekman inform Stuyvesant of a horrible 
murder committed on a savage on South River, near the co- 
lony of New Amstel, and that it was probably done by two 
"so named Christians," for which they were apprehended. 
Stuyvesant enters into a long argument on the importance of 
their conviction and execution at South River, where he can- 
not go, and concludes to send his attorney-general, Nicasius 
De Sille, with William Beekman, on behalf of the company, 
Alexander D'Hinoyossa, on part of burgomasters, provisional 
director in the colony, Paulus Lindert Van De Graft, old 
burgomaster of Amsterdam, G. Van Sweringen, as provi- 
sional sheriff and commissary. Jacobus Backer, acting sche- 
pen, and John Prato, adopted member of council, as delegates. 
They were qualified, with the following instructions : 

1. When arrived on South River with the yacht Sea-Bear, 
with one or two of their body must inquire into the circum- 
stances relative to the murder. 

2. When inquiry is made, delinquents discovered, and by 
sufficient proofs and voluntary confession convicted, then pro- 
secute them before the delegated judge, to make up his con- 
clusion according to law, demand speedy and impartial justice, 
execute the pronounced judgment, and there on the spot;, for 
others' example. 

3. Shall invite the sachem and some individuals to be pre- 
sent, and explain it as an object of friendship, and that they 
may be made to do so too when Indians kill whites. 

4. Inquire about Becker's case of selling rum. 

5. In case of Alricks's executor and D'Hinoyossa, exhort 
them to peace. 

6. Advise and assist Andreas Laurens in the military ser- 



1 Albany Records, vol. xxiv. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 305 

vice.^ He is authorized to enlist Swedes and Finns as soldiers, 1660. 
at eight to twelve gl. heavy money.^ " ' ' 

The directors in Amsterdam, after speaking of the conduct 
of the English, encroaching on the North and South Rivers, March 9. 
say to Stuyvesant, "if they won't be persuaded, they must Directors ia 
be dislodged. Your honour ought to oppose, in the same °°t ^"jjj,'^ 
manner, those of Maryland, if they undertook to settle on o£f Mary- 
South River, within our district, first warning them, in a civil ^'>■'^'^^''^■ 
manner, not to usurp our territory, but if they despise such 
kind entreaties, then nothing is left but to drive them from 
there, as our claims and rights on the lands upon South River 
are indisputable, not so much (which, however, is the case) 
as first occupants, but by real purchase from the natives, who 
were the only real progenitors of the soil."^ 

Beekman writes to Stuyvesant that he has received his let- March 15. 
ter of 19th, and that he has endeavoured to reconcile D'Hino- Agreement 
yossa and Van Gezel; that he had directly published the mul^aerof 
transmitted placard relative to the farmers, and had it affixed savages. 
at the same time. " On the 8th of February, I sent with 
Sheriff Van Dyck, a commission at New Amstel, at request of 
D'Hinoyossa, to enter into an agreement about the murdered 
savages, and succeeded to their satisfaction ; on the 18th, at 
evening, the next day, the payment was made, the agreement 
signed, and a receipt given me." 

" When employed in concluding an agreement with the Reported 
savages, I was informed that Mr. Hudde was robbed and robbery of 
killed, on which I directly despatched the sheriff to inquire Hudde. 
about it, by the Swedes. When he returned, he reported him 
as not killed, but plundered, which we then communicated to 
the sachems, who engaged that every thing should be returned, 

" On the 10th February, the delinquents were sentenced Trial of de- 
by D'Hinoyossa, for which he solicited my presence, which I 
declined, but I asked him if he supposed he was sufficiently 
qualified to decide su'ch cases ; he answered. Yes ; then he 
requested that I would consent to take a place near the fire, 
with Mr. Elmerhuysen, and hear the debates and decision, to 
which I consented," 

" It is rumoured that Lord Baltimore had arrived in Mary- Report of 
land, and would come to us within three or four days, with ^"Jrt^^*'' 
500 men. It is an uncertain rumour ; asks for governor's in- 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxiv. pp. 108, 109. 2 Ibid. p. 115- 

8 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 331. 

39 2c2 



306 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 



1660. 



No balls for 
guns or 
muskets. 



March 15. 



Swedes and 
Finns pre- 
pare to re- 
move: Their 
military 
strength. 



Swedes use 
the horses 
ill. No in- 
crease to be 
expected. 
Measures 
proposed. 



Hudde and 
Becker. 



April 6. 

Swedes and 
rinns can- 
not under- 
stand each 
other. 



Proposed 
changes of 
location. 



structions in such a case, and further, if it is not necessary 
that the decayed batteries are repaired, either with sods or 
beams, which are here at hand, from the old house on Ouy- 
per's Island, of which a part was already used to barricade 
the fort. There is only a small provision of musket balls, 
and none whatever for our large guns. 

" On the 8th instant, arrived the attorney-general and a 
few other gentlemen. 

" I was lately informed that about twenty families of the 
Swedish and Finnish nation have resolved to leave this neigh- 
bourhood, and go and reside in the colony, which the sheriff 
and commissaries solicit me to prevent. I answered, I would 
ask your advice. The Swedish and Finnish nations contain 
about 130 men capable to bear arms, so Van Dyck writes me." 

Notifies the governor " that the horses are misused by the 
Swedes, so that I fear, but seldom, if any increase by them, 
neither is there any prospect in this respect in future, as the 
mares are spoiled by drawing the whole morning heavy beams ; 
there are only three mares and two stallions alive of the num- 
ber you sent here, besides two young colts of two years. It 
would, in my opinion, be preferable to let them run loose in 
the field, to obtain the increase, or otherwise sell them. 
Would it not be expedient to make the farmers make some 
compensation for the horses which have been lost or died. 

He asks leave to visit Manhattan, " to bring his two oldest 
boys to school, and put his affairs in order." 

Hudde applies, through William Beekman, to Peter Stuy- 
vesant, for John Becker's place ; " did not know he was dis- 
missed; he is a very worthy, saving man."^ 

" I was, last week, for a few days, with the Swedes and 
Finns ; the different settlements cannot converse with each 
other, for want of a knowledge of their reciprocal language. 
This took place with those living around Keneses, and those 
about Aroumerk, where are now two or three families. It is 
said from the other side, that those of Keneses did oppose 
them, and desired that we should come to them, which is sup- 
ported by the sheriff and commissaries." 

" The opposite party said, it is indeed so, that there is no 
defence whatever, neither a place for any safe retreat, at 
Keneses, as considerable underwood and many streams must 
be passed ; on the contrary, at Arounderryh there is a pretty 

' Albany Records, Beekman's Letter, vol. xvii. p. 45. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 307 

large kill, wliich might be chosen to cover a retreat, or pre- 1660. 
pare for defence. At Arounderryk they might cultivate ' • ' 
their fields, at the other side of the kill, on the Passayung 
road, where is a rich, fruitful soil, and last harvest a consi- Apru 6. 
derable quantity of seed was sowed. Some of the commis- 
saries, who actually possess good farms, pretend that, by a 
similar compromise all are favoured, if the proposals are ac- 
cepted, while others assert exactly the contrary, each one 
maintaining his right, and will keep his own farm and lots." 

Miss-^ Printz complains that she cannot remove her resi- Miss Printz 
dence, the heavy buildings not permitting her to change it, '"^ '^''°^^^®- 
and the church where she usually worships being upon that 
spot. She offers her lands without any compensation, but 
can nevertheless induce no person to settle in her neighboui'- 
hood. Seeing at last that they cannot agre^ the one with 
the other, I commanded that within eight or ten days a list 
should be delivered to me, where it suits best every individual 
to fix his future residence, and if this could be brought in with 
the orders and placard of your honour, that in such case I Beekman 
would consent to it, or that otherwise I should be compelled direcuhe ra- 
te command and issue my orders where each of them should siaenoe of 
reside ; upon which they earnestly urged, that as they had 
not received timely information, as had been given to the 
farmers on the Manhattan, that somewhat longer time might 
be allowed them, whereas, if the orders must be executed this 
spring, it would unavoidably cause them great losses, and 
destroy their plantations ; wherefore they deprecated the 
rigorous execution of the placard. I therefore granted them, 
under your honour's approbation, four or six weeks longer. 
Miss Printz, and others too, requested, that v^'hen necessity 
required it, I would aid them, for which purpose a larger 
number of soldiers would be required. We are much in want 
of a drummer, as also a new drum, or a hide and cords, as want a 
we have not beat a drum for two months ; our colours, too, JeT^and'^co^ 
are nearly torn from the staff. Sergeant Andreas Laurens io"rs. 

1 ,.•. •, , -, .,..,, Enlistments 

has some time been engaged to persuade some individuals attempted. 
either to enter our service or emigrate to Esopus, to which 
they were not at all inclined. It seems they are admonished 
and encouraged by some of the principal leaders among the 
nation, not to disperse, but remain here, as closely united to- 
gether as possible, as from the other side the sheriff and com- 

' Probably Mrs. Printz, as is generally so understood. 



808 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1660. missaries in New Amstel opposed themselves to prevent the 
" • ' settling of any of them in that colony." 

" Gregory Van Dyck says he received your honour's order 
Permission permitting the Swedes and Finns now residents in the co- 
!ndFi^to ^^^y? ^^ remain there, so that I insinuated that they might 
remain. provisionally remain till your further orders. They com- 
plained to D'Hinoyossa, who sent me a note about explaining 
that it must have been done without my knowledge, by the 
sheriiF and commissaries. I answered, I had written for your 
honour's orders." 

" On the 2d instant, arrived here Mr. Henry Coursay, a 
H. Coursay merchant in Maryland, with his two brothers and a Swede 
MarylanrS ^^sidiug in that neighbourhood. The aforesaid Coursay corn- 
pursuit of plained that the honourable D'Hinoyossa declined to do him 
justice with regard to three servants who, three weeks ago, 
ran away from him, and had since been engaged by D'Hino- 
yossa, and sent to Whorekill. He requested I would write 
to you. He was at an assembly at Pottspen when he heard 
his servants had run off. 

" Mr. Coursay said that Mr. Heermans was in Maryland ; 
A, Hudde he scut to obtaiu a safeguard for Mr. Coursay. At his de- 
wishes to go pasture, Coursay asked if Andreas Hudde laid us under any 

to Maryland. ... . "^ 

Knows how obligations, and if he should be permitted to go to Maryland, 
as Hudde had applied to him and others, if he could be em- 
ployed by him or them as a brewer, and that he knew different 
ways of making good beer, and would in two or three weeks 
return to inquire. 

" Peter Moyer applies for a patent from your honour. 
A surgeon Peter Tyneman to be employed as a surgeon by the company, 
employment. ^® ^'"^ ^^ Want of a good surgcou, as it happened already 
more than once ; thereto we wanted very much Mr. Williams, 
the barber, (surgeon,) in this city, but having then some pa- 
tients there, he could not come hither, and when he came he 
often had not by him such medicaments as the patients re- 
quired, wherefore the sick are suffering. 

" As I was ready to seal this letter, arrived here the com- 

Swcdes ask missarics of the Swedish nation, to solicit me to ask j^ou to 

unlfterbar- ^^^0^ them to remain in their present possessions till they 

Test. should have harvested their corn. I understood that they 

intended to unite then in a village on Perslajongh;^ that they 

meanwhile Avould give satisfaction to the savages for the land. 

' Probably Passayung. 



to make 
teer. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENEIIAL. 309 

I answered, it was not permitted to purchase land from savages 1660. 
except with consent of your honour. Thej replied, they " ' ' 
could now obtain it for a trifle. I told them I must await 
your orders."^ 

Beekman, in a long letter of this date, gives to the director- April 28. 

general an account of various occurrences. He says, after swedes and 

mentioning the slaughter of eleven of the menacing savages ^'?°^ "'^" 

" , n . o o Willing to go 

at Esopus, and the resolution of the tribe to act against the toEsopus.' 
Dutch : " I commended your orders to several of the Swedes ^l^^^ "^^^ 
and Finns, but could not persuade them to go to Esopus ; pense of 
they would not be unwilling, provided they could remain there grelt"^ *°° 
in peace with the savages, so that your honour cannot depend 
on their assistance. They prefer making a settlement in the 
colony, because they cannot obtain, in another district, a 
sufficient quantity of land to live together; that the small 
spots they now occupy require too much labour and expense 
in fencing." 

'' I delivered D'Hinoyossa your honour's orders and advice oath to tie 
in regard to individuals who desired to transport themselves |J^^!^^°^^" 
in the colony, provided they were willing to take the oath of 
allegiance, as directed by your honour. He says in answer, 
the oath is contrary to the capitulation between your honour 
and their late Governor Rysingh ; that meanv/hile he will 
take an oath of them that they will acknowledge the honour- 
able burgomasters of Amsterdam, as founders and patrons of 
aforesaid colony, together with the appointed directors and 
council of the colony, and that they will pay them all reason- 
able obeisance." 

" On 16th, returned Sergeant Andreas Laurens, from Deserters to 
Maryland ; he met only a few of the runaways who were yet discOTMel 
at liberty, except, on showing your letters of safeguard, one 
John Tennison, wife and child, whose property he brought 
here in Carman's yacht, and which came into the hands of 
D'Hinoyossa, who valued it, but declined its surrender until 
a receipt in your honour's name. John Tennison refuses to 
go to Manhattan, unless his tools and property are delivered 
up, but would rather return to the English, as he there had 
the use of the tools of John Barnetson, who was murdered 
by savages, and whose wife died at Colonel Utie's ; whose 
child had been conducted hither by the sergeant ; on which, 
under secrecy, he had written, at her request, to a soldier's 

1 Albany Records, vol, xvii. p. 49, 



310 -A- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1660. wife, one Jacob Claeson, alias my friend, which child had there 

^""""^ — ' yet to receive 821 pounds of tobacco, &c. J. Claeson took 

with him to Holland some of this child's property. This 

Child born child was bom on the departure of the honourable Alricks, 

on board -j^ ^j^g gj^- prince Maurico, and was, at the request of the 

shjp Prince . 

Maurice bap- burgomasters, baptized by the name of ^AmsteVs Hope.' 
tized. Please order if it is to be delivered to the overseers of the 

orphan-house^ or anywhere else, 
soidierg " Somc of your soldiers are without shirts ; therefore send 

without some, and shoes and stockinsrs. 

shirts. ' , . . . 

" We are very busy, employed m repairing fortifications, 

Forlorn con- but are much in want of a guard-house about ten or eleven 

Boitora^for-^ feet large. The guard is now kept where they are now quar- 

tiflcations, tcrcd, who come from duty as sentinels, often undress and 

"' go to bed, as there is no particular appropriation made for 

this purpose, neither could it be performed, as the house is 

too small ; so that a guard-house is highly necessary. The 

comrades, too, are often quarrelling together. 

"We have a sufficient quantity of squared timber near the 
ruins of the decayed house on the island, so that the only 
expense will be to bring it under cover, and make a chimney. 
" Among the Finns is a married couple who live together 
Quarrelsome in a Constant strife ; the wife receives daily a severe drubbing, 
^^g/''^ and is often expelled from the house as a dog. This treat- 
PiTorce mcnt shc suffered a number of years ; not a word is said in 
blame of the wife, whereas he, on the contrary, is an adul- 
terer ; on all which the priest, the neighbours, the sheriff, 
and the commissaries appealed to me, at the solicitation of 
man and wife, that a divorce might take place, and the small 
property and stock be divided between them." Asks for 
orders. 

" Oeleff Stille opposed himself to me pretty warmly in 

Bev.Mr. court, becausc I suspected him that he, without being autho- 

^Tr^r I'ized, had arrogated to himself to qualify the priest to marry 

couple con- a youug couplc, witliout the usual proclamations, and against 

i,TaTe*° ^^^ will of the parents, on which I condemned the priest in 

a fine of 50 guilders, which said Stille too opposed, saying 

that it was not our province to meddle with this affair ; it 

ought to be done, if any interference was desirable, by the 

Swedish consistory, and that we had nothing to do with the 

priest. Mr. Laersen adopted the same opinion, as our court 

related to us, last November, on a summons, that we had no 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 311 

right to interfere with the rights of Christina, so that he did 1660. 
not appear before us. The case was this : Mr. Laerson had ' • ' 
complained of assault and battery by Peter Mayer ; he was 
severely struck and wounded in his face, so that I never saw Assault and 
a worse, on which both were summoned to appear before us ; g^'^J^^ 
but before the court could meet, the affair was settled, pre- court. Law 
tending the incompetency of the court. On the 19th of "^^^^ 
August the court met ; there were twelve of the Swedish and 
Finn nation summoned, and a default by the Jager and other 
Dutchmen in the colony, when an order was issued that for 
each default which was voluntary and premeditated, and not 
brought forward by any extraneous or invincible obstacles, as 
through sickness, or God's wind and weather, should be paid 
a fine of 10 guilders, so that no person should be delayed in 
his just pretensions, as there were annually only three or four 
courts, as circumstances might require. On the 7th of this 
month, being court, the priest and Mayer were again sum- 
moned on the same affair by Sheriff Van Dyck, and further, 
that Peter Mayer treated another person in the insolent 
manner, and Peter Mayer deliberately occasioning default, 
after the 8th, intimation to Jacob Van Vern, in whose behalf 
the assignment was made by sheriff and commissaries, for 
liquor received ; on which Peter Mayer, coming to me, re- 
quested a receipt, making at the same time a great noise, 
that in this manner the costs were excessive, but that he too 
would not be at rest till he had a legal security for his land. 
He told me further, in pretty harsh language, that every 
year new commissaries ought to be appointed, as entitled, or 
that he and other freemen were always to be treated as boys, 
so that constantly we are to be ruled by mad-caps, who did 
not understand reading or writing, and were to be preferred 
before him, who was acquainted with letters and penmanship, 
and that the affairs should be managed in a quite different 
manner, if he should remain here ; with many other similar 
insolent blubbering ; to all which I listened with patience, 
refuted him with solid arguments, and advised him to go to 
your honour, and lay his complaints before you. A few days 
ago, Avhen I sent him a warning to deliver up his horse, his 
wife came and made a horrible noise ; they could not spare 
the horse, they were not accustomed to carry their wood on 
their necks ; that they had a share in the property of the 
horse, as well as I, and, be it said with reverence, she did 



312 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1660. not care a groat about my orders, as they intended to leave 
' " ' soon this spot, on which I menaced to send her to the guard- 
house, but having no wish to throw her in consternation, as 
April 28. being in her last stage of pregnancy, I let it pass by. In 
short, this people conduct themselves most despicably. Never- 
theless, if they are resolved to move from here and reside in 
the colony, or any other part, I shall remind him of the fine 
which he yet owes for selling liquor to the savages. I am 
informed that the greater part of those now living separately, 
do intend going to reside in Maryland with a few of the 
Finns. 

" While concluding this, I am informed by a soldier that a 
Captain Kry- shallop was in sight, on which I directly Avent thither, as it 
KeLarkJ'of ^^^ afloat, whon I met Captain Krygier, this instant arrived, 
D'ffinoyossa who handed me your letter. I copied your letter to the ho- 
veaant's'iet- nourablc D'Hiuoyossa, sealed it, and then directly conveyed 
ter- it to him. He was, he said, much surprised at such a vulgar 

colony to addrcss, covering such bitter contents, and you might be 

company assurcd that he would show it from the greatest to the small- 
mentioned, n T • -I 

est, and even forward it to the states. He said further, he 

would not do any thing contrary to your orders, but bear all 
things with patience, but remonstrate against it to his prin- 
cipals. He wished to be informed by me if the colony was 
again transferred to the company ; he understood, at least, 
by your letter, that a change was in contemplation."^ 

J. J. Becker, for habitually selling liquors at Altona, was 
May 3. Condemned in a heavy fine, ofiicially as clerk degraded, and 
J. Becker With his family to be banished from South River, but his fine 
dismissed. ^^^ punishment were finally remitted.^ 

" There is a rumour afloat that the colony of the city should 
May 12. havc been transferred again, last October, to the West India 
Kumoursof Company, wherefore says honourable D'Hinoyossa, that he 
the°coiony Prepares himself to make a transfer of the whole to your 
to West In- honour, so that he may return to Patria with the first sailing 
vessel, to recover from their honours at Amsterdam the ex- 
penses which he made in building and improvements in land, 
and menacing, if they reject his demands, that he would ap- 
peal to the States-General ; and it is further said that he 
endeavours to stir the colonists to demand compensation for 
the expenses incurred in making this settlement, because the 
contract with them was broken, and that they were now free 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 51 — 58. 2 Ibid. vol. xxiv. p. 181. 



diaCo. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 313 

to leave the colony. I have heard further from himself, that 1660. 
no soldier will be willing to remain in the company's service, ' " ' 
but that all would go with him to Patria, no doubt on his in- 
duction. 

"I understood by Captain Krygier that your honour ex- Ministers of 
pects from Patria three or four ministers of the gospel. I g^^g^tg^*^ 
would ardently pray your honour that one of them might be 
sent to us here on the river, to promote our welfare, and 
which might contribute to increase the population. 

" I communicated last week, at Tinnico, your discontent- Dissatisfac- 
ment with the sheriff and some of the commissaries, for dis- ^herm. 
couraging and actually preventing some individuals from 
emigrating to Esopus. 

"I commanded them to inquire and deliver a list of the census of 
number of families who intended to make a settlement at tendin-^to' 
Passayonch, to consider, before any trouble was taken, or reside at 
expense made for its purchase ; if they would constitute a ^^^^^^S" 
handsome village, especially as the greater part are very 
poor, and at the same time very unsteady ; and further, it 
is thought, many of them would prefer going to Maryland 
rather than change their place here, but recommends waiting 
patiently awhile. 

"Miss Printz requests permission, in lieu of her recogni- MissPrintz 
tions, to make payment in a fat ox, fat hogs, and bread and corn. '*°'^^ ' 
The horses are mentioned as being too small for the farmers. 

"A lad arrived here who had been taken by the savages Lads taken 
while strolling in the woods for rabbits. I determined to de- ^^ *^® 

o savages. 

tain him, notwithstanding the opposition of the savages, as it 
is said lately two lads were sold by the savages to the Eng- 
lish, and this lad was ransomed two or three months ago by 
D'Hinoyossa, for a frock and a small piece of frieze. 

" We can only make two distributions more of pork and 
beef for the garrison, therefore send some."-^ 

"Yesterday I arrived at this place. Andreas Hudde arrived May is. 
at New Amstel from Altona, to go to Manhattan ; in about Hudde ar- 
half a day he changed his mind, and raised some difficulty by ^Ihamedof 
which he might be prevented. He further complained that ws clothes. 
his clothes had such a mean appearance, and further, that he 
was unprovided with the means to defray expenses of the 
journey, so that he was really too much ashamed to appear 
before your honour. He goes with Captain Krygier.^ 

■ Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. G2, 63. ^ Ibid. p. 65, 

40 2D 



314 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1660. " Van Dyck says the community wish me to solicit your 

' — ^~^ honour to remain in their present residences, which petition 

was delivered by Peter Kock, Peter Andrieson, and Hans 

May 25. Mocnsen. They said there was not sufficient land obtained 

Swedes not at Passayuug for the pasture of their creatures, and ardently 

^de'af pir' "^^^^^^ ^^^ '^^ remove. If compelled to go, ' then we will go 

syung. or depart to a spot where we may live in peace.' Sir, their 

whole plan is to obtain delay, and have no intention to obey 

their orders, unquestionably a great proof of disrespect ; on 

which I wrote to Van Dyck on 21st instant, and received his 

answer next day. I requested him to write to your honour 

that he would delay the execution of that point a little, when 

he might converse with the principal individuals, and then 

inform me of their intentions, which on their part I knew 

were mere excuses. 

" On the 20th instant I received, by a Maqua savage, a 

Mr. coursay letter of Mr. Heermans, dated 26th April, from which it ap- 

TOntsaTLL' psared that the strange conduct toward Mr. Coursay by 

honourable D'Hinoyossa, caused their great displeasure, so 

that it was actually contemplated to retake his servants by 

force. He said he might have sent for them hither three or 

four Dutch runaways, and so procure an exchange with their 

servants ; also, that they were deliberating on a division of 

the limits, to avoid any disputes with those of DelaAvare Bay. 

" The greatest chief of the Minquas was here on the 23d; 

Presents toa he showcd me his poor coat, which being interpreted, induced 

^gf*^* me to offer him a coat and a piece of frieze in your honour's 

name, which was thankfully accepted. I am informed that 

, Jacob Swen sent for him, and gave him a fathom of cloth, 

four blankets, a gun, and a few other articles." 

He complains of D'Hinoyossa not restricting the sale of 
Sale of u- liquors to the Indians in day-light. They have been out- 

quors to In- -, 

rageous ^ 



chiefs visit 
Altona. 



" Being at Amstel to-day, to inventory the effects of Al- 
juneir. ricks, I was informed the great sachem from the Minquas 
Indian couutry was at Altona, and wished to see me. On arriving, 
I found that he appeared there with sachem of Hackensack, 
and three or four savages, among whom, it was said, was the 
brother of the sachem who was lately killed at Esopus. The 
great chief informed me that he intended to travel next night 
to the Manhattans, to try if he could dispose your honour to 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 70. 



PETER STUYVESAJSTT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 315 

make peace with the savages, and for which end he requested 1660. 
a canoe to go to Mugo'kossam, which was granted. He in- ' ' ' 
formed me further, that two of our soldiers were at his house, 
and requested, on their arrival, that they might be allowed to 
reside in his country, and cultivate the land. These soldiers 
deserted on the 10th instant, both young men. 

" On the 11th, Mr. Coursay returned home with his ser- Mr. coursay 
vants, whom he, with consent of D'Hinoyossa, carried off from °gr^^°^(-g^^ 
Whorekills in the yacht of Carman, and they rejoiced indeed 
to meet their master again. 

" I sent the governor of Maryland, Colonel Utie, and the i-etter to go- 
magistrates on the Sassafrax River, a complimentary letter, of jiaryiaiid 
in which I requested that if any of our soldiers who deserted respecting 
arrived there, they would arrest or imprison them, and inform 
us of it by express, at the expense of the company, in which 
case I would despatch, with their permission, a sergeant, as- 
sisted with soldiers, to conduct them home, which Mr. Coursay 
had not a shadow of doubt would be complied with. Mr. 
Coursay thanks Governor Stuyvesant for the recovery of his 
servants. 

" Several ambassadors passed through here towards the several in. 
great chief, on the first of the month. Seven canoes full of '''^.'^ ''^l^^^ 

^ ' emigrate fo 

savages, with their wives and children, came down the river, fear of aM* 
to emigrate to the Maquas land. It is said they lived before 
near Menesing, and fled from fear of a certain 3Ianiio. 

<' Hudde has returned, and I will employ him in his quality. 

" Last Saturday we distributed our last meat. I have about 
one distribution of pork, besides 200 pounds of stockfish. 
Send by first opportunity."^ 

" Andreas Hudde petitions for a berth, and says, ' during June s. 
the terms of thirty-one years nearly, (without boasting,) in iiudde, an 
all faithfulness he has served the company in this country ; t\^\ 
that living on South River, he lately had the misfortune of puwic ser- 
being spoliated by the savages, of all which he possessed, by ^'^°*' ^^^^ 
which he, with his wife and child, are reduced to poverty, forempioy- 
not having any means which he can take in hand, at his ad- ™®°*' }l 

^ '^ , , . appointea 

vanced age, for his maintenance ; he therefore solicits the cierk. 
director and company to employ him in the service of the 
company, as his abilities may present, on a moderate salary, 
for his maintenance.' From his statement of his case, and 
the intercession of the inhabitants in his favour, he is em- 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 72, 73. 



316 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1660. ployed as "writer and clerk in Commissary Beekman's of- 
*■— ' fice."i 

P. Stuyvesant, in writing to the company, alludes to the 
June 25. prohable transfer of the city's interest on South River to the 
Be-transfer company, and says, " If this colony should return to the com- 
coiOTytotoe P^^Jj Other mcasurcs must be adopted, at least a good and 
company efficacious Superintendence, to control the officers there in 
power. If it remains as now, we should not dare to conduct 
ourselves in issuing useful and necessary orders, such as are 
required."^ 
June 26. Bcckman inquires of Peter Stuyvesant "how I shall con- 

How is seek- duct myself when any Englishmen, either from abroad or 
man to act ^y^^^ Virginia, might arrive here, and decline goino; to Man- 

m case of o ? o i o o 

English? hattan."^ His answer does not appear. 
June 30. Complaiuts are made by Beekman against D'Hinoyossa, for 

quorto^sa- ^llowing drink to be sold to the savages; they behave 
vages. shamefully. 

Mr. Revel came from Virginia, with consent of the gover- 
Engiish nor, to know if we wanted victuals, as he could supply them. 
^T,k^^°^' The inventory of Alricks's effects is completed. During 
Airicks'sin- the progrcss, D'Hiuoyossa goes off for several days, and then 
chalgTby charges them with selling the city's property. Sheriff Van 
D'ffinoyossa. Swcringcn arrived on 29th. 

" Yesterday were elected by D'Hinoyossa, as commissaries. 
Election of Hcudrick Kip, Jacob Crabbe, and Baes Joosten. The com- 
^!^^^' munity of New Amstel resolved to send a remonstrance to 

the lords patrons, to maintain and support the colony."^ 
July 2. The order of 1648, respecting vessels sailing between Man- 

spetting'ves- ^^^^^^ ^^^ South Rivcr having commissions or orders, is 
seis. renewed.^ 

A galliot arrives, and as soon as unladed, sails up the river 
July 27. ^ov a cargo of clapboards, which was not so near ready as 
A galliot ar- Van Gczcl represented ; some being more than one quarter 
turn car^. ^f a mile farther, were to be carried down the river in rafts. 
Drumbor- A drum is borrowcd from D'Hinoyossa, as that at Altona 
Belkman's could uot be uscd. Beckman's wife is going to Manhattan 
wife. for provisions, &c. 

Ferry-boat. The fcrry-hoat at Whorekill sunk. Garrison there complain 
Col. utie. ^£' y^g^T^^ Qf victuals. Utie says he will inform of runaways.*^ 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxiv. p. 286. 2 Jbid. vol. xviii. p. 114, 115. 

? Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 76. 4 Ibid. p. 80. 

6 Ibid. vol. xxiv. p. 364, 365. « Ibid. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 317 

C. Van Gezel, executor, represents to Peter Stuyvesant 1660. 
that Jacob Alricks in liis will named D'Hinoyossa his succes- ' ' ' 
sor as director, and Van Gezel and Van Sweringen as coun- 
cillors ; "but alas, as soon as the soul had left his body, August 12, 
D'Hinoyossa and Van Sweringen remained during next night conduct of 
in the room where the body was deposited, and ransacked all ^^^ y°^°^^'* 
the papers, letters, and secrets of deeds, read them through, swormgen 
read them to the schepen, and accused the deceased of mal- |^^|j' '^yf^^i. 
administration." The governor advises an expert accountant ncus. 
to state his accounts, and recommended D'Hinoyossa to 
desist.^ 

It appears from a letter of Beekman to Peter Stuyvesant, August is. 
that "on the 11th, a small vessel arrived at New Amstel, vessel ar- 
laden with Campeachy wood from the West Indies, very t|.gg"i°jg3 
leaky, wanting water and provisions ; they are considering if with cam- 
they will have repairs here. The proprietors are sons of "^^^J 
Sheriff Grotenhuysen, of Amsterdam ; their wish is to return 
as soon as possible. This vessel was last December at Cui*- 
racoa, so that it is sixteen months since she left Holland, and 
next day after the departure of the galliot, D'Hinoyossa D'Hinoyossa 
called the community together, to read to them, as he said, trcommun^ 
from a letter of the burgomasters of Amsterdam, that the ty, said to be 
patrons were collecting money in behalf of the colony, in masterr^No 
order to promote its welfare and increase; that they never i'l'^a of trans- 
for a moment considered to give up this colony, or transfer it ny. 
to the company, and that now they intended vigorous exer- 
tions for its strength and support, with sundry other floujr- 
ishes." Beekman sends a list of recusant Swedes ; says h© 
is in want of match coats. ^ 

Lord Baltimore, then in London, (July 24,) directs Captain ^'^p*- ^'«^'' 
James Neal, in Holland, to inquire of West India Company Lord°Baiti- 
if they admit his right on Delaware ; if not, to protest against more in hoI- 
them, to demand the surrender of the lands, &c. on the De- 
laware Bay, respecting which the commissioners of the Dutch 
had previously been sent to Maryland, but whose conference 
there came to an unsatisfactory conclusion. Captain Neal, 
attorney of Cecilius Calvert, baron of Baltimore, on the 1st September. 
of September, had an interview in Amsterdam, with the 
representatives of the College of XIX. He was assisted by 
Mr. Cross, notary, and much to their surprise, asks the direc- 
tors of the company "to command some of the inhabitants 

^ Albany Records, vol. xxiv. pp. 364, 365. 2 j^jfj^ yol. xvii. p. 84. 

2d2 



318 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 



1660. 



Capt. Neal, 
as attorney 
of Lord Bal- 
timore, 
makes a de- 
mand of 
West India 
Company. 



Sept. 30. 

Ship sails for 
Holland, 
■with Van 
Sweringen 
and other 



Cargo. 

Want of pro- 
visions at 
Altona. 



October 6. 

Transfer of 
colony to 
city. Bad 
state of 
things. 



of South River, and especially the colonists of the city of 
Amsterdam, to submit to the 'Baron' of Baltimore or his 
agents, under a grant from Charles L, and offers to agree 
upon certain conditions, and in case of refusal, indemnity for 
all costs, damages, and interest already undergone, or to be 
yet incurred." The directors reply, asserting "their right 
by possession, under the grant of the States-General for many 
years, without disturbance from Lord Baltimore or any other 
person." They are "resolved to remain in possession, and 
defend their rights. If Lord Baltimore perseveres and re- 
sorts to violent measures, they will use all the means God and 
nature have given, to protect the inhabitants," at the same 
time declaring themselves innocent of any blood which may 
be shed. The notary certifies his having been present when 
the demand was made in due form for the colony of New 
Amstel.^ 

The ship Green Eagle sailed. D'Hinoyossa permitted 
Gerrit Van Sweringen and wife to go to fatherland ; also 
Joost Arenson, Peter Crabbe, the blacksmith, and another 
colonist ; the sheriff. Van Sweringen, 21 beaver hides, 4 his- 
pans, and 6 prepared deer skins, while also were notified by 
him 100 deer skins more, for which were paid 3 pieces of 
eight, to satisfy the recognition. 

Beekman further says, he has distributed his last pork, and 
has only 50 pounds meal left. Two men draw swords on each 
other.^ 

The company in Amsterdam say they have negotiated with 
the magistrates of the city of Amsterdam to receive again 
the colony under their protection. Since the death of Alricks, 
every thing has been in great confusion ; affairs go more 
backward than forward, as we are informed by Commissary 
Beekman, while D'Hinoyossa, substituted by Alricks's will as 
his successor, did read a letter to the few remaining colonists, 
assuring them of promised help or transfer of the colony ; as 
we doubt this, we are backward to redress some evils ; would 
prefer seeing the city continue to charge herself with its pro- 
tection, as well in regard to the vast expenses which de novo 
would be required, and continued to maintain a strong garri- 
son, as with respect to the bad rumours and name which have 
not only been attached to South River, but even the whole 
country, by the unhappy management of its affairs. Speak 

« Albany Records, vol. viii. pp. 294, 296, 301. 2 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 89. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 319 

of passes being granted imprudently, as lately by a new ship, 16G0. 
Green Eagle, which arrived from New Spain ; on this ship ' - ' 
embarked Van Sweringen and Jacob Crabbe, both largely in 
debt. The first has a suit, and leaves his bail in the lurch.^ 

Matthias Capito mentions absence of William Beekman to October s. 
Governor Stuyvesant. Says D'Hinoyossa holds Alricks's 
books and property. No notary here. D'Hinoyossa says 
" he will not be commanded by your honour, as he does not 
acknowledge any person his superior, except his principals in 
fatherland."^ 

The States-General were requested by the XIX to repre- Novomber 5. 
sent, through their ambassadors in England, the situation of Amtassa- 
affairs with Maryland, and to complain of Lord Baltimore's f °'"®, 'f ^"°" 

" , , land to com- 

encroachments and pretensions, and that he would desist piam against 
from them until a boundary line could be run between that ^"'"'^ ^^^^^' 

« more. 

province and the Dutch. All necessary papers were furnished 
to the ambassadors ; were instructed to direct the attention 
of the king to the subject.^ 

D'Hinoyossa is mentioned as conducting himself in a December 9. 
haughty and imperious manner, defaming and slandering the Complaints 
deceased director, and disregarding mandamuses, and injuring D^Hkwyossa. 
the property of the deceased.* 

Report at Whorekill of a bark being stranded, between December le. 
Cape Henlopen and Virginia ; three Dutchmen left her, and 
went into the country. A three-masted vessel said to be 
stranded near Barnegat, only one person saved. Have sold 
horses for fat oxen, hogs, and corn for bread, so that our 
magazine is now well supplied with beef and pork for more 
than a year, for the seven Swedish horses, &c.^ 

D'Hinoyossa received yesterday advice by way of Mary- Decembersi. 
land, in a letter of Mr. Bouk and John Prato, dated August Magistrates 
27th, that the magistrates of Amsterdam have resolved to 
continue the support of this colony, appointing him as direc- Great re 
tor, John Prato and Van Sweringen, assistants. D'Hinoyossa ^'^^^^^ 
says the burgomasters approve of his seizing Alricks's pro- 
perty ; " in short, the joy is here great, so that the seal of 
the letter was scarce broken than he commanded the cannon 
to be three times fired." 

" It seems as if troubles have arisen in Maryland, as the 

' Albany Records, vol. xviii. p. 124. 2 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 92. 

3 HoU. Doc. vol. ix. p. 144, &c. O^CalL vol. ii. p. 461. 

* Albany Records, vol. xviii. p. 141. 5 Ibid. p. 94. 



determine to 
keep colony 



320 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1660. brotlier of Lord Baltimore has obtained the commission as 

" ■ ' governor and commander there." 

Asks for a barrel of salt to save provisions ; " it is here 
Highprice of excessively tough, asking three to four gl. for a single 
'''^- schepel."! 

1661. 

Beekman, in a letter to Stuyvesant, thus describes D'Hino- 

january 14. jossa's Carriage, upon his late appointment as director of the 

Conduct of colony of New Amstel : " He feels himself again pretty high, 

hi' ws°ne°w* ^^^ ^^ strutting forward in full pride. He is boasting that he 

situatioa. will rccovcr all the effects of the deceased Alricks, and sings 

already another tune. He removed from office the secretary, 

Van Nas, because he did not flatter his whims in writing the 

records." 

"About a fortnight since, the grave in which was buried 
Grave of an Hoppemcnick, a savage chief, was violated. The place was 
yioiated! '* oppositc the housc of Captain Krygier. They stole from it 
some seawant, three or four pieces of frieze, and what else 
was laid by him ; at this the savages are murmuring, and 
some mischief may be apprehended for those at New Amstel, 
as I am informed by A. Hudde and others." 

The following is added in a postscript : " Yesterday the 
A son born Lord our God did give an increase to our family, by a boy. 

to Beekman. ^ , i • i i i • p ..... . 

i could Wish that there was an opportunity oi initiating mm 

by Christian baptism. "^ 

On Beekman's arrival from Altona, on the 18th, he " ob- 
jannary 27. scrvcd much fear about those at New Amstel, that the savages, 
Murder of who did not appear for some days, and were skulking here 
i^tmen^and ^^^ thcrc, would surprisc the Dutch, and especially as the 
one Dutch- savagcs On the river murdered, about the 4th instant, four 
savages^ who pcrsous coming from New Amstel ; they were three English- 
are impri- men and a Dutchman, the brother of Doctor Herck, who had 
released, hccn here only two or three days on a visit. Two or three 
which gives ^ays after the murder was committed, several savages, though 

clissatislac- / o / a 

tion to go- we could not ascertain if they were the murderers, arrived at 
vcrnorof ;^g^ Amstcl, and had with them some clothes of the Chris- 

Maryland. A 

-war with tians, which they offered for sale. Two of them came to the 
in(Hant an- ^o^^^c of Foppo Jorisou, whcrc thcu were William Holling- 
ticipated. worth, an Englishman, and Gerrit Ruster, an inhabitant of 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 96, Letter from W. Beekman to P. StuyvesaBt. 
2 Ibid. p. 100. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 321 

Kew Amstel, who, together with Foppo, took hold of these 1061. 
two savages, and directly informed D'Hinoyossa of it, when ' ' ' 
they were, on the 10th, imprisoned by him, on which the 
savages uttered violent threatenings against those of New 
Amstel. The savages having been examined, were set at 
liberty the next day. Yesterday, the honourable D'Hino- 
yossa received on this subject, by express, some further in- 
structions of the governor of Maryland, who is greatly dis- 
satisfied with our conduct in setting the savages at liberty, 
which D'Hinoyossa excused by their not being guilty." "It Predictionas 
is my humble opinion, that if the English enter into a war !" «°"°t^y 

«' J^ ' "3 hereafter be- 

with the savages, it cannot be but to injure the public welfare, ing settled 
and that the savages will again claim, and take possession of anrswedes 
all the lands, or that these will be eventually/ settled with Eng- 
lish and Sivedes. The English, to prosecute their enemy, 
might violate our jurisdiction, may penetrate our limits with- 
out notice ; if we object or resist, they may suspect our sin- 
cerity, and search for a pretext to quarrel with us. I come 
to this conclusion from appearances, in which I am confirmed, 
as Captain Krygier said that Augustus Heermans wrote in 
private to D'Hinoyossa, that the English foster the opinion English be- 
that the inhabitants of New Amstel or Whorekill secretly in- ^^^^j^ j^^^. 
stigate the river savages to such misdeeds, which is certainly tue. 
an odious and wrong imagination."-'^ 

Eeekman probably little thought, when writing, " that these 
lands will be eventually settled with English and Swedes," 
that he was penning a prediction so shortly to be fulfilled, as 
subsequent events proved it to be. 

Immediately following the foregoing is a letter from Angus- a. Heer- 
tus Heermans to W. Beekman, without date or name of place, ^^yml^e^ 
but alluding, as it does, to the murder above mentioned, was ^<^ '^ about 
probably written about the same time: "I visited my ^r from' ° 
colony(?) on the river, and discovered at the same time the NewAmstei. 
most proper place between this situation and South River. I 
am now engaged in encouraging settlers to unite together in 
a village, of which I understood that a beginning will be made 
before next winter. From there we may arrive by land in 
one day at Sand Hoeck, and may perhaps effect a cart road 
about the same time. The Maquas kill and the Bohemia 
River^ are there only one mile distant from each other, by 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 109. 

2 A river of this name, in Maryland, appears by the maps to take its rise in 
Delaware, not far from the source of a branch of Apoquiniiny. 
41 



322 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN, 



1661. 



January 27. 

The English 
require sa- 
tisfaction 
from the 
murderers, 
and are dis- 
satisfied with 
their re- 
lease. 



February 5. 

Arrivals 
from Mary- 
land. Ques- 
tion as to 
protection. 



■which it is an easy correspondence by water, wliicli must be 
greatly encouraging to the inhabitants of New Netherlands. 
I hope to start for the Manhattans within five or six weeks. 
Had not the misfortune happened that the English had been 
murdered on the South River, I should have come towards 
you by land."^ 

Then succeeds the following, likewise without date, but 
directed to W. Beekman, at Altona : " Sir, the fear with 
which the Finns were struck last winter, was without founda- 
tion ; they dreaded an assault without a cause. It is much 
disliked, and had given offence, that the apprehended Indian 
murderers, who murdered the English, and carried their 
clothes to Sand Hoeck, have been set at liberty. The English 
require satisfaction from the murderers, or war, whichever they 
choose ; on this point they are now quarrelling vfith the Sus- 
quehannocks. It was desirable that D'Hinoyossa would write 
the governor in a manner to remove the broil, and conciliate 
his good will, as the English are inclined to live with us in 
harmony and friendship, and to cultivate and promote com- 
merce between the two nations, which they would not inter- 
rupt, unless compelled by force or necessity. I hope for a 
favourable answer. It is said here that the Susquehannock 
chiefs have been summoned to Sand Hoeck, and there is some 
suspicion that it relates to the aforesaid business."^ 

'< Yesterday arrived at New Amstel Captain Wheeler and 
Ulrick Antony, both from Maryland, and came to see us to- 
day. They appeared before us ; after a few discussions, they 
proposed the question, <■ if any resident in Maryland came 
hither, whether we would give him up when demanded, or if 
it was presumptive that we would defend them ?' We pre- 
tended that we are not obliged to answer, as not acquainted 
enough or deeply versed in law, even if the questions might 
be brought before us, being a question too critical to decide ; 
more so, as the city of Maryland appeared so deeply inte- 
rested in it, as being in duty bound to defend the privileges 
of their citizens. Justly as we were desirous to avoid making 
any encroachments upon the rights of our neighbours, it 
seems to me, in this question, with regard to us, every regard 
due to an independent state is lost. He excused himself, both 
at his arrival and departure from our house, that he well 
knew how to show his due respect, but said that in this case 

» Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 111. ^ Ibid. p. 112. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 323 

his conscience would not permit it, to which I answered, that 1661. 
our conscience could not tolerate such a sect. If he remains ' " ' 
quiet, and no others of the same breed shall arrive hither, I 
shall tolerate him, till I shall have received your honour's fur- 
ther orders ; but by an unexpected increase, I shall command 
them to depart, in conformity to the orders of your honour. 
Wheeler said that the advocates of the governor cause great 
confusion, and a war may be the final result. There is ac- roars of the 
tually a violent animosity against the Papists, while they will ^^P'^t^^- 

" ^ d <D i. 7 J Animosity 

not bear a Papist governor. He said further, that many have towards 
been lately beheaded in England, and imprisoned ; that more *^'^™' 
than one thousand Reformed ministers are imprisoned ; that 
they therefore will not protect a Papist, or recommend him 
to'the community; these are awful prognostics indeed. God 
vouchsafe us peace in our days." 

" Oloff Stille, one of our commissaries, arrived with a few February a. 
Einns from Maryland. They went thither, as I am informed, rinnsretura 
to take up land, and to emigrate in the spring. The sheriff, j™^ q^^^^.^ 
Van Dyck, had not given me any notice of their departure ; expected. 
they did not find their friends on the Sassafras River, in that ^^^^^l^^^^ 
ease, as they had imagined, so that many have given up this tie them at 
project, as Stille said that probably many of the Finns, if ^^^^g^'*'* 
not all, who are there now residing, will return hither. In 
such case, in my opinion, some regulations might be adopted ; 
they might unite in a village near or at Perslajong, (Pas- 
syung ?) and not be permitted to settle again in separate 
spots, as the custom is of that sort of men, and further, to 
make all of age take the oath of allegiance."^ 

The progress of the settlement was less rapid than ex- March 9. 
pected, owing, as supposed, to the want of prudence in the Proposed 
late vice-director, and many consequently leaving the place. ° ^^^^' 
Another reason was the dispute between the director-general 
and local authorities on jurisdiction, the colonists being 
obliged to appeal to the director-general in suits exceeding 
100 guilders, which affected the majority ; another was being 
compelled to discharge and be inspected at New Amsterdam, 
for goods destined to New Amstel, and the company's servants 
on South River demanding anchorage-money in front of city's 
colony. It was proposed to appoint another vice-director, 
and to forbid the company's director from encroaching on the 
city's rights, &c. As a remedy, the jurisdiction in civil cases 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 104, 105. 



324 A- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEEMAN. 

1661. was extended to 600 guilders, and appeal abolished, and by 
' — '^ — ' allowing the city colonies to send its own vessels directly to 
their colony. The subject of anchorage was to be remedied 
when the population increased, by extending the territory as 
far on the east side of the river as on the west; the soldiers 
to be discharged, and the defence left to the inhabitants ; fi-ee 
grants of land to be made to the soldiers then in the country, 
they promising aid in case of need. Twenty-five or thirty 
farm servants to be sent from Westphalia to South River, at 
j)ublic expense, the produce of their labour to belong to the 
colony. The public service to consist of one director, a 
sheriff, commissary, surgeon, cooper, smith, comforter of the 
sick, to act also_as schoolmaster. $10,000 required to effect 
this plan, to be expended in merchandise and agriculture. 
The plan was approved, and public notice to be given of the 
changes. The impolicy of having two distinct jurisdictions 
became daily more evident, as it led to constant collisions be- 
tween the governors for the supremacy.-^ 

G. Van Dyck asks payment of his salary due as schout or 

March 21. shcriff. The director-general replies there was but little to 

Beekmanre- do in the officc, and its duties could be performed by the 

a"sheriff '"''^ Commissary Beekman, who is accordingly to do the duties 

of the sheriffalty. 

Peter Rambo resigns as a commissary.^ 

"Nothing further from the English in Maryland. The 

May 31. savagcs here are highly alarmed, lest the English shall come 

Indians anx- here. They had a meeting at Passajon a few days past ; they 

loustobere- ^^^ collectinff a large portion of seawant, to make presents 

conciled witli _ o ^ o i ^ ^ x ^ 

the English, of it to the Minquas and other chiefs, to reconcile them again 
Offer pre- .^-^j^ ^^iq Enslisli for this murder. The Minquas presented 

sents to go- a i i 

vernor of already furs to the governor of Maryland, ten or eleven days 
■wh7rr-ects P'^^^t, thougli hc dcclined to accept any of these, but requested 
them. them rather to unite with him and destroy those savages ; 

to unite '^'^ which they rejected, as the Minquas chief, who was with your 
against houour last year at Esopus, told Captain Krygier, 28th of 
Tages. ^^^^ month. The Minquas and Senecas are at war." 

" Jacob Svfens informed me that Hendrick Huygen advised 
jteport that him that John Rysingh last year, in September, was arrested 
"was impri- in Swcdcn, and that after long entreaties, it was at length 
soned ia consouted to grant him an armed vessel for the recovery of 

Sweden. i tp> • jT 

South River. 

' O'Call. vol. ii. p. 464, 2 Albany Records, vol. xix. p. 78. 



PETER SirUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 325 

"D'Hinoyossa communicated his commission to the people 1661. 
eight days ago, having called them together with the ringing " ' ' 
of the bell, and assured the congregation, with full confidence, 
that ere long a vessel should arrive from Patria with several D'lunoyossa 
farmers, while he told me to the contrary, when he received 1"^"!,^ New*^ 
that letter, that his patrons mentioned not a word of any ship Amstei. 
or colonists, and rather complained that he received no answer mission!"™' 
whatever on many points, as he had expected, and that the i^s iism- 
letter was written in September. ''"' ^' 

"Captain Krygier informed me that he understood from cmnoyossa 
D'Hinoyossa that Van Vleck had warned him to be on his '^^^'^'^^^ ^^- 
guard, as your honour had commanded me to arrest him." Beekman. 

G. Van D^^ck appears to have been removed, and inquires van Dyek 
the reason.i "''^°'""^- 

The subject of the claim between the Dutch and Maryland May. 
"was again brought before the council of Maryland, when it Doubts in 
was resolved, that as it Avas a matter of doubt whether New to New Am^-* 
Amstei lay below the 40th degree of north latitude, and as stei^emg in 
the West India Company appeared resolved to maintain their bounds, 
possessions by force, and there was no prospect of any aid 
from the other colonies, in any attempts which they might 
make to reduce them, all further efforts for their subjugation 
should be delayed until the will of the proprietary could be 
ascertained, and that in the mean time some efforts should be 
made to determine whether the settlement was located within 
the limits of the grant. An agent was now despatched to 
Holland to enforce upon the West India Company the claims 
of the proprietary to the territory in question, and to repeat 
the demand that it should be abandoned. Compliance with 
this demand was again refused, but orders were given by 
that company to its settlers, to withdraw from the territory 
about Cape Henlopen, which they had purchased from the 
Indians; this was accordingly done, but New Amstei, or 
N. C, and the adjacent countiy, were still retained in pos- 
session."^ 

Beekman writes that the savages report thali the Senecas June lo. 
destroyed several plantations of the Swedes and Finns who Lextaiionis 
settled among the English. He does not much confide in it. thnrv^/s 
" The chiefs of the savages on this river do not trust the towards the 

English. 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 114. 

2 McMahon, p. 25, who quotes Council Proceedings, Lib. H. H. 113. Chal- 
mers, p. 631. 

2B 



326 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1661. English, and decline to go thither, as they told Hudde and 
' — ■ — ' Swens, saying ' the English killed some of us, and we again 
killed some of them, the one pays for the other.' They in- 
formed Augustine on the 4th of their intentions. D'Hino- 
yossa detained the galliot, at request of Heermans, seven or 
eight days."^ 

" On the east side of this river are residing four English 
July 10. among the Manitos savages; they arrived in a small boat in 
FourEng- the neighbourhood of Cape May, about three months past; 
lisiunenou ^]^gy apparently went homeways from Virginia, as they now 
with savages, soem inclined to remain there, if the report of the savages is 

correct. 
War between "The Maquas and Senecas are at war. The English in 
Scar""^ Maryland assisted the Maquas with fifty men, in their fort."^ 
From a letter of Peter Stuyvesant to the company in Hol- 
Juiy2L land, it appears that he was "apprehensive about Lord Bal-^ 
timore's intentions respecting the southern part of South 
River, which he claims as included in his patent, and con- 
firmed by the present king. Lord Baltimore protested to the 
company ; speaks of Lord Sterling's pretended claim to Long 
Island." 

In allusion to a censure passed by the company on the 
Censure of director-goneral and council of New Amsterdam, he says, 
stuyvesant ^^ j£ ^^i our lottcrs, sinco the death of Alricks, written to his 

by company _ ' ...,■, 

noticed. succcssor, D'Hinoyossa, and one or two to his principals, had 
been transmitted, it would to all appearance become evident, 
that we instituted no process whatever against the city's 
ministers, much less that we sowed seeds of discord amongst 
them ; to the contrary, it would evidently appear that we 
most sincerely recommended them peace and harmony, with 
the promotion of the common welfare. What regards the 
cause or process as mentioned by your honour, relative to 
estate of deceased Alricks ; our opposition against a judg- 
ment on the murderers of three savages, in a case of appeal, 
and our unwillingness that judgment against Jan Garretson, 
and Van Marcken, it was our duty to inform you of both, 
and all the circumstances of these affairs, and our own honour 
and character compel us imperiously to express our minds in 
both cases, with all possible brevity." Then alludes to trans- 
actions connected with estate of Alricks, the petition of Van 
Gezel, the declared heir and executor. " Never was there an 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 117. 2 Ibid. p. 118. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIKECTOR-GENEIIAL. 327; 

infraction upon arrest made by provisional director, D'Hino- 1661. 
yossa, in behalf of his principals, on the estate, or money ' ' ' 
coming from it or contracted, for which aforesaid remains 
responsible." Then notices a case of murder committed on 
a man, woman, and boy, under circumstances of great cruelty, 
not in passion or drunkenness, or revenge, " but with a deli- 
berate mind, only from detestable avarice." Speaks of Al- 
ricks as a man of very discreet character. 

Ensign Dirck Smith deceased at end of last year ; his widow 
now goes to Holland.^ 

He also alludes to advices received from Maryland, and Report of pa- 
says, " But more probable and material is the advice from B^jji^j^o^"^*^ 
Maryland, that Lord Baltimore's patent, which contains the confirmed. 
south part of South River, is confirmed by the king, and pub- 
lished in print ; that Lord Baltimore's brother, who is a rigid 
Papist, being made governor there, has received Lord Balti- 
more's claim, and protest to your honours in council, (where- 
with he seems but little satisfied,) and has now more hopes 
of success. We have advices from England that there is an 
invasion intended against these parts, and the country soli- 
cited of the king, the duke, and the parliament, is to be an- 
nexed to their dominions, and for that purpose they desire 
three or four frigates, persuading the king that the company 
possessed and held this country under an unlawful title, having 
only obtained of King James leave for a watering-place on 
Staten Island, in 1623."2 

Beekman alludes to a list of houses and lots in the colony, August 7. 
which does not appear on the records ; also to a probable dif- ProtaUe dif- 
ficulty between the director-general and England, which he the En<^sh 
says "would be peculiarly injurious to us, who, as it were, are 
lying with open doors before the English." 

He "wants two ankers of brandy or distilled liquors, to wants li- 
plant some more corn for the garrison, as it is easier to obtain ^o°^j^°n 
workmen for liquors than for any other wares." 

" Hears that a vessel with farmers from Holland is coming Expects far- 
over, and wishes they could be induced to marry with Swedes aXn™'^ 
and Finns." 

Great differences exist between D'Hinoyossa and Van Gezel, September 5. 
because he asked for his accounts as auctioneer. Van Gezel tween^ ^ ^' 
is arrested, an inventory of his effects taken in presence of D'mnoyossa 
his wife ; soldiers guard the property ; the wife carries some ^d. 

• Albany Records, vol. xviii. p. 143, &c. ^ Smith's N. Y., vol. i. p. 12. 



328 
1661. 



Septemlier 6. 

D'Hinoyossa 
refuses to 
Bee Beek- 
man. 



The subject 
of vessels 
striking 
their colours 
to the fort. 



September 6. 

Messenger 
sent to go- 
Ternor of 
Maryland. 
Supplies 
needed. 



Sept. 21. 

Swedish 
priest's wife 



Meeting for 
negotiation 
with 
sayages. 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

of it away; yachts and houses searched; Van Gezel's wife 
decamps, leaving behind her child, four months old, that she 
might not be discovered by its crying.^ 

Beekman, on arriving at New Amstel to converse with 
D'Hinoyossa, is met at the door by Van Sweringen, who was 
ordered to prevent his entrance, though D'Hinoyossa was 
notified by Alricks of his arrival. A small boy brought word 
from his master that he could not speak with Beekman with 
a good conscience ; advised him to go home. 

The subject on which Beekman wished to converse was 
partly " because sotae time since he had molested the Bar- 
Mers, that they lower their colours before the fort before they 
cast anchor, and they would make use of the opportunity to 
sail higher up ; then he threatened to examine the lading, as 
it might be addressed to him, expecting every hour the arrival 
of a ship consigned to him from fatherland, and talk of other 
affairs, of which a long detail is given. 

Beekman despatched D'Hinoyossa^ and Peter Alricks with 
two chiefs of savages residing on the river, to the governor 
of Maryland, to negotiate peace. He wants supplies for the 
garrison, salt, seawant to purchase bread-corn, as with diflS- 
culty they could obtain a schepel (three-fourths of a bushel) 
of corn for a schepel of salt.^ 

"Yesterday I was informed by Mr. Laers, the Swedish 
priest, that his wife eloped with one Jacob Jongh, and de- 
parted that night in a canoe, on which I despatched an ex- 
press to Maryland, and another to the magistrates residing on 
Sassafras Biver, and requested them, if the aforesaid persons 
arrived there, to take them in custody, and give us a direct 
notice of it. This day I was informed by one of our com- 
missaries, that Jacob Jongh had, during two or three days, a 
savage of Meggekermig with him, upon which we presume 
he tries to follow the track of Captain Vuller, and so may 
pass to Long Island. 

" Alricks met governor and council of Maryland at Colonel 
Utie's. Alricks, the secretary, Henry Coursay, Mr. Beek- 
man, and Mr. Gerrit Smith arrived here yesterday by way of 
New Amstel, to open a negotiation relative to the affairs of 
the savages."* 



* Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 124, 
3 Ibid. p. 135. 



2 Ibid. 

1 Ibid. p. 137 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 329 

The trunk of Jongh, with various of Mr. Laers's property 1661. 
in it, is found at Upland. " • ' 

"It is said that Jacob Jongh went to New England, as he 
did not consider himself safe in Maryland. 

" We understood from the letters which were received in October 26. 
answer from honourable Philip Calvert, of 22d and 23d, in Letters from 
regard to English commissioners who visited Altona, and Pi^'iipCai- 
whom we considered it our duty to treat with all courtesy, to English com- 
soothe his jealousy, because the governor of the province had i^'^^'O'iers. 
not been treated with the same regards, or received from your 
honour the same respect, as the governors of other provinces." 

His honour D'Hinoyossa summoned, as soon as the afore- conference 
said commissioners arrived, by messenger, the chiefs of the eo^i|iig''gion- 
savages, but one only appeared, who resides at the east end ersandcWef. 
of the river, who accompanied the commissioners, with cIum!^™" 
D'Hinoyossa, to Appoquinimy, whereabouts another creek Negroes 
empties itself in the English River, and where his honour 
the governor, Calvert, met them, when he concluded a peace 
with the aforesaid sachem, and had a joyful intercourse with 
them and D'Hinoyossa. The English made an offer to de- 
liver us annually two to three thousand hogsheads of tobacco 
by this creek, or at Appoquinimy, if we would supply them 
with negroes and other commodities. 

Many of the Minquas died lately by the small-pox. They smaii-pos 
are nearly besieged by the Senecas, which caused a decline ''^°g°'^^^o'^" 
in our trade with them. I am informed that the Senecas are besieged 
killed another savage not far from that place, but a little ^^o'j^nr' 
above it, where the Swedish concentration is made. The savage. 
Swedes are full of apprehension for their cattle. 

" The minister, Laers, solicited on the 15th instant, for our Laers wishes 
consent to marry again, as he intended to have the first pro- ag^n.'^'''^ 
clamation on the 16th instant. His bride is 17 or 18 years 
old. I delayed to give a decisive answer till I should have 
obtained your honour's approbation. 

" Mr. Williams and many other families have proposed to 
move to Maryland before winter."^ 

The reverend Laers again solicits the approbation of his Novembers. 
honour for his proposed marriage, " as the situation of his ^^ers again 

p ., . . T • -i. "2 wishes to 

lamily imperiously requires it. ^ marry. 

The directors send Stuyvesant " resolutions upon a pro- 
posal of this city, from which his honour will see in what we November 9. 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 142. 2 ibid. p. 144. 

42 2£2 



330 ^- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1661. have gratified the magistrates of this city with regard to the 

' — ' — ' colony on South River, with a view that your honour may 

conduct himself in conformity to it ; whereas the said magis- 

Coiony.of tratos do continue for the present to charge themselves with 

South River ^^le directors of said colony. Several colonists and farmers 

to be con- • -i ^ , , 

tinued under havc again embarked thither, in the hope that it will be con- 
tratM*°'^' ti'^^^ed with better success. A magistrate's vessel sails direct ■ 

for South River. 

Cecilius " procured a grant and confirmation of the patent 

passed in favour of his father in 1632."^ 

1662. 

Beekman writes, " I brought, on 23d December, the case 

Feibruary 1. of Jacob Jongh before the council, but it remains to this day 

Further pro- undecidcd, as it was concluded that the commissaries should 

ccedmgs institute a new inquiry, and since that day no other meeting 

agamst Key. i J J ./ ^ ^ o 

Mr. Laers. was Convened. I have some apprehension that it will be de- 
cided against the Reverend Mr. Laers, as it is partly ascer- 
tained that he broke open the door with an axe, and examined 
the trunk and goods which were left by the young man, and 
made an inventory of them, in the absence of the landlord." 
" The aforesaid Finnish priest solicited very circumstan- 
tially, that the council would grant him a divorce for this 

Asks and oh- breach of marriage contract by his wife, which he obtained 



tains a di- 
vorce. 



on the 15th of December, under your approbation." 



" Yesterday I was informed that he married himself again 
Marries him- on Sunday, a transaction, in my opinion, under correction, 
^®^*'- entirely unlawful, and expect your honour's orders how to 

conduct myself in it." 
D'fflnoyossa "I undcrstood that D'Hinoyossa has demanded his dis- 
Ton "^cwa-' Hiission ; his soldiers are continually complaining of their ba.d 
plaints fare, and their dress. 

against him. ^^ j ^^^^ informed by Paulus Scherrs, who lately arrived 
Son of Lord from Maryland, that the son of Lord Baltimore arrived there, 
arrives°[n ^^^ ^^^^ nothing further is mentioned there of any intentions 
Maryland, upon this district."^ 

February 20. "lam informed that the Whorekill is to be abandoned, 
whorekiuto q^^^ ^i^q gj^-y militia there to be discharged. The city's sur- 
doned, &c. voyor, William Rosenlery, is discharged. 

" The Senecas and Minquas are still at war. The savages 

on the river, too, are in, as they did not go this winter ou 

I Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 377. 2 Ibid. p. 146. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 331 

hunting as usual, which causes nearly a stagnation in trade. 1662. 
Rev. ^gedius has just arrived from Holland."^ " ' ' 

" On Sunday, the 12th, a. m., was communicated by the 
clerk, upon order of director-general and council in New March is. 
Amstel, that a fast and prayer day should be kept quarterly. Quarterly 
with which a beginning was to be made on the 15th instant, *^^^' '^'"\ 

a o 7 prayer day 

but no mention whatever was made of your honour's ordi- to be kept. 
nance. The same command was, at the same time, after the 
first sermon, published in the fort, (here at Altona,) by tolling 
of the bell."2 

" It is rumoured here that the governor of Maryland should March is. 
come to New Amstel on 15th April, to establish there the Trade in to-' 
trade in tobacco, but it cannot be ascertained with certainty. ^'^''^ ^"'^ 

T !!• • ■ 1 -f • Maryland. 

It would, m my opinion, be necessary, if any considerable Magazine 
quantity of tobacco was to be shipped here, that the company ^^^ IslT'^" 
construct a magazine and balance at New Amstel. 

" Nothing yet done in affair of Rev. Mr. Laers. Rev. i-aers. 

" I solicit most seriously that it may please your honour to wants ne- 
accommodate me with a company of negroes, as I am very ^'^°''^' 
much in want of them in many respects."^ 

Beekman has no intercourse with D'Hinoyossa. Biarch22. 

" The galliot was yesterday, by an extraordinary high tide, very high 
driven out of the kill, but happily saved by the sailors of the ^''*''- 
ship, and brought again to her former place. On the 18th, 
however, she was again cast to the other side of the river, so 
that the sailors were again obliged to return thither."* 

The ■ following are the proceedings of the court at their Apriii4. 
meeting held by vice-director and commissaries at Altona, 
(Cock, Harnsen, and Oloff Stille,) against Rev. Laers : 

" Honourable vice-director as sheriff, plaintiff, versus Rev. Proceedings 
Laers Carols, defendant — The plaintiff concludes, as it is of ^g^^^*™ 
notoriety, and acknowledged by defendant, that on the 20th Laers'scase. 
September, 1661, he. Minister Laers committed the violence, 
in breaking the room open, and opening the trunk of the 
fugitive Jacob Jongh, when said Jongh the night before ab- 
sconded, and made an inventory of his property, which he 
left behind, as is evident by his own handwriting, to which 
the defendant was not qualified, which ought to have been 
performed by the vice-director and the court, and that he 
usurped and suspended their authority, and vilified it, where- 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 150. 2 ibi(j_ pp, 152^ 153. 

3 Ibid. p. 157. 4 Ibid. 



332 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1662. fore he remains answerable and holden to make compensation 
'^'-'—^ to the company of what was yet due the company by said 
absconded Jongh, of which the residue amounts to 200 gl. 
in corn, and 40 gl. in beaver, which is to be delivered, and 
besides this, an amende [fine] of 40 gl. for having vilified 
authority. Defendant said, he came at that time to the house 
of Andreas Hendriessen, Finn, and asked him if his wife was 
with J. Jongh in his room, when the wife of Andreas, Finn, 
answered, that she did not know it, that her master might 
look at it, on which he took an axe and broke the door, and 
made an inventory of the goods. The commissioners having 
considered the case, command that Rev. Laers shall satisfy 
the demanded 200 gl. and pay for his insolence. 

" On the day aforesaid, is communicated to aforesaid Rev. 
Laers Carols, by Vice-Director Beekman, that his marriage 
is declared null and void, as illegal, as he married himself, 
which is directly contrary to the orders sanctioned about 
marriage connections ; that he before ought to have demanded 
and obtained from us the dissolution of his former marriage, 
by letters of divorce, agreeably to the laws of our fatherland, 
which ought to have been granted by the court of magistrates, 
and that by a further delay from his side, he shall be 
prosecuted. A. Hudde, Secretary." 

The reverend gentleman makes the following appeal : 
" Sir, my humble submissive service to you, and which I 
Appeal of always hope to remain. It will not be unknown to you, sir, 
in what manner, since the elopement of my wife, I have 
fallen from one misfortune to another, because all my deeds, 
performed in consequence of this elopement, have been mis- 
construed, so that I have been condemned in heavy amendes, 
which, in my poor situation, I cannot by any means bring 
together, as besides that, I paid already nearly 200 gl. I 
now am again condemned in a fine of 280 gl. The true state 
of the case was this : while I was searching for my wife, I 
imagined she was concealing herself in that place, on which 
I broke it open, but found nothing but a few pair of stock- 
ings, which the fugitive raptor of my wife left behind, of 
which I made an inventory ; and whereas it has been taken 
amiss, as if I, by this deed, intended to vilify the court, and 
therefore am condemned to pay a fine of 280 gl., and pay 
what the fugitive was owing, whereas I, in my innocence, and 
in that situation, having no other intention whatever but to 



Rev. Mr, 

Laers. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 333 

search for my wife, so it is my submissive petition that it may 1662. 
please your honour to make a favourable and merciful inter- ' ^~^ 
cession on my behalf, by this meeting, and pardon graciously 
what is committed through ignorance, and to save my repu- 
tation and condition as a minister, not to inflict any further 
punishment. What regards that I married myself, I cannot 
discover any thing illegal in it. I acted just in the same 
manner as I had done before, with respect to others, exactly 
so as others do, who are not prosecuted for it, and I can con- 
scientiously assure you that it was performed without any 
evil intention. Had I known that my marrjdng myself in 
this manner should have been so unfavourably interpreted, I 
should have submitted to the usage of the Reformed Church, 
but I did not know it ; wherefore I pray once more the 
honourable general that he will vouchsafe me his aid, and 
take into consideration my forlorn situation, so that I, with- 
out becoming a burden to others, may supply my daily 
wants, &c. Laurentius Carels, Minister."^ 

" D'Hinoyossa interdicted, on the 29th March, by a pla- 
card, that no person may trade between Bompjes Hoeck and Mayio. 
Cape Henlopen, with any individual, on forfeiture of the interdictioa 
goods which might be discovered by him, granting at the ^^eenBom'- 
same time to Peter Alricks the exclusive privilege of trading jes iioeck 
in that district, which causes discontent amongst the Swedes p^^ 
and other individuals, saying, 'what right do they above us of Exclusive 
New Amstel have to trade in our district at the east side of p^Xirkkg. 
the river, as we on their side.' I went, on the BOth, to New Swedes dis- 
Amstel, to take a full view of the placard, and examined it 
thoroughly, but could not obtain it, as only one had been 
nailed at the church door, which it was said was taken down 
during the night by Mr. Kip, who was to be prosecuted for 
it by the sheriff, who stood in the door of his house, near the 
church, so that I cannot say with certainty if this interdiction 
regards only the inhabitants of New Amstel, or that it is 
meant as a general interdiction." 

" On the same day, another interdiction was made by interdiction 
D'Hinoyossa, relative to the proposals made by some of the st"j.o™fii. 
savages at Tinniconck, by which any contravener convicted quors. 
shall be fined 300 gl., authorizing the savages to rob those thoril^dto 
who bring them strong liquors." rob. 

" The Swedish priest, the Rev. Laers was, on the 12th of 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 164. 



g34 A- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAi?. 

1662. April, condemned by the commissaries to pay 200 gl., which 

*~"^^ — ' had been advanced to Jacob Jongh in behalf of the company, 
to provide us with corn ; to pay further the 40 beavers due 

Kev. Mr. to Mr. Deckcr and myself by the aforesaid Jongh, besides an 

Laers'scase. amende of 40 gl. for having usurped the authority of the 

ask a di- court. I insinuated to him in the said meeting that he ought 

Torce. His ^^ addrcss himself to your honour, and request letters of di- 

second mar- •' _ ' J- _ 

riage illegal, vorcc, and that meanwhile his new marriage was illegal. 

" I permitted last year, under your approbation, the inha- 
Corn-miu bitants of Turtle-kill Falls, situated about one and a half 
^n^Turuc'^ miles from our fortress, (Altona,) to build there a corn-mill, 
Creek Falls, which IS now to bc finished, provided they can now obtain the 
for-lrriMl cleed. This was granted on condition that the garrison hei'e 
gratis. should uot pay for their grist, which ought to be inserted in 

mm'^'^Koss- *^® deed. We have here great trouble often with grinding, 
mill at New and are compelled, when we cannot be served, to go to the 
* "^^ ° ■ old Swedish mill, at the distance of about six miles from here, 
or bring the corn to New Amstel, to the Rosmolen, at great 
expense to the company."^ 

John Staelcop, &c., petition for land. Some time since, 

Water grist- they built a water grist-mill on the falls of Turtle Creek, 

ufcreek"'^ (Schildnaps-kil,) for the benefit of the community and others. 

Owners ask and bccausc it is very necessary for some person to reside 

there to tend mill, who of course would want some land with 

it to cultivate, by which the mill might obtain greater safety. 

They oblige themselves not to sell, mortgage, or alienate said 

mill under any pretext, except with consent of his honour.'-^ 

The dispute about jurisdiction between D'Hinoyossa and 

May 15. Bcckman became pretty violent, the former requiring vessels 

Furtiierdiffi- to lowcr their colours when passing New Amstel, and threat- 

cuitiesbe- euiug to cxaminc their cargo, the latter claiming the juris- 

D'Hinoyossa dictioii ovcr the whole river, denying his right to do this. 

andBeek- D'Hinovossa was summoned before Beekman, at Altona, 

man. _ "^ _ ' . . ' 

which he disregarded. Beekman further charges him with 
making, in a tavern, attacks on the director-general, &c., at 
New Amsterdam, charging them with bringing the Swedes to 
South River, by their ill-treatment of Minuit, threatening, if 
he could, to drown or poison the Manhattans.^ 

Hudde, in a letter to W. Beekman, speaks of applying to 
Van Ruyven and Krygier, when appointed commissaries and 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 158, 159. ^ Ibid. p. 161. 

3 Ibid. O Call. vol. ii. p. 465. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. g'gg 

captain, to aid him in procuring payment for the house which 1662. 
was sold to honourable J. Alricks, schepen and magistrate of ' • ' 
the citj, to be for a time appropriated for the benefit of the 
community, "as it yet has continued till this day." They 
treated it with kindness, and J. Alricks promised to pay, as 
the purchase was approved by his lords and masters, but in 
vain to himself or his successor, D'Hinoyossa, &c., who re- 
ceived pay. Everybody complains of his unjust and fraudu- 
lent proceedings. D'Hinoyossa sold a considerable part of 
the city's property to the English in Maryland, such as a pair 
of millstones, &c. 

Beekman finds himself, by his oath of office and honour, June 8. 
compelled to charge D'Hinoyossa with taking away the pali- serious 
sades of the fort, and burning them in his brewery ; also with p'^ekman^ 
selling to the savages the new city guns which arrived in the against 
"Parmeland Church;" also to the English in Maryland, the ™°y°^^^- 
city millstones brought in the same ship, for 1000 pounds of 
tobacco, and a small brewer's kettle for 700 or 800 pounds ; 
also with railing against the Manhattans, and threaten- 
ing vengeance. Beekman sustains his charges by affi- 
davits.^ 

About this time, in consequence of publications in Holland, Mennonists 
many were induced to think of emigrating to South River ; °'^'^ °^^^^^ 

" o o ' propose to 

among others, a number of Mennonists, to the Whorekill. emigrate. 
The association was to consist of married males and single tions.'^"^ '^'^ 
men who had attained 24 years of age, and were not bound 
to service nor indebted to the association ; equality was the 
basis of the association ; no superiority or office to be sought 
for; each pledging himself to obey the ordinances of the 
association, "in the maintenance of peace and concord." All 
clergymen, without distinction, were to be rigidly excluded 
from the society. As it was to be composed of persons of 
divers opinions, this exclusion was unanimously agreed to, for 
in choosing a minister of one sect, it would, it was argued, 
be impossible to harmonize so many discordant humours ; to 
appoint one for each would be not only impossible, but " an 
inevitable pest to all peace and union." It was moreover 
considered " difficult to comprehend the peculiar benefit such 
a society could derive in any way from a preacher," &c. " The 
correspondence on the subject of creating this singular co- 
lony, finally eventuated in a grant of land at Whorekill, free 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 168. 



336 ^- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1662. from tenths and all other imposts for twenty years. Pieter 

" — •'~~' Cornelis Plockhoy was principal leader of the Mennonists."^ 

D'Hinoyossa writes to W. Beekman to arrest the property 

June 20. of Certain soldiers who ran off on the 19th instant, and asks 

it as a reciprocal measure ; (two have been apprehended, and 

a third badly wounded ;) which Beekman agrees to do. 

June 21. '^O'li. Swcringen says he shot the man unintentionally. 

The director-general and council allude to censures by the 
July 15. Holland company, respecting certain supposed proposals of 
Director-ge- defence against the savages, and a divisional line by Mary- 
councurepiy l^-ud, wliich they say were never passed. As to what passed 
to directors betwccn Maryland and D'Hinoyossa remains a secret. Beek- 
for censTre' ^^^^ " g^^e, it is truc, some communications, that in conse- 
cast upon quenco of the murder of two or three English going from 
New Amstel to Maryland, trouble and some war had arisen 
between them, which caused certain correspondence, and 
some embassies sent, vice versa, by D'Hinoyossa and governor 
of Maryland, but all this without any action with us or Beek- 
man, so we are ignorant about it. Daily occurrences prove 
D'Hinoyossa is either too ignorant, or too great in his own 
eyes, to consult your ministers on these or other such like 
affairs." 

They speak of disbanding soldiers, twelve or fourteen in 
D'fflnoyossa Altona. D'Hinoyossa refused to publish a proclamation of 
refuses to ^^ dircctor-general and council, and also to observe a day 

keep a o 7 j 

prayer-day of fastiug and prayer, but objected that the colony was not 
director-t'e- Specially mentioned ; and about the same time issued a pro- 
nerai and clamatiou themsclves, which they published but did not keep, 
Insolent Ian- ^'^ ^-^^ name of director and council of New Amstel, not of 
guage, &0. New Netherland, " writing to us of New Netherland in un- 
measured language, that they expected no more from us simi- 
lar orders and injunctions, but that in future they would take 
care of it for themselves, and that for this purpose they had 
established a quarterly prayer day."^ 

William Beekman sends Peter Stuyvesant a statement of 

July 21. Van Sweringen's conduct in arresting, with seven men, dis- 

van swerin- charged porsous who were on their way to Meyzepen or 

^en^arrests Meggakissou. I met sheriff at Verdietige Hoeck, (Doleful 

Corner,) and protested against his usurping authority, tra- 

' O'Call. vol. ii. p. 466, where see a further account of their strange no- 
tions. HoU. Doc. vol. XV. p. 128. 
^ Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 195. 



TETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 337 

versing our district with armed men. Yan S^Yeringen threatens 1662. 
private injury. ' ' ' 

Sixteen or eighteen families, chiefly Finns, residing in our 
district, have been induced by D'llinoyossa to move into the Families of 
colony. They will be 18 years free from tax, have their own 5^'"°^^™°^" 
judges and religion ; they mean to retain lands in our dis- lony. 
trict. On Sunday, P. M., five persons were induced to go to 
New Amstel, where they had business ; they staid till next 
day ; at evening, all being at supper, Elias Kouls assaulted Attack on 
Sheriff Van Sweringen near his house, thrusting at him with 
sword, &c.^ 

"If your honour might deem it proper to send hither the Augusts, 
attorney-general, I solicit with submission, in that case, that Asks for a 
he may be accompanied with a minister of the gospel, as with ^e"g "ei. 
us in Altona, as well as New Amstel, there are several un- Several un- 
baptized children. The Lord's Supper has not been adminis- p^fi^j^n ^^ 
tered here during two and a half years, so that by this act Lord's sup- 
your honour will show us a great kindness." andahaTf 

He cannot live on good terms with D'llinoyossa.^ years. 

William Clayborne, jun., writes about runaway servants 
from Maryland ; asks to have them taken up.^ 

The directors in Amsterdam say to Peter Stuyvesant, that September 1. 
" the provisions with which your honour has supplied eight or Expenses in 
ten licensed ministers of this city on South River, who have '^^^^q eight 
returned home in the vessel ' Parmeland Church,' shall be paid or ten minis- 

tors to t)G TG" 

here by the city to the company, so that your honour may paid. 
place in your books these charges as liquidated. What now 
regards your apprehended difficulties, that through the privi- Certain pri- 
leges which have been bestowed upon the colony of this city, [u^e^dtotand 
other colonies which have been established there with the apprehended 
consent and foreknowledge of the company, may be tempted from those 
to claim similar privileges and immunities, on the special pre- disposed of. 
texts of their letters-patent, grants, or deeds, we shall only 
observe, that when similar applications shall be made, then 
your honour ought to send us this information, in which case 
we shall resolve upon it, as circumstances may require, and 
communicate to your honour the result of our deliberations."* 

All the books, papers, and vouchers relating to the affairs Airicks's pa- 
of the deceased Jacob Alricks, of South River, to be sent to be'^^nrio" 
the magistrates of Amsterdam.^ Holland. 

> Albany Records. 2 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 199. 3 Ibid. p. 233. 

4 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 199. 5 ibid. p. 400. 

43 2P 



338 A- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1662. New Amstel is suddenly alarmed by the following cn'cum- 

' — • — ' stances, as related by Jea7i Willems, in a letter of this date 

to Beekinan, at Altona : " At evening, sitting at my door, a 

September 5. runner arrived suddenly from below the row of Hunters-land, 

Sudden a savagG severely wounded, who, as he could not be under- 

aiarmat stood, Signified by signs that the Senecas did it, on which all 

New Amstel. . . . 

Tears of the the citizens were directly armed and collected together, with 
Senecas. -Rrhich WO continuG every evenino;. We have heard of many 

Man mur- ./ o t/ 

dored. soverc threatcnings made, as is said by savages, against us, 

of which we saw yesterday a most bloody effect, at Jans 
Flons, an aged man riding in the woods, with his wagon 
and two horses, was shot from his horse on which he rode ; it 
seems presumptive that it must have been done by the Senecas. 
Something ought to be done ; if you would not despatch a 
savage, or Swede, or Finn, to the director-general." 

Beekman writes to Peter Stuyvesant : "As I arrived at 
September 7. Ncw Amstcl, I saw there a great disturbance and commotion 
Alarm con- among the inhabitants, who fled with their property to the 
tinned. Mes- f^j,^^ Upon the buminff of the hovel which I mentioned in 

senger de- ■■• _ " ^ 

spatchedto my last, D'Hinoyossa sending me a messenger, and soliciting, 
^Mtn'^e A ^^ ^^^® name of the director and council in the colony, that I 
Swede of would comG up, to dcspatch a savage to Manhattans, of which 
nntzs. J gxcused mysclf, as I could not leave home at this time, and 
that he could much better spare a man than I, but at last 
proposed, as here was a Swede of Printzs, that we both to- 
gether should send our letters to Mr. La Grange, requesting 
him to despatch, at joint expense, little Hansen or his brother- 
in-law Carol," &c., which was done. 

" If the apprehensions are realized, I should be compelled 

Bad state of to enlist men for defence of the place; but small provision 

defence at ^f powdor and balls ; it is not diflicult to procure victuals. 

In our quarter or district, neither man nor beast molested, 

neither is any creature, thus far, at New Amstel, injured.^ 

" Yesterday, my wife was delivered of a son, so that now 

Sept. 8. two of my sons are unbaptized. We are expecting daily the 

Beekman ghallop, with the dcsirablc ffospel minister. Six or seven sol- 
has another . •■•/ o ± 

son. diers sick.^ 

" Alarm has subsided ; they cannot yet tell who did it ; 
Sept. 14. probably the Senecas." 

" I inquired, at the request of Hendrick Huygen, into the 
situation of a certain lot of land, situated at south-west side 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 230. ^ Ibid. p. 226. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 339 

of Upland-kill, and was informed by the Swedish commis- 1662. 
saries and other ancient inhabitants of the said nation, that ' ' ' 
aforesaid tract is called Printz's Village, ivliicli had already 
been in possession during sixteen years of the Swedish go- mstory of 
vernor, Johan Printz, and his daughter, who owns it. I can- jj)^ ''^^'' 
not hear that this tract has ever been in possession of one 
Hans Ammonsen or his heirs, or that any land was cultivated 
by him in that neighbourhood, but well that it was said so of 
one Elias Sullengreen, after the arrival of Governor Rysingh, 
that his wife's father had a donation in writing from Queen 
Christina, of a certain piece of land, situated between Mary's 
Corner (Marytjens Hoeck) and Upland-kill. I received this 
information on this day, in Fort Altona. W. Beekman."^ Sept. 20. 

" No reason to fear at present. Have not found the mur- 
derer of Johan FonS. D'Hinoyosoa 

"D'Hinoyossa declared publicly in the fort that he in- f °j!^° "^ 
tended going to fatherland via Virginia, in six or eight weeks, 
with a view to give an accurate delineation of the colony to 
his lords and patrons, and to convince them of the necessity 
of obtaining possession of South River, adding, in case he 
did not return, each person ought to look out for himself." 

" Wants provisions and men, having only five or six healthy sickness at 
persons for defence ; the others are lingering with intermit- -'^''°^^- 
ting fevers."^ 

Writes, at request of some Englishmen who arrived a few Sept. 2:. 
days ago, to recover runaway servants.^ Runaways. 

P. Stuyvesant requests Beekman to assist D'Hinoyossa, October 24. 
when requested, with six or eight men, " who should incline soHiers to 
to go at the expense and wages of the city." In reply, he DViIno^ossa 
says, " I am confident no person will be willing to go on these from Aitona. 
terms, wherefore I request your honour's special orders, fj-^g™^'^ '^''" 
whether I shall, when requested, command such a number 
thither, and keep the fort garrisoned with the remainder." 

Peter Stuyvesant complained of high accounts made out Complaint 
by the merchants, &c. " Your honour ought to consider that gfuy!^ylant 
the place is unfavourably situated, wherefore very few can against high 
canoe any thing of consequence, and they cannot well subsist mereh'ants. 
on what they receive for their daily support, so they often Beekman ex- 
must receive advances for their bread. Every article which 
comes from Manhattan is charged with great expenses and 
high freight." fi 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii, p. 238. 2 Jbid. p. 237. s Ibid. p. 239, 



840 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 



1662. 



The galliot 
sold. 

An English 

servant 

hung. 

Others 

wounded. 



Nov. 24. 

New Eng- 
land asks 
siirrendar of 
Manhattan. 
Lord Balti- 
more ob- 
tained let- 
ters-patent 
from king. 



Murder of a 
hoy by In- 



Fort in 
want. 



Matthew Bengsen, under-slieriff and city messenger, died 
September 9. 

D'Hinoyossa sold the galliot to the Englishman before 
mentioned, for 14 hogsheads of tobacco and 40 head of cattle. 

" On the 19th was hung, the head cut off and placed on a 
stake in the presence of 'French,' one of the English run- 
away servants, and bought by Peter Alricks, at Whorekill, 
from the savages. When these were to be conducted to New 
Amstel by some English, < French' made an attack upon 
them when on South River, or near Bompjes Hoeck, wounded 
two and slightly hurt the other, when they fled out of the 
boat, but were again overtaken at New Amstel, where he 
was apprehended by orders of D'Hinoyossa, when, on the 3d, 
the English masters departed, but D'Hinoyossa refused to 
deliver French to them, because he committed, as he sus- 
tained, a delict in the distance of the colony. I sustained 
that the case belonged to your honour's jurisdiction, as the 
deed was committed on the river, and not in the colony. Van 
Sweringen was sitting as judge in the case. The whole 
transaction took place without the knowledge of Mr. La 
Grange."-^ 

" D'Hinoyossa returned to New Amstel, but I cannot dis- 
cover what he performed. I understood, only the other day, 
that he received information of General Calvert, that those 
of New England have demanded the surrender of Manhat- 
tans." " Mr. Kip was, about three weeks ago, at Colonel 
Utie's, who asked if your honour was yet angry at him, that 
he formerly had demanded the surrender of New Amstel ; 
adding that Lord Baltimore had obtained more letters-patent 
from the present king, in which the colony was included, and 
that said lord intended to claim the whole extent of them." 

" The savages murdered, on the 17th instant, about an hour 
before sunset, nearly 400 rods from the fort, a youth, being 
the servant of John Staelcop, whose parents reside in the 
colony ; his master had just left him ; cannot discover what 
nation did it ; we suppose those on the river who are now 
hunting in this neighbourhood ; they lay it on the Minquas 
or Senecas. We sent for the chief of Passajongh, to whom 
those hunting here are subjected." 

"In great want of provisions; our magazine empt3^ We 
shall have to expect our bread-corn from Manhattan, as nearly 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 243, 244. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERxiL. 341 

all is purchased by the merchants, and the crop not half the 1662. 
last."i "-^^ 

The sudden and unexpected departure of D'Hinoyossa and 
Van Sweringen for Maryland created much surprise, as we November. 
find by the following letter written about this time, (without D'Hinoyossa 
date.) by J. Willems to Beekman, from New Amstel : "I do ^'''^'^''^ 
not know if you are informed of the sudden departure of his depart suci- 
honour, D'Hinoyossa, and Van Sweringen. Last Monday '^'^°'y^°'^ 
the governor of Maryland despatched a man to him with a whicii 
letter, that he ought to come directly to the house of Auo-us- '"'"'''^^^^ """"^^ 

J a ^ ^ J f3 surprise. 

tin, where the governor was waiting to converse with him, 
when the shallop was directly made ready, and they sailed at 
night. I do not know what it means, as he made no commu- 
nication to any one, except that he informed me of his de- 
parture by a messenger, without mention of place ; all this 
surprises me much, as does his departure v/ithout any know- 
ledge of his council given him to assist him; wherefore I 
would not delay in communicating it. Who knows what it 
means, if it is not a consequence of the conversations in the 
valley, which have been witnessed by several persons that they 
were speaking together, lifted their eyes up towards heaven, 
laid their hands on their breasts, with other strange grimaces, 
wherefore you will reflect, and consider maturely, and exa- 
mine, if perhaps in that valley may not be a basilisk breeding. 
I will not suspect any evil intention, but it certainly can do 
no harm to be on one's guard ; this even I must approve, and 
if your honour might see or observe something, then I trust 
you will communicate it directly to the patron at Manhattans, 
and remain meanwhile in the wish to converse with you in 
person on the subject." 

Beekman writing to Stuyvesant, says, " When I arrived '^'^"^ 2'. 
this day at New Amstel, to assist at the funeral of 3Ir. Wil- ^''^^'^ °f 
lems." This is probably the writer of the preceding letter. ' 

" I have been compelled to request Huygens to provide 
800 gl. in beavers, to pay for wages and cattle, &c."^ 

On the 3d, arrived at Altona three Minqua chiefs, with Dec. 23. 
their suite. Supposing that they had something to communi- Arrival of 
cate respecting the murder, Beekman requests the presence '^^'^^^ ''^f^' 
of the Swedish commissary, with Mr. Huygens and Jacob po?egoinsto 
Swens as interpreter, to come to Altona. The chiefs, on the gj'ne^^''' 
6th, bitterly complained, that on our information and com- 

• Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 24.5, 246. 2 ibid. p. 247. 

2 F 2 



342 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAK 

1662. plaints, they discovered that this murder was committed by a 
" ' ' young savage residing among their tribe, he being a captive 
Seneca. They suggest, that as long as Christians resided 
Murderer hcrc, it Can never be proved that they have in any manner, 
iTImmu- ^y *^^* nation, been injured or offended ; on the contrary, 
nition. they have showed them every mark of friendship, and were 
always willingly and cheerfully employed in reconciling dif- 
ferences between them and other savages, &c. 

They said, about three years since, one of their nation was 
murdered by Christians at New Amstel, which they did not 
resent. Presents were exchanged. 

" The chiefs expected, ere long, to their assistance, about 
800 Swedish Minquas, of whom 200 had arrived, so that next 
spring they were resolved to make war with the Senecas, and 
go and visit the forts, wherefore they solicited the Christians 
to provide them with ammunition of war whenever they paid 
for it." 

" A protested bill of exchange, which had been given by 
Protested Mr. La Grange to Miss Printz, was shown to William Beek- 
changegTven ^^^j ^"^^ ^ meeting requested ; judgment given and appeal 
MissPrintz. taken." 

" I went on the 21st, to Tinneconk, at request of Huygens, 
and used every exertion to settle differences respecting the 
protested bill of exchange, but did not succeed." The above 
letter is dated at " Tinneconck, N. Ley den." This bill of 
exchange was for a part of the purchase-money of that 
island, and given to Miss Printz, on which suit is afterwards 
instituted.^ 

1663. 

In a letter of this date, Beekman says to Stuyvesant, " He 
February 6. has related, from time to time, what happened in the colony 
D'ffinoyossa of Ncw Amstcl, principally during the time of these rigorous 
sells every ^^^ bloodthirstv chicfs. D'Hiuovossa sells every article for 

thing he can. _ -^ t/ ^ 

which he can find a purchaser, even powder and musket-balls 
from the magazine. I know that he sold a considerable 
quantity to Augustin Heermans, besides nails belonging to 
the city, the house in which he lives ; offered to sell house in 
the fort, in which he had built a brewery ; says he every day 
expects powerful succour from fatherland, &c. Perfect dark- 
ness about occurrences at Heermans, with Governor Calvert. 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 343 

Sweringen departed about Christmas to Maryland, It is said 1663. 
to receive tobacco for the millstones and galliot, &c. ' ' ' 

D'Hinoyossa considers us as his mortal enemies, rejects a 
surgeon because he is a friend of Beekman ; a great deal of February 6. 
such reports and insinuations. D'Hinoyossa 

-„ , , and Beek- 

The small-pox appears among the savages on the river ; man eno- 
apprehends it may visit Altona. « I earnestly solicit that I ™^®^jj 
may receive, by first opportunity, at my expense, what theria- among the 
cal, mithridat senna leaves, and other purgatives and cooling Belkman 
remedies are of service in that sickness, as we have actually sends for 
a blessing of eight children, and may expect, in such a case, NonraTIi- 
a great deal of trouble, so that by it your honour will oblige *oi=*" 
us, as no medicines are obtainable here." ») 

" Mr. Huygens is fully resolved to move from N. Leyden, Huygens go- 
as soon as the river is navigable. One Picard, a Frenchman, ^^J° '^ 
who resided with his family here three or four weeks, sold his Frenchman 
house and land in the colony, and appointed D'Hinoyossa his 
attorney."^ 

Certain propositions were made to the "West India Company February 8. 
by the burgomasters of Amsterdam, intended to promote the Propositions 
interests of the colony. They were presented in ten distinct "^^^^ ^^ 
articles : " 1st. That they shall renounce and quit every claim ters to west 
on the property of the said colony. 2d. With all the rights ^'^'^'^com- 
of high and low jurisdiction which they possess on the South the answer 
River. 3d. Provided they pay to the aforesaid company the of*i>e latter, 

n .in n . r J respecting 

recognitions which are actually paid from all imports and ex- the colony 
ports. 4th. Without being obliged to bring their goods into ^^^ "^®'^' 
the company's magazine. 5th. Neither to be visited by any 
of the company's commissaries. 6th. But to remain satisfied 
with the declarations of the commissary or director. 7th. And 
to pay nothing on the South River, neither shall the company 
claim any authority upon it. 8th. The jurisdiction and pro- 
perty of this land must be considered as extended from sea 
and upwards on the river, so far as the river stretches. 
9th. And towards the north three miles from the border of 
the river, to interior of the country. 10th. And to the south 
as far as the country stretches towards the English colony." 

The following " extract from resolutions of directors of the 
privileged West India Company," shows the result: 

<' Thursday, February 8. The commissaries over New Resolution 
Netherland having, in conformity to our resolutions, con- *'^"^®p^^- 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 2 GO. 



844 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1663. versed with the burgomasters of the city, were unanimously 
' • ' resolved to answer their proposals thus : Noble and respect- 
ful lords, the lords burgomasters, Boutemantel and Wilmer- 
Besoiutionof doucx, brought the report to our meeting that your honours 
company'hi <^elivered to them a memorial soliciting some further exemp- 
repiy. tious, which their honours are of opinion ought to be granted 

them by the West India Company, to promote the success of 
the colony on South River, in New Netherland, named Am- 
stel, with recommendation that it might please the company 
to take a resolution upon it, as soon as possible, because it is 
their ardent wish to promote the success of that colony more 
than it was thus far in their power, on which, having heard 
the opinion of the aforesaid committee, with that of honour- 
able Huygens, one of the committee intrusted with the con- 
cerns of New Netherland, considered that the memorial of 
their honours consisted in ten articles, on which they resolved 
as follows : 

<' The company could make a concession of 4th, 8th, 9th 
and 10th articles, with regard to the lands and limits men- 
tioned in contracts, and grant of these the full property to 
your honour, in the manner that they already possess other 
lands. Neither has the company any objection to abandon 
the Fort Christina, and deliver it to your honour, provided 
that the possessors and propi-ietors of land situated in the 
neighbourhood are not injured in their rights and privileges, 
. •■• and that your honour will send thither, without delay, a good 
number of soldiers to the discharge of the soldiers of the 
company, the security of the colony, and for the defence 
against the savages, who are increasing their buildings in that 
neighbourhood annually, and in succession, more than a mile 
in length, so that 400 colonists would be therefore desirable, 
at least the farmers should be increased to a sufficient num- 
ber to protect and settle the whole, while their honours can- 
not be permitted to sell or dispose of the whole of said 
colony, or of a part of it, by sales or transfer, or barter, or 
in any other manner ; all this on the forfeiture of the privi- 
leges which were granted by this agreement. With regard 
to the 2d, they answer, that is in conformity with the juris- 
diction already granted, as may be seen from the separate 
conditions and articles 2, 3 and 4. In reply to the 3d, this 
ai'ticle is according to the list published with the conditions, 
by your honour. On the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th, they cannot 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 345 

be granted but to the great prejudice of the company, where- 1663. 
fore your honour must excuse the company in declining ' " ' 
these, as they already must be understood to have done, from 
the resolution of the aforesaid company, of 21st March, 1661, 
art. 4, which we had the pleasure to communicate to you. 
Articles 8, 9, 10 have been answered at articles 1 and 2, 
where the question of property and jurisdiction was dis- 
cussed."^ 

" The ground-rent or duties of 4 stivers on each beaver, 
which thus far was levied on the South River, is abandoned, Feb. le. 
and left in future for the benefit of the city."^ 

All goods carried from New Amsterdam to colony of city, 
and from there hither, (Amsterdam,) as now is the usage, are 
subject to visitation of a commissary of the company, in 
future to be by commissary of city, on certain conditions. 
Various other regulations. 

" We heard, with regret, of the murder of a Christian by 
the savages, in the colony of New Amstel, and as this event March 26. 
might be followed by more serious consequences, we are satis- Murder of a 
fied with the precautionary measures your honour has taken, cbnstian by 

■>• •' ... savages. 

while we have not been deficient in providing you with re- surrender 
quired powder, or to communicate this testimony to the com- °^'^'^®''' **'■ 
missaries interested here with the administration of the city, 
that they might give their officers such orders by which the 
security may be maintained. This brought to stand an ami- 
cable interview between them and us, to the efiect that the 
whole South River shall be left to the city, which should de- 
fend it by a complete garrison."^ 

Hendrick Huygens informs Beekman of a horrid deed at March 29. 
Upland, committed by a Finn, Jan Hendrickson, against the Biurder; 
honest Juriaen Kuys Sneart, whom they have cruelly beaten. P''°''*^^y 

<J ' J o same as 

He was tried, and the case referred to Peter Stuyvesant.^ above. 

The directors of the West India Company write from Am- 
sterdam to Stuyvesant, "that the complaints which have been April is. 
made against director of this city, Alexander D'Hinoyossa, Compiamts 
and the sheriiff, Gerrit Van Sweringen, and their proceedings p^^^oyossa 
there in executing and hanging a runaway servant who re- to directors. 
sided before in New Netherland, is strange." It had before 
been commanded to the commissary and directors, to exert 

' Albany Records, vol. viii. p. 352 — 355. 

2 Ibid. vol. viii. p. 356. Ibid. pp. 358 to 304. 

3 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 415. 4 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 262. 

44 



346 

1663. 



Complaints 
that farmers 
are induced 
to leave New 
Amstel. 
Fifty labour- 
ers and 
twelve girls 
coming over. 



May 7. 

More colo- 
nists. 



May 17. 

Land to 
Beekmau. 



May 29. 

Large bodies 
of Seneca In- 
dians are on 
their march 
to the Min- 
quas. At- 
tack feared 
at Alton a, 
which is in 
no state of 
defence. 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

themselves to restore order. "D'Hinoyossa, (although at his 
own request,) shall be summoned here ; summons to be de- 
spatched by a vessel to sail from here on adventure to South 
River, with a large number of labourers, and some other 
families." 

They allude to "repeated complaints of the commissaries, 
purporting that the company's government in New Netherland 
seemed to make it a study to oppress the colony of the city, 
to prevent its growth, alleging, among other examples, that 
they did protect the colonists who, from time to time, escaped 
from the colony, and hired, by sinister means, their best and 
ablest farmers from there, as they complained, which hath 
actually been practised with one Brer Wolters. Said com- 
missaries entreated us most seriously, as they had again con- 
cluded to send there 50 labourers and 12 girls, for the service 
of the colony, not only that similar measures might not again 
be put in practice, but further, if any of them within three 
years might escape from the service in the colony to the 
Manhattans, they might be sent back again." 

Another order is given to send over Alricks's papers.^ 

<' Many labourers and other freemen are, on account of 
this city, going to South River in ship Jacob, from Amster- 
dam to Manhattans ; passage and board, 36 florins. In 
fourteen days another vessel is to sail."^ 

At Beekman's request, a small valley, with six morgens of 
woodland, bordering on, situated on west side of Altona, and 
containing about eight morgens, is granted to him by Stuy- 
vesant.^ 

A. Hudde communicates, in a letter from Altona to Stuy- 
vesant, that "information was received by one Harman 
Reirders, residing in the colony of New Amstel, of the Eng- 
lish, which he received with request to communicate to us 
that the Senecas being 1600 strong, with wives and children, 
were on their march to the Minquas ; that they were yet a 
two-days' journey from the fort of the Minquas. The Min- 
quas have about 80 men, who, however, were not yet in, 
besides 100 of the savages from the river, who are already in 
the fort. The English requested something of the Minquas, 
which they declined, and now the English seem to favour the 
Senecas, so that it is said that they had resolved to send some 



' Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 427. 
3 Ibid. vol. xxi. p. 108. 



2 Ibid. p. 429. Direct, to P. S. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 347 

of the men to meet the Senecas, and conclude with them a 1663. 
treaty of peace, and as the savages on the river will not '~"'' ' 
always remain at the fort, this may occasion disturbances on 
the river during this summer. This was intended for, and 
despatched to his honour, William Beekman, to communicate 
this and other parts to him chiefly interesting. I conceived 
it a duty to present a similar report to your honour, as in our 
destitute situation it would be entirely beyond my power to 
make any defence, in case of a sudden attack. We may flat- 
ter ourselves that this event will not happen, but we have no 
assurance. A. Hudde.''^ 

" When I arrived, on the last of May, at New Amstel, I June 6. 
perceived there a great change ; all were jointly engaged to Repairing 
repair the fort, as the Minquas were blockaded in their fort fgf^gg^^"^' 
by the Senecas, being about 800 strong. When the Senecas Minquas and 
approached, three or four men were despatched to the fort ^'^^^''"^• 
with the offer of peace, while their force remained at a dis- 
tance ; but a Minqua returning from hunting discovered the 
Senecas, so that next day they from the fort concluded to 
meet them, with 20 or 30 men, when the Minquas at the same 
time, with their force, made an attack, drove the Senecas to 
flight, and pursued them for two days, retaking 10 persons, 
and 10 men killed, if we can depend on two Minquas who 
arrived at New Amstel on 2d instant. 

<' On 1st instant, at New Amstel, by the sounding of the van swerin- 
bell, is published a certain letter from fatherland, addressed ^onedfor 
to director-general and council at New Amstel, by which it J^jning a soi. 
appears Van Sweringen, the sheriff, was pardoned for shoot- 
ing an insolent soldier, and that director-general and council 
are recommended to furnish the magazine with the necessary 
supplies, as the lords patrons resolved to equip a ship with 
colonists, besides a number of labourers. At its date it was 130 famines 
reported that 130 families had engaged to transport them- '^^P«'=t«<^* 
selves hither at their own expense ; further, that the burgo- 
masters were then negotiating with the company to give the 
whole river to this colony ; might expect the result in next 
vessel. 

"If the lord mayors abdicated South River to join to the w. Beekman 
colony, William Beekman wishes to be employed anywhere Jj^'^i^^^^^ 

in the service."^ caseoftrans- 

" The directors of the colony of this city, (Amsterdam,) say, ^"'' 

1 Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 276. 2 Ibid. p. 280. 



348 A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN, 

1663. A. D'Hinoyossa, arrived here three or four days ago, Tby way 
' — ' — ' of Virginia. We cannot yet discover the motives of this un- 
expected arrival, as only generally, that the inhabitants in 
June 28. the colony of the city, should, as it were, have compelled him 
Arrival of to tliis joumcy ; time will teach what he may bring with 
D'Hinoyossa "j^jj^ g^j^^ what will bc the consequence of his visit."^ 
dam. Beekman says, " the directors and council of New Amstel 

July 3. are again instructed to provide magazines, with every neces- 
Magazinesto sary article, as new colonists are expected, and there is no 
Pro'^^^rf doubt the city will unite, with the whole river, to the colony, 
surrender of in which caso WO shall be compelled to leave this place ; 
nvcr to the -^yj^erefore I render my request to your honours that I may 
anywhere else be continued in the service of the company."^ 
Beekman having heard of the massacre at Esopus, learns 
July 23. from the savages that they at Altona belonging to the people 
Fears at Ai- of dircctor-gencral may be molested by the runners. He 
tona. Desti- g ^^ there are only ten or twelve musket-balls in the ma- 

tute condi- »' J ./ 

tionof the gaziue, and no flints, which are so much more required, as 
**"^'" most of the inhabitants have fowling-pieces ; all bread and 

corn nearly gone. I might engage four or five men as sol- 
diers, at 16 guilders light money per month." 
Hudde going " Andrcas Hudde says he has asked you for his discharge, 
to s^etT^'^'^'^ intending to reside in Maryland, and set up brewing, assisted 
brewmg. by Henry Coursay." 

The Senecas are suspected of having murdered two Eng- 
lishmen in their house, in the upper part of Maryland."^ 
July 24. Lord Baltimore is expected at Altona, and Beekman in- 

LordEaiti- forms Stuyvesaut that "here on the river, not a single 
p^ctcdt^No draught of French wine is obtainable, and requests him to 
wine to treat g^nd somc, to treat the nobleman with, and charge it to me." 
" Abelius Zetscoven, (or Schelshooven,) received an invita- 
KeT.zetsco- tiou and calling by the Swedish congregation, under the ap- 
T-'swedes Probation of your honour, but the Rev. Laers opposed him- 
Laersop- solf agaiust him with all his influence, so that the commis- 
yoses im. gg^y^gg -^ygj-e compelled to threaten him with a protest, before 
he could be persuaded to permit the Rev. Zetscoven to preach 
on second day of Whitsunday."* 

He mentions the debut of Sheriff Van Sweringen, court, 
July 28. &;c. The sheriff continues to act, and wear his sword in public. 

> Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 431 ; Letter from Directors in Holland to Peter 
Stuyvesant. 2 Ibid. 5 Letter of W. Beekman to P. Stuyvesant. 

3 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 290. * Ibid. p. 2S6. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 349 

« On the 9th, arrived at New Amstel, Lord Baltimore, "with 1663. 
his suite, consisting of about 26 or 27 persons. On 11th " ^^ 
and 12th, I entertained his lordship at Altona, and the go- 
vernor has it in contemplation, when he visits Boston in the August i5. 
spring, to take his passage by way of Manhattan. He desired Lord Baiti- 
me to thank vou for your ojBFer of convoy and horses." morear- 

>i ti ^ ^ nves. 

" On 12th, at request of Sheriff Van Sweringen, appeared Treaty tvuii 
several chiefs of the river savages, when the sheriff, without abouTumits 
notice to us, renewed, together with the English governor and 
council, a treaty of peace and friendship, which had been 
made with the savages about two years before, and endea- 
voured, in that course, to define the limits, in conformity to 
the demands of his masters, when the answer was, they 
would communicate to Lord Baltimore. On the 9th, I re- Fast day.' 
ceived your orders for a general fast and prayer-day, which 
we shall observe in conformity. "•'• 

In this' month also, arrived a ship " from Holland, with Arrival 
new planters, ammunition, and implements of husbandry."^ lanT^* 

" I only heard, August 27, that the Esopus savages were September i. 
now encamped at the head of this river, near the Minnesinks, Esopus. 
who, it is reported, united with them. On the 28th, I learned and Miit"^^ 
at Keneses, that on the 24th there had been two of Esopus <i«as. 
savages there about a day. 25th August, three Minquas GovMnorof 
passed by here, and say they returned from the Maquas, Maryland as- 
where they went to offer their presents ; that the Maquas quas wUh 
killed three of their squaws and two river savages who were guiis,'fec. 
all in camp. The Senecas will be assisted by the Maquas cay. 
against Minquas. The governor of Maryland lately assisted 
the Minquas with powder and balls, and two pieces of cannon, 
and four men to manage them. The fort wants repair ; also 
the palisades, and the whole is in decay, and soldiers will 
want clothing for winter. A. Hudde anxious for his dis- 
charge. Evert Hendrickson is unruly."^ 

Peter Kock takes the oath of fidelity as collector of tolls Sept 9, 
on imports and exports from colony of city. 

The directors of the company having resolved to cede the Sept. u. 
river to the city, thus give to Stuyvesant their views and 
motives : 

" Since the peace concluded between this government and 
that of England did effectually forbid the English to execute, 

• Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 298. 2 Smith's N. Y. vol. i. p. 13. 

3 Ibid. 

2Q 



350 ^- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1663. bj force of arms, their hostile intentions against the conquest 
" — • — ' of New Netherlands, -which thej had revealed long ago, vie 
could discover, without a great effort, that they meditated 
Keasons for other expeditions in lieu of those which have been taken from 
derof'south their hands by said peace, encroaching upon us from every 
River to gide, by dint of colonies, even within these boundaries, which 
Fort Chris- could on no account be contemplated, as not belonging to the 
tina. conquests of the company. This daring enterprise, with 

other motives besides, made us resolve to make a cession of 
the South River to the city of Amsterdam, on such terms as 
are known to your honour, in the firm persuasion that said 
city should, by a numerous population, in such manner have 
overawed the English, that the interests of the company in 
New Netherland should have been placed in a state of perfect 
security. But when experience had revealed what was before 
concealed by ignorance, in the day-spring of similar import- 
ant concerns, so have we agreed with the city of Amsterdam, 
after we had examined together on what time had instructed 
us, what was unavoidably required to promote the population 
on the South River, that we, besides the stipulations on which 
Instructions wc entered before with said city, should transfer to it all our 
Bant tosur- I'ig^t and title, as your honour may see from the enclosed 
render the extract of our rcsolutions of 8th and 16th February, and 
mer. ^q^^ July, and 3d and 9th of August, for conformity with 

them, we recommend your honour expressly, and command 
you, to transfer to such one or them whom the city of Am- 
sterdam shall have authorized, all the lands and places men- 
tioned in the 1st, 8th, 9th and 10th articles, in such manner 
and on such terms as the cession has been made, and aban- 
doning Fort Christina, all the ammunition of war, the guns, 
and all which belong to those, with other property of the 
company, with the garrison, must be removed from there." 
"Your honour will deliver to him or them all the letters, 
Order to de- chartcrs, and papers which are in the secretary's office, with 
Hver papers, ^^^^ moncy, and all that which may bear any relation to the 
colony on the South River, giving all which belongs to them, 
and keeping only what remains our property. In this man- 
ner your honour shall execute our intentions, which the ser- 
vice of the company have induced us to adopt." 

After speaking of debts and persons, to avoid their moving 
Not to admit f^om ouc colony to the other, they say, « We, in conformity 
M^lttan." "With our resolutions of the 3d and 9th August, require from 



it. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 351 

your honour, and by this letter command, to admit in future, 1663. 
not one of the colonists of the city, or of its labourers, ex- """'' ' 
cept they can show their pass, and prove by a certificate that 
the city has received payment of her advance money." He 
must consider private debts as personal matters ; begs him to 
settle, as soon as possible, the account between the colony 
and the city. Speaks of a brewery sold by city's director, D'liinoyossa 
Alexander D'Hinoyossa, without any process, for half its ^eiis brew- 
value, on behalf of one Meyndert Jansen Hoorn, to cover by 
it a certain bond of late deceased J. Alricks and A. D'Hino- 
yossa, which this city has declined receiving ; asks for infor- 
mation about it. Encloses copy of oath to be taken by custom- 
house officers.^ 

The directors in Amsterdam inform Stuyvesant of the Sept. 21. 
surrender of the river to the city. They refer to a letter of contract en- 
the 14th, informing "that we have entered into a contract ^''''';'?™*° 

•" "-" lor the sur- 

with this city, about our possessions on South River, adding render of the 
the reasons and motives which induced us to this step, viz. to company. ^ 
secure, in this manner, without any expense of the company, Reasons for 
the South River from the encroachments of our English 
neighbours from the south, of whom nothing more favourable 
can be expected than from those of the north, who, notwith- 
standing the alliance between the crown of England and this 
republic, are continuing in their usurpations, as your honour, 
in such significant terms, related in your last letter of May, 
soliciting, with eagerness, that we might procure a finale of 
the mutual boundaries, so that we, in answer to this, may 
well say, that it has been highly serviceable that we made 
this cession of the whole river to the city, and recommend 
to her its protection and preservation, as able to effect, with 
more force and authority, to which she is obliged by the 
stipulations of the contract. It appears, too, that this city 
is willing to fulfil her engagements, while she, since that event, 
not only with more zeal, but with more vigour, exerts herself 
in watching her own interests in that distance, having resolved 
to transport to that country annually, 400 colonists, and other 
useful husbandmen, if a larger number is not obtained, which 
of course must contribute to our security against the English 
north. We may expect, besides this, a more powerful inter- 
cession of this city by our government, to obtain from the 
crown of England the final settlement of the long-desired 
> Albany Records, vol, iv. pp. 433 — 436. 



352 



A. D'HINOYOSSA AND W. EEEKMAN. 



1663. boundaries, for -wliich we shall leave nothing unexplored, and 
' ' ' communicate the result. While we renew our recommenda- 
tion to maintain yourself in possession of territory which 
has been allotted to us by the provisional treaty, and to resist 
all new encroachments of our English neighbours, as in our 
power." 

"We must inform your honour that this cession of our 
Views on the posscssious ou South Rivor made some merchants who are 
theTiyer. trading to New Netherlands very uneasy, while they are ap- 
prehending that the commerce of the Manhattans might be 
more diverted to another channel, because the city had re- 
served to her alone the exclusive commerce of that river, 
which in our opinion has been principally intended that the 
vessels which she hired for the transport of the labourers and 
free colonists might not return with their cargoes, as she 
could not succeed in engaging any ships to undertake the 
voyage, except they were previously secured that they would 
obtain again their freight hither. Thus at least has been. 
the case of the 'Parmeland Church,' which lately sailed to 
that colony, by which this city sends them a cargo of goods, 
to traffic for tobacco and fur." * * * 

"We recommend your honour to obtain information about 
the government and success of said colony, expecting from 
Gerrit Kock, who had been appointed, by city and company, 
custom-house officer on South River."^ 

By a postscript to this letter, it appears a communication 
for D'Hinoyossa accompanied it, " of importance ;" so it is 
probable he was returned from Holland. 

The directors in Holland say to Peter Stuyvesant, "We 
have been advised, some time ago, from Sweden, that Admiral 
Hendrick Gerritson Leeselin was equipping there two vessels, 
the one the frigate Falcon, of 32 guns, the other a yacht of 
8 or 10 guns, of whose destination various rumours were 
there afloat. * * * Others guessed that their aim was 
in America or Nova Scotia, and so on the South River or 
New Netherland, to take it in their possession and cultivation 
again ; and although the latter has very little plausibility in 
it, however, while we are now informed from there that the 
said vessels have actually sailed, and it remains possible that 
they might have contemplated to venture an enterprise on 
the South River, after they have accomplished their plan of 

' Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 437 



October 16. 

Swedish ves- 
sels of war 
expected. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 353 

commerce with Guiana, so we have deemed it expedient to 1663. 
give jour honour timely warning, without the ministers of the ' ' ' 
city and colony on said river, may at an early period be ad- 
monished to be on their guard. "^ 

"Since our letter of 16th, we were informed that the two October so. 
Swedish vessels should, when arrived in the Sound, embark Swedish ex- 
there 200 or more soldiers, with the renewed report that their ^';'^'''°°" 

' i: Directions 

destination was towards South River, wherefore we command respecting 
and recommend you, at the solicitations of the commissioners 
and directors of the colony of this city in New Netherland, 
that all the guns which the company has in Fort Christina, 
otherwise called Altona, when that fort was surrendered, 
shall, for the present, and till you receive further orders, un- 
der a formal handwriting and signed obligation to return 
them to the company whenever it is required, be delivered to 
the director of the city's colony there, so that the said colony 
be in a better state of defence, on an arrival of said Swedish 
vessels."^ 

" Abelius Zetscoven is, as I before informed your honour, Nov. is: 
called as a minister by those of the Augsburg Confession who Rev. Mr. 
reside in the colony of New Amstel, with consent of the di- p^elXrat 
rector and council of that colony, under the approbation of Tinnekonk, 
the high and respectful lords the burgomasters. He has, 1,J^^^, 
during his residence there, been but once, the last Monday wanted as 
of Pentecost, in the district of the company, when he preached ier. won't 
at Tinnekonk, at the request of the Swedish commissaries, dismiss him 
when they oiFered such a salary as was received by the Rev. Amstei. 
Laers. Their chief object was to engage him as school- ^°^'^ ^^^ 
master, but those of New Amstel would not dismiss him. 
What your honours have been informed that he too adminis- 
ters baptism, is not true,^ so that in this I shall wait upon 
your honour's further orders." 

"I found myself obliged to dismiss Andreas Hudde, on Removaiand 
his continued entreaties and lamentations to move to Mary- ^^^t'^^f^- 

'> Hudde. 

land, on last of October. He started from here with his 
family, on the 1st of November, for Appoquinimy, and died 
there on the 4th, of an ardent fever." Thus ended the life 
of this long-tried and faithful servant of the Dutch. He 

1 Albany Records, vol. iv. p. 444. 2 Ibid. p. 447. 

3 Acrelius, p. 425, says, "A student, A. Sehlcoorn, came to the country, and 
some time performed divine worship at Sand-hook, went to New Amsterdam, 
and got a call from Stnyvesant; he never had charge of any congregation on 
South River, as a regularly ordained clergyman." 
45 2G2 



354 -A- D'HINOYOSSA AND W. BEEKMAN. 

1663. was, as early as 1642, appointed surveyor at Manhattan, from 
"—r—^ -wliich. station he was removed to South River, in 1645, as 
commissary at Fort Nassau, since which time he has been 
identified with the Dutch interests on this river, having con- 
ducted almost all their negotiations, especially those with the 
Swedes under Governor Printz, of which we have already 
given a full report, made purchases of land, and been com- 
mander at Altona ; in short, throughout the whole course of 
the Dutch, excepting a few of the later years, he has been 
one of the most prominent, useful men ; notwithstanding, he 
appears, in his old age, to have laid up little for himself, and 
becoming weary of his position, determines to remove to 
Maryland, and while on the road, is arrested by death, but a 
few months before the Dutch power itself on the river ceases 
to exist. 

Garrison. The garrison at Altona yet consists of ten persons. 

Savage chief The savago chicf, Brwehong, says he will undertake no- 

friendiy to ^^^ agaiust the Dutch.i 

the Dutch. O o 

" D'llinoyossa arrived from Holland, on 3d instant, in the 
December 5. ship ' Parmcland Church,' towards evening, with Peter Alricks 
Keturnof and Isracl, who departed with Miss Printz, and about 150 
wM^Tso"^^^ souls. The member of the high council came to inform me 
Bouis. that I need not send any soldiers ,on board ; that he would 

show me something from the lords directors ; of which letter 

I now send you a copy. It is said here that the whole South 

River is actually annexed to the colony." 

The following is the letter referred to fi'om the directors 

of the West India Company to William Beekman : 
Instructions " Honourable, devoted, beloved, faithful — Vf hereas we have 
to w. Beek- j,ggQ|yg(j ^q PTaut Certain points to the commissaries and di- 

man, till he o .... 

receives fur- rcctor of the city's colouy, vdiich points will in due time be 
from toe- communicated to you by the director-general and council in 
tor-general. New Nctherland, and the aforesaid commissaries carried with 
them our orders relative to those points, in the ship < Parme- 
land Church,' so we concluded further, and resolved, that 
the aforesaid commissaries might directly enjoy the benefits 
of the newly obtained conditions, to command you to remain 
quiet, and not to interfere in any manner in any concerns be- 
fore intrusted to your superintendence, which have any rela- 
tion to the city's colony, till you shall have received your 
orders from the director-general and council, in conformity 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. p. 309. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 355 

with wbicli orders you will liave to regulate your conduct, and 1663. 
this we deem expedient for the service of the company. " '""' 

" Signed by directors of the privileged West India Com- 
pany, department of Amsterdam. Jacobus Reynst, 

" CORNELIS ClOECK."^ 

William Beekman writes to Peter Stuy vesant pitifully for December e. 
an office, as he cannot live here as a freeman and support his 
family, and don't wish to go to Maryland ; " take care of me 
as fathers."^ 

Agreeably to his instructions, Stuyvesant made the follow- Dec. 22. 
ing formal transfer of the South River to the city of 
Amsterdam : 

" Peter Stuyvesant, in behalf of their high and mighty Transfer of 
lords States-General of United Netherlands, and the lords souto paver 

. by Stuyve- 

directors of the privileged West India Company, department sant to 
of Amsterdam, director-general of New Netherland, &c., with D'Hinoyossa, 

' _ o ' . ' for the bur- 

the honourable council, attest and declare how we this day, gomasters of 
in conformity to the orders and letters of aforesaid lords -A-msterdam. 
directors, of 11th September, 1663, transported, surrendered 
and transferred to the honourable Alexander D'Hinoyossa, in 
behalf of the noble, great, and respectful lords burgomasters 
of the city of Amsterdam, director in their colony on the 
South River, from the sea upwards, so far as that river ex- 
tends itself, towards the country to the east side, three miles 
from the borders of the river, and towards the west side, so 
far as the country is extending, till it reaches the English 
colonies, with all the streams, kills, creeks, harbours, bays, 
and parts relative to it, of all which land, with all its depen- 
dencies, especially so of the fortress of Altona, we, in the 
name and in behalf of the aforesaid lords directors, make at 
this time a full cession and transfer to the aforesaid Alexan- 
der D'Hinoyossa, on behalf of the noble, great, and respect- 
ful burgomasters of the city of Amsterdam aforesaid, making 
to him a cession of all actual and real possession, property, 
and privileges, and all this upon such conditions as have been 
agreed upon between the noble lords directors, and other 
noble, great, and respectful burgomasters of the city of Am- 
sterdam, without reserving any actual or real pretensions, 
promising therefore to consider and keep this transfer invio- 
late in truth ; wherefore we signed it, and confirmed it with 

' Albany Records, vol. xvii. pp. 309, 311. 

2 Letter from William Beekman to Peter Stuyvesant. 



856 



A. D'HINOYOSSA. 



1663. 



Dec. 28. 

D'Hino- 

yossa's offer 
to W. Beek- 
man. 

Tobacco and 
fur trade re- 
served to 
city. 

Labourers 
hired out. 



D'Hino- 
yossa's resi- 
dence at Ap- 
poguinimy. 
Capital ; 
trade; dykes. 



A]ricks and 
fur trade at 
New Amstel. 
Israel at 
Passyunk. 

Distilling 
and brewing 
prohibited. 
Tobacco and 
furs to pay 
recognition. 



our seal in red wax imprinted, in the Fort Amsterdam, in 
New Netherland, 22d December, 1663."i 

Not signed on the record. 
Beekman writes again to Peter Stuyvesant, that D'Hino- 
yossa proposed, if he would stay at Altona, and take posses- 
sion of some agricultural land, he would provide five or six 
men servants, which Beekman declines, as he can see no good 
from it, as in future no freeman would be permitted to trade 
either with the English or savages, and the tobacco and fur 
trade was entirely reserved for the city. It is said D'Hino- 
yossa takes half profits of both trade and agriculture ; thinks 
the valleys not so profitable as the woodland. Labourers who 
arrived in July, per ship "Jacob," are hired to farmers, and 
engaged as soldiers at 110 gl., for rations, 6 gl. ; some also 
to cook and wash for them. D'Hinoyossa will take his future 
residence on Appoquiniray, where he intends to build a capi- 
tal, to promote his trade with the English ; he resolved to 
construct dykes around several valleys in that vicinity ; 
Beekman foresees that the savages will be much opposed to 
it. Peter Alricks is to su23erintend the fur trade, who brought 
with him for this purpose 200 pieces frieze, blankets, &c. 
Alricks to trade at New Amstel, and with other members of 
council; Israel at upper end of Passajongh, and another at 
Whorekill. D'Hinoyossa had engaged to load this vessel with 
tobacco or wheat, of which there is no prospect, owing to 
dryness in Maryland. He, shortly after arrival, prohibits 
distilling and brewing in the colony, even for domestic use ; 
he means to extend it to the Swedes, All goods imported, 
and tobacco and furs exported, to pay recognition. Beekman 
has not seen or spoken to D'Hinoyossa, and wishes to live 
elsewhere.^ 



1664. 

King Charles II. determined, though not yet at war with 

March 22. the Dutch, to dispossoss them of the settlements they had 

KingCharies made Oil what the English claimed as their territories, and 

thus put an end to the continual disputes which, as we have 

seen, were occurring between them. As a first step towards 

it, the king, on the 12th March, 1664, granted to his brother 

James, duke of York and Albany, a patent, embracing " all 

that part of the main land of New England, beginning at a 

' Albany Records, vol. xxi. p. 445. - Ibid. vol. xvii. pp. 317, 318. 



determines 
to dispossess 
Dutch. 
Grant to the 
Duke of 
York. 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 357 

certain place called or known by the name of St. Croix, next 1664. 

adjoining to New Scotland, in America, and from thence ex- ' '~~' 

tending along the sea-coast unto a certain place called 

Pemaquie, or Pemoquid, and so up the river thereof, to the Grant to the 

furthest head of the same, as it tendeth northward, and ex- f,^'^'' "^ 

' ^ _ _ ' York con- 

tending from thence to the river of Kimbequin, and so up- tiauea. 

wards by the shortest course, to the River Canada, northwards ; 
and also, all that island or islands commonly called by the 
several name or names of Meetewacks, or Long Island, 
situate and being towards the west of Cape Cod and the nar- 
row Higansetts, abutting upon the main land between the two 
rivers, there called or known by the several names of Con- 
necticut and Hudson's River; together also with the said 
river called Hudson's River, and all the land from the west 
side of Connecticut to the east side of Delaware Bay ; and 
also, all those several islands called or known by the names 
of Martin's Vineyard, or Nantukes, otherwise Nantucket ; 
together with all the lands, islands, soils, rivers, harbours, 
mines, minerals, quarries, woods, marshes, waters, lakes, fish- 
ings, hawking, hunting, and fowling, and all other royalties, 
&c. to the said islands, lands, and premises belonging and 
appertaining, with their and every of their appurtenances ; 
and all our estate, right, title, interest, benefit, advantage, 
claim, and demand, &c., to have and hold all and singular 
the said lands, &c. hereby given or granted, or hereinbefore 
mentioned to be given or granted, unto our dearest brother, 
James, duke of York, his heirs and assigns, for ever, &c. to 
be holden of us, our heirs and successors, as of our manor of 
East Greenwich, in our county of Kent, in free and common 
socage, and not in capita, nor by knight-service, yielding and 
rendering ;" duke consenting to pay, when demanded, forty 
beaver skins. "And we do further, of our special grace, 
certain knowledge, &c., for us, our heirs, &c. give and grant 
unto our said dearest brother, James, duke of York, his heirs, 
deputies, agents, commissioners, and assigns, by these pre- 
sents, full and absolute power and authority to correct, punish, 
pardon, govern, and rule all such the subjects of us, our 
heirs and successors, &c."-^ 

A commission was issued by King Charles II., (he having May 5. 
been informed, by representations from New England, of 
various evils requiring regulation,) to Col. Richard Nicholls, 

• Smith's New York, vol. i. pp. 14, 15. 



358 -^- B'HINOYOSSA. 

1664. Sir Robert Carre, knight, George Cartwright, Esq., and Sa- 
' • ' muel Maverick, Esq., with extensive powers to visit the several 
colonies, " hear and receive, examine and determine all com- 
Commission plaints and appeals, in all matters, militarj, civil, and crimi- 
oons tf Ni-°' ^^^^ ^^^ proceed in all things for the providing for and settling 
choiis, Carre, the pcace and security of the country, according to their dis- 
duoe M^- cretion and instructions." The 2d article of their instructions 
hattan. ig^ a after all the ceremonies are performed, (with New Eng- 
landers,) and in the first place, of all business, and before you 
enter upon any other particular, discourse at large, and with 
confidence, to them, all that we ourself have discoursed with 
you of reducing the Dutch in or near Long Island, or any- 
where within the limits of our dominions, to an entire obe- 
dience to our government. They will be easily informed of 
the consequence of such neighbourhood, if they be long 
suffered to raise a government of their own ; that besides 
their being a receptacle and sanctuary for all mutinous, sedi- 
tious, and discontented persons who fly from our justice as 
malefactors, or who run away from their masters, or avoid 
paying their debts, or who have any other wicked design, as 
soon as they shall grow to any strength or power, their busi- 
ness is to oppress their neighbours, and engross the whole 
trade to themselves, by how indirect, unlawful, or foul means 
soever ; witness their inhuman proceedings at Amboyna, in 
a time of full peace, and all professions of particular love 
and friendship, and therefore it is high time to put them out 
of a capacity of doing the same mischief there, and reducing 
them to the same rules and obedience with our own subjects 
there, which you are to let them know is all we aim at, with- 
out using any other violence upon or towards them than is 
necessary to these ends, and that no man shall be disturbed 
or removed from what he possesseth, who will yield obedience 
to us, and live in the same subjection, and upon enjoying the 
same privileges with our other subjects ; and in order to this 
good end, of so great and immediate concernment to them, 
you shall desire their advice and concurrence, and that they 
will assist you with such a number of men, and all other 
things necessary thereunto ; and you shall thereupon proceed 
in such a manner as you shall think it fit, either by building 
forts above them, or by using such force as cannot be avoided, 
for their reduction, they having no kind of right to hold what 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 359 

they are in possession of in our unquestionable territories, 1664. 
tlian that they are possessed of it by an invasion of us."^ ""■"" ^ 

A patent was issued by the Dutch governor at Delaware, 
D'Hinoyossa, to Swen (or Sven) Gondersen, Swen Swensen, May is. 
Oele Swensen, and Andries Swensen, for a certain piece of Grant of 
land " lying up above in the river, then beginning at Moya- g'^g'^jgo^g, 
mensing's kill, and so stretching upwards, in breadth 400 
rods, and in length into the woods, 600 rods, amounting in 
all to about 800 acres, or 400 morgens." This grant is after- 
wards confirmed by the English governor, in 1671.^ 

"On the 5th ultimo, the Swedes and Finns were summoned July 3. 
to appear here at Altona, and appeared here, when we re- Beekman, 
signed our office, and were then, by the council of New Am- soid^erl^^ 
stel, as commissioners, informed, that, by your honour's give up their 
intercession, I might keep possession of my present dwelling '^^^^ ^^^' 
till spring ; and arrangements were made that within fourteen 
days the soldiers should give up their quarters, which shall 
be executed. 

" On the 9th, appeared here the Swedish deputies, and a swedes ana 
great part of that and the Finnish nation. After they were fX^df^m 
absolved, at their request and proposal, from the oath they former oaths 
had taken, to take a new oath, they were, on the 10th, at ^ takenew'^ 
New Amstel, where they say we are now sold, so deliver us. ones or de- 
On the 8th, the oath was proposed to them in my presence, re^fuge; a^-^ 
by the directors and council, which they unanimously refused ; ^Q^''* ^'s^* 
or they required previously, m writing, all such privileges oi sider; prefer 
free trade and others, as they before were favoured with, uu- ^a^attan. 
der the company's administration, and without these they 
would be compelled to depart. Then eight days are allowed 
them to consult with the remainder, but then they must either 
take the oath or depart from here. I have been informed 
they prefer to reside under your government at Newesing, or 
the neighbourhood. D'Hinoyossa offered me my present re- 
sidence, if I would cultivate the great farm in my vicinity."^ 

About this time Beekman took his departure from South Beekman 
River for Esopus, where he was appointed sheriff. His cor- ^^^^^^ ^°"*^ 
respondence, of which we have made such a liberal use, has 
come to a close. It has enabled us thus to supply a portion 

1 Hazard's Hist. Coll. vol. ii. pp. 639, 640, where see the Commission and 
Instructions at length. 

2 Recorded in Patent-Book A., vol. ix. p. 363, and Exemplification Record, 
vol. ii. pp. 548, 549. 

3 Albany Records ; copied from J. W. B."s book at New York. 



360 



A. D'HINOYOSSA. 



1664. 



Close of his 
correspon- 
dence. 



July 3 & 4. 

Grant of N. 
Jersey by 
the Duke of 
York to 
Berkley and 
Carteret, 



of our history for wliich we should have looked in vain else- 
where. Beekman appears to have communicated to Stuyve- 
sant, very freely and minutely, every circumstance as it 
occurred, and thus furnishes us with many details, which 
better illustrate the character of the men and the times than 
would have been exhibited in more formal official despatches. 
Some allowance must perhaps be made for excited feelings, 
arising from his connection with, and position in regard to 
B'Hinoyossa, with whom there appears to have been no very 
friendly intercourse, but of the merits of their controversy 
we are not prepared to form a fair judgment, as we have but 
one side of the story. Acrelius indeed says, " While the tAvo 
colonies were kept up, Beekman had a share in the adminis- 
tration, but he was little considered. This made him envious 
of D'Hinoyossa, whom he aspersed in frequent letters to 
Stuyvesant." It is certain, however, he supported some of 
his charges by evidence, and on leaving the river, was re- 
warded at Manhattan by an office, in which he continued 
several years under the English government, and afterwards 
was alderman at New York. He died in New York, in 1707, 
aged 85, leaving numerous and highly respected descendants, 
many of whom are to be found at the present day ; a daugh- 
ter of his married a son of Stuyvesant.^ 

Not long after the grant to the Duke of York, and before 
he had actually received possession of the territory given 
him, he, by deeds of lease and release, conveyed a portion of 
it to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, viz. " all that 
tract of land adjacent to New England, and lying and being 
to the west of Long Island, bounded on the east part by the 
main sea, and part by Hudson's River, and hath on the west 
Delaware Bay or River, and extendeth southward to the main 
ocean, as far as Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, 
and to northward as far as the northernmost branch of said bay 
or river of Delaware, which is in 41° 40' of latitude, and 
worketh over thence in a straight line to Hudson's River ; 
which said tract of land is hereafter to be called by the name 
or names of Nova Csesarea, or New Jersey." Thus New 
Netherlands became divided into New York and New Jersey.^ 

About this time a memorial, presented by the Swedish re- 
sident to their High Mightinesses, in support of the right of 
the Swedish crown to New Sweden, in which a short review 



1 OCall. vol. ii. p. 473. 



2 Smitlrs N. J. Proud, 



PETER STUYVESANT, DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 361 

of fhe facts is taken, and claiming satisfaction from tlie West 1664. 
India Company. The question was not finally settled for ' ' ' 
several years.^ 

Under their instructions, Colonel Nicholls and the other 
commissioners set sail from Portsmouth, England, with the 
frigate Guinea and three other vessels, having on board 300 
soldiers, and a large number of men. After having been 
separated at sea, one frigate arrived first, and in three days 
the others made their appearance, in the latter end of August, 
much to the surprise of the Dutch, although they had, through 
an Englishman, some intimations of their intended departure. 

On their arrival, the English issued a proclamation,^ offer- 
ing protection to those who would submit to his majesty's 
government. 0» the 19th August, Governor Stuyvesant August i9, 
wrote to the commanders, by the hands of several distin- 
guished citizens, inquiring the object of their arrival and 
continuance in the harbour, without giving notice of their de- 
sign, as he ought to have done, which was fully communicated 
the next day in a letter to the Dutch governor, by Colonel 
Nicholls, (but this being unsigned, for which he apologized,^) 
requiring a surrender of the forts, &c., and expecting an 
answer by the bearers, Colonel Carteret, &c. The governor, 
in a short note, promised an answer next morning. Accord- August so. 
ingly, the governor, after convening and consulting the coun- 
cil and burgomasters, without exhibiting the summons, and a 
letter from Governor Winthrop, advising the surrender, which 
he tore in pieces, determined to make a defence, and wrote a 
long letter to Nicholls, giving an historical account of the 
Dutch claim, which he concludes thus: "As touching the September 2. 
threats in your conclusion, we have nothing to answer, only 
that we fear nothing, but what God, (who is as just as mer- 
ciful,) shall lay upon us, all things being in His gracious 
disposal, and we may as well be preserved by him with small 
forces as by a great army, which makes us to wish you all 
happiness and prosperity, and recommend you to His pro- 
tection."* 

Finding from the letter of Stuyvesant, that he was resolved September 3. 
to " maintain his right and title to the fort," Colonel Nicholls 

1 Aitzema in O'Call. vol. ii. p. 573. 

2 See it in Smith's N. J. p. 36. Smith's N. Y. vol. i. p. 25. 

3 See Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 31. 

4 See these various Letters in Reg. Penns. vol. iv. pp. 31, 41. Smith s N. Y. 
vol. i. pp. 18—24. 

46 2H 



362 -A- D'HINOYOSSA. 

1664. issues his order to Captain Hyde, of the " Guinea," " to pro- 
' ' ' secute liis majesty's claim by all ways and means he may 
think expedient, for a speedy reduction of the DutcK to obe- 
septembers. dionce."^ This, and the pressure of an English ship into the 
Negotiations sorvice, induccd the governor to think more seriously of the 
NichoBsand ^^^^^^r, and to write to the colonel, saying, that finding by 
stuyvesant. his deputies, "you persist on the summons, though by his 
orders he is obliged to defend the place, however, that he 
makes no doubt, that upon said assault, and our defence, there 
will be a great deal of blood spilled, and greater difficulty 
may arise." He sends several persons, "to the end of pro- 
viding some means to hinder and prevent the spilling of inno- 
cent blood ;" asks him to appoint a time and place " to treat, 
and seek out the means of a good accommodation." Nicholls 
thinking it more agreeable to his king's wishes " to avoid the 
effusion of Christian blood," but insisting upon his first sum- 
mons for surrender, and supposing that the governor intends 
to do so, wishes health and prosperity to every inhabitant. 
Nicholls, " to prevent the effusion of blood," appoints com- 
Septembers. missiouers to meet those of the Dutch, on the next day, 
August 27, when articles were drawn up and signed by com- 
missioners of both sides, and on the 8th, were ratified by 
Stuyvesant ; the limits of both parties to be fixed by the 
crown and States-General.^ 

New Amsterdam was thenceforward named New York. 
Affairs being arranged at New Amsterdam, (now New 
Sept. 13. York,) the commissioners next turned their attention to the 
Delaware, and a commission was issued by the other three 
commissioners, to Sir Robert Carre, as follows : 

"Whereas we are informed that the Dutch have seated 
Commission thcmselvcs at Delaware Bay, on his majesty of Great Britain's 
cafreto'pr^ territories, without his knowledge and consent, and that they 
ceedto, and havo fortificd themselves there, and drawn a great trade 
thither, and being assured that if they be permitted to go on, 
the gaining of this place will be of small advantage to his 
majesty, we his majesty's commissioners, by virtue of his ma- 
jesty's commission and instructions to us given, have advised 
and determined to bring that place, and all strangers there- 
about, in obedience to his majesty, and by these do order and 
appoint that his majesty's frigates, the ' Guinea,' and the 
< William and Nicholas,' and all the soldiery which are not in 

1 Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 43. 2 Smith's N. Y. vol. i. p, 25. 



ware. 



DEPUTY-GOVERNOR RICHARD NICHOLLS. 363 

the fort, shall, with what speed they conveniently can, go 1664. 
thither under the command of Sir Robert Carre, to reduce ' " ' 
the same, willing and commanding all oflBcers, at sea and land, 
and all soldiers, to obey the said Robert Carre during this 
expedition. Given under our hands and seals, at the fort in 
New York, upon the island of Manhattans, 3d day of Sep- 
tember, 1664. Signed, R. Nicholls, 

« G-. Cartweight, 
" S. Maverick."! 

Sir Robert was instructed, when he comes near the Dutch nis instmc- 
fort, to send his boat on shore, to summon the governor and *^'"^^" 
inhabitants to yield obedience to his majesty, as the rightful 
sovereign of that tract of land, and let them know " that all 
the planters shall enjoy their farms, houses, lands, goods, and 
chattels, with the same privileges, and on the same terms upon 
which they do now possess them, only that they change their 
masters, whether they be the West India Company or the 
city of Amsterdam. To the Swedes you shall remonstrate 
their happy return under a monarchical government, and his 
majesty's good inclination to that nation, and to all men who 
shall comply with his majesty's rights and title in Delaware, 
without force of arms." 

That all cannon, arms, and ammunition belonging to the 
government shall remain to his majesty. 

Future trading to be regulated by rules of parliament ; 
right of conscience to be guarantied ; for six months, all the 
present magistrates to continue in office, taking oath of alle- 
giance, and their acts to be in his majesty's name. 

If Sir Robert finds he cannot reduce the place by force, 
nor upon these conditions, he may add such as he finds neces- 
sary, but if both fail, he is, by a messenger to the governor 
of Maryland, to ask aid. After reducing the place, his first 
care is «' to protect the inhabitants from injuries as well as 
violence, from the soldiers, which may be easily effected, if 
you settle a course for weekly or daily provisions, by agree- 
ment with the inhabitants, to be satisfied to them either out 
of the profits, customs, or rents belonging to their present 
master, or, in case of necessity, from hence." 

The laws for the present to remain, as to administration of 
right and justice. 

He is to declare to Lord Baltimore's son, and all the Eng- 

> Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 36, from A. P. S. MSS. and N. Y. Records. 



364 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



to Sir Kobert 
Carre, 



October 11. 



1664. lisli concerned in Maryland, that this great expense to his 
*~~'^ ' majesty, in ships and soldiers, has been incurred solely for 
the purpose of reducing foreigners in these parts to his ma- 
instructions josty's obedicnce, hut that being reduced at his majesty's 
expense, he is commanded to hold " possession for his ma- 
jesty's own behoof and right, and that he is willing to unite 
■with the governor of Maryland on his majesty's interests, on 
all occasions, and if my Lord Baltimore doth pretend right 
thereto by his patent, (which is a doubtful case,) you are to 
say that you only keep possession till his majesty is informed 
and otherwise satisfied." In other things, Sir Robert is left 
to his discretion, and the best advice he can get in the place.^ 

In compliance with his orders, Sir Robert proceeded to the 
Delaware, and commenced his operations, which are related 
by himself to Colonel Nicholls, in detail, a few days after. 
The result was a capitulation, when the following " Articles 
of Agreement" were entered into "between the honourable 
Sir R. Carre, knight, on behalf of his majesty of Great Bri- 
tain, and the burgomasters, in behalf of themselves and all 
the Dutch and Swedes inhabiting on Delaware Bay and River. 

" 1. That all the burghers and planters will submit them- 
selves to his majesty's authority, without making any resist- 
ance. 

" 2. That whoever, of what nation soever, doth submit to 
his majesty's authority, shall be protected in their estates, 
real and personal, whatsoever, by his majesty's laws and 
justice. 

" 3. That the present magistrates shall be continued in 
their offices and jurisdictions, to exercise their civil powers as 
formerly. 

"4. That if any Dutchman or other person shall desire to 
depart from this river, that it is lawful for him so to do within 
six months after the date of these articles. 

" 5. That the magistrates and all the inhabitants, (who are 
included in these articles,) shall take the oath of allegiance 
to his majesty, and of fidelity to the present governor. 

" 6. That all the people shall enjoy the liberty of their 
conscience in church discipline, as formerly. 

" 7. That whoever shall take the oath, is from that time a 
free denizen, and shall enjoy all the privileges of trading into 

' Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 37, from A. P. S. MSS. and N. Y. Records ; see them 
at length. 



Articles of 
capitulation, 



DEPUTY-GOVEKNOR RICHARD NICHOLLS. 365 

any of his majesty's dominions, as freely as any Englishman, 1664. 
and may require a certificate for so doing. ' " ' 

" 8. That the schout, the burgomaster, sheriff, and other 
inferior magistrates, shall use and exercise their customary Articles of 
power in administration of justice within their precincts, for ^1)^^^^^^°°' 
six months, or until his majesty's pleasure is further known." 

The Oath. — " I do swear by the Almighty God, that I will 
bear faith and allegiance to his majesty of Great Britain, and 
that I will obey all such commands as I shall receive from 
the governor, deputy governor, or other officers appointed by 
his majesty's authority, so long as I live within these or any 
other of his majesty's territories. 

<' Given under my hand and seal, this first day of October, 
in the year of our Lord God, 1664. Robert Carre. 

" Given under our hands and seals, in behalf of ourselves 
and the rest of the inhabitants, the first day of October, in 
the year of our Lord God, 1664. 

" Fob Out Hout, Hans Block, 

" Henry Johnson, Lucas Peterson, 

" Gerrit S. Van Tiell, Henry Casturier." 

Thus terminated the Dutch power on the Delaware, except 
for a short period in 1672, and thus was more speedily ac- 
complished than was anticipated when it was made, the pre- 
diction that " this river will be settled by the English and 
Swedes." 

Thus terminated the Dutch government over all New 
Netherlands, they becoming subject to the English crown, 
thereby fulfilling the prediction made by the Dutch a few 
years previously. From this date to the present time, with 
the exception of a short period, the country was entirely lost 
to the Dutch. In all the quarrels between the Dutch and 
Swedes, whose history, jointly and separately, we have traced, 
during a period of about forty years, no blood was shed ; it 
remained for the English to stain the soil with it. But little 
progress had thus far been made towards the settlement of 
the country, which it remained for the English also to ac- 
complish.^ 

Sir Robert Carre communicates, in a letter of this date to October 23. 
Colonel Nicholls, an account of his proceeding at New Castle, 
in its capture from the Dutch, (October 13 :) 

" Honourable sir — After a long and troublesome passage, 

' Reg. Penns. vol. i, p, 37, from A. P. S. MSS. of N. Y. Records. 
2h2 



366 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YOEK. 

1664. prolonged by the ignorance of the pilots and the shoalness 
"^-"^-^ of the water, we arrived the last day of September, at Dela- 
ware, passing by the fort without notice each of the others, 
Col. Carre's the better to satisfy the Swedes, who, notwithstanding the 
Coi°Ni!hoiis I^^^tch persuasions to the contrary, were soon our friends. 
of his at- Afterwards I had a parley with the Dutch burghers and go- 
fort at New vernor ; the burghers and townsmen, after almost three days' 
Castle. parley, consented to my demands, but the governor and sol- 
idiied;piun- diery altogether refused my propositions ; whereupon I landed 
der. Condi- jjjy goldicrs, Oil Suudai/ mominq foUowing, and commanded 

tionoffort. , , . /. n i if ■, o • i • i i • i 

The Indians the ships to tail down beiore the lort, withm musket shot, with 
hostile. directions to fire two broadsides apiece upon the fort ; then 
mj soldiers to fall on ; which done, the soldiers never stop- 
ping until they stormed the fort, and so, consequently, to 
plundering ; the seamen, no less given to that sport, were 
quickly within, and have gotten good store of booty, so that 
in such a 7i,oise and confusion, no word of command could be 
heard for some time ; but for as many goods as I could pre- 
serve, I still keep entire. The loss on our part was none ; 
the Dutch had ten wounded and three killed. The fort is not 
tenable, although 14 guns, and without a great charge, which 
inevitably must be expended, there will be no staying, we not 
being able to keep it ; therefore what I have or can get, shall 
be laid out upon the strengthening of the fort. Within these 
two days. Ensign Stock fell sick, so that I could not send him 
to you, to particularize all things, but on his recovery I will 
send him to you. If Providence had not so ruled that we had 
not come in as we did, we had been necessitated to quit the 
place in less than a month, there being nothing to be had but 
what must be purchased from other places, with trade of good 
account, of which, for the present, we have to satisfy our 
wants. I have already sent into Maryland some negroes 
which did belong to the late governor, at his plantation above, 
for beef, pork, corn, and salt, and for some other small con- 
veniences, which this place affordeth not. The cause of my 
not sending all this time to give notice of our success, was 
the falling of the Indians from their former civility, they 
abusing messengers that travel by land, since our arrival here, 
though no ways incensed by us, but exasperated by some 
Dutch and their own inclinations, that eighty of them came 
from the other side, where they inhabit, and so strong they 
are there, that no Christian yet dare venture to plant on that 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR RICHARD NICHOLLS. 367 

side, whicli belongs to the Duke of York. They stayed here 1664. 
three nights ; we used them civilly, they pretending they "'^ — ' ' 
came to settle, but since are returned -without doing any hurt. 
We beg your endeavours to assist us in the reconciliation of 
the Indians called SyneTcers (Senecas) at the Fort Ferrania, 
and the Tuscheroras (Tuscororas) here, they coming and 
doing violence both to heathen and Christians, and leave 
these Indians to be blamed for it, insomuch that within less 
than six weeks several murders have been committed and 
done by their people upon the Dutch and Swedes here. Let 
me beg the favour of you to send Mr. Allinson and 
Thompson, the one for the edifying of the fort, the other to 
fix our arms, there being not any but was broke or unfixed. 
Your honour shall have a further account by the next, until 
which time, and ever after, I remain your faithful and obliged 
servant, Robert Carre. 

"Delaware Fort, October 13, 1664."i 

Complaint is made by the "West India Company to the October 25. 
States-General, " of the intolerable violences committed compiamtof 
against said company by the English nation in New Nether- ^"3*;"^^ ^^ . 
land and other parts, viz. that the ships and armed force sent lish, for cap- 
by the Duke of York from Old England had taken the town Nrtheriaccu 
of New Amsterdam, tranquilly and quietly possessed by this 
republic since fifty years, which event took place 27th August 
last ; that they had conquered the whole province of New 
Netherland, and subjected it to the English dominion, giving 
it the name of New York," and pray "that these violences 
should be considered according to their importance," &c. 
The memorial was referred to the committee on English affairs.^ 

After the reduction of the country by Sir Robert Carre, November 3. 
Colonel Nicholls himself was commissioned by the two other 
commissioners to proceed to the Delaware, "to take special 
care for the good government of the said place, and to depute 
such officer or officers therein as he shall think fit, for the 
management of his majesty's affairs, both civil and military, 
until his majesty's pleasure be further known."^ 

The name of New Castle is now given to what was before n!™ Amstei 
called New Amstel. changed to 

New Castle. 

1 London Doc. vol. i. p. 204. 

2 Miller MSS. in possession of N. Y. Hist. Soc. 

3 See Commission, in Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 37, from N. Y. Records and 
MSS. A. P. S. 



368 CHAKLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1664. Thus were the English placed completely in possession of 
' • ' all that the Dutch formerly held on the Delaware. We have 
minutely traced the Dutch and Swedes in their various move- 
ments, from their first settlement here to their extermination 
for ever, (except for a short period,) from the river, and have 
seen that owing to petty feuds and jealousies between the 
two nations, but slow progress had been made towards the 
settlement and improvement of the country, yet all tending 
to prepare the way to effect the great revolution which has 
produced a uniformity of language, and customs, and institu- 
tions, and rendered these shores the happy abode of so many 
millions. The principal actors in the past events probably 
withdrew ; D'Hinoyossa, it is said, applied to the English for 
an office, in which expectation being unsuccessful, he event- 
ually returned to Holland, and entered the Dutch army, 
where he served in the war between Louis XIV. and the Re- 
public, and was one of the garrison of a fortress which sur- 
rendered to the French ;■ after which, it is said, he ended his 
days in Holland,^ as did probably many of the early Dutch 
settlers. The Swedes, as we know, more generally remained 
behind ; the remnants of both nations becoming so blended 
as to constitute one people, with their successors scarcely at 
the present day to be traceable. Henceforth the country is 
governed by governors under the Duke of York. 

Governor Nicholls grants a license to Elizabeth Cousterier, 
NoTember5. to transport hcrsclf and goods to Delaware Bay, there to 
trade.^ 

Colonel Nicholls certifies that Captain Carre has received 
Powder and from his majcsty's ship, the "Guinea," a flag and sea com- 
^nded'ar' P^^'^' ^^ Delaware Bay, and that Captain Thomas Morley 
Deiairare. being employed by him at Delaware Bay, with his ship 
"William and Nicholas," had received from Captain Hyde, 
of the " Guinea," two barrels of powder, and twenty iron 
shot, which were spent at the reduction of the fort at Dela- 
ware, and asks credit to be given in the gunner's account. 

The commissioners also order the " Guinea," Captain Hyde, 
to sail directly for Portsmouth, England, with despatches. 

' London Docs. vol. i. p. 232. O'Call. vol. ii. p. 554. 
2 N. Y. Kecords, Breviat. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR RICHARD NICHOLLS. 369 

1665. 
In consideration of the good services of Captain John 
Carre, in storming and reducing the fort at Delaware, Go- juneso. 
vernor Nicholls grants him " all the lands, houses, and estate, confiscation 
real or personal, which is or shall be found to have been °''e^t^t«f'' 

11 1 1 . . f, . . ^ . and grants 

really and truly in possession or, or appertaining to Grerrit toCarreand 
Van Sweringen, at the time when said fort was reduced by '^"™- 
force to his majesty's obedience, it being sufficiently known 
that he was then schout, in hostility against his majesty, for 
which reason all his estate stands confiscated. "■'■ 

The estate of Peter Alricks was at the same time confis- 
cated, for his hostility to his majesty, and granted to William 
Tom, for his good services at Delaware.^ 

Governor Nicholls grants license of alienation to Jacob juiyis. 
Vis, to sell his estate, consisting of house and garden, at or Licenses to 
near New Castle, to any person living within this government.^ ^®^^ '®*^ ^^" 

Philip Carteret having been commissioned governor of New August. 
Jersey, arrives with a number of planters. Governor 

■^ . . . ■*■ Carteret ar- 

Governor Nicholls, by his license, grants leave to Peter rives. 
Alricks to trade or traffic with the Indians in and about Nov. 21. 
Whorekill, for skins, peltry, &c., the said Alricks making due special pri- ' 
entry with the officers at Delaware, of the quantity or quality ^i^^^j.^^^' 
of such commodities as he shall trade for. Also, with his 
servant and six horses, to pass from New York to Delaware, 
and from thence into Maryland, and so to return, " about 
his occasion.""^ 

1666. 

A certain piece of land on Christina kill, heretofore in March 3. 
tenure of Joost Rugger, the miller, deceased, was, by the Grant of 
officers at Delaware, who were empowered by Nicholls's com- ^^^'^' 
mission to dispose of implanted land there for the best advan- 
tage of the inhabitants, granted unto Hans Bones ; the same 
is confirmed to him in 1668, he paying to his majesty two 
bushels of wheat as a quit-rent.^ (February 21.) 

Governor Nicholls issues orders to collectors and receivers March ao. 
of customs, and notices the necessity of granting some tem- order re- 
porary privileges for encouragement of trade between New tiero™ Dela- 
ware. 

' Delaware Records, in Del. Reg. vol. i. p. 175. 2 Ibid. 

3 N. y. Records, Breviat, p. 38. i Breviat, p. 38. 

6 MSS. in Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 75. 
47 



370 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1666. 



Order re- 
specting pa- 
teats. 



July 11. 



York and Delaware, and that the tenths of all sorts of goods, 
liquors, or peltry, &c., bj former practice and order, had been 
collected and paid in or at the aforesaid port, or in Delaware 
River ; now he orders that (until further orders) no sort of 
liquors, goods, or peltry, shall be liable to pay any custom, 
either in New York or Delaware River, provided that due 
entry and certificate be made and given of all such goods 
transported to or from those places. 

A general order was issued at New York, by the Court of 
Assizes, that all persons who held old patents should bring 
them in to be renewed, and those who had none should be 
supplied, by a certain time ; and more especially those who 
had been under the Dutch, and are now under his majesty, 
the inhabitants in and about Delaware being under this go- 
vernment are therein concerned. This was renewed in 
1669, under penalty.^ 



Grant to 
• Capt. Carre, 



1667. 

Nicholls, " in consideration of the good services of Captain 
January 11. John Carre, in storming and reducing Fort Delaware, grants 
to him a piece or parcel of meadow, valley, or marsh ground, 
on the Delaware, near the fort, about 150 acres," having 
lately been in tenure of A. D'Hinoyossa, then governor, it 
being sufficiently well known that he was in hostility against 
his majesty, for which reason all his estate stands confiscated. 
Quit-rent to his majesty, \\ bushels wheat. 

A certain island in the Delaware, called Swarton Natton, 
containing about 300 acres, bounded on north by Christina 
kill, and on the west by a little creek, is granted to Thomas 
Woolaston, James Crawford, Herman Otto, and Gerard Otto ; 
quit-rent, 3 bushels wheat. This island " having been here- 
tofore granted by A. D'Hinoyossa, late governor there, to 
some persons who have since appeared in hostility, whereby 
it is forfeited, and remained in his majesty's disposal."^ 

Governor Nicholls is succeeded by Colonel Francis Love- 
lace, whose administration now commences. 

The war between the English and Dutch was concluded by 
the treaty of Breda, by which either party was to retain all 
property in their possession prior to 10th May last, but any 
thing taken after the 10th May shall be restored, in the same 



Several 
grants. 



May. 

Got. Love- 
lace. 

July 31. 



J Breviat, p. 39. 



2 Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 74. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRAXCIS LOVELACE. 371 

condition as tliey are -wlien the knowledge of the peace 1667. 
reaches the places. ''^'' 

This year was erected the Swedish church at Crane Hook, 
about one and a half miles from Fort Christina, on the south Charchat 
side of the creek, in which both the Dutch and Swedes assem- ^'^^^^ 
bled for worship. The church early built in the fort had 
served them for about twelve years. The church now erected 
"was a wooden one; no vestige of it or the grave-yard at 
present remains ; an orchard now occupies their place. For 
several years, the Rev, Mr. Lock officiated. as minister of this 
and the church at Tinnicum.^ 

1668. 

The governor and council gave the following directions for May i. 
the better government of Delaware : 

" It is necessary, to hold up the name and countenance, of Oamsoa. 
a garrison, with 20 men and one commissioned officer, 

" That the commissioned officers shall provide all sorts of Provisions. 
provisions for the whole garrison, at the rate of 5d. per day, 
viz. wholesome bread, beer, pork, peas, or beef, that no just 
complaint be made of either. That the soldiers, (so far as 
conveniently may be,) be lodged in the fort, and keep the 
stockades up in defence. That the civil government in the 
respective plantations be continued till further orders. 

" That to prevent all abuses or oppositions in civil matters, a court for 
so often as complaint is made, the commissioned officer. Cap- <="'^ '^'^^''■^• 
tain Carre, shall call the schout, with Hans Block, Israel 
Helm, Peter Rambo, Peter Cock, Peter Alricks, or any two 
of them, as counsellors, to advise, hear, and determine, by 
the major vote, what is just, equitable, and necessary in the 
case and cases in question. 

" That the same persons also, or any two or more of them, 
be called to advise and direct what is best to be done in all 
cases of difficulty which may arise from the Indians, who 
must obey and attend their summons upon such occasion. 

"That two-thirds at least of the soldiers remain in and Soidierstobo 
about New Castle at all hours. t''^^^;' Z 

jnow Castle. 

" That the fines or premunires and light offences be executed Fines, &c. to 
•with moderation, though it is also necessary that ill men be "^^ °^°'^='^'^e. 
punished in an exemplary manner. 

"That the commissioned officer. Captain Carre, in the de- casting rote. 

• Ferris, p. 145—147. Clay. 



372 

1668. 



Oaths. 



English laws 
to govern. 
To he read. 



Treatment of 
Indians. 



Appeal to 
New York. 



June 18. 

Indians de- 
sire prohibi- 
tion of sale 
of rum. 



July 17. 

Confiscation 
of property. 



July 18. 

Grants of 
land. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

termination of the chief civil affairs, whereunto the temporary 
before-mentioned counsellors are ordained, shall have a cast- 
ing voice, where votes are equal. 

" That the new appointed counsellors are to take the oaths 
to his royal highness. 

" That the laws of the government established by his royal 
highness, be showed and frequently communicated to the 
said counsellors, and all others, to the end that being there- 
with acquainted, the practice of them also in convenient time 
be established, which conduceth to the public welfare and 
common justice. 

" That no offensive war be made against any Indians, be- 
fore you receive directions from the governor for your so 
doing. 

" That in all matters of difficulty and importance, you 
must have recourse, by way of appeal, to the governor and 
council at New York. "^ (April 21.) 

An official letter to Carre alludes to a former one relating 
to the Indians who murdered the servants of Mr. Tom and 
Peter Alricks. They are informed by one Rambo, that the 
Indians in those parts desire there should be an absolute pro- 
hibition on the whole river, of selling strong liquors to the 
Indians ; Carre is therefore to unite with those in the manage- 
ment of civil affairs, and with their advice give the neces- 
sary orders for the good government of Christians and 
Indians, and what they do shall be confirmed,^ 

A certificate states, that at the taking of fort and town of 
Delaware from the Dutch, and reducing it to his majesty, all 
the goods and servants taken or seized in said town and fort, 
belonging to city of Amsterdam, or their officers, were con- 
fiscated and made free plunder, and so disposed of accord- 
ingly ; and there being several negroes taken away from 
Peter Alricks, who fell into the hands of Ensign Arthur 
Stock, he afterwards freely restored and bestowed 11 negroes 
on said Alricks as a gift, which was allowed and approved of.^ 

Grants of land made to John Hendricks, Niels Nielsen, 
jun., Hendrick Nielsen, Mathys Nielson, and Niels Nielsen, 
March 5, 1663, and 15th June, 1664, are confirmed to them 
at New Castle, by Governor Lovelace ; each to have a plan- 
tation, situate in the Verdrietige Hoeck, extending to Stone 



' Smith's N J. p. 52. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 37. 38, 
2 Breviat, N. Y. Records, p. 38. 



3 Ibid. 



asks a dis- 
charge. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 37 

kill, acknowledgment, 5 bushels of wheat. ^ Also a confir- 1668. 
mation of a grant to Captain John Carre, of 50 and 100 " ■ ' 
acres, "land and bowery," on first corner above the fort. 

A certificate that William Tom came over with the certi- Augusts:, 
fier in his majesty's service, and had ever since been in wm. Tom 
office, and for two years last past commissary at Delaware ; 
and having behaved well, asks for a discharge, which was 
granted. 

An order to Captain John Carre, " reciting that an agree- Dec. 15. 
ment had been made with Peter Alricks about Mattinicum, carr's or 
alias Carr's Island, in Delaware, and all the stock, goods, Mattinicum 
and other materials thereon, heretofore in your care and cus- 
tody, therefore requiring immediately to make a surrender of 
said island to Alricks or his assigns, and return a true inven- 
tory of all goods, &c. which were delivered you there by Sir 
Robert Carre. "^ 

1669. 

Governor Lovelace having last year granted to the Lu- March 2. 
therans, in New York, liberty to send to Europe for a minis- Lutherans 
ter, they accordingly sent, and on 20th February, 1669, ;^^*'^°7^f 

'•^ .. . ^° send for a 

Rev. Mr. Jacobus Fabricius arrived there. The governor minister. 
issued his proclamation, declaring that said Fabricius has ^ye^'g^oeg' 
leave to exercise the office of pastor, and that he be protected to Albany; 
in it as long as he and the people behave orderly, and as long '^ ^'"^^ ^ ' 
as his royal highness shall not order otherwise. In April, he 
had a pass to go to Albany ; while there he behaves ill, op- Apru. 
poses the magistrates, and imposes a fine of 1000 rix-dollars 
on the person of Helmar Otten, for complying with the ma- 
gistrates in the consummation of a marriage with Adriantze 
Arentz, his wife, according to the law of the land. On this 
offence. Governor Lovelace orders him to be suspended from 
his functions in Albany, until his friends intercede, and the 
magistrates there are willing he should be restored ; but he 
was allowed to preach in New York.'^ 

Governor Lovelace confirms a license of alienation granted April 2. 
by the late Governor Nicholls unto William Beekman, to sell 
a house and lot at Delaware. 

Another to Jurien Jans, for land on a neck above New April 13. 

1 N. Y. Records, in Breviat, p. 3S. 

2 Breviat. This island is near Burlington, and not Tinnicum, before men- 
tioned. 3 Albany Records. Miiler"s MSS. in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Library, 

21 



374 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1669. Castle, containing 46 acres ; quit-rent, one bushel of 
* • ' wheat. 

Also, several others, beyond Christina kill, near Horse 
April u. Neck, called Paerd Hook, or Haymakers' Hook, in New Cas- 
tle, near Upland ; to Bernard Eken, a house and lot in New 
Castle, bounded west with church-yard, and north with the 
mart. Crane Hook.^ 

Governor Lovelace issues an order to those on Delaware, 
May 31. as wcll as elscwherc, who held the lands by patent or ground- 
Loveiace's brief of Dutch tenure, and those who have none, with all 
Sndsun°der Convenient speed, to apply with or for them, or be liable to 
Dutch te- penalty by law. There was an order to this effect made by 
the court of general assizes in 1666.^ 

William Tom is appointed collector of quit-rents, which 

August 12. were imposed on all persons on Delaware who have taken out 

wm. Tom patcuts, and hold the lands under his majesty's ordinance, 

conectortf ^^* "^^^J neglecting the duty, suppose they are exempt, which 

quit-rents, would bc vcry unjust and unreasonable ; and from all others 

who have no patents, and hold lands there, so much as will at 

least be proportionable with the rest, for taking out of whose 

patents there is notice given in another ordinance.^ 

Governor Lovelace, at the request of William Tom, grants 
Pinns and that the Finns or others removing at or about Delaware, may 
others have j^g^yg g^j^ enlargement of their bounds, for which they desire 

grant of ,.... ... 

lands on Ap- to take up somo lands at Apoquinimy, lying and being within 
oqumimy. ^-^^ government, for the good and welfare of the inhabitants, 
and encouragement to them, on condition that in some con- 
venient time, a draft be taken of said land, and a return be 
made to him, together with its extent, whereon those who 
settle shall have patents for their confirmation.* 

Permission was also, on request of William Tom, granted 
families to " somc families from Maryland, to come and settle upon 
iln^dt^sifto t^^® ^^^^ below Apoquinimy, within the government, to the 
settle below end the said place may be inhabited and manured, it tending 
^pociuim- i^jjQ^jgg iq ii^Q increase of the inhabitants."^ 

An order is issued, permitting V/illiam Tom to take up, 
kill, or mark wild hogs, in the woods near his land.*" 
August 12. The following order was directed by the governor to the 

1 Breviat, p. 39. 

2 Albany Records; Orders, &c., Minutes of Council, vol. ii. p. 234. 

3 Ibid. p. 268, 269. 4 Ibid. p. 267. 5 Ibid. 
6 Breviat, p. 39. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 375 

oiScers on Delaware, for the apprehension of a rebellious 1669. 
Swede, who created much excitement : ' — ■ — ' 

" Whereas I am given to understand that there is a certain 
Swede at Delaware, who gives himself out to be son of Con- order of go- 
ingsmark, heretofore one of the king of Sweden's generals, ^<'''°°'" *» ar- 

o y o to 5 rest Henry 

and goes up and down from one place to another, frequently coieman, 
raising speeches, very seditious and false, tending to the dis- ^°°^'^'Lon<^ 
turbance of his majesty's peace and the laws of the govern- ^'inu;" or 
ment in such cases provided, to whom is associated one Henry °ropertr^^ 
Coleman, one of the Finns, and an inhabitant at Delaware, 
who hath left his habitation, cattle, and corn, without any 
care taken for them, to run after the other person ; and it 
being suspected that said Coleman, being well versed in the 
Indian languages, amongst whom both he and the other keep, 
may watch some opportunity to do mischief to his neighbours, 
by killing their cattle, if not worse ; whereupon we have 
already, according to your duty, set forth your warrant to 
apprehend him, but he cannot yet be met withal. These pre- 
sents are to order, empower, and appoint you to set forth a 
proclamation in my name, that if the said Henry Coleman 
do not come in to you, and surrender himself up to answer 
to what shall be objected against him, within the space of 
fifteen days after divulging the same, that then you cause all 
the estate belonging to him within this government, to be 
seized upon and secured to his majesty's use, of which you 
are to send me an account with the first opportunity. Given 
under my hand and seal, at Fort James, in New York, 2d 
August, 1669.1 

One Outhouse's goods were attached in New York, but Au-.is&ie. 
permitted to be transported to Delaware, to be deposited till 
debt be paid; the court, contrary to governor's orders, release 
them, and give longer time for payment. Governor requires 
court to secure all charges, &c. out of debtor's estate ; if they 
cannot, the court themselves are to make it good? 

Letters were received from Captain Carre by the council, Sept. 21. 
informing " that an insurrection was very much feared on 
Delaware ; that the chief was in hold, and that several depo- 
sitions had been taken :" the following order was passed by 
the council : 

" That a letter of thanks be sent to the officers there for insurrection 
their great care. That the " Long Finn," in hold and in irons, ^*^"'^<^'^- 

* Albany Records; Orders, &c. vol. ii. p. 266. * Breviat, p. 59. 



376 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DITKi: OF YORK. 

1669. be kept still in safe custody, in like manner as he is, until tlie 
■^ — " — ' governor, or some person commissioned from him, shall go 
over to examine into, and try the matter of fact, which is of 
Chief taken, SO hcinous and high a nature. 

Tn Thinks "That all pcrsons who have had a hand in the plot be 
totheoffi- bound over and enjoined to give security to answer their 
*'"^" misdemeanours, and account be taken of their estates in the 

mean time."-^ 
Sept. 25. The next day. Governor Lovelace writes to Captain Carre, 

the schout, and the commissaries at New Castle : 

" That he had received their letters and packets of 8th Sep- 
Letter ofGo- tcmbcr, in which were enclosed three other copies, two of them 
ia™res'°ect- subscribcd by Coning smarh, the other by Armgart Printz ; 
ing Long as also affidavits of several persons about the late insurrection 
""" ''' occasioned by the long fSwede, their prime incendiary, on 
which the governor and council determine, first, to applaud 
" their prudence and careful management, in circumventing 
and securing the prime instigator of this commotion, to- 
gether with the chiefest of his accomplices ; likewise, for your 
future animation, that so good and seasonable service both to 
his royal highness and the security and tranquillity of the 
country may not be buried in oblivion, I cannot but take no- 
tice of it, and do return thanks, withal assuring you to repre- 
sent this action to his royal highness with such characteristics 
as are justly due to so worthy an undertaking. 

"Next, I heartily wish myself, with you, to bring that 
grand impostor, together with the chiefs of his pack, to con- 
dign punishment, but the hourly expectation I am in of the 
arrival of some ships from England, by which I look for 
several instructions, which will require present despatch, the 
whole frame of government standing at this time still ; 
neither mayor nor aldermen elected ; the grand assizes likely 
to be prorogued. * * * So that what I do recommend 
to you now must rather be with respect to stopping of the 
contagion, that it grow not further, than by any way of am- 
putating or cutting off any member, to make the cure more 
perfect. I would therefore have you to continue the long 
Swede in custody and irons, until he can have his trial, which 
shall be as speedily as my affairs can permit, with my pre- 
sence, or some of the council sufficiently authorized to hear 
and determine that affair. For those of the first magnitude 

1 Albany Records; Council Minutes, vol. iii. p. 15. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 377 

concerned with him, you may either secure them by imprison- 1669. 
ment, or by taking such caution for them to answer what ' — ' — ' 
shall be alleged and proved against them. For the rest of 
the poor deluded sort, I think the advice of their own coun- 
trymen is not to be despised, who, knowing their temper, 
could prescribe a method for keeping them in order, which is 
severity, and laying such taxes on them as may not give them 
liberty to entertain any other thoughts but how to discharge 
them. 

" I thought that Jeuffro Papegay, Armgart Printz had 
been so discreet as not to have meddled in so unworthy a de- 
sign ; for though what she hath committed was not of any 
dangerous consequence, yet it was a demonstration of her 
inclination and temper to advance a strange power, and a 
manifestation of her high ingratitude for all those indul- 
gences and favours she hath received from those in authority 
over her. 

" I perceive the little domine^ hath played the trumpeter 
to this disorder. I refer the quality of his punishment to 
your discretion. 

" I have received a petition from divers inhabitants of De- Petition in 
laware, in behalf of those that ioined with the Lonsc Finn ; ^*^°"' °^ , 

' '' & ' Long Finn's 

it came enclosed in Mr. Peter Cousturier's letter, but I shall associates; 
take little notice of it, since it came not by your hands; etfuette^^ 
however, if they shall make any further publication to you sake. 
about it, and you send it to me, with your advice thereupon, 
I shall do therein what shall be thought most fitting and 
convenient. I have no more, but to recommend the con- 
tinuance of your care of this and the rest of your public 
affairs in your parts, to your prudence and discretion, which 
is very much relied upon by government. Your affectionate 
and loving friend."^ 

Governor Lovelace confirms a patent granted by Stuyve- October 11. 
sant to Peter Cock, for an island in the Delaware, lying and 
being in a kill which runs into the Schuylkill, and by tides 
into the main river, containing, by estimate, about 25 mor- 
gens, or 50 acres of improved land. John Penn and Thomas 
Penn grant a deed for this in 1734, the original of which is 
in secretary's office at Harrisburg. 

In council, the subject of the insurrection on Delaware by October 28. 

1 Probably Fabricius. 

2 Albany Records, Orders, &c. vol. ii. p. 271, 
43 2i2 



378 CHAKLES 11.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1669. the Long Finn, and a rape committed by an Indian, were 
'"'^^ — ' taken up. The following is their minute : 

" Upon serious and due consideration had of the insurrec- 
Sentenceand tiou bcgun bj the Long Finn at Delaware, who gave himself 
of'thfLong 0^* *^ ^® *^® son of Coningsmark, a Swedish general, and 
Finn, for re- the dangcrous consequences thereof, it is adjudged that the 
said Long Finn deserves to die for the same ; yet in regard 
that many others being concerned with him in the insurrec- 
tion, might be involved in the same premunire, if the rigour 
of the law should be extended, and amongst these divers sim- 
ple and ignorant people, it is thought fit and ordered, that 
the said Long Finn be publicly and severely whipped, and 
stigmatized or branded on the face with the letter R, with an 
inscription written in great letters, and put upon his breast, 
that he received this punishment for attempting rebellion ; 
after which, that he be secured until he can be sent and sold 
to the Barbadoes, or some other of those remote plantations. 
That the chiefest of his accomplices, and those concerned 
•with him, must do and forfeit to his majesty half of their 
goods and chattels, and that a small mulct or fine be imposed 
on the rest that were drawn in and followed him, the which 
shall be left to the discretion of the commissioners, who shall 
be appointed to make inquiry into and examine the same. 
" That the Indian who committed the rape on the body of 
Punisiunent the Christian woman, be put to death, (if he can be found,) 
for ra^e^'' for the foul fact, according to the sentence already passed 
upon him, and that the sachems under whom he is, be sent 
to, that they deliver him up, that justice may be executed 
upon him accordingly."^ 

Governor Lovelace being unable to proceed to Delaware 
Decemiiera. to try the pcrsons engaged in the rebellion, issues his com- 
mission to certain persons there, to attend to the trial, as 
follows : 

"Whereas there has lately happened an insurrection at 
Commission Delaware, by some evil-minded persons, enemies to his majesty 
to certain"' and the peace of this government, which might have proved 
persons, to ^f dangerous consequence, had not the ringleaders been sur- 
cutesea- priscd, and so prevented of their wicked designs, by the vigi- 
tences on jancc and care of the officers there ; all which having been 

those con- , , '-' 

cemedinthe represented to me, I have, with the advice of my council, 
jnsurrection. j^^^jg ^^^q rcsolutious thcrcon, which are speedily to be put 

' Albany Records, Council Minutes, vol. iii. p. 15. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 379 

in execution. I have thought fit, &c., to nominate and ap- 1669. 
point * * * to be commissioners, to give order and take '"" ' "' 
care that the act of council be put in execution, according as 
you, or any five of you, of which Matthias Nicholls to be 
one and president, power to call for any such person or persons 
as are now in hold on this account, and to pronounce sentence 
against them, according to directions herewith, and also to 
summon all others suspected to appear before you, and lay 
such fines as you may think fit for the use of his majesty. 
You may administer oaths, commit the refractory to prison, 
or release as you see cause, &c."-^ 

This year, it is believed, or not long after, a building was First swea- 
erected, which was afterwards fitted up as the first Swedish »^ church at 

' _ '■ Wiccaco 

church, at Wiccaco, on the spot or near where the present buut. 
one now stands. It had loop-holes, that it might be used as 
a place of defence against Indians or other enemies. The 
precise time, however, does not appear to be ascertained. 
See 1677.2 

1670. 

The council return thanks to the magistrates on Delaware February 4, 
for their conduct in the case of William Douglass, and con- 
sider the order of the special court at New Castle, that there 
be an oiSicer appointed among them to keep the peace, &c. 

Ordered, in regard to Douglass, who hath behaved himself Douglass to 
so ill at Whorekill, he shall be continued in prison until fur- '''™^™™ 

" A prison, or be 

ther orders, but that his irons be taken off; however, if he transported. 
can give security not to return to Whorekill, &c., he may be 
discharged.^ 

Two orders issued respecting the Long Finn ;* one to Mr. orders re- 
Cousseau, to receive him, and the other to Captain Manning, Lon„' j^^n 
the sheriiF, to deliver him, according to sentence. 

The Long Finn was put on board Mr. Cousseau's ship, to February 5. 
be transported to, and sold at Barbadoes, according to the Long Finn 
sentence of the court at Delaware, and a warrant issued to Barbadoes. 
the captain of the ship, dated at Fort James, to carry hitn to 
Barbadoes, and sell him there as servants are sold, and to re- 
turn the proceeds to New York. 

The governor informs Captain Carre that Douglass, who March 8. 
has been so troublesome on Delaware, has been sent off to 

1 Albany Records; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 93. ^ Clay, p. G4. 

3 Council Minutes, Albany, vol. iii. p. 17. 4 Ibid. p. 16. 



380 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



March 10. 

Sellout and 
commis- 
saries. 



March 25. 

Duty of 10 
per cent, re^ 
newed. 



16T0. New England, with orders not to return to New York, or 
*■ — ^ ' amongst those on Delaware ; and also sends Carre a commis- 
sion to suppress any trouble he may cause.-^ 

Schout and commissaries commissioned for Whorekill, to 
keep good order, try all differences under XIO, among them- 
selves, viz. Hermans Fredrickson, schout, and Sanders Wat- 
son, Oele Walgast, and William Claeson, commissaries.^ 

The governor renews the custom and duty of 10 per cent. 
on all European goods imported into Whorekill, on all furs 
and peltry exported, and appoints Martin Krieger collector of 
it. Goods not paying to be confiscated ; returns to be made 
to governor.^ 

The following is the order : 

" Whereas I am given to understand that all European 
goods imported at the Whorekill, in Delaware Bay, did here- 
tofore pay custom at the rate of £10 per cent., and all furs 
and peltry exported from thence at the same rate, which 
turned to some advantage towards the support of government, 
upon mature advice and consideration had thereof, I have 
thought fit to renew the former custom, and do therefore 
hereby order and appoint Captain Martin Krieger, who is a per- 
son well versed in the trade of those parts, and very well 
known there both to the Christians and Indians, to be receiver 
and collector of the customs at the Whorekill, where, by him- 
self or his deputy, he is to receive 10 per cent, of all Euro- 
pean goods imported there, whether coming from this place, 
New Castle in Delaware, or any other part, and 10 per cent, 
also for all furs or peltiy exported from thence, according to 
former custom and usage on that behalf; and all persons 
whatsoever trading thither, or from thence to any other place, 
are to take notice thereof, and to obey this my commission, 
under the penalty of confiscation of their goods, if they shall 
presume to do otherwise, the said Captain Krieger standing 
obliged to be answerable here, for all such customs as shall 
be received by himself or deputy there, of which he is to 
render unto me a due and exact account."* 

The governor makes the following decision respecting 
Fabricius : 

In consequence of several complaints last year made to the 
Aprii2i. governor, " by the magistrates of Albany, against Magister 

1 Albany Records; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 125. 2 Ibid. vol. xvii. 

3 Breviat, p. 39. 4 Smith's Hist. N. J. p. 55. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 76. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 381 

Jacobus Fabricius, pastor of the Augustan Confession, in 1670, 
that he intrenched upon the civil authority there, I then " ' ' 
thought good to suspend his ministerial functions at Albany, 
until, either by letters, or mediation of friends, he should be Eev. FaM- 
reconciled to the magistrates there, and I from them should «'"^'i t^ou- 
receive a testimony of his reconciliation, the which he hath bany. is 
in no measure performed, and there being now a diiference ^"''p^'^''^'^' ''^ 

^ ' _ c5 jiig functions 

depending before me between the said magister and burghers there, but at 
of this city, for the reasons aforesaid, and for some other ^ew York to 
considerations, I have thought for the present to continue the exercise 
suspension of said magister's ministerial functions at Albany; °'"* 
and think it not convenient, therefore to order that he go 
up thither until I go myself, which I intend this summer, 
when all differences between said magister and the magistrates 
or others there, may better be composed, or the occasion re- 
moved, by my presence. In the mean time, the said magister, 
Jacobus Fabricius, hath liberty to exercise his functions here 
in these parts as heretofore, without any disturbance, pro- 
vided he likewise give no trouble or molestation to others 
differing in judgment from him."^ 

Governor writes to Carre, "that he grants to Jacobus Fab- April 23. 
ricius, pastor of the Lutheran Confession, commonly called ne and his 
the Augustan, who by the duke's license hath a congregation pass to go to 
here, a pass to him and his wife to go to New Castle, or any Delaware. 
place on Delaware, and requests him to show him all civil 
respect when he comes there, and take care that he receive 
no affront ; and presumes he will so comport himself with that 
civility and moderation as to give no just occasion of offence 
to others." He also recommends to Carre a suit which the 
magister will have there in behalf of his wife, who was a 
widow of Sneaf Dircks Van Bergh, of New York, for a 
house and lot at New Castle.^ 

" There are very few inhabitants, and they mostly Swedes, 
Dutch, and Finns ; the people are settled all along the west Presentstate 
side of the Delaware, sixty miles above New Castle, which I ^ *^°"'^' 
is the principal town. The land is good for all sorts of Eng- 
lish grain, and wants nothing but people to populate it, being 
capable of entertaining many hundred families."^ 

Niel Nielsen and others complain to the governor that 

1 Albany Recorils; Court of Assize, vol. ii. p. 153. 

2 Ibid. p. 156. See Paper-Book, p. 39. 

3 Hubbard, in Mass. Hist. See. Coll. vol. vi. p. 675, 2d series. 



382 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



May 25. 

Governor de- 
cides against 
the court. 



Septemlber 3. 

GoTernor 
censures ma- 
gistrates in 
case of mur- 
ders. 



1670. William Tom, through misrepresentation, obtained a patent 
'""^^ ' on Trinity Hook, previously patented to them, and has, by 
order of the court, forbidden them to cut hay or feed the 
marsh. The governor decides they "shall enjoy -what is 
granted on their patent, any patent, grant, or order of court 
to William Tom notwithstanding."^ 

Governor Lovelace, in a letter to Captain Carre, says, " I 
cannot but express my sadness for the misfortune these poor 
people have suffered under, (alluding to a ' new' murder com- 
mitted,) so I cannot acquit the magistrates of New Castle, of 
too much remissness and security in relation to the Indians, 
particularly in not avenging the last murder, committed on 
Mr. Tom's servayit, the commission of which may be a great 
inducement to the Indians to perpetrate this villany, which 
they have lately acted. Make discovery of the guilty ; 
strengthen the garrison by repairs of decayed works, and 
likewise men ; secure from surprise by watches ; summon your 
command, and consult with them the best mode of discover- 
ing the murderers, and demand or force the Indians to deliver 
up and punish.^ 

Governor and council abolish customs lately laid at Whore- 
kill, at request of inhabitants, " provided they do not sell too 
large quantities of liquors to the Indians, nor prejudice their 
neighbours at New Castle, upon Avhich they are to have their 
dependence."^ 

Peter Gronendike is allowed to trade with Indians at 
Whorekill. 

The governor recommends to Captain Carre, as it is 
winter, to disband some of his men, as there is no danger at 
this season from the Indians ; diminish expenses, and enlist 
again in the spring. To let governor know if he requires any 
force from New York.^ 

1671. 

James Mills is commissioned by Governor Lovelace, " as 
surveyor of land at Whorekill and parts adjacent, he behav- 
7anuaryi9. ing according to the custom and practice of surveyors in 
these his royal highness's territories."^ 



Novemtier 1. 

Customs 
abolished. 



Nov. 26. 

Soldiers dis- 
banded dur- 
ing winter. 



' Albany Records ; Breviat, p. 39. 

2 Albany Records ; Council Minutes, p. 232. 
p. G3. Breviat. 

3 N. Y. Records; Breviat, p. 39. 



New Castle Records, lib. A. 
4 Breviat, p. 40. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 383 

Governor grants " a license to William Mills, to purchase 1671. 
land south of the town, at the Whorekill."^ " ""^ 

The governor informs the inhabitants of Delaware that 
the affair with the Indians is respited till Captain Carr's March c. 
arrival.^ 

The governor instructs Martin Krygier on various matters, March 27. 
as follows : 

« Instructions from the governor to Martin Krygier, being 51. Krygicr-a 
bound to Whorekill : instructions. 

" 1st. To bring him an account of the increase or decrease 
of the inhabitants there, and whether any new families are re- 
solved to settle there under protection of his royal highness. 

" 2d. To give him an account of the civil officers, and 
whether the schout is to be altered this next ensuing year, 
and that the person to succeed be recommended to me, whom 
I will authorize for two years. 

" 8d. To inquire concerning those Indians that murdered 
John De Caper's people, and to let me know under what 
jurisdiction they live. 

" 4th. To bring the mill-stones, with the appurtenances, 
with you, unless the inhabitants have need of them, and 
agree with you for them in present pay ; this to be proffered 
to Mr. Mills first. 

" 5th. To remove the customs, and restore them to their 
ancient liberty."^ 

A pass is granted by Governor Lovelace, at New York, for April 14 
the ketch "Prudence," to and from New Castle.* ^p^ss. 

At a meeting of the council in New York, the murders April 25. 
committed by Indians, and the selling of strong drinks to Murders. 
them, are considered. They say, " the murderers are known, seiiingu- 
but for the present it is not thought convenient to prosecute 
to the utmost." 

Captain Carr "relates the desire of many families to Manyfami- 
come and settle below New Castle, at Apoquinimy and to LuiTir 
Bombay Hook ; to be considered of. The most eminent Apoauinimy. 
amongst them are Mr. Jones, Mr. Wharton, Mr. Whale. A 
letter is to be written to some of them about the settlement."^ 

The officers on Delaware are ordered to bring a man from May 5. 
New Castle to New York, for a debt to one Peter Jego.^ 

I Breviat, p. 40. ^ Y<a\d.. 3 Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 135, 325. 

4 Albany Records; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 332. 

5 Council Minutes, vol. iii. p. 57. 6 Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 335. 



firmed to the 

iSwensons. 



384 CHAKLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YOEK. 

1671. Governor Lovelace confirms to Swen Gonderson, Swen 

* — ' — ' Swenson, Oele Swenson, and Andrew Swenson, a patent 

granted by the Dutch governor, dated May 5, 1664, for " a 

May 13. Certain piece of land lying above Moyamensing kill, and so 

Grants con- Stretching upwards in breadth 400 rods, and in length into 

the woods, 600 rods, amounting in all to 800 acres, or 400 

morgen ; quit-rent to his majesty, 8 bushels wheat. "^ (May 

3, 1669.) 

These dimensions are about two miles by one and a half. 
It is not, we believe, precisely known, which was Moyamen- 
sing kill ; some suppose it the present Hay Creek. Penn 
made an exchange with these proprietors, by lands on Schuyl- 
kill, finding the above to interfere with his plans in the 
southern part of the city. 

The council have before them " Captain Krygier's business 

May 28. about the Whorekill," and direct that the "purchase of the 

Purchase of Whorekill by the Dutch be recorded," (where?) and various 

h^Dutch\o other matters ; among which is the shipwreck of Captain Jau 

te recorded, dc Capcr's sloop, and the loss of her crew, who were at first 

g°pg°"'''^® supposed to have been destroyed by the Indians, which seems 

sloop. Go- to have excited much sympathy, as an examination had been 

Maryiaad to i^iade by Captain Krygier, and three papers received from 

he written to Captain Carr in relation to it, from which they say, "in 

regard of the uncertainty of the manner of that disaster, 

and where certainly it fell, whether in his royal highness's 

dominions or in Maryland, it is ordered, that a letter be sent 

to the governor of Maryland, to know what their opinion is 

hereupon, but for some time to suspend the sending it, some 

persons being expected from thence suddenly, who may give 

further light therein. The matters from Whorekill are well 

approved of."^ 

The following is the letter written to governor of Mary- 
june 1. land : 

Letter to go- The govemor first congratulates him on his safe arrival in 
vernor of Maryland ; then asks his interposition to endeavour to hear 

Maryland. ,/ ' i. 

An affecting of and rccovcr the children of Mrs. Courtree and John De 
to lid hi' Caper, the first having one, and the latter three sons, who 
discovering havo bcon iu vain sought for from Delaware. " All the light 
losVfromThe "^'^ *^^^ discover as yet is, that in January, (on information.) 
Kioop. one Henry De Baker, alias Trowstat, repaired to Ferquakeri, 

1 Recorded August 31, 1741, at Upland. Also, Phil. Book A. vol. ix. p. 303. 

2 Albany Records; Council Minutes, vol. iii. p. 60, 61. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 385 

an island on the sea-coast, on the confines, but could find 1671. 
little. In February, on fresh intelligence, he made another ' ' ' 
journey thither, accompanied with t^vo others, viz. John 
Bowyer and Oloff Swans, a Swede, where, (after great diffi- 
culty,) they arriving at the same j^lace, found at last the boat 
belonging to the sloop, with two oars in it, and a chest, but 
saw no human creatures, either civil or savage, and returned 
with this relation ; since which a fresh report is arrived, that 
some of the company was murdered, and some of the youths 
preserved alive, it being customary to those natives to treat 
youth with more tenderness. Thus far, we have traced the 
sad catastrophe of the sloop ; it now remains for you to pro- 
ceed to a full discovery Avhat has become of the surviving 
children, whose parents not only with tears supplicate your 
generous assistance, but will likewise, with all demonstrations 
of gratitude, compensate expenses."^ 

The council order that the persons of the Lutheran pro- June s. 
fession, who consented or subscribed to the payment of the Lutherans to 
church house, (at New York ?) pay their proportion accord- ^^^ ^ "" 
ing to agreement, and likewise pay to the pastor, Fabricius, 
the portion of his salary to the time of the late public dis- 
agreement.^ 

Certain propositions are made by Delaware to the gover- June 24. 
nor. They say, "that the town of New Castle, being the Propositions 
strength of the river, and only capable to defend itself tietoTover- 
against the sudden violence and incursion of the Indians," nor. 
they think they ought to be encouraged, and therefore ask, 

" 1st. For a block-house, to be erected in some convenient Biock-uouse 
place of the town, where constant watch may be kept, (now ^ort 1^^(10^ * 
the fort is fallen to ruin and decay,) for common defence, cay. 
which will not cost much, and may be at the expense of the 
inhabitants of town and county." To this the governor 
assents. 

"2d. That no sloop or vessel from New Castle, or any no vessel to 
other place, go up the river above the town, to trade, as ^t'radT'^'^ 
it will ruin New Castle." 

od. They assign as a reason for the 2d, that " those that go Reason for it 
up receive ready payment in peltry or corn for the liquor '^^^'="^® " 
which they sell by retail, and the inhabitants cannot collect 
their debts." The governor requires a former order to be 
enforced. 

^ Albany Records ; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 355. 2 Ibjd. 

49 2K 



386 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1671. 



Number of 
tappers of 
liquor to be 
fixed. 

Constables 
to be ap- 
pointed. 
King's arms 
to be set up 
in courts. 



Old grants 
confirmed. 
Terms of 
new ones. 



Sundry- 
charges to be 
reimbursed 
by gOTernor. 



Road be- 
tween Dela- 
ware and 
Maryland to 
be opened. 

Corn mea- 
surer. In- 
spector of 
beef and 
pork. 

Mill on Car- 
coon's Hook. 



« 4tli. To prohibit distillation from corn, which consumes an 
immense quantity of grain, &c." Governor orders that no 
person shall distil without license, and pay one guilder per 
can, which is to go to repairing the new block-house, fort, or 
other public works. 

" 5th. To ascertain the number of victuallers or tappers of 
strong drink ; i. e. three only for the town, and some few up 
the river. 

" 6th. That constables be appointed to keep the peace ; have 
staves with king's arms upon them. 

" 7th. King's arms to be set up in courts of judicature, 
which, and the staves, they will pay the expenses ©f. 

To these last three the governor assents. 

" 8th. That grants of plantations made by officers be con- 
firmed." The governor allows all grants heretofore made by 
officers at Delaware ; those now presented by Carr and 
Wharton to have patents on same terms as the rest of Dela- 
ware ; each planter obliged to settle in convenient time, and 
maintain also a house and lot in town or towns to be erected 
for mutual defence. He who hereafter desires to take up 
land, to make it known to the governor, who, if he see cause, 
will grant order for survey ; officers to encourage applications. 

" 9th. That several orders passed at and about the time 
of trial of the Long Finn, as well about public charges as the 
Whorekills having officers subordinate to those of New Castle ; 
as also for clearing highways, maintaining fences, &c., for 
well government of that place be reimbursed by your honour's 
approbation." The governor decides that these orders, &c. 
shall stand good, and duplicates returned. 

"10th. As neighbours of Maryland have offered to clear 
half the way between Mr. Augustan Heermans's plantation 
and town of New Castle, order those of DelaAvare to clear 
the other half, as it will be a great benefit to travelling and 
commerce. 

" 11th. They ask for appointment of a corn measurer, and 
inspector also of beef and pork." To both of these the 
governor agrees. 

« 12th. That there being a mill, or most, if not all the ap- 
purtenances thereto belonging, upon Delaware River, at the 
Carcoon's Hook, which heretofore appertained to the public, 
and now is endeavoured to be engrossed by some particular 
persons for private uses, may be taken into his royal high- 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. §87 

ness's hands, by which some benefit will accrue, and being 1671. 
kept in good repair, will be of public benefit." On this the " — ' — ' 
governor orders for the mill-stones in the mud not used, the 
mill to be let out to best advantage, profit to go to the pub- 
lic ; the mill-stones to be taken up and preserved. 

The governor further leaves to the discretion of the ofiicers seiiing li- 
the selling of liquor to the Indians ; orders the materials in ^^°^^ 



to In- 



(lians. 



the fort to be taken care of, or disposed of tovrards erecting Materials in 
the new fort or block-house; and lastly, that the tenure of ^^"^"^ f"'^* *° '^'^ 
land at Delaware be held in free and common soccage, as his Tenure of 
majesty's patent holds them, according to manor of East J^wtrT^^' 
Greenwich, only this province to pay quit-rent, as acknow- 
ledged to his royal highness.^ 

A general order against distilling without license, on the June 24. 
Delaware, distillers giving their names to the officers at New Distilling 
Castle, and paying one guilder per can in seawan. liquors. 

Grants of land at Whorekill to be confirmed, as for other Grants at 
lands, upon proviso of settling the land and a house, in an ^^firmad. 
appointed town near them.^ 

Walter Wharton is appointed by Governor Lovelace sur- Junesr. 
veyor-general on the west side of Delaware ; any previous w. whartoa 
appointments are revoked.^ surveyor- 

•Tx _ _ general. 

In council, the business of granting patents on Delaware 
was taken up. Captain Carr declares that Governor Mcholls July 1. 
gave the officers orders to make grants of land to those who Grants and 
would plant there, which being transmitted to the governor, "^^^^ ^ 
he was pleased to give patents to them. An order also made 
relating to the grant to Mr. Mills, which is to extend only to 
Whorekill lands, though parts adjacent, on south side of the 
Whorekills, are mentioned."^ 

The difference between Jacobus Fabricius, pastor, and the J"iy6. 
Lutheran Confession, appears to be irremediable, as they J- fabricius 
desire " that they may have nothing further to do with him, '^°'^^'^' 
nor that he may any more molest them, and that a person be 
appointed to settle accounts." A commission is appointed.^ 

Complaints are again made to the governor by divers of juiy 9. 
the Lutheran and Augustan church, (in New York.) against ^^^'"t'l" 

TIT- • T 1 -m 1 • • -1 complaints 

Magister Jacobus Fabricius, the pastor, wherein they charge against 

Fabricius. 

1 Albany Records; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 381; vol. iii. p. 63. 

2 Council Minutes, vol. iii. p. 63. 

3 Albany Records; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 378. 
•* General Entries, vol. iii. p. 64. 

^ Albany Records ; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. p. 378. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



A pass for 
a vessel from 
New York to 
Delaware. 



1671. "him with several matters unbefitting one of his profession, 
" — ' — ' and having advised with council, and hereupon called to me 
some of the court of aldermen, and other grave and sober 
persons for the hearing, &c. &c., neither party being ready, 
it is postponed." On the 5th, an alderman and two others had 
been appointed to examine and settle the differences in that 
church.^ 

A pass is granted to Mr. James Stavely, to sail from New 
July 21. York to Delaware, in the following words, and shows the 
form of such passes : 

" Permit and suffer Mr. James Stavely, merchant, to pass 
from this port with the ketch Elizabeth, whereof Samuel 
Ambrose is master, to New Castle, in Delaware Kiver, and 
to return again with her loading, without any manner of let, 
hinderance, or molestation whatsoever. Given under my hand, 
at Fort James, in New York, this 11th day of July, 23d of 
his majesty's reign, 1671. Francis Lovelace. 

" To the officers of the customs, or whom else it may 
concern."^ 

It appears that the Rev. Mr. Fabricius, becoming at length 
tired of his situation, petitions the governor " for liberty to 
give his congregation a valedictory sermon, and to instal the 
new-come minister, according to the custom used by those 
of their religion," which is approved of. 

It is not stated, excepting in the affair at Albany, what 
the particular cause of offence against the "magister" was; 
it does not appear that any immorality was urged against 
him ; but from the fact being stated about this time, '< of 
several charges" being made "against a minister," (not 
named,) "for not baptizing several children on application," 
which is used as a reason for withholding payment of his 
salary, and for which their goods were seized," and supposing 
that he may be the minister alluded to, it is probable he was 
very rigid, and perhaps tyrannical. We shall hereafter find 
him in another character, in Pennsylvania.^ 

Governor Lovelace writes to governor of New Jersey, tell- 
ing him that the murder of the two Christians, (Dutchmen,) 
was by two Indians, confessedly knoAvn, residing at Suscunk, 
four miles east of Matiniconck Island, and appertaining to 
his jurisdiction. Refers to particulars by the bearer.^ 



August 21. 

J. Fabricius 
prepares to 
preach his 
■valedictory 
aermon. 



Sept. 30. 

Murderers 
in Jersey ju- 
risdiction. 



' General Entries, vol. iv. pp. 15 — 17. 

3 Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 19. 



Ibid. p. 17. 
Ibid. p. 35. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 389 

The council at New York resolve that Thomas Lewis, now 1671. 
bound for New Castle in his sloop, be delayed three or four ' ■ ' 
days, that Peter Alricks and Henry Cousturier may go with 
him. That general instructions be drawn up for them, suit- October s. 
able to the present state of afiairs. That Governor Carteret sioop de- 
be ordered to call a general assembly of New Jersey, to as- ^^'""^^ *°'^ 

^ f. 1 . . commission- 

certain the strength, and how far they will contribute towards erstoDeia- 

a war. That constant correspondence be kept up between ^^^^j^^^ j^^_ 

the two governments, and a mutual understanding, &c.^ seyassem- 

In a letter of this date, to William Tom, the governor ex- ^'^" 

presses his great surprise at what he learns from Mr. Tom, October 6. 

of the particulars of the murder of the two Christians by the Letter from 

Indians, as Captain Carr had so lately assured him " that all ^°''"'°'"^ 

' •>• •' Lovelace to 

things between you and the Indians T,'ere so firmly settled wm. Tom. 
that there was hardly any room left for any jealousy or dis- ^i^^g\°rpriso 
trust of them between you and them, much less that they atthemur- 
should so suddenly break out into those unheard of cruelties biames him 
and villanous murders, which, as their crimes have no parallel, ^°^ ^°^ ^•^}- 
so I am assured the vengeance of God will never forsake us, former cu- 
till we avenge the blood of the innocent on the contrivers' rectioas. 
heads. Had my directions been bravely and vigorously pur- 
sued by you in the last sad accident, I doubt not it would 
have prevented this, and I pray God this sin be not laid to 
your charge." 

He recommends that ''all the frontier scattering planta- Course to be 
tions be ordered immediately to thresh out or remove all their p""^^*^^*^- 
corn, as likewise cattle, that so they may receive the less 
damage by the effects of the war that will ensue." Next, 
" that none, on pain of death, presume to sell any powder, 
shot, or strong waters to the Indians, and that, in the mean 
time, you carry, (if practicable,) a seeming complacency with 
that nation, by either treaty or traffic, that so they may have 
less mistrust of our intended designs ; but if it can be so 
contrived that that nation will either deliver up the murderers 
to you, or their heads, you have then liberty to assure that 
nation of no disturbance, till I am acquainted therewith." 
The governor of New Jersey and Captain J. Carteret are 
acquainted with all this, and will use their endeavours to 
bring the murderers to justice." He recommends " a good 
work about the Matiniconck house, strengthened with a con- 
siderable guard, it would make an admirable frontier."^ 

1 Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 45. 2 Ibid. vol. ii. p. 42. 

2k2 



390 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1671. Governor Lovelace submits the management " connected 

' — ' ' witli the present state of things" to Carr's " discretion. 

People need not flatter themselves with accommodation ; the 

Octobers. Indians have proved that they are not to be trusted. The 

Indians not asscmblj of Ncw Jcrsej is called. Some Indians there say 

to be ^j^g nation are in great fear."^ 

trusted. ° 

Pass for sloop "Royal Oak," Thomas Lewis, master, to 
October 9. pass from New York to Delaware, and at this particular 
juncture to go up the river, and trade and traflSc as the mas- 
ter shall see fit. 

The council determine, " upon serious and mature consider- 
ootoberiT. ation of what has been returned by the officers on Delaware, 
in answer to the late orders sent thither concerning the bar- 
barous murder committed by some Indians on the east side 
of that river, upon two Christians at Matiniconck Island, 
it is resolved and concluded as follows : 

" 1st. That this present season of the year is not a fit time 
Resolutions to commenco a war with the Indians who shall take part with 
of covmcTin ^^® murdcrcrs, as well for the reasons given in writing from 
anticipation the officcrs at Delaware, as for other causes debated in coun- 
war on^Deia- ^il, SO that the prcscnt intended expedition thither is deferred 
ware, in con- until a morc couvcnient opportunity. 

murder of "2d. That, in the mean time, all endeavours be used by 
two ciiris- persons in authority on Delaware, to have the murderers 
brought, either dead or alive ; for accomplishing whereof, if 
any reward shall be proposed or promised by said officers for 
the bringing them in, the same shall be punctually made 
good ; and for that it may so happen that the malefactors, by 
some stratagem or otherwise, may be taken alive, commission 
shall be forthwith granted by his royal highness's governor, 
and herewith sent, empowering and authorizing the officers 
and magistrates who shall therein be named, to bring them to 
condign punishment, by putting the said murderers to death 
in the most public and shameful manner that may be, so as 
to strike terror and consternation into the rest of the Indians 
who shall hear or see the same. 

" 3d. Whereas some resolutions and orders have been lately 
made at Delaware, of their intention to retire into towns for 
their better security against the Indians, in case of a war, 
that the resolutions are very well approved of, and ordered, 

1 Albany Records j General Entries, vol. ii. p. 50. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 391 

that at their best and soonest convenience, they be put in 1671. 
execution accordingly. ' 

" 4th. The like resolution proposed as to Matiniconck ; 
it being a frontier place, it is also allowed and approved of, Resolutions, 
and shall be done at first convenient season. '^'^ ^^^'^ ' 

" 5th. It is also ordered, that the inhabitants at New Castle 
and parts adjacent, upon Delaware River, be digested into 
several companies, as the towns and number of men will per- 
mit, and upon return of the names of the ofiicers that shall 
be chosen amongst them to have the command of such com- 
panies, they shall have commissions for their respective em- 
ployments under his majesty's obedience. In meantime, 
those officers that shall be chosen are to act and proceed with 
allowance, till they be confirmed. 

" 6th. That every person that can bear arms, from 16 to 60 
years of age, be always provided with a convenient propor- 
tion of powder and bullets, fit for service and their mutual 
defence, upon penalty for their neglect herein, to be imposed 
by the commissioned officers in command, according to law. 

" 7th. That the quantity or proportion of powder and shot 
to be adjudged competent for each person, be at least one 
pound of powder and two pounds of bullets ; and if the in- 
habitants on the river shall not be found sufficiently provided 
with arms, his royal highness's governor is willing to furnish 
them out of the magazine or stores, they being accomplished 
and paying for what they shall receive, to the governor or his 
order. 

" 8th. That the places where the townships upon the ri- 
ver shall be kept, be appointed and agreed upon by the 
schout, commissaries, and the rest of the officers there, ac- 
cording to the proposals sent, as also where the block-houses 
and places of defence shall be erected, as well in the town as 
on the river. 

" 9th. That all former prohibitions of selling powder and 
ammunition to the Indians, under what penalty soever, be 
suspended, or left to the discretion of the officers, as they 
shall see occasion, until further orders. 

" 10th. That no corn or provision be transported out of 
Delaware, unless that which is already on board or intended 
to be shipped on the sloop of Thomas Lewis, (now on that 
river,) for which he shall have a special license or permit, 
until further orders. 



392 CHABLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1671. " 11th. That the officers and magistrates at Delaware be 
' ■ ' hereby empowered and authorized to treat with neighbour 
Indians of the Susquehanna, or others, to join together 
against the murderers, and such as shall harbour them, or 
take their part, if occasion shall require, and to promise such 
reward as they shall think fit, provided it be done with great 
privacy and caution, so that no sudden jealousies be given to 
the persons intended to be presented, or their confederates. 

" 12th, and lastly. That the afore-recited officers and ma- 
gistrates, upon all emergent occasions, do take care by all 
means that shall present, (as well as by expresses,) to give an 
account hither of what, from time to time, shall happen there 
in relation to this matter, which said expresses and messen- 
gers shall be well and duly satisfied for their pains and 
trouble."^ 

Governor Lovelace, in a letter to Captain Carr, upbraids 
Not. 19. him for not discharging his duty, and says, "The backward- 
Governor ness of the inhabitants on Delaware has put a stop to the 
charger forwardness of those in New Jersey, who were ready with a 
Capt. Carr handsomo party to have stepped into the work, to bring the 
Tfduty^^'^'^ murderers to condign punishment; and truly I was much 
while he re- . ashamod to SCO such an infant plantation to outstrip us, who 
from ^r should have been rather an example to others than to follow 
duke. them, especially having the countenance of a garrison to boot, 

and you the principal officer. What account I shall give to 
his royal highness of this remissness, I know not, other than 
to lay the blame where it is justly due. For you to receive 
the duke's pay constantly, and the appearance of soldiers, 
and to let the fort run so miserably to decay, and not em- 
ploying them in the reparation, when they did no duty, is but 
just a perfect rent-charge to the duke, for it is not reasonable 
that his royal highness should be at that charge only to allow 
you a salary."^ 

The governor not deeming it prudent to keep the murderer 
Appointa of the Christians so long as to commiunicate with New York, 
special court appoints thc officers and mao-istrates in New Castle and De- 

to try mur- ^ ^ i • r- 

derers. If lawarc Rivor, or any four of them, to be a special court ot 
guilty, to be ^ ^^^ terminer, to call said malefactors before them, (if 

executed •' ' , n i 

forthwith, taken,) and if, by proof or confession, they shall be found 
guilty, that death be forthwith executed upon them.^ 

' Albany Records, vol. iii. p. 81. 

2 Albany Records ; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 07. 3 Ibid. vol. ii. p. 63. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS L07ELACE. 393 

Thomas Lewis, who, with his sloop, was detained on account 1671. 
of the Indians, is released. " ' ^ 

William Tom writes to Governor Lovelace, " that about 
eleven days since, Mr. P. Alricks came from New York ; the Dec. 25. 
Indians desired to speak with us once more concerning the Murderer 
murderers, whereupon they sent for me to Mr. Peter Rambo's, ^^'^™ ^"^ 
where coming, they faithfully promised within six days to ceedingswUh 
bring the murderers, dead or alive ; whereupon they sent out 
two Indians to the stoutest, to bring him in, not doubting 
easily to take the other, he being an Indian of little courage ; 
but the least Indian getting knowledge of the design of the 
sachems, ran to advise his fellow, and advised him to run, or 
else they would both be killed, who answered he was not 
ready, but in the morning would go with him to the Maquas, 
and advised him to go to the next house, for fear of suspicion, 
which he did, and the two Indians coming to his house at 
night, the one being his great friend, he asked him if he would 
kill him, who answered " No, but the sachems have ordered 
you to die;" whereupon he demanded "what his brothers 
said ;" who answered, " they say the like." Then he, holding 
his hands before his eyes, said, "Kill me;" whereupon this 
Indian that comes with Cocker shot him with two bullets in 
the breast, and gave him two or three cuts with a bill on the 
head, and brought him down to Wicacco, from whence we 
shall carry him to-morrow to New Castle, there to hang him 
in chains ; for which we gave to the sachems five match coats, 
which Mr. Alricks paid them. When the other Indian heard 
the shot in the night, naked as he was, he ran into the 
woods ; but this sachem promised to bring the other alive, 
for which we have promised them three match coats. The 
sachems brought a good many of their young men with them, 
and there before us, they openly told them, " Now they saw 
a beginning, and all that did the like should be served in the 
same manner." They promised before them and us, that "if 
any other murders were committed by the Indians upon the 
Christians, that they would bring the murderers to us." How 
to believe them we know not, but the sachems seem to desire 
no war.^ 

Various grants of land are this year made by Governor various 
Lovelace, south of New Castle, viz. 300 acres of upland, ^^^^^^' 
called "High Hook," to Jan Siereks ; 400 acres, called 

• Albany Records ; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 74. 
50 




January 1. 

Governor 
approyes of 
hanging in 
chains. 

License to a 
woman to 
trade on De- 
laware. 



January 26. 

License for 
an agent of 
theLutheran 
church in 
New York 
to go to De- 
Jaware to so- 
licit aid to 
build a 
church. 



January 23. 

Prohibition 
on corn re- 
moved. 



January 26. 

Patent to M. 
Nioholls. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

"Mountain Neck," to Abraham Coffin. From this date, in 
subsequent years, others were made, and the settlement was 
rapid, in the neighbourhood of Apoquinimy.^ 

1672. 

Governor Lovelace replies to information received, that he 
is pleased to learn of the capture of the murderer, and ap- 
proves of hanging his body in chains ; also of the mild course 
adopted by the commissaries, and hopes it may have an effect 
on the murderers at Parder Hook.^ 

A license is granted to Mrs. Susanna Gardner, to trade to 
Delaware.^ 

Whereas the minister and officers of the church of Augus- 
tan Confession, or Lutheran congregation in this city, (New 
York,) under protection of his royal highness, Duke of York, 
have requested my license to build and erect a house for 
their church to meet in, toward which they do suppose all or 
most of the profession will in some measure contribute, and 
there being divers of them on the South River, at Delaware, 
to which place a sloop being now bound, a conveniency pre- 
sents, so that they have pitched upon Martin Hoopman, to 
negotiate there for them. [Here folloAvs the usual pass.] 
The officers there are likewise required no way to hinder or 
molest said Martin Hoopman in his endeavours of collecting 
the benevolence of such of the Lutheran profession in those 
parts towards the intents aforesaid, provided it does no way 
hinder or tend to make division or disturbance amongst the 
people, nor occasion the breach of the peace, the which his 
majesty's subjects are obliged to keep."'^ 

The prohibition on exporting corn, laid in prospect of In- 
dian war, is now removed, and Martin Krygier has permission 
to go with his sloop to Delaware, and return with corn or 
other produce.^ 

A patent granted by Richard Nicholls to Matthias Nicholls, 
for land on south side of Delaware River, near the falls 
known by the Indian name of Chiepiessing , and by Matthias 
Nicholls is conveyed to John Berry and Company, though no 
time was specially fixed for settlement, and owing to distance 

I Foote's Address, which traces these settlements to the present occupants ; 
p. 13, &c. 2 Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 78. 

3 Ibid. vol. iii. p. 89. -» Ibid. p. 86 j vol. ii. p. 137. 

6 Ibid. vol. iii. p. 86. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 395 

of the place from otlier plantations, longer than usual, has 1672. 
expired, this is passed over, and three years from date allowed ' ' ' 
for settlement.^ 

Governor Lovelace issues proclamation forbidding to carry February 4. 
out of the country debtors or servants, without permit. Debtors and 

Prohibition to sloops and vessels going up river above New ^^"^'^^^ ^^^ 

, . . to be re- 

Castle is taken off; henceforth it is lawful for any sloop or moved. 

vessel to go up said river, bringing a certificate from the go- 
vernor of his coming from hence, (Fort James,) but only such February 6. 
as sail from Fort James to have the privilege. The prohibi- ^^^^^^^ ^^- 

l0W6Cl to SSLll 

tion was found inconvenient and unequal, as vessels were up above 
permitted to go up to Albany.^ ^'^'■'' ^"®"®- 

A pass is given to the wife of Laurs Hoist, to go in the February is. 
sloop of M. Krygier to Delaware, and thence up the river in Pass for a 
some boat or canoe, to the Swedes' plantations, with shoes, ^"de'^on pe- 
and such other of her husband's trade, and return without lawaro. 
hinderance.^ 

A grant by Lovelace to Reloff Anderson, for 200 acres on February 20. 
north-west side of Apoquinimy Creek, bounded by Drawyer's 
Creek, confirmed, with various others ; quit-rent, one to two 
bushels of wheat.* 

The governor being about to visit Delaware, issues the fol- March is. 
lowing order to Captain Nicholls, for his troops, as a body- 
guard : 

" Whereas there is occasion of my going in person to De- Governor, 
laware overland, as well to conclude a peace among the f°4°re°caii's 
mutinous Indians in those parts, as to settle affairs on that for troops 
river, under his majesty's obedience, for the which, both for ^^0?^^ 
the reputation of his royal highness, whose person I represent 
here as his governor, and the safety of myself and retinue, it 
will be requisite that I have a party of horse out of the 
troops (of Long Island and this city) * * =i< Summon so 
many persons in each town, besides officers, as will make up 
the number twenty, to be ready with horses and arms. * * 
Those that stay behind shall be obliged to bear their equal 
share and part of trouble and charge, as their fellow-soldiers 
shall be put to that go," &c. &c.^ 

Captain Nicholls summons his soldiers to be at the ferry March 19. 
on Tuesday, 19th instant, where boats will be ready for their chous'^or-" 

ders. 
1 General Entries, vol. iii. p. 97. 2 J^id. 

3 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 99. 4 Breviat. 

5 Albany Records ; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 1 10. 



396 
1672. 



March 22. 

Governor's 
iustructions 
for prepara- 
tions for him 
by the way. 



May 16. 



May 2T. 

Incorpora- 
tion of New 
Castle. 
Terms. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

transportation to the Nevesinh, at the general rendezvous, 
which is appointed for the 22d. 

Out of this numher three persons to be pitched upon " to 
go with Captain John Garland, who is appointed to lead the 
way, and make preparations for the governor and his retinue ; 
to set out on the 12th or 13th instant, at farthest." 

The governor gives instructions to Captain Garland, about 
making the preparations for him. " Go with the horse allotted 
by the captain, as speedily as you can, to Neversinks, thence 
to the house of Mr. Jegoe, right against Mattiniconck Island, 
on Delaware Kiver, where there are some persons ready to 
receive you. Being arrived at the river "side, you are to go 
to Wiccaco, or where you shall be directed, where Captain 
Carr and the commissaries are, to whom deliver the letter, 
and then follow their instructions. You are to see that all 
conveniences for me and my party be made ready for our 
accommodation, as provisions, boats, &c., and likewise a con- 
siderable guard of men at Mattiniconck Island. After all 
these things are in order, you are to meet me with your party, 
and such other volunteers as are disposed to accompany you, 
and meet me one day's journey, which is at the gi'-eat Indian 
plantation, where I intend to lodge that night, and purpose 
to be there, by God's help, on the 24th instant, and perhaps 
on the 23d. When we are there at the general rendezvous, 
I shall set things into further order. You are to treat the 
Indians and others with all civility, and to contrive it so that 
the Sussink Indians may be there when I pass by. You are 
to assure all the Indians that the intention of my coming 
amongst them is out of love and friendship to them." 

During his absence, he intrusted the management of his 
affairs to two members of council.^ 

Hostilities are renewed between the English and the Dutch. 

The inhabitants of Whorekill authorized to elect schout 
and commissaries, in place of those whose terms are now ex- 
piring. On Mr. Krygier's notifying the governor of the 
names of the new ones, they will be confirmed.^ 

The following minute of council, respecting the incorpora- 
tion of New Castle, shows the rights and privileges of that 
town : 

" 1st. New Castle, being a corporation, is allowed of, and 
that it be a bailiwick, and governed by a bailiff and six 

' Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 114. ^ Ibid. p. 130. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 397 

assistants ; after the first year, four old ones to go out, and 1672. 
four others to be chosen in their places. The bailiff to be ' — ■ — ' 
president, and have a double vote. A constable to be chosen 
bj the bench, to try causes as far as .£10 without appeal. 

" 2d. English laws to be established in the town and river. 
The office of schout to be converted into sheriff for the cor- 
poration and river ; to be chosen annually. 

« It is further to be considered of, when Captain Cantwell 
comes, if it be before Captain Carr's going away. 

" 3d. To have free trade, in their being obliged to make 
entry here at New Amsterdam, that the determination hereof 
be suspended until advice be sent about it out of England, 
or other considerations had thereon." 

" Concerning the certificate about the Whorekill, that 
Captain Carr shall have instructions upon at his return. 

" The Delaware expedition to be borne by the public. Mr. 
Nicholls charges the first voyage to Delaware to be borne 
out of the fines of the Long Finn."^ 

" Upon consideration had of a certificate brought by Cap- May 27. 
tain John Carr from New Castle, in Delaware, about the ciaimof 
pretences from Maryland to Whorekill, and their sendino- ^^a-^'yi'^^^'^ ^ 

■^ 1 1 • 1 ° Whorekill 

surveyors to lay out land, without the consent or approbation opposed, 
of the officers there under the protection of his royal high- 
ness, Avho withstood their proceedings therein. It is ordered 
that the magistrates there be vindicated in what they have 
done, to whom a letter of thanks is to be sent ; and it is like- 
wise expected that they continue in their observance of such 
ordinances and directions as they shall receive from his royal 
highness's governor, and none others, until his majesty's or 
his royal highness's pleasure be signified to the contrary."^ 

Daniel Brown, a planter from Whorekill, is committed and J^^^y "• 
sent a prisoner to New York, by the magistrates at Whorekill, a planter 
for contemning the authority of the court, with several other for^Jontempt 
abuses and misdemeanours. On his great sorrow, he is re- of court. 
leased, on bond of X20 to keep the peace, with promise, in 
case of second offence, of exemplary punishment. 

Whorekill is authorized to lay an impost on strong liquors Duty on ii- 
sold there, to repair losses sustained by the privateers last ^y^orekui 
winter ; on each anker of strong liquors, four guilders in 
wampum, for one year only, to test its expediency.^ 

1 Albany Records; Minutes of Council, vol. iii. pp. 92,93. 2 Ibid. p. 94. 
3 Ibid. p. 110. 

2L 



398 
1672. 



August 12. 



August 18. 

Land on 
island oppo- 
site Calcone 
Hook. 



August 22. 



Particulars 
of outrage 
by Jones, at 
Whorekill, 
in letter 
from Love- 
lace to go- 
vernor of 
Maryland. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

Hermanns Fred. Wiltbank, schout, and Otho Wolgart, 
William Claesson, and Isaac Savey, commissaries, are con- 
firmed by the governor, for Whorekill, for one year.^ 

Edward Cantwell appointed high sheriff, (schout ;) also to 
collect certain quit-rents on Delaware River ; William Tom, 
who was appointed August 10, 1669, having resigned.^ 

An order issues in favour of Jan Cornelis Mathys and 
Martin Martinson, inhabitants at Amesland, on Delaware, for 
a parcel of valley or meadow land, upon the island over 
against Calcone Hoolc, near the plantation for which Israel 
Helm, through misinformation, obtained a patent, after being 
in quiet possession of the above. The court of Upland is 
authorized to, examine into the matter, and report.^ 

In consequence of disturbances at Y/horekill by one Jones, 
from Maryland, Governor Lovelace wrote to governor of 
Maryland, thus : 

" Sir — I thought it had been impossible now, in these por- 
tending troublous times, wherein all true-hearted Englishmen 
are buckling on their armour, to vindicate their honours, and 
assert the imperial interests of his sacred majesty's rights 
and dominions, (that now, without any just ground, either 
given or pretended,) such horrid outrages should be com- 
mitted on his majesty's liege subjects, under protection of his 
royal higliness's authority, as was exercised by one Jones, 
who, with a party as dissolute as himself, took the pains to 
ride to the Whorekill, where, in derision and contempt of the 
duke's authority, he bound the magistrates and inhabitants, 
despitefully treated them, rifled and plundered them of their 
goods, and when it was demanded by what authority he acted, 
answered in no other language but a cocked pistol to his 
breast, which, if it had spoke, had for ever silenced him. I 
do not remember to have heard of a greater outrage and riot 
committed on his majesty's subjects in America, but once be- 
fore, in Maryland. Sir, you cannot but imagine his royal 
highness will not be satisfied with those violent proceedings, 
in which the indignity rebounds on him ; neither can you but 
believe it is as easy an undertaking for me to retaliate the 
same affront on Jones's head and accomplices as he did to 
those indefensible inhabitants. But I rather choose to have 
first a more calm redress from you, (to whom I now appeal,) 
and from whom I may in justice expect that right, in the 

« General Entries, vol. iv. p. ISO. 2 Jbid. 3 Ibid. p. 184. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 399 

castigation of Jones, cum sociis, that the nature and the law 1672. 
has provided, otherwise I must apply myself to such other ' ' ' 
remedies as the exigence of this indignity shall persuade me 
to. Thus leaving it to your consideration, I still remain your 
very humble friend, 

" Francis Lovelace. 

"Fort James, New York, August 12, 1672."i 

Governor Lovelace orders Edmund Cantwell " to cause to August 22. 
be seated and cleared by some tenant, for my best advantage, Land for Go- 
a tract of land patented to Richard Gorsuch, on west side of j^emor Love- 
Delaware River, bounded on the north by a creek called by 
the Indians Quiackitcunk, at Nicambanack Creek, and south 
by north side of Pemecacka Creek,^ passing over Passaques- 
sing Creek,^ and hath since assigned the same to me."'^ 

Governor Printz's daughter, Mrs. Pappegoya, presents a Augustas. 
petition to Governor Lovelace, to which the following is his 
answer : 

" Whereas Jeuflfro Armigart Printz, alias Pappegay,-^ living Mrs. Pappe- 
in Delaware River, did make a request unto me, that in re- t°Jof'^Qo^'^' 
gard she lived alone, and had so little assistance by servants, Prmtz, asks 
having only one man-servant, and likewise in harvest time, ^[gyiw^^ 
or other seasons of the year for husbandry, when she was and of non- 
constrained to hire other people to help her, for whose pay- ^^ ^"r'^ser^ 
ment in part, and relief also, she was wont to distil some vanton 
small quantities of liquors from corn, as by divers others is 
used in that river, that I would please to excuse her man- 
servant from ordinary attendance at trainings in the company 
in which he is enlisted, and also give her license to distil in 
her own distilling-kettle some small quantities of liquors for 
her own use, and her servants and labourers, upon occasions 
as before mentioned. I have thought good to grant the re- 
quest of said Jeuflfro Pappegay, both as to the excuse of her 
servant's being at trainings, (extraordinary ones, upon occa- 
sion of an enemy or invasion excepted,) and likewise that she 
have license to make use of her distilling-kettle, as is desired, 
provided it be done with such moderation that no just com- 
plaint do arise thereby, to continue one year."^ 

Captain Edmund Cantwell, high sheriff of New Castle and sept.s. 
Delaware, is appointed to make seizure of stray horses, neat 

1 Albany Records; General Entrie.?, vol. iv. p. 189. 2 Pennepack. 

3 Poetquessing. * Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 189. 

5 Li tliis manner it is written in the record. 

6 Albany Records ; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 190. 



400 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1672. 



Sept. 16. 

Pay for 
tioatini; of 
soldiers. 



October 1. 



October 12. 



Trial be- 
tween Mrs. 
Pappegoya 
and Captain 
Garr, attor- 
ney. 



October 13. 



cattle, and swine, unmarked and running at large, and dis- 
pose of them for his royal highness's benefit.^ 

Governor orders Bedlow to pay boatmen for his boat hire, 
and carrying and bringing back the troops to and from 
Neversink, in the expedition to Delaware, either by discount- 
ing with, or giving credit for the amount of the bills allowed, 
and make the Delaware voyage debtor for the same.^ 

Permission is granted to H. Hendrickson to proceed from 
New York to Delaware, and up the river, to collect his debts. 

The following proceedings in the court of assizes at New 
York, (to which it appears an appeal was made from Dela- 
ware,) between Mrs. Pappegoya and Captain Carr, relate to 
the recovery of Tinnicum Island for Mrs. Pappegoya : 

"Afternoon — Armgart Printz, plaintiff; Captain Carr, as 
attorney for Andrew Carr, defendant. 

" Upon motion of Mr. S. Edsall, assistant to the attorney 
John Sharp, that in regard some of the papers are in High 
Dutch, and others in Low, desiring time till to-morrow after- 
noon to be heard, it is granted, and that the Lutheran domine 
be advised with about the translation from High into Low 
Dutch, of the procuration by Hans Block, and the Dutch 
papers put into English by a good interpreter. 

" Mr. Ryder, attorney for the defendants, denies Captain 
Carr's letter of attorney, as to trial for lands or title." 

It appears Peter Alricks, bailiff of New Castle for Dela- 
ware, was present at the court. 

" Thursday, p. M. — The same parties : Jacob Milborn, by 
power from John Sharp, attorney for plaintiff, is admitted to 
plead, and puts in a declaration. 

" Mr. Ryder refuses to go to trial further than Captain 
Carr's letter of attorney from Andrew Carr directs ; however, 
the court thinks fit to proceed to trial, in regard it was so 
ordered at the high court at Delaware, the governor being 
present. 

" The first bill of sale, in Dutch, upon record, with Mr. 
Van Ruyven, is produced. 

" A power from Governor Printz, under his hand and seal, 
was produced, which being not judged sufficient, in regard 
the state seal was not affixed to it, another was procm^ed, 
with the seal, and likewise put into court. The writings being 
in High Dutch, the translation of it into Low Dutch by the 

' Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 200. ^ Jijij. p. iS4. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 401 

Lutheran domine were, according to order, brought into 1672. 
court. ' ' ' 

"Besides this. Governor Printz dying, the plaintiff was 
forced to procure from Sweden new power from her sisters Tnaiof Pap- 
or other relations, which, in three papers, was delivered in ^^^^^^^ 

also. Carr, con- 

" The original letter of attorney, or power, with the states 
seal, was translated into English by Nicholas Bayard, out of 
the Low Dutch. 

" The bill of sale was read from Dutch into English, by 
Mr. Daniel. 

" Peter Nys declares, that when he was in Holland, he saw 
and had in his hand, the power and consent of Jeuffro Pappe- 
gay, from her sisters, and their husbands' approbation. 

"Mr. Ryder pleads his client Captain Carr had not suffi- 
cient authority in his letter of attorney, which was read, but 
withal produces several authentic papers, with seals to them, 
from out of Holland, against the plaintiff's right. 

" He desires time for other witnesses out of Holland, but 
it is thought fit to delay the case no longer ; so the court re- 
commend it to the jury." 

"Friday, before noon — In the case of Jeuffro Pappegay, October i4. 
plaintiff, and Andrew Carr, &c., defendant, the jury find for 
the plaintiff, as by their following verdict, viz. ' In the case 
depending between Armigart Printz, alias Mrs. Pappegay, 
plaintiff, and Mrs. La Grange, defendant, the jury having 
seriously considered the matter, do find for the plaintiff, and 
award the defendant to pay the principal, with costs of suit, 
and all just damages.' 

" Afternoon — Order and judgment of the court : 

" The same parties. — This case having been ordered to be 
heard at this court, after a full debate, being referred to a 
jury, who brought in their verdict for the plaintiff; the court 
having taken the same into consideration, do unanimously 
agree with the verdict of the jury, in manner and form as 
delivered in court, and do give judgment accordingly, and 
that the defendants pay costs and charges of suit. By order 
of the governor and court of assizes."^ 

In relation to the attack from Maryland on Whorekill, October ir. 
Governor Lovelace instructs Captain Carr as follows : 

" Sir — The letters you sent me, by the express over-land, 

' Albany Records; Court of Assizes, vol. ii. pp. 293 — 300. 
51 21.2 



402 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OP YORK. 

1672. came safe to my hands, witli the enclosed relation and papers, 
' ' ' concerning the Whorekill, and the Marylanders forcibly pos- 
sessing themselves of the place, as also of the goods and 
Instructions cstatcs of somc of the inhabitants, of which we had some 
Carr^^*^'"'^ Tumours before, but did not give much credit to it, supposing 
what was done before to be the rash action of some private 
person, not thinking the authority of Maryland would invade 
his royal highness's territories, which he hath been possessed 
of for near eight years, without giving the least overture of 
it to me, who am his royal highness's deputy. Their former 
violent action and force upon those poor unarmed people, to- 
gether with the particulars of their plunders, I had imme- 
diate opportunity of transmitting to his royal highness, by a 
ship then bound away for London, the which I made use of, 
and recommended their case, and I hope it hath, long ere 
this, arrived at his hands, so that some directions about it 
may be expected in a short time; till when, I think it best 
for the present to leave matters there as they are, Jbut as to 
the cloud which hangs over your heads at Delaware, which, 
it is said, they are making preparations to invade, my in- 
structions and orders to you, and the officers in general, are, 
that you put yourselves in the best posture of defence possibly 
you can, by fitting up the fort in the town, keeping your com- 
panies in arms, both there and up the river, who are to pro- 
vide themselves with fitting ammunition ; and that all soldiers 
be at an hour's warning, upon any alarm or order given ; and 
that, at the town especially, you make your guards as strong 
as you can, and keep a strict watch, and if any enemy come 
to demand the place, that you first desire to know their 
authority and commission, and how it comes to pass those of 
Maryland should now make such an invasion, after so long 
quiet possession of those parts by his royal highness's deputies, 
under his majesty's obedience, and by other nations before 
that, several years before the date of the Lord Baltimore's 
patent, whom they never disturbed by arms, and whose right 
is now devolved upon the duke. Stand well upon your guard, 
and do not begin with them, but if they first break the peace, 
by firing upon your guards, or any such hostile action, then 
use all possible means to defend yourselves and the place ; 
and command all his majesty's good subjects to be aiding 
and assisting to you, who, I hope, will not be wanting to their 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR FRANCIS LOVELACE. 403 

abilities. In all matters of concern, you are to take advice 1672. 
of the chief officers there. * ' ' 

" This will come to you by your bailiff, Mr. Peter Alricks, 
■who is hastening overland, to secure his affairs there, in this 
portending invasion, and to give his best help for the safe- 
guard of the place, and his royal highness's interest, upon all 
occasions. Fail not to send an express to me, by whom I 
shall give you such further directions and assistance as will 
be requisite, and if occasion should be, will come over myself 
in person, though the spring would be more suitable for me 
than a winter voyage. So recommending all things to your 
care and vigilance, of which I expect a good account, I con- 
clude, being your very loving friend, Francis Lovelace. 
« Fort James, in New York, this 7th of October, 1672."^ 
William Douglass is taken by sloop from New Castle, a Dec. 26. 
prisoner to New York, he having returned after banishment wiiiiam 
from the government. Is to be imprisoned and kept till fur- ^°"sias3 

o r r imprisoned 

ther orders.^ again. 

This year the celebrated Friend, George Fox, visited this George Fox 
part of the country. He arrived from Jamaica, in Mary- q^^^^^^ 
land, and, accompanied by John Burnyeat, Robert Withers, 
and George Pattison, on their way to New England, by 
land, they touched at New Castle, and from thence, with 
much difficulty, crossed the Delaware. On their return, they 
again visit New Castle, swimming their horses by the sides 
of canoes, and underwent many difficulties. At New Castle, 
they met with a handsome reception from Governor Carr, and 
had a pretty large meeting there, it being the first ever held 
in that place ; thence they returned to Maryland.^ 

1673. 

William Douglass, for the trouble he has given, is to be February 6. 
sent by Captain S. for Barbadoes, there to be sold.* 

Governor Lovelace appoints Peter Alricks, Captain Edmund March 2. 
Cantwell, William Tom, and Captain Walter Wharton, com- 
missioners to appraise and set a value upon the island of 
Tinnicum, in Delaware River, (not long since in tenure or 
possession of defendant, Andrew Carr and wife Priscilla,) 

' Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 213. ^ Ibid. p. 244. 

'^ Smith's History of Pennsylvania, in Reg. Penns. vol. vi. p. ISl, which see 
for some curious incidents. 

4 Albany Records; Minutes of Council, vol. iii, p. 131. 



404 



CHAELES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1673. 



Mrs. Pappe- 
goya to be 
put in pos- 
session of 
Tinnicum 
Island, for 
amount of 
judgment 
against Carr. 



Licenses 
'j'ranted. 



March 18. 

Lord Berk- 
ley sells to 
.Tohn Fen- 
Tvick. 

Wm. Pcnn 
arbitrator 
between 
Byllinge and 
Fen-wick. 



and other goods. The commission sets forth, that "Whereas 
Jeuffro Armgardt Printz, alias Pappegay, did obtain a judg- 
ment upon the verdict of a jury, at the last general court of 
assizes, against Andrew Carr and Priscilla his wife, for the 
sum of 3000 guilders, Holland money, or ,£300 sterling, to- 
gether with all due charges and costs of suit, the determina- 
tion whereof being referred to the major part of the bench, 
they did make report that ,£50 shall be allowed for interest 
and forbearance of principal debt, leaving the other charges 
and costs to the determination of the law." Governor con- 
firms decision of £300 and <£50, and £5 more, charges ap- 
parent and usual costs to be levied on estate, goods, and 
chattels of defendants, on Delaware River or elsewhere, 
within the government; if there be not sufficient" — [Then 
follows an execution to be served on Carr's estate, for use of 
Jeuffro Armgardt Printz, alias Pappegay, directed to Cant- 
well, high sheriff, to levy, after appraisement made.] "And 
for that it is thought the most considerable part of Carr's 
estate is upon island of Tinnicum, you are hereby empowered 
to put the said Jeuffro Printz into possession of said island, 
and the stock thereon, which, if not sufficient, levy on other 
property of Carr."^ 

A pass for John Schouten to go with his sloop to jSTew 
Castle, or parts adjacent, and return to New York with his 
loading. Also a license for John Garland, to trade or traffic 
with the Indians or others at Whorekill, in any goods not 
prohibited, and likewise to go up the river above New Castle, 
in any vessel belonging to New York, according to toleration 
granted by governor in council, 27th January last. The 
magistrates are required not to hinder him, any former orders 
notwithstanding.^ 

Lord Berkley parted with the whole of his right and title in 
New Jersey, to John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Byllinge, 
for £1000, thus dissolving the joint tenancy with Carteret.^ 

Some difficulty afterwards occurring between Fenwick and 
Bj'llinge, as to their respective interests, William Penn was 
appointed arbitrator, wdio gave Fenwick one-tenth of the 
province, with a considerable sum of money ; the remaining 
nine-tenths to Byllinge.'^ 



' Albany Records; General Entries, vol. iv. p. 260 — 262. 

2 Bi-eviat, p. 42. 3 Mulford, p. 1C5. Mickle, p. 29. Johnson, p. 13. 

■) Mulford, p. 1G6. 



STATES-GENERAL, UNDER ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR. 40^ 

The aflFair of Whorekill considered by governor and coun- 1673. 
cil ; letters from Carr, Cantwell, and Wharton read, propos- ' ' ' 
ing plans for reducing it ; ordered to send a commission to 
the officers and magistrates at Delaware, "to go to Whore- April 24. 
kill, there to keep a court in the king's name, and inquire of commisaioa 
all irregular proceedings, and settle the governor and officers to go to 
there as formerly, under his majesty's obedience, and accord- 
ing to particular instructions to be sent." This shows that 
the Marylanders did not keep possession of the Whorekills.^ 

Several grants of land at New Castle, and between "Dog Grants of 
and iSFamon's" Creek, reserving to the duke quit-rent of one ^™*^' 
bushel of wheat.^ 

Proclamation of governor, reciting the great scarcity of June 24. 
wampum throughout the duke's territories, which was received Prociama- 
and paid currently there in all transactions between man and ^""^ respect- 
man, therefore, in order to bring in wampum, increasing and pum. 
raising the value of it to one-third more than it was before.^ 
Six beads were formerly valued at a stiver, of which twenty 
made a guilder, or about fourpence sterling.* 

War between the Dutch and English having commenced July 30. 
last year, a few Dutch ships, under command of Evertse and Dutch re- 
Benkes, now arrive under Staten Island, a few miles from yo4 &I 
New York. The commander of the fort, John Manning, 
treacherously made peace with the enemy, and delivered up 
the foi't without giving or receiving a shot, and the major 
part of the magistrates and constables swore allegiance to the 
States-General and the Pi-ince of Orange. Thus New York, 
as well as New Jersey, became once more under the Dutch 
government. Deputies were likewise sent by the people in- 
habiting the country as far west as Delaware, who, in the 
name of their principals, made a declaration of their submis- 
sion, and Delaware again reverted to the Dutch.^ 

Anthony Colve was appointed governor, and various pri- August 12. 
vileges were conferred on the people. 

The folloAving is Governor Colve's commission, which shows 
the extent of the Dutch claim : 

" Whereas it is necessary that a good and expert person Governor 
should be chosen to act as governor and chief magistrate in 
this conquest of New Netherland, with all its dependencies, 
beginning at Cape Henlopen, on south side of Delaware Bay, 

1 Breviat, p. 42. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Proud, vol. i. p. 134. 

5 Smith's N. Y., vol. i. pp. 39, 40. MuUbrd's N. J. p. 157. 



Colve's com- 
mission. 



406 STATES-GENERAL, UNDER ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR, 

1673. and the South River included, in such a manner as it was in 
'" ' -' former days possessed by the directors of the city of Amster- 
dam, and afterwards by the English government, in the name 
Governor and in behalf of the Duke of York, and further of aforesaid 
coive'scom- Qq^^q Henlopon, all alono; to the great ocean, to the east of 

mission, con- J^ r ' & a 5 

tinued. Loug Island and Shelter Island, and from there westward to 
the middle of the channel named the Sound, to the village 
Groenangen, on the continent, and so to proceed landward in 
upon a northerly line, so that it shall proceed to ten miles 
from the North River, in conformity to the provisional divi- 
sion of the limits, as agreed upon in the year 1650, which 
afterwards was confirmed and ratified by their high and 
mighty lords the States-General of New Netherland, on 22d 
February, 1656, and 23d January, 1664, with all the lands, 
islands, rivers, lakes, kills, creeks, fresh and salt water, fort- 
resses, cities, villages, and plantations comprehended within 
it, so is it that we, sufficiently convinced of the experience of 
Anthony Colve, captain of a company of Netherland infan- 
try, in the service of the high and mighty, &c., in virtue of 
our commission granted to us by aforesaid high and mighty, 
&c., commissioned and qualified, so as we by this do commission 
and qualify the aforesaid Anthony Colve to govern as gover- 
nor-general, this country and fortresses, with all their appur- 
tenances and dependencies, and to protect these against all 
invasions of enemies, so as he, to the best of his abilities, 
shall deem most salutary for the service of this country, 
commanding therefore all high and low ofiicers, justices and 
magistrates, and other commanders, soldiers, citizens, and all 
inhabitants of this country, to acknowledge, honour, respect 
and obey the aforesaid Anthony Colve as the governor- 
general, as we have deemed this necessary for the service of 
the country. All this under approbation or rejection of lords 
principals. Bone, &c. August 12, 1673. 

" C. EVEKTSE, jun. 
"J. Benkes."! 
Governor Lovelace was ordered to depart the province, but 

Departlire of afterwards obtained leave to return to England with Com- 

Loreiaco. maudor Benkes.^ 

The Delaware having again reverted to the Dutch, before 

Sept. 12. a council of lords, in the military tribunal at Fort William 
Henderick, (New York) present, Benkes, Evertse, jun., and 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxiii. pp. 332, 333. 2 Smith's N. Y. vol. i. p. 39. 



DUTCH GOVERNOR, ANTHONY COLVE. 407 

Captain A. Colve, appeared deputies of South River, who 1673. 
deliver their credentials, and further declared their submission ' • ' 
under obedience to the honourable lords States-General of 
New Netherland, and his serene highness, Prince of Orange, Conditions 
and asked for certain privileges. They were answered thus : ^y theoutch 
"1st. Till further orders from Holland, they may enjoy after return 
free trade and commerce with Christians and savages, as trytothTir' 

others enjoy. government. 

" 2d. A commander shall be appointed on South River, 
authorized to enlist ten or twelve soldiers, and further, to 
summon and command every sixth man of all the inhabitants 
to build a fort in the most convenient place. 

" 3d. A person to be authorized by the commander to in- 
vestigate what debts are yet to be paid to the English govern- 
ment, and what debts of that government are yet unpaid, 
which, when reported to the governor, further order will be 
issued. 

"4th. Freedom of conscience is granted to petitioners. 

"5th. The valley near the place to be disposed of at a 
convenient time, and as the governor shall direct. 

" 6th. Swedish and Finnish residents on South River to 
enjoy same privileges as other subjects. 

" 7th. Inhabitants of South River, in consequence of ex- 
penses in constructing the fort, to be free from taxes on land, 
and from excise on wines and distilled liquors consumed there, 
till May, 1676. 

" 8th. The English to be entitled to the same, provided 
they take oath of loyalty. 

" 9th. All inhabitants on South River to keep undisturbed 
possession of houses, lands, and property. When persons 
now residing in Maryland possess any lands on South River, 
and obtain lawful deeds, they shall be permitted, within 
three months from this day, to apply to, and have deeds con- 
firmed by the governor, but must in that time settle under 
this government, and take oath of allegiance, or forfeit their 
lands. Done at Fort William Hendricks, September 12, 1672. 
" Signed, Jacob Benkes, 

" Cornel. Evertse, jun." 

"A majority of inhabitants to name, by a majority of Three 
votes, eight persons for each court of justice, whose jurisdic- rhd^ctions!^' 
tions provisionally shall be : Judges, how 

" 1st. For Hew Amstel, for inhabitants of east and west 



408 DEPUTY, PETER ALRICKS. 

1673. shore of Christina kill to Bompjes Hook, including inhabit- 
' — ' — ' ants of Apoquinimy. 

'< 2d. For Upland, for east and west wall of Christina, up- 
ward to mouth of river. 

" 3d. For WhoreJcill, east and west wall of Cape Henlopen, 
to Bompjes Hook. 

" Said nominations to be delivered to commander and 

sheriff, P. Alricks, to be conveyed to governor, to select from 

it, and commission to be sent to such." Signed as above.^ 

Peter Alricks was appointed by Governor Colve, schout or 

Sept. 19. sheriff, and commander on South Eiver, lately named Dela- 

p. Alricks ware, beginning at Cape Henlopen, and so much further south 

appointed by ^^g -^ ^^^ possessod during the former Dutch government. He 

schout and took the oath of allegiance to New Netherland, and is re- 

commander. ^^j^.^^ ^^ ^^^^ -^ f^,^^ ^Y[ who Submitted. 

Walter Wharton is appointed surveyor-general. 

Commander Alricks was authorized to enlist ten or twelve 
Rations. soldiers at the expense of the government, among whom to 
be two corporals, at 48 st. Holland, and for soldiers, 35 st. 
per week ; rations, 6 pounds beef, 6 pounds rye bread, half 
pound butter, half vat small beer, for 7 men per week ; one 
schepel peas per month. He received the following instruc- 
tions : 

"1st. Sincere, true Christian religion, in conformity with 
Sept. 27. Synod of Dordrecht, shall be preached, and by all means 
Instructions, maintained, without permitting that, by any other sect, any 
thing contrary to it is attempted. 

" 2d. He is seriously recommended to keep his people in 
good order, and to be every night precisely in the fort. 

" 3d. He shall, as far as in his power, keep good corre- 
spondence with the commissaries on South River. 

" 4th. Keep the natives or Indians devoted to him as far 
as possible, and endeavour to render the Dutch government 
palatable to them. 

" 5th. He shall, in distributing rations, regulate himself 
as follows : for each man, per week, 6 pounds beef, or 3J 
pork, 6 pounds bread, half pound butter, or 2 st. Holland in 
lieu of it, one half vat of small beer for 7 men ; each month, a 
schepel (3J bushels) peas each man. 

" 6th. As regards sheriffalty, he shall conduct agreeably to 
instructions from time to time. 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxiii. p. 323. 



DUTCH GOVERNOR, ANTHONY COLVE. 409 

" 7th. Further, he shall regulate himself agreeably to 1673. 
orders sent. ' ' ' 

" 8th. Shall not neglect to inform us, by every opportunity, 
of any transactions there, and, if required, despatch an ex- 
press for the purpose. 

" 9th. Shall endeavour, as far as possible, to obtain infor- 
mation of transactions of the English in Maryland and Vir- 
ginia, and make them known to us. 

" 10th. The commander is authorized, under my approba- 
tion, to distribute lands among the inhabitants on South 
River, to promote agriculture, after having measured them 
by a sworn surveyor, and requested a deed and confirmation."^ 

A general act of confiscation was passed by the Dutch, on sept. 20. 
recovering possession, of all the houses, lands, goods and Actofcon- 
efi"ects, without exception, in this country, belonging to the 
kings of England and France, and their subjects, and also 
of those of the Duke of York, his late governor and auditor- 
general, and all other military officers in this country, on 
behalf of the high and mighty lords, &c. of New Netherland, 
with the only exception of the neighbouring colonies of New 
England, Virginia, and Maryland, who, for sufficient reasons, 
remain as yet excluded from this general confiscation ; com- 
manding, yet once more, each of our good inhabitants, that 
they, in conformity to the placard, shall discover and faith- 
fully communicate what may be known to them upon the 
amende mentioned; each one is once more warned at his 
peril.^ 

Commander Alricks, on South River, is ordered by letter, November? 
in case Captain John Carr did not, as he requested, submit Captain 
himself and reside within the government, to take possession C'^"'^ p'°- 

" 7 r perty to be 

of his estate, in virtue of the decreed confiscation, and trans- confiscated. 
mit by first opportunity an inventory.'^ 

Hermanns Wilbank, Sander Molestyn, Dr. John Rootes, Nov. 28. 
and William Claessen, are approved by the governor out of Magistrates 
the nominations by the inhabitants of Whorekill, as magis- yn^'^"'^' 
trates for one year. 

Two millstones lying useless at Whorekill, formerly be- Muistonea. 
longing to the city's colony, are wanted at New Amstel. The 
magistrates ordered to send them to Alricks.* 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxiii. pp. 11, 12. 2 Ibid. p. 3-37. 

3 Ibid. p. 96. 4 Ibid. pp. 96, 301. 

62 2M 



410 



DEPUTY, PETER ALKI.CKS. 



January 24. 

Mary landers 
burn houses 
and drive off 
inhabitants, 
to whom 
Colve offers 
provision. 



February 19. 

Treaty of 
Westminster 
restores the 
Dutch con- 
quest to the 
English. 



February 20. 

Fenwicb con- 
veys to Wil- 
liam Peun, 
&e. as trus- 
tees. 



Proceeding 
in court 
against Fab- 
ricius. 



1674. 

Several Englishmen from Maryland drove the subjects of 
this government, in a barbarous and cruel manner, from their 
dwellings, and ruined them, by burning their houses, thereby 
no doubt bereaving them of means of subsistence. Governor 
Colve i^ublishes that he will provide for all such exiles, Dutch 
or English, who go to him with certificates of the fact from 
Alricks. The inhabitants at Whorekill, on appearance of 
any enemy, are to obey orders of the commander, or be 
prosecuted as perjured.^ 

The treaty of peace was signed at Westminster, between 
England and the States-General, the 6th article of which 
says, " That whatsoever countries, islands, towns, ports, cas- 
tles, or forts, have or shall be taken on both sides, since the 
time the late unhappy war broke out, either in Europe or 
elsewhere, shall be restored to the former lord or proprietor, 
in the same condition they shall be in when the peace itself 
shall be proclaimed." Under this treaty the English again 
acquire possession of New York and the Delaware, the Dutch 
having held them but for a short time.^ (February 9.) 

Fenwick and his cestui que trust, Edward Byllinge, (the 
latter having become unfortunate,) conveyed, for the benefit 
of his creditors, to William Penn, Gawn Lawrie, and Nicholas 
Lucas, nine undivided tenth parts of the province, the re- 
maining tenth part continuing in the hands of Fenwick. 
This remainder was soon after leased for one thousand years, 
to Eldridge and Warner, from whom Fenwick, before leaving 
England, had procured money, who were allowed to dispose 
of as much land as would reimburse them, thus placing the 
control of the whole in the hands of the lessees, subject to 
a contingent claim remaining with Fenwick.^ Thus William 
Penn became one of the chief instruments in settling West 
New Jersey.* (February 10.) 

Rev. Mr. Fabricius appears to be again in trouble. The 
following proceedings in court appear in the case : 

" Attorney-general, plaintiff, against J. Fabricius, before a 
Lutheran minister, defendant — The plaintiff, ratione' officii^ 
said, the defendant, last Monday a fortnight, married a cer- 
tain R. Doxe, now a prisoner, to one Mary Ann Harris, 



' Albany Records, vol. xxii. p. 137, 
3 Mulford, p. 167. Mickle, p. 29. 



Smith's N. Y. vol. i. p. 41. 
Proud, vol. i. p. 137. 



DUTCH GOVERNOR, ANTHONY COLVE. 411 

mthout consent of the governor, or of magistrates, without 1674. 
inquiry if any legal objections were against it, which is a case '" ' ~' 
against all good laws, to the prejudice of your inhabitants, 
and in contempt of the good laws of this country, who there- 
fore ought to be punished as he deserved ; therefore plaintiff 
concludes that the defendant shall be brought to the place 
where public justice is administered, there to be severely 
flogged, and banished for ever out of the province." 

"Attorney-general, plaintiff, against J. Fabricius, defend- Another suit 
ant — Plaintiff, nomine officii, says the defendant on 23d last, '^s=^i°«t F^b- 

' -^ ' •' ^ ' ricius for an 

P. M., came to the house of Mary Jurianen, made an assault assault upon 
on her in her own house, and committing violence in taking * ^^°°^'^°- 
her goods away, as is evident by the afl&davits annexed, be- 
sides complaint of many aforesaid, which certainly in any 
place of good police ought not to be tolerated, but punished, 
for an example for others. Asks that he shall be punished 
with arbitrary correction, for the violence, and for striking, 
five beavers, cum expensis." 

R. Doxe is also sued for coming to Fabricius with counter- 
feited certificate of T. Wendall, &c,^ 

Jacobus Fabricius, minister, (severely indisposed,) peti- Petition of j. 
tions Governor Colve, and "shows, with all humility and ^■^^™™sf°'-' 

' _ ' _ _ "^ absolution. 

submission, the great mistake which I (he) committed in mar- ms reasons, 
rying a couple on the 6th of February last, and prays his 
honour to absolve me (him) this time in your discretion, con- 
sidering I was ignorant of the present customs, nor of the 
fraud of the witnesses, besides the conduct of Thomas Wen- 
dall, and her importunate entreaties, which I more than once 
declined ; and lastly, that in my enfeebling sickness, I had 
not my mind sufficiently at command. I shall not only ac- 
knowledge this mercy v/ith thankfulness and praise, as good 
before men, but be more on my guard in future, on similar 
occurrences, as it would cause my ruin, which your honour 
might possibly effect, but your honour would not be benefited 
by it, and merc}^ ought always obtain a place before justice, 
more so yet, as it is the first time. I expect then, a consoling 
absolution, by which they would console my poor distressed, 
sick soul. M. J. Fabricius."^ 

"The defendant. Jacobus Fabricius, remaining in default, March 5. 
is required to appear at next session of court. "^ 

1 Albany Records, vol. xxiii. pp. 44S, 449. 2 Ibid. p. 446. 

3 Ibid. p. 161. 



412 



CHAELES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1674. 



March 21. 

Fatricius is 
suspended 
for one year, 
and fined for 
striking a 
woman. 



Doxe's mar- 
riage de- 
clared ille- 



April 18. 

J. Fabricius 
asks to be 
permitted to 
Ibaptize. 



July 9. 

New letters- 
patent to 
the Duke of 
York. 



July 11. 



August 8. 



October 31. 



The governor and council, hearing the submission and con- 
fession of J. Fabricius, and "informed too of his previous 
bad conduct, nevertheless, from respect of his old age, and 
the office in which he for some time acted, unwilling to pro- 
ceed against him with severity and rigour, condemn and de- 
clare him unable, during a whole year, to act as a gospel 
minister, or in any way whatever dependent on that office. 
Then he shall be obliged to solicit a special consent, before 
he can be admitted again to the ministry." 

Doxe's (whom he married) marriage was declared illegal, 
because Fabricius was not duly qualified, and three proclama- 
tions had not been made : the charge of bigamy not substan- 
tiated, therefore he is permitted to have his marriage 
confirmed, according to laws of the government. 

In the case of violence in striking Mary Jansen, J. Fabri- 
cius confesses it, but says she " provoked him to it by scold- 
ing." He is fined two beavers, cum expensis^ 

J. Fabricius prays that his sentence may be so far mitigated, 
that if he is not permitted to preach, at least he might be to 
baptize. " The suppliant's petition is excused." [1) The in- 
dex, in referring to this, says, "he is permitted to baptize."^ 

Some doubts arose whether the changes in government 
from English to Dutch, and back again to the English, had 
not impaired the Duke of York's title, and grants made by 
him under it. To prevent any difficulty which might occur 
with regard to this question, letters-patent were issued by his 
majesty to the duke, in nearly the same words with the former 
grant, conveying again to him the same portion of territory.^ 
(June 29.) 

Two days after receiving the patent, the duke commissioned 
Sir Edmund Andross governor over the whole country, from 
the west side of Connecticut River to the east side of Dela- 
ware, embracing what of New Jersey had been previously 
granted to Berkley and Carteret.'* 

The duke executes a new conveyance to Sir George Car- 
teret, in severalty, for only the eastern part of New Jersey,, 
Lord Berkley having previously, (March 18, 1673.) disposed 
of his own undivided portion of the province. 

About this time Major, afterwards Sir Edmund Andross, 
arrived as the governor under the Duke of York, and soon 



' Albany Records, vol. xxiii. p. 169. 
3 Mulford, p. 159. 



2 Ibid. 

4 Ibid. p. 161. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 413 

after issued a proclamation, confirming all grants for land 1674. 
heretofore made, as well as judicial proceedings, to his arrival. " ' ' 
He established former laws, together vath the manner and 
time of holding courts, &c.^ 

(Saturday.) The Fort Amsterdam, New York, was this not. lo. 
day surrendered to Governor Andross, and Matthias Nicholls Fort de- 
sworn in as one of the council. All magistrates in place at ^^^^^'^rMs" 
the time of the Dutch coming here, to be re-established for Magistrates 
Delaware River, except Peter Alricks, the bailiff, he having ^jjg^g^' ^^, 
proffered himself to the Dutch at their first coming, of his cept Airicks. 
own motion, and acted very violently as their chief officer 
ever since.^ (October 31.) 

Andross informs, by letter, the governor of Maryland, that Nov. is. 
he has received from the Dutch, New York and its depen- Andross 
dencies, in behalf of his majesty, to continue as formerly ^emorof^*^ 
under his royal highness ; that he has given orders to magis- Maryland, 
trates and officers at Delaware, " to prevent or redress any 
kind of injury to the neighbouring colonies, and will not 
doubt the like on the governor of Maryland's part."^ 

Andross reappoints all commissaries who were in office not.u. 
when the Dutch took possession in July, 1673.^ 

Captain Cantwell, formerly sheriff of Delaware, to be sheriff, 
and William Tom secretary or dark for the town of New 
Castle. Captain Cantwell and J. De Haas are authorized to 
receive quit-rents and all other duties, whether customs or 
excise, as formerly was established before the coming of the 
Dutch, and for customs as they now are, since established by 
his royal highness, and to return a true account of the state 
of all matters relating to the revenue, by first opportunity. 

Governor Andross commissions Captain Cantwell and Wil- Andross ap- 
liam Tom to take possession of the fort at New Castle ; also P^i'^ts o®; 

•^ ' cers at Dela- 

the cannons and all other stores of war there, or in any other ware to re- 
part of the river, for his majesty's use, pursuant to articles ^^^"^^"^^^ 
of peace with the Dutch ; " and you are, upon occasion, to 
send to any other part of the country for the repossession 
and settling any of his majesty's subjects in their just rights, 
and particularly at the Whorekills ; likewise to comport your- 



1 Smith's N. J. pp. 7T, 78. Proud, vol. i. p. 136. 

2 Albany Records ; Minutes of Council, vol. iii. p. 1. 

3 N. Y. Records ; in Breviat, p. 42. 

* Albany Records; Minutes of Council, vol. iii. p. 1, 66. See Reg. Penns. 
vol. iv. p. 56. 

2u2 



414 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1674. 



Magistrates 
of Dela- 
ware, 



Nov. 21. 

Nov. 22. 

Various com- 
missions to 
Capt. Carr. 



Nov. 19. 

Proclama- 
tion of Gov. 
Andross, on 
assuming 
the govern- 
ment, con- 
firming all 
grants and 
Judicial pro- 
ceedings be- 
fore the 
Dutch took 
possession. 



selves with neighbouring colonies in a friendly and amicable 
manner. "•'■ 

The names of the justices for New Castle are Hans Block, 
John Moll, Fop Outhout, Joseph Chew, Dirck Alberts. For 
the river, Peter Cock, Peter Rambo, Israel Helme, Laers 
Andriesson, Wolle Swain.^ 

Captain Cantwell is authorized to administer the oath of 
office to the commissaries and others at New Castle and 
Whorekill. He is also to inquire for the king's colours, which 
were in the custody of Captain John Carr, late deputy go- 
vernor, before the Dutch came, in 1673, who having gone out 
of the government, is supposed to have taken them with him, 
or left them with some private person. If found, to use them 
in the fort, and for the company in New Castle of which he 
is captain. 

Andross issues the following proclamation : 

" Whereas it hath pleased his majesty and royal highness 
to send me with authority to receive this place and govern- 
ment from the Dutch, and to continue in the command thereof 
under his royal highness, who hath not only taken care for 
our future safety and defence, but also given me his command 
for securing the rights and property of the inhabitants, and 
that I should endeavour, by all fitting means, the good and 
welfare of this province, and dependencies under his govern- 
ment, that I may not be wanting in any thing that may con- 
duce thereunto, and for the saving of the trouble and charge 
of any coming hither for the satisfying themselves in such 
doubts as might arise concerning their rights and property, 
upon this change of government, and wholly to settle the 
minds of all in general, I have thought fit to publish and 
declare, that all former grants, privileges, or concessions 
heretofore granted, and all estates legally possessed by any 
under his royal highness, before the late Dutch government, 
as also all legal and judicial proceedings during that govern- 
ment, to my arrival in these parts, are hereby confirmed, and 
the possessors, by virtue thereof, to remain in quiet possession 
of their rights." It is also "declared, that the known book 
of laws formerly established, and now in force, under his 
royal highness's government, is now again confirmed by his 
royal highness, which are to be observed and practised, to- 



• Albany Records; Minutes of Council, vol. iii. pp. 1, 6(5. 
vol. iv. p. 56. 



See Res 



, Penns. 
Ibid. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 415 

getlier with the manner and time of hohling court therein 16*74. 
mentioned, as heretofore, and all magistrates and civil officers ' ' ' 
belonging thereunto to be chosen and established accord- 
ingly."' (November 9.) 

1675. 
E. Andross, in a letter to Cantwell, acknowledges receipt January i9. 
of his (Cantwell's) letters of 30th November and 9th Decem- Letter from 
ber, informing " of his having taken possession of the fort, ^"'^'^^^^ *■" 

' o ^ . Cantwell. 

and of the magistrates being settled at New Castle, as also Fort; lands 
up the river and at the Whorekill." Andross " is glad to ^jj^^^""^' 
hear that people are generally so well satisfied with the Mm-derof 
change, and of the likelihood of new comers to settle in these ^jy inaLnl 
parts ;" thanks him for his care in executing his orders, and 
allows of his " entertaining a man for the fort, and taking 
up a barrel of powder and shot," as he mentions, and pro- 
mises all encouragement and protection, in order to which, he 
expects to visit them in the spring. " In the mean time, 
you may give such new comers as desire to continue there 
any reasonable quantity of lands not disposed of or settled 
in time, according to their capacity and number of hands 
they shall bring for clearing, due regard to be had to the late 
war, and former undertakers to be preferred. The quantity 
of lands to be disposed of I must leave to your discretion, 
referring you to the custom of the place and neighbourhood, 
but suppose forty or fifty acres may be sufficient for a head 
of age to improve it, lest we run into former errors, of giving 
greater tracts of land than improved, to the hinderance of 
others." Empowers him to be surveyor for the whole river 
and bay till he comes. " As to your apprehension of some 
people's removing to the east side, I suppose none of any 
note will be hasty therein, the proprietors not being agreed, 
and though some have obtained, others have no grants yet 
from his royal highness, so that it is not like to come in our 
hands." Refers to execution upon Carr's estate, and to his 
proclamation confirming all legal proceedings, " as sufficient 
authority for all officers and magistrates." As to the militia, 
he thinks of making no alteration till he comes. " Your 
lieutenant, in your absence, having power to command, and 
the ensign being absent, the oldest sergeant may do that 
-duty, or be made ensign on occasion; and for the Whorekill, 

> Albany Records ; A. P. S. MSS. in Reg. Penns, vol. iv. p. 57. 



416 



CHAKLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1675. 



Quit-rents 
remitted for 
throe years. 



February 23. 

Order re- 
specting 
Carr's 

estate. 



April 3. 

Early court 
at New Cas- 
tle. 



April 6. 

Murders. 
Distilling of 
corn prohi- 
bited. 



April 18. 



the number is as yet too little for a company, but if neces- 
sary, you may nominate a lieutenant, who may choose a ser- 
geant, and command there till farther orders. You have done 
well in summoning the Indians, to demand justice upon the 
murderer of Dr. Rhodes, which I pray prosecute in the best 
means you can, that it may be effected (if possible) without 
wars ; if not, let me hear from you very early in the spiking, 
that I may take order in it, and supply you accordingly."^ 

Among other regulations then made for encouragement to 
settlers, he remitted the quit-rents for the first years on all new 
lands to be taken up and seated in Delaware precincts. (See 
1678.) 

Expecting to be at Delaware by April, Andross orders 
Cantwell " not to suffer Carr, or any from him, to dispose of 
or make away with his estate, upon which, (if you judge 
necessary,) you may lay an attachment in his majesty's be- 
half." Requires him to make up his accounts of customs to 
25th March.i 

It appears, from a reference on the New Castle Court 
Records, to ^^proceedings of a court held in Neiv Castle, 
March 24, 1674," (1675,) that courts were established here as 
early, or perhaps prior to this date. The records are at pre- 
sent not among those at New Castle,^ where the earliest that 
we have seen are October, 1676. We have seen no evidence 
of courts in the time of Lovelace, though there must, no 
doubt, have been some legal proceedings. Courts were held 
" at a place now called Troy or Jones's Creek, near Dover, 
for Jones's, now Kent, and at Whorekill, now Lewistown, for 
county of Deal, now Sussex county.""^ 

Andross again writes to Cantwell, about an Indian found 
dead, and those who murdered Dr. Rhodes ; also respecting 
an Indian killed by an inhabitant on the river, and orders the 
magistrates to inquire into it, and do justice immediately in 
it, although it should not be demanded by the Indians. The 
governor hopes Cantwell has prohibited all manner of dis- 
tilling corn, as well as its transportation ; if not, directs it 
immediately.^ 

Tavo Christians were murdered by the Indians on Millstone. 



> N. Y. MSS. A. P. S. in Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 93. New Castle Records, 
lib. A. p. 320. 2 MSS. A. P. S. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 93. 

3 New Castle Records, lib. A. p. 59. * Del. Register, vol. i. p. 177. 

6 N. Y. Records, in Breviat, p. 43. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOK EDMUND ANDROSS. 417 

Andross directs Governor Carteret to inquire, by express, 1675. 
into the murder, and to give orders for thirty horses for his ' ' ' 
journey to Delaware, to be ready by 29th, or at furthest by 
the last of the month. He will come by way of the Falls, preparations 
where Cantwell may meet him on the 4th of May, or proceed ^f ^^ ^^'^^ 

</ _ ^ ' 1. for gover- 

to Millstone. " In the mean time, look well to yourselves, nor's visit to 
and give no offence or suspicion to the Indians." He speaks ^•^i'^^'^''''- 
of James Sandyland, and says, "he ought to be tried by 
court, and detain, punish, or release him. As to his being 
out on bail, if he be not criminal, it cannot be denied him." 
The charge against him is not mentioned.^ 

Cantwell sent an express to the governor, expressing his Mayio. 
fears of the Indians, which Andross says are unfounded. Fears of in- 
Expects to set out on his journey on the 3d of May, and be vemorabmit 
at the Falls next day. Thanks him for his care for the pre- to start on 
servation of the inhabitants, and promises to supply all things ^ Jo^^^y. 
necessary. 

Arrived at Salem the ship "Joseph and Mary," Captain May is. 
Matthew Payne, bringing passengers, among whom were Arrival of 
Hypolitus Lefevre, John Pledger, Richard Johnson, &c. This ^^^^ ^^^^ 
is believed to be the first vessel which arrived in West Jersey, land, 
though Smith, in his "New Jersey," says the first arrived 
next month.^ 

It is probable there were at this time but three churches in May 23 & 24. 
the present Delaware and Pennsylvania. 

At a special court held by governor, at New Castle, or- orders of 
dered, " That the church or place of meetinci; for divine wor- •^""'^t ^bout 

^ . . cnurcnes. 

ship in this town, and the affairs thereunto belonging, be Newcastle. 
regulated by the court here, in as orderly and decent a man- 
ner as may be.^ That the place for meeting at Crainehoeck* 
do continue as heretofore. That the church at Tinnicum Tinnicum 
Island do continue as heretofore ; that it serve for Upland ^^^ upland, 
and parts adjacent. 

" And whereas there is no church or place of meeting No churck 
higher up the river than said island, for the greater ease and ^''!'"" "''; 

o _ i _ _ . . "^ cliurch to 

convenience of the inhabitants there, it is ordered, that the bebmitat 
magistrates of Upland do cause a church or place of meeting ^^''^° °°' 
for that purpose, to be built at Wickegkoo^ the which to be 

' Albany Records; Minutes of Council, vol. iii. p. 35. '^ MSS. at Salem. 

3 Penn speaks of this as a Dutch church. — Foote. 

•* Tranhook, on the low lands opposite the old stone church, which was 
built at Wilmington about 1680. — Foote. 
53 



418 CHAELES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1675. for the inhabitants of Passyunk, and so upwards, the said 

" ' ' court being empowered to raise a tax for its building, and to 

agree upon a competent maintenance for their minister, of 

all which they are to give an account to the next general 

court, and they to the governor, for his approbation. 

" Signed, E. Andross." 

" Some convenient way to be made passable between town 
Roads from and town on this river ; the manner of doing it to be ordered 
town to be ^^ *^® respective courts, and likewise the charges, 
laid out. " That a ferry-boat be maintained and kept at the Falls, 

Ferry to be at the wost side of this river ; a horse and man to pay two 
Falls'^ ^ guilders, a man without horse ten stivers.-^ 

" Strong liquors not to be sold to the Indians less than 
two gallons, under penalty of five shillings sterling. No 
corn or grain to be distilled by the inhabitants of this place, 
river, or bay, penalty <£5. 

" Want of corn-mills and keeping in repair ; the justices 
May 25. adviscd to examine and have them repaired ; others to be 
Corn-mills, built ; tolls for grinding to be regulated ; all mills, public or 
private, to be encouraged."^ 

Complaints are made against William Tom by the inhabit- 
Wm. Tom. ants, who say he molests them in the enjoyment of the 
meadow lands next their plantations, claiming them on patent 
from Colonel Nicholls. A compromise is ordered. 

Patents of lands to be recorded on the court books of the 
May 15. scvcral jurisdictions ; those who have taken up and settled on 
Patents to be lands not yet surveyed and patented, to apply to surveyor- 
tlkerout'"' general, and have it done, and apply for patents. This order 
Andross at js given by Andross, at New Castle.^ 

ew ast e. ^pj^-g ^^^^ Richard Seays, (called See on the records,) sur- 
A surrey, vcycd the " Bonuet Farm." The Seays were Huguenots. '^ 

By letters received from Delaware, the governor and coun- 
Juiys. cil are informed of a disturbance of the people there having 
Disturbance taken placo ; " ordered, that some person be sent there about 
at Delaware, j^^ ^^^^ ^^-^j^ Yum two filcs of soldicrs, Or some force."^ 

Arrived the ship " Griffon," Captain Griffith, having on 

Julys. board John Fenwick, three daughters, and the husband and 

children of two of them, and ten servants ; also, the wife and 

I New Castle Records, p. 51, lib. A. 2 Jbid. 

3 New Castle Records, in Breviat. 

4 Foote's Address to Drawyers' Church, in 1842. 

6 Albany Records ; Council Minutes, vol. iii. p. 46. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 419 

'Child of John Pledger, who had arrived in the first vessel, 1675. 
and others. Smith mentions Edward Champness, Edward " ' ' 
"Wade, Samuel Wade, John Smith and wife, Samuel Nichols, 
Richard Guy, Richard Noble, Richard Hancock, John Mat- July 5. 
lack, and others, some of whom have been mentioned as in the swp G^riffon 
first ship, which Smith says this was. No other vessel is withjoim 

1 , . n mi 1 T T 1 Fonwick, &c. 

mentioned as arriving for two years. Ihey landed near where on board. 
Salem now stands, and made there a settlement. Soon after Purchases 
his arrival, Fen wick purchased from the Indians their right aimshy 
and title to all the lands now known as Salem and Cumber- ^enwick. 
land counties. The first purchase was within Salem and Old 
Man's Creek, the second within Salem and Cohanzey, and the 
third from Cohanzey to Morris River. Fenwick considering 
himself as still possessing rights in the province, left London 
with a number of settlers, and proceeded to divide the lands, 
and make grants, and claimed authority as chief proprietor, 
in which he was soon opposed by Andross.^ (June 25.) 

The order of 23d of June is "respited," about the distur- Augusts. 
bance at Delaware, and an order passed that a special warrant a warrant 
be sent thither for Jacob Fabricius and John Ogle, as ring- against j. 
leaders, to make their appearance here, (New York,) to answer Fabricius. 
the misdemeanours objected against them, touching the late 
disturbance- 

Two special warrants issue, signed and sealed by Governor August 5. 
Andross, against Fabricius and Ogle, reciting that the gover- 
nor had received information from the magistrates on Dela- 
ware, that they were principal ringleaders in the tumultuous 
disturbance upon 4th June last, at the town of Delaware, and 
had disobeyed the order set forth by the magistrates, in a 
riotous manner ; commanding them therefore, in the king's 
name, forthwith to make their personal appearance before the 
governor, in New York, to answer what may be objected 
against them on that account, as they will answer the con- 
trary at their utmost peril. 

Governor Andross confirms a patent granted by Lovelace August s. 
on 26th February, 1671, to Robert Tallant, for 400 acres of First grant 
land on south-east side of Apoquinimy Creek, " and reciting Andross. 
divers mesne assignments thereof, down to Bezaliel Osburne, 
in fee." Quit-rent reserved to duke of four bushels wheat. 
" This is the first grant of land which we have, made by 

> Johnson, p. 14. Smith's N. J. p. 79. Mulford, p. 167. 



420 CHAKLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1675. Andross : as it happens to be entered at full length, it shows 

' — • — ' the form of his grants."^ 

A letter signed by M. Nicholls, to Cantwell, per governor's 
August 7. order, speaks of " Captain Carr's meadow and land near the 
Dispute town, now upon sale, and in dispute betwixt the town and 
aboutamea- particular porsons." The court to make a return to the go- 

dow between -^ ^ , _ '=> 

carr and vcrnor, whether it was ever enclosed or improved, particularly 
New casJe. gjj^gg Qq^yt had it ; in the mean time, to remain as it was the 

last seven years of the English government, before the Dutch 

took the place, in July, 1673. 

Two special warrants are sent for Fabricius and Ogle ; the 
Warrants othor persons charged as ringleaders are to appear before 

acainst Fab- , , o 

riciusand HOXt COUrt." 

Ogle. Fabricius being directed, by special order, to make his ap- 

Sept.25. pearance before the governor at New York, to answer a com- 
Fabrioius plaint made against him by the high sheriff and court at New 
plndedTrom Castlc ; (Ogle falling sick, appeared not ;) it is ordered, " that 
iiis ministry. Fabricius, in respect of his being guilty, and his former irre- 
gular life, be suspended from exercising his functions as a 
minister, or preaching any more within this government, 
either in public or private." 

Captain Carr's meadow having never been enclosed nor 
Meadow to purchased from the Indians, ordered, that it be purchased 
chased from ^^ ^^^® dukc's name, meantime to remain a common. 
Indians. Order of court for making dykes at New Castle confirmed, 

Dykes. the out pcople to have like commonage of the meadow ad- 

joining the dykes they helped to make. 

Ordered, that the block-house at New Castle be removed. 
Block-house, and built on the back side of the town, about the middle of 
andVrisoT' ^^' ^* °^' ^^^^ *^^® ^^^ block-housc, whorcin there may be a 
at New Gas- court-liouse and a prison. 

A purchase is made, in the name of Edmund Andross, 
Octobers, for the dukc, from Mamarakicko.n, Auricktan, Sackoque- 
Purchase wano, and Nanneckos, " the true sachems and lawful Indian 
dians near proprictors of all that tract of land on west side of Delaware, 
the Falls of Ijeffinninp" at a creek next to the Cold Spring, somewhat above 

Delaware. ,^^ . . ^ t i i i • ■. • mi i i in n 

Mattmicum Island, about eight or nine miles below the l^ ails, 
and as far above said falls as the other is below them, or fur- 
ther that way, as may be agreed upon, to some remarkable 
place, for the more certain bounds ; as also all the islands in 
Delaware River, Avitliin the above limits, below and above the 

> N. y. Records, in Breviat, p. 42. 2 Ibid. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 421 

Falls, (except only one island, called Peter Alricks's Island,) 1675. 
together with all lands, soils, woods, &c., without any reser- '■^^^— ' 
vation of herbage or trees, or any thing growing or being 
thereon ; consideration, a certain sum of wampum, and other 
goods to them in hand paid." The deed is witnessed by 
twelve Christians, and with it is a schedule of the goods ;^ 
viz. 60 fathoms wampum, 6 duffile coats, 6 blankets, 6 coats 
of dingam, 6 shirts, one-half anker of powder, 6 guns, 6 
shovels, 30 axes, 50 knives, 2 ankers of rum, 50 looking- 
glasses, 50 hoes, 20 pair stockings, 10 pair shoes, 100 tobacco 
pipes, 1 pound of paint, 100 awls, and 100 jew's-harps.^ 

In expectation of a quarrel with the Indians, Governor Nov. lo. 
Andross offers his friendly aid to the governor of Maryland. 

Various grants of land are made by Andross, on George's Nov. & Dec. 
Creek; near " Whorekill on Rehoboth Bay," showing that Grants of 
« Whorekill" is the name of a district; "on Skillpades-kill, '^'"^• 
extending out of Christina Creek;" to Morris Listen, on fork 
of Cedar Creek, 150 acres ; Apoquinimy and others, in par- 
cels of 150 to 1280 acres ; quit-rent, one bushel of wheat 
per 100 acres.^ 

The council at New York taking into consideration a letter Dec. is. 
from Captain Cantwell, " concerning the arrival of Mr. Fen- Fenwicic-s 
wick and others at Delaware, with their pretences, resolved, pretensions 

' _ ■■• _ ' ' Has no rignt 

that Mr. Fenwick having no order, (which, if he had, ought tound. 
to have been broucrht first and recorded here,) is not to be ^^"^'P3.y 

° _ ^ ' ^ duties. 

received as owner or proprietor of any land whatever in De- 
laware, but to be used civilly, paying all duties as others his 
majesty's subjects in those parts ; and if he, or any of the 
persons that come with him desire land to the westward, that 
there be assigned them fitting proportions as to others, and 
due return made of the surveys. "'^ 

" As to any privilege or freedom of customs, or trading on the No privileges 
eastern shore, none to be allowed in any case, to the smallest ^\ ^'■«^^o°i 

' %j J 01 duty on 

vessel, boat, or person." east side. 

" The magistrates and chief officers are to be very careful Magistrates 
that there be no abuse committed on the eastern shore, under of ^bus^eT^"^ 
any pretence whatever, contrary to the above." 

" As to the customs. New Castle to pay but as New York, customs at 
2 per cent., &c., but above the toAvn, or any other place in ^Te^aTat^ 
the bay or river, except Whorekill, to pay the addition of NevrYorij. 

' N. Y. Records, in Breviat, p. 42. 2 Gordon, p. 37. 
3 N. Y. Records, in Breviat. ^ New Castle Records, p. 41. 

2N 



422 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1675. 



Dec. 20. 

War be- 
tween Mary- 
land and In- 
dians. 



Andross's 
directions. 



Origin of 
Friends' 
meetings at 
Salem. 



William Ed- 
mund son 
visits the 
Delaware. 



3 per cent., as per regulations. By order of governor and 
council. Matthias Nicholls, jun."^ 

The governor of Maryland was engaged in war with the 
Susquehanna Indians. Governor Andross writes him on the 
subject. Cantwell is directed by Andross to comply strictly 
to his directions, in case of Fenwick and the customs as at 
New York.2 

The Indians are wavering. Andross directs, "be just to 
them ;" he will send supplies; recommends moving the block- 
house to the middle of New Castle, as he showed him when 
there, so as to command both ends."^ 

Soon after Fenwick arrived, when he and several others 
of the denomination of Friends had settled themselves and 
families at Salem, they resolved to associate together, and 
organize a meeting, to be held in the town twice in every 
week, for divine worship, and once in each month for church 
discipline. Among these associators were John Fenwick, 
Robert Zane, Samuel Nicholson, Edward Wade, Samuel 
Hedge, John Thompson, John Smith, and Richard Guy. 
During the first five years, they held their religious meetings 
in private houses ; in 1680, they purchased a house and fitted 
it up for their better accommodation j in 1700, they erected 
a brick house. "'^ 

This year, William Edmundson, a public Friend, visited 
New Castle and Upland, where they attended meeting at 
Robert Wade's house, being first day of the week, and where 
meetings were regularly established, Wade and others hav- 
ing arrived this year.^ After meeting, they went in a boat 
to Salem, where they met with Fenwick and other families 
of Friends who had just arrived from England ; next day 
they went to New Castle, where they met their horses ; they 
there found it difiicult to be entertained, the inhabitants being 
chiefly Dutch and Finns, and addicted to drunkenness, who 
refused them, though they had money. They applied to the 
chief magistrate, Cantwell, to complain that they could not 
procure lodgings even for money, Avho commanded the keeper 
of an ordinary to receive them, and himself promised him 
any thing he needed. William Edmundson next morning 
proceeded with R. Wade and another friend, on their journey 
to Maryland.^ ^ 

1 New Castle Records. 2 N. y. Records, in Breviat, p. 43. 

^ Ibid. 4 Johnson, p. 98. 

* Proud, vol. i. p. 218. 6 Smith's Penns. in Reg. Penns. vol. vi. p. 183. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 423 

In this same year originated also the Baptist church at 1675. 
Cape May, " from a vessel which put in there from England, ' ' ^ 
with emigrants, some of whom settled at the cape. Among 
these were two Baptists, named George Taylor and Philip origin of 
Hill. Taylor kept a meeting in his house, and with his ex- fj^^^^lhat 
hortations, reading the Bible, expounding, &c., enlightened cape May. 
some in believers' baptism. Taylor died in 1702, and Hill 
continued the meeting till 1704, when he died. Neither of 
them were ministers."^ 

Governor Andross, by commission, authorizes Caspar Har- Dec. 24. 
man to bring in from the woods adjacent to Apoquinimy and 
Landwerdin, all wild and unmarked cattle, hogs, and horses, 
not having a known owner, to the chief officer, and paying 
one-third of the value to use of his royal highness, the other 
two-thirds for his pains and trouble.^ 

Governor grants to Peter Bayard a parcel of land called Dec. 25. 
Bombay's Hook, on west side of Delaware, on mouth of Duck 
Creek, containing 600 acres ; quit-rent to duke, six bushels 
of wheat.^ 

1676. 

A renewed execution recites that Jeuffro Armigart Printz, January 22. 
of Upland, obtained a judgment at the assizes in New York, Judgment 
in 1672, against Andrew Carr and Priscilla his wife, for a favolrof'^ 
sum for which a special warrant of execution was granted, ^^rs. Pappe- 
but the same was not fully effected ; at her request that the carr!^'^™^ 
former execution may be renewed, the governor requires 
Sheriff Cantwell to proceed according to said judgment in 
what remains unexecuted. 

There are various grants of land by Andross, about this January 25. 
time, in New Castle, and on the river below it ; one to John Grants of 
Edmundson, of land formerly granted by Governor Nicholls, ^^ ' 
August 1, 1668, to Thomas Woolaston and others, in White 
Clay kill, near Christina kill, 800 acres of woodland, besides 
valley, which now, by " mesne assignment," came to Edmund- 
son, and is granted in fee by Andross ; quit-rent, eight 
bushels wheat.'' 

At a meeting held by the commander and justices at Up- 'larch 23. 
land, upon the news of the Seneca Indians coming down to i^TansVt 
fetch the Susquehanna, &c., it was concluded, upon the motion shackamax- 

on. 

' Morgan Edwards's History of Baptists, vol. ii. p. 38. Johnson, pp. S4. 

2 New York Records, in Breviat. 

3 New Castle Records, at length, Breviat. ■* N. Y. Records, in Breviat. 



424 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1676. of RinoweTian, the Indian sachamore, for the most quiet of 
' — ' — ' the river, that Captain Collier and Israel Helm go up to 
Shackamaxon, (where at present a great number of Seneca 
and other Indians are,) and that they endeavour to persuade 
the Senecas, the Susquehannas, and these river Indians, to 
send each a sachamore or deputy to his honour the governor, 
at New York, and that Justice Israel Helm go with them to 
hear and receive his said honour's resolutions, and answer to 
their demands."-^ 

Andross grants to Jurian Hartsfelder, 350 acres, on the 
April 4. south-west side of " Cohocktinks' Creek;" quit-rent, 3|- 
Grant of bushcls whcat. This was, after about ten years, sold to 
site of Nor- Daniel Pegai;, and is the ground on which now stands the 

tiiern LiTber- oo^ o ^ 

ties. Northern Liberties.^ (March 23.) 

An injunction is granted by Andross, in New York, upon 
June 4. du 'petition in equity to him, to stay execution on a judgment 
A judgment obtained at law, in the court of New Castle, by William Tom 
andexecu- affainst Hcndrlck Jansen ; on Jansen's giving security to 

tion sus- o ' . 1 1 1 1 n 

pended by make good his complamt, execution to be suspended, and all 
Andross. proceedings, writings, and proofs to be transmitted to New 
York for a final determination in equity.^ 

By "an indenture quintipartite,'' so called from the per- 
juiy 11. sons engaged in it, viz. Sir George Carteret, on the one part, 
New Jersey and William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and Ed- 
dividedinto ^rard Byllingc, on the other, a division of the territory dif- 
West. ferent from that made by second grant of Duke of York took 

place, dividing the province into East and West Jersey. 
After this division, Byllinge and his trustees reconveyed the 
share that had belonged to Fenwick, giving it to Eldridge 
and Warner in fee, and they were thus admitted as pro- 
prietors. Fenwick complained of his lessees, and directly 
accused. William Penn and his associates of having concerted 
a plan to deprive him of his property and rights.* (July !•) 
Three persons were appointed as commissioners, by Byllinge 
Augustas, and his trustees, and Eldridge and Warner, with authority to 
Commission- act, Under instructions, for their constituents, to endeavour to 
ersap- rcmovo the difficulties with Fenwick, and have the lands di- 

pomted m t -r\ • ^ ^ -r> ^ 

New Jersey, vidcd as intended by agreement between Fenwick and Byl- 

1 Upland Records, p. 72. 

2 N. Y. Records, in Breviat, p. 44. Watson, vol. i. p. 439. 

3 N. Y. Records, in Breviat, p. 45. 

4 Mickle, p. 30. Mulford, pp. 170—171. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 425 

linge, if not to let it be known that Fenwick had not power 1676. 
of the persons or estates of any, nor authority to act without ' ' ' 
consent of Eldridge and Warner. The commissioners were 
authorized to purchase and take up ninety parts for use of 
Penn, Lawrie, and Lucas, and ten for Eldridge and Warner. 
Eenwick continued to assert his rights as proprietor, in re- 
gard to property and government, the commissioners there- 
fore published the facts, but their authority was soon super- 
seded by the proprietary government.^ 

The governor and council of New York, on petitions of Augusts. 
Laurence Caroli, of Delaware, concerning a mare, and another Appeal from 
for selling strong liquors to Indians, in which Carolus was ^®^ Castle 
cast at the court of New Castle, and appealed to New York York. 
for relief, order that the petitions, proceedings, judgment of 
court, and attestations delivered in at New Yoi'k, be sent to 
the court at New Castle, who are to return them back, with 
their answer, to the governor, and in the mean time, execu- 
tion be stopped. 

On a complaint of Peter Gronendyke, of Whorekill, of Another 
■wrong done him by the court there, in a suit for some tobacco, ko^jury 
where complainant was cast, and the president of the court, and court 
and six of seven of the jury acknowledged their proceedings error, 
erroneous, and desired their verdict might be annulled, and 
yet the president gave out afterwards execution against com- 
plainant ; it is ordered, on complainant's giving security, that 
the president of the court, some of the jury, and the prose- 
cutor, appear at next general court of assize at New York. 

Captain Cantwell is ordered to endeavour to make up a August 7. 
contest between Maryland and the Susquehanna Indians, and Maryil^^'and 
acquaint the governor of Maryland thereof.^ susquehan- 

The governor grants a pass at New York to a Frenchman, 
by name John Turcoat, and four or five of his countrymen, August 20. 
to proceed " to Delaware River or Bay, and the south parts Pass to a 
thereabouts, being intended to hunt that way and return ^''^°^'™'^°- 
again. "^ 

Captain Cantwell to be " checked" for raising so rash an August 21. 
alarm at Delaware, but nevertheless to inquire the meaning na^ndiam' 
of the Susquehannas coming in.* create 

John Collier is commissioned by Governor Andross "to be ^^^^' 
commander in Delaware Bay and River ; you are therefore to Sept. 23. 

1 Mickle, p. 30. Mulford, pp. 170—171. 

2 N. Y. Records, in Breviat, p. 45. 3 Ibid. 4 ibid. 

54 2n2 



426 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1676. take care that tlie militia in the several places be well armed, 

" ' ' duly exercised, and kept in good order and discipline, and 

the officers and soldiers thereof are required to obey you as 

Commission their commandcr, and yourself to observe such orders and 

ii°er,°as°com- dircctions as you shall from time to time receive from me or 

mander amd other your supcrior officers, according to the rules and dis- 

receiTer of . ,. „ . , . 

quitrents ciplmo 01 war, and the trust reposed m you. ^ 

and of cus- Captain Collier is also appointed sub-collector of customs 

at New Castle, and receiver of the quit-rents or other re^ 

venues there, and on the river and bay. 

Peter Cock, Peter Rambo, Israel Helm, LaesAndriesson, 
Oct. 3. Wolle Swain, and Otto Earnest Cock, are appointed justices 

Justices of of the peace in the jurisdiction of Delaware River and de- 

DelawareKi- i • ,i , i , p • t , 

ver and Bay. pendcncies ; any three or more to be a court of judicature 

for one year. 

John Moll, Henry Ward, William Tom, Foppe Outhout, 
Justices of John Paul Jaquet, and Garrel Otto, justices of the peace for 

New Castle and dependencies ; any three or more to be a 

court of judicature. 

Ephraim Herman, clerk of the courts of New Castle and 
Clerk of Upland; and on 10th October, the oath of office being ad- 
oath admi- i^inistcred, by decUmus, by Captains Cantwell and Collier, 
nistered. to the justiccs of Ncw Castlc, they are established in their 

places.^ 

Governor Andross directs Captain John Collier " to go to 
Collier to go Maryland, either from Whorekill or Delaware, about making 
land!*'^^' ^P ^ difference which Maryland had with the Susquehanna 
Indians. Indians ; then return to New Castle." He is to prevent all 

Instructions. ' , ^ • ij.i i. xi lxi 

interlopers or irregular traders, contrary to law and the pri- 
vileges and inhabitants of New York and New Castle ; keep 
due accounts of customs and all other public revenues ; ren- 
der accounts every three months.^ 

Governor Andross, by letter, advises governor of Maryland 
Sept. 25. a to a friendship with the Susquehanna Indians." 

Captain Cantwell is fined 200 guilders, to use of the king, 
on complaint of Captain Hans Juriansen, for abusing and 
striking him in his own house, and " both parties to lay by 
all animosities for the future." 

The following instructions were given by Governor Andross, 
respecting courts and other matters on Delaware : 

' New Castle Records, p. 5. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 56. 

2 Ibid. 3 IbiJ, 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 427 

"Whereas the last year, at my being at Delaware, upon 1676. 
application of the inhabitants, representing that my prede- ' • ' 
cesser, Governor Lovelace, had begun to make a regulation 
for the due administration of justice according to the laws of Sept. 25. 
this government, pursuant to which I did appoint some ma- Governor 
gistrates, and make some rules for their proceedings, the year ^^f^°^^ 

o ' ^ r o 7 t/ makes some 

ensuing, or till further order, in which having maturely de- alterations 
liberated, by the advice of my council, made some alterations co'^tf &c 
in form following : 

''1st. That the books of laws established by his royal New York 
highness, and practised in New York and Lone; Island, be ia.wstoi3em 

... .... . force here, 

likewise in force and practice in this river and precincts, ex- with certain 

cept the constable's courts, county rates, and some other •^^'''^p'i'"^^- 

things peculiar to Long Island and the militia, as now ordered 

to remain in the king, but that a constable be yearly, in each Constables. 

place, chosen for the preservation of his majesty's peace, with 

all other powers as directed by law. ' 

"2d. That there be three courts held in the several parts Three courts 
of the river and bay, as formerly, viz. one in New Castle, one °^ ^^'^ 
above at Upland, another below at Whorekill. 

"3d. That the courts consist of justices of the peace, courts to 
whereof three to make a ' corcmi,' and to have power of a ^°gyeeg°^ 
court of sessions, and decide all matters under £20, without Quorum, 
appeal, in which court the eldest justice to preside, unless unllr £20 
otherwise agreed amongst themselves. Above =£20, and for no appeal, 
crime, extending to life, limb, and banishment, to admit of 
appeal to the court of assizes. 

"4th. That all small matters under the value of £5, may Nojury 
be determined by the court without a jury, unless desired by "'^'^®'^*^- 
the parties, as also matters of equity. 

" 5th. That the court for New Castle be held once a month, Time of 
to beffin the first Tuesday in each month ; and the court for ^°^^"^^ 

o -^^ ' _ courts. 

Upland and the Whorekill quarterly, and begin the second 
Tuesday of the month, or oftener if occasion. 

" 6th. That all necessary by-laws or orders (not repugnant orders of 
to the laws of the governor) made by said courts, be of force l°^^l *° ^ 
and binding for the space of one whole year, in the several 
places where made, they giving an account thereof to the 
governor by the first opportunity, and that no fines be made 
or imposed but by order of court. 

" 7th. That the several courts have power to regulate the 



■428 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1676. 



High sheriff 
and two un- 
der sheriffs. 



BooIjs for 
record. 



Clerk. 



Writs, &c. to 
he in name 
of his ma- 
jesty. 



No rates or 
levies with- 
out gover- 
nor's appro- 
bation. 



Arbitrations 
recommend- 
ed in small 
matters. 



court and oflScers' fees, not to exceed the rates in the book 
of laws, nor to be under half the value therein expressed. 

" 8th. That there be a high sheriff for the town of New 
Castle, river and bay, and that the said high sheriff have 
power to make an under-sheriff or marshal, being a fit person, 
and for whom he will be responsible, to be approved by the 
court ; but the sheriff, as in England, and according to that 
now practised on Long Island, to act as a principal officer for 
the execution of the laws, but not as a justice of peace or 
magistrate. 

" 9th. That there be fitting books provided for the records, 
in which all judicial proceedings to be duly and fairly en- 
tered, as also publicly orders from the governor, and the 
names of the magistrates and officers authorized, with the 
time of their admission ; the said records to be kept in Eng- 
lish, to which all persons concerned may have recourse at due 
and seasonable times. 

" 10th. That a fit person for clarh, when vacant, be recom- 
mended by each court to the governor for his approbation, in 
whose hands the said records are to be kept. 

" 11th. That all writs, warrants, and proceedings at law 
shall be in his majesty's name, it having been practised in 
the government ever since the first writing of the law book, 
and it being his royal highness's special pleasure and order. 

" 12th. That no rates be imposed, or levies of money made 
within the town of New Castle, river or bay, by any, under 
what denomination soever, without the approbation of the 
governor, unless upon extraordinary occasions, in case of ne- 
cessity, of which the governor to have present notice and 
account sent him. That upon the levy of any rates, there be 
a fair account kept both of the receipts and disbursements, 
which account to be given in to the courts, there to be passed, 
and then sent to the governor, for his allowance, until which 
not to be a sufficient discharge. 

"Whereas, by this regulation, there are no overseers ap- 
pointed, no constables' courts, but all matters to be deter- 
mined by the justices, I do therefore recommend the compo- 
sure, or referring to arbitration, of as many matters, 
particularly under the value of ,£5, as may properly be de- 
termined that way, provided it may be by consent of parties. 

" That any person desiring land make application to the 
court in whose bounds it is, who are required to sit once a 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 429 

month, or oftener, if there be occasion, to give order therein, 1676. 
certify to the governor for any land not taken up and im- ' ' ' 
proved, fit proportions, not exceeding 50 acres per head, 
unless upon extraordinary occasions, where they see good course to be 
cause for it, which certificate to be a sufficient authority or f^'J^^'^jf^^g 
warrant for the surveyor to survey the same, and with the are wanted, 
surveyor's return to be sent to New York for the governor's 
approbation. That in the certificates be specified how much 
upland and meadow, with due regard that each may have a 
proportionable share, according to the place they are in, 
landward. Given, &c., September 25, 1676, at New York. 

" E. Andross."! 

A special court does not consider a verbal commitment by Sept. 26. 
Captain Billop lawful, he having no commission. 

About this time, it would thus appear, that the courts were 
more completely organized, although, as has before been 
stated, courts of some kind had been held as early as 1675, 
probably earlier, as it is said above, that "Lovelace had be- 
gun to make regulations for the due administration of justice." 
It is to be regretted that their early minutes are not at pre- 
sent to be found. The only records that we have seen are 
those of New Castle, commencing October 10, 1676, and of 
Upland, November 14, 1676. As allusions are made in the 
"Breviat" to those of Kent, and Sussex, they were no doubt 
in existence in 1735, at the trial between Penn and Lord 
Baltimore. As the courts took cognisance of all matters re- 
lating as well to church as state, they furnish many facts 
which would otherwise have been lost, and of which, for a 
few years, we shall avail ourselves. It appears they exercised 
jurisdiction over both sides of the river ; from them appeals 
were made to the courts at New York, and occasionally from 
these to those on the Delaware. 

A special warrant against Major Fenwick is directed, by Sept. 25. 
the governor, to Edmund Cantwell, sheriff", reciting that Major Compiamta 
Fenwick " pretends to be proprietor of the east side of Del- j^^r^Fenwick. 
aware, and has acted accordingly, granting lands, dispossess- To be sum- 
ing persons, selling their lands, arrogating power of judicature, New York. 
and giving out licenses for distilling, contrary to the order 
settled in the river, whereby he has wronged some persons 
from other parts, and distracts the minds of the inhabitants 

I Upland Court Records ; held by authority of Charles II., commencing 
Nov. 14, 1676, (in possession of Albanus Logan, Esq.) 



430 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1676. throughout the whole river and bay^ not having any lawful 
* ' ' power and authoi'ity." Sheriflf is to repair to the other side, 
inquire into the truth, and forewarn the people of their dan- 
ger ; if Fenwick has thus acted, summon him, in his majesty's 
name, to appear and answer before the governor and council 
at New York, at his utmost peril. In case of opposition, 
all his majesty's subjects are to aid. 

Helmanus Wiltbank, Edward Southerne, Alexander Moles- 
Octoi)er20. tyn, John King, and Paul Mush, are commissioned as justices 
of the peace, at Whorekill and dependencies, (three to be a 
court,) for one year or further order. John Avery is ap- 
pointed captain of a foot company, and John Roach, ensign.^ 
The justices of New Castle refer various matters to the 
NoT.s. governor's consideration, and petition for a remedy. They 
Petition of ask him to remove from the law book all that does not relate 
trat^'^or to this river ; they think it will be burdensome to the militia 
Newcastle to watch ; they ask for a lesser seal for their offices, as it is 
relating to' inconvenicnt to send papers and instruments to neighbouring 
several mat- colonics ; Want a prison for debtors, fugitives and malefactors, 
Tesseisgoing "^1^0 ofteii cscapo ; proposc 40 guilders for wolf scalps, 
up and Lastly, they " are constrained to ask, that in case of sloops 
and vessels be henceforth permitted to go up and down the 
river, trading with the people, and getting all the ready and 
best pay, (as they now do,) that .this place will in a short time 
be deserted, and come to nothing, which then will make this 
river as bad as Maryland, for the merchants and traders here 
duly supply the people their wants in the summer, trusting to 
be paid out of the crop they are putting by. The said sloops 
and vessels little regarding the 3 per cent, customs, inconsi- 
derable, as now the ketch and sloop are both gone up, (taking 
the opportunity of Captain Collier, going to him and C. 
Clark, whom he had deputed in his absence ;) went up the 
river without clearing or paying any custom at Whorekill, 
which quite disheartens the people and new-comers here; 
wherefore we, in all humility, entreat your honour, (consider- 
ing necessity first,) to prohibit the going of vessels whatsoever 
up the river, up and down the river and bay, on said account, 
as it was in the time of your honour's predecessors, and that 
likewise this town, as being the only medium and best place, 
may be the only place of loading and unloading, and keeping 
of stores for all merchandise ; and that your honour will please 
• New Castle Records and Bieviat. 



ness for the 
courts. 



"vrick to be 
seized. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 431 

to order a public ■vveigh-house and storehouse to be erected, 1676. 
which will very much encourage tradesmen and merchants to ' ' ' 
resort hither ; this place will not only be populated, but also 
the whole river will thrive by it."^ 

The justices ask the governor to confirm the order of the nov.u. 
last court about wolf scalps, and inquire how the court charges Little busi- 
are to be made when the parties are not to be found ; " con- 
sidering that we live at great distances from said court place, 
and the amercements, (by reason of the small number of ac- 
tions,) amounting to little, and that your honour will empower 
us, so that the old debts of the court, together with the debts 
since your government, may be satisfied." 

Israel Helm, who has often been employed by Captain 
Cantwell as interpreter with the Indians, applies for recom- 
pense. Also, Neills Laerson, " for expenses of keeping court, 
and justices' diet." 

« Several letters being read concerning Major John Fen- Nov. so. 
wick's actings in New Jersey, on east side of Delaware, by Major Fen- 
his granting patents, refusing to obey the governor's special 
warrants, &c., resolved, it importing the king's service, and 
good and quiet of these parts and inhabitants, that he be sent 
for with the first convenience, and if there be occasion, that 
the commander and magistrates at Delaware do use force for 
seizing and sending him hither." 

" Upon complaint of John Paul Jacquet, that he is dis- 
possessed by Major Fenwick, ordered, that said John Paul 
Jacquet be repossessed of what land he was in possession of 
on the east side of Delaware River." 

" The court to take order about it, and if occasion, the 
commander to assist them." 

" There being no lawful authority for Major John Fen- 
wick's giving them patents, it is not thought fit to return 
them, but the persons to have their remedy at law."^ 

The governor writes to the commander and court at Dela- Dec. s. 
ware, in answer to theirs of the 8th, as follows : 

" I have received your letters of the 8th November, by the Major Fen- 
express sent hither, with several other papers and writings taken by" 
relating unto Major John Fenwick' s actings on the east side force, and 
of Delaware River, by his granting patents for land, and re- y^rk ° iiZ 
fusing to obey my special warrant, &c. ; as also touching m right to 

_ ,• -i cr • ^ I'ii ^ • issue patents 

your more particular aiian'S ; whereupon, having taken advice f^^ land. 

1 New Castle Records. 2 Albany Records; Minutes of Council, vol. i. 



132 



CHAELES II.— JAMES, DUICE OP YORK. 



1676. 



Jean Paul 
Jaquet to 
be repossess- 
ed of lands. 



Watch at 
New Castle. 



Seal. Ma- 
gistrates to 
use their 
own. 



Wolf scalps. 



Dec. 18. 

Proceedings 

against 

Fenwick. 



of my council, I have thouglit fit, (it importing his majesty's 
service, and the good and quiet of those parts and inhabit- 
ants,) that Major John Fenwick be sent hither with the first 
convenience, and if there be occasion, that the commander, 
and you, the magistrates, do use force for seizing upon and 
sending him ; and there being no lawful authority for his 
giving forth patents for land, those sent hither are not to be 
returned back for the present, but the persons who have paid 
their moneys for them may have their remedy at law against 
the person that gave them, before he depart out of custody. 

<■<■ As for Jean Paul Jaquet, who hath been dispossessed of 
some land on the east side of Delaware River, of which he 
was in possession at the last coming jn of the English go- 
vernment, he is to be repossessed, and you are to take order 
about it, and if occasion, the commander is to assist therein. 

" The inhabitants of the town of New Castle, (and within 
a mile thereof,) are to keep watch, but none to be obliged to 
come to it further ; as to the proposals about soldiers to be 
sent for it, the same shall be taken into consideration. 

" A public seal shall be provided against next year ; in the 
mean time, magistrates to use their own seals, ' as is usual 
for justices of the peace everywhere.' 

"You may cause a prison to be built in the fort, and the 
sheriff is to be responsible for prisoners. 

" Order for killing wolves is confirmed. 

" Fines for the current year, and for two years last past, 
(since the English government,) are to go to be applied to 
public uses, sheriff to receive five shillings in the pound for 
collecting and levying ; extraordinary charges to be allowed 
by court. A levy authorized of Id. per <£ on every man's 
estate, towards paying public expenses. Care to be taken 
that no vessels go above New Castle to trade. A weigh- 
house allowed at New Castle, and an officer to be appointed 
and sworn. The Susquehannas to be treated in a friendly 
way, if they apply. "^ 

"At a meeting of the commander and justices, held for 
town of New Castle, Friday, 8th December, 1670, present, 
John Collier, commander, John Moll, William Tom, Foppe 
Outhout, and John Paul Jaquet, justices — Captain John Col- 
lier, by his speech, declared to the court, that in pursuance 
of his honour the governor's orders to him, he had, on the 

1 New Castle Records. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 433 

4tli past, sent a friendly and civil letter, with the under- 1676. 
sheriff, to Major John Fenwick, showing that he had received ' ' ' 
orders from his said honour, and desired him to come to New 
Castle, upon which the said Fenwick sent a letter in answer, 
refusing to come, &c., as by the said letter, produced in court, against 
more plainly did appear ; further declaring that he, the said ^'-^'^^^'=1^' 

continued. 

Captain Collier, had been, in his own person, on the 7th past, 
with the said Fenwick at his house, where coming, none of 
his company were suffered to come in the house but himself, 
when he delivered to the said FenAvick in substance as fol- 
loweth : 

" That he the said Collier had not questioned, but accord- 
ing to his letter sent the 4th past, but that he would have 
come over with the under-sheriff, or at leastwise have sent a 
more satisfactory answer, but since he the said Fenwick still 
stood out, by which he had given him the trouble to come 
over in person, did therefore give him to understand that it 
was his honour the governor's order to have him the said 
Fenwick to come and appear before him and council at New 
York, which long before he had understood by his said ho- 
nour's special warrant sent to him, and therefore desired him 
now, in all civility, without further trouble, to obey the said 
orders, there being now a fit opportunity for his going. 

" Upon Avhich Major Fenwick replied, that he did not know 
that the governor of New York had any thing to do with 
him, and that he would obey nothing but what should come 
from his majesty the king, or his highness the Duke of York, 
and was resolved not to leave his house without he was car- 
ried away, either dead or alive, and if any one durst come to 
take him, it was at their peril, and he would do their busi- 
ness ; and after the said Captain Collier went out, suffered 
him not to come in again, but keeping his door double-bolted, 
spoke to him out of a small scuttle-hole at the end of the 
house. 

" Captain Collier declaring further to the court that he, 
seeing that the said Major Fenwick was, and continued so 
refractory, and stood upon his defence, and further consider- 
ing that the magistrates, by his honour's order, were equally 
in the business concerned with him, thought best to take their 
advice before he would proceed to rigour, which was now the 
occasion of calling this court, &c. 

" The court having considered and maturely deliberated 

55 2 



434 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1676. upon the orders from his honour the governor to them, and 

" ""^ also the orders from his honour the governor to Captain John 

Collier in particular, do judge it necessary, since the said 

Proceedings Fcnwick, in coutompt of his honour's orders, stands out upon 

against |^-g pej-j] ^hat force be used, and he the said Fenwick taken 

Fenwick, r ? ^ ^ ^ 

continued, and sout to York to his honour, with the first sloop ; for the 
doing whereof they are willing to give forth their war- 
rants, &c." 

" The warrant given forth by the commander and justices 
for the apprehending of Major Fen wick: 

" By the commander and court at New Castle, in Dela- 
Pec. 18. ware — These are, in his majesty's name, to empower and 
Warrant for appoint you, Licutcnant Johannes De Haes, Mr. Michael 
arre"d ^arou, and Mr. George More, under-sheriff of this place, to 
guaranty to levy twclvo soldicrs out of any of the militia of this river, 
case'^f hi^ and with them to repair to the house of Major John Fen wick, 
being killed, and him the said Fenwick to bring by force before us, to this 
town of New Castle, upon Delaware, giving and hereby' 
granting unto you, and every of you, full power and authority 
V to pull down, break, burn, or destroy the said house, for tke 

apprehending of him the said Fenwick, and further to act 
and use all or any forcible act or acts, as the expediency of 
the time shall offer to your judgments, withal giving and 
hereby granting to you, and every of you, and every re- 
spective soldier under you, full power, in case of resistance, 
or presenting of any gun or guns to your detriment, to fire 
upon him the said Fenwick, or any others so pi-esenting, or 
intending to shoot ; and if, in case he the said Fenwick, or 
any others resisting, shall happen to be killed, you and every 
of you shall be hereby absolutely and freely discharged, and 
held innocent, as being done in pursuance of the duke's lieu- 
tenant's order, and of his by his honour's order recommended. 
Given under our hands, at New Castle, in Delaware, this 8th 
day of December, 1676. Signed, 

" John Collier, Foppb Outhout, 

" John Moll, Jean Paul Jaquet."^ 

" William Tom, 
The result of this was that Fenwick yielded, and was taken 
prisoner to New York. 

' New Castle Records, p. 35. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 435 

1677. 

A suit is commenced at New Castle against a person for January, 
pulling down a house and destroying it, on the east side of Decision 
the river. The court decides " that the defendant engage, '^^°'fo^^"^ 
in one month, to build on the same ground a better house, house on 
with windows and doors in the same, and pay costs of suit."-"- ^j^^^^j.^^'^*^ °^ 

A highway to be cleared between New Castle and Apo- Roads. 
quinimy.^ 

Thomas Molestyn sworn in under-sheriff, marshal, and crier under- 
of the court. ^^'^'^''^• 

"Resolved, by the commander and court, that a prison, February is. 
with a dungeon under it, be built in the fort, with all expedi- a prison 
tion. Also a weigh-house to be built with the like expedition, ^^^^ ™^g 
in some convenient place near the water side ; the manner buiit at Neiv 
of building the same is left to the contrivance and ordering ^ ^gigj^. 
of Captain John Collier and Mr. Moll."^ ^°'^^^- 

The court at New Castle ask for further powers ; they say court ask 
that some of the watchers will fall within, and some v/ithout ^^g™"^ ^°^' 
the mile ; those within will complain if those just outside do not watchers. 
watch ; Swaneivick is within the mile. " As to the levy of ^J^ 
Id. in the <£, the people live so far distant, and their estates, Pou-tax. 
for the most part, so inconsiderable, that we can find no con- pe™^°°nofc 
venient way to discover the vr.lue of their estates, and if togotoeast 
discovered, to bring it in a valuable manner to receive." tickets. 
They propose to the governor to allow of a levy to be laid by Penalty. 

SusQuehan- 

the poll, as those of Virginia and Maryland. Ask that wills na Indians. 
may be proved before court or commander, and they grant 
letters of administration, with the fees, as estates are gene- 
rally too small to bear expense of going to New York; liberty 
to nominate vendue master, or authorize court. Also that 
the valley above the town, lately belonging to John Carr, &c., 
by his honour given to the town for a common, may be a 
stinted common, to be shut up the 1st of May, and opened 
again the last of July, and that every individual burgher have 
his equal share therein, and their parts being laid out, the 
surveyor then to draw lots for their share, and no man put 
in more than another ; likewise that all persons who shall be 
concerned in said common, be obliged to maintain the dyke 
and fence, with the sluice, and keep them in repair ; and if 
any one refuse, then to lose their said commonage." That 

1 New Castle Records, p. 10. 2 Ibid. p. 46. 3 Ibid. p. 70. 



436 CHARLES IL— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1677. an order be set forth, forbidding transporting or lending a 
"""^^ ' vessel to any strange persons, to go over to the east side of 
this river, without a ticket from a magistrate, as also servants, 
upon penalty that every such person so setting over or con- 
veying any person who shall be a fugitive and in debt, shall 
be liable to make good the debts, and if a servant, make good 
the time of his servitude to the master. " Your honour may 
be pleased to consider that if such order be not made, (when 
the alteration of the government cometh on the other side,) 
we shall not be able to keep any servants on this side." 
Lastly, respecting justices' courts, (if only one,) to make up 
levies.^ " The Susquehannas have not been here, but passed 
up on the back side, and went up the river." This letter is 
signed by Ephraim Herman.^ 

Marks of cattle are now recorded. 

A suit, in which Stephen Juriansen is plaintiff, and Majoi* 
Aprin3&i4. John Fenwick, defendant, for attachment upon defendant's 
effects for ,£6 : 

" The plaintiff declares that he was deceived by the defend- 
Sviit against ant, who sold him land without having any right to the same, 
renwickfor £q^ ^|^g ^^^ ^f £22, whercupou the plaintiff hath paid him 

selling land, _^ ' ■'•_■'- ... 

having no £6, &s hj the defendant's receipt appears, the plaintiff's bill 
right to it. remaining in the defendant's hands yet for the full X12, so 
that the plaintiff hath attached some part of the defendant's 
estate, desiring that the said attached goods might be put for 
sale, for the repayment of the plaintiff's £Q, and likewise 
that the plaintiff might be, by order of court, cleared of his 
bill in the defendant's hands. 

" The court orders, that since Major Fenwick is as yet a 
Fenwick in prisoner in New York, action shall be suspended until next 
New York, court. In the mean time, the bill to be allowed, and the 
plaintiff's attachment to be preferred, and in case the defend- 
ant do not make defence, either by himself or attorney, at 
the next court, then it will be taken into further considera- 
tion."^ 

Several other suits, of the same nature, against him, are 
suspended for the same reason ; and again, in June 6th, and 
September, on 26th of which month the plaintiffs declared 
they had agreed with defendant. 

" Eniilias Be Ringli complains to the court, at New Cas- 
Apriiw. tie, that a number of persons, of whom he furnishes a list, 

I Newcastle Records, p. 72. 2 Ibid. vol. A. p. 72. 3 Ibid. p. 77. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 437 

had promised to contribute to his maintenance as a reader in 1677. 
the Christ Church, (New Castle,) with an order of court, ' '~~' 
May 10, 1675, and another of November 11, last past, and 
that, notwithstanding, he cannot receive his promised main- a reader of 
tenance ; the court confirm the order to the sheriff to levy ^!^"^* „ ^ 

' J (jnurcu sues 

the money of tlie umvilling, by distress."^ foriusmam- 

The Upland court was held at Niels Laersen's house ; the ^^^'^'^^' 
expenses were 100 guilders.^ March 23. 

Governor, in answer to their petition of 8th February, Apruie. 
orders the court that none watch in the town or fort but such Governor 
as live in or near it, unless on alarm or extraordinary occa- ther po^'^c^rs 
sions. Poll-tax to be laid, and fines granted for public to the court, 
charges. Courts to grant administration under X20 ; above, aj^-njs°rar 
to be recorded in New York ; to recommend vendue-master ; ticn. 
fees to be 6 per cent and a crier. The commons to be regu- ■vyatchinc;. 
lated by the town ; persons leaving the government to set up Runaways. 
their names where they live, and also in New Castle and New 
York ; in default, and persons assisting their departure, to be 
liable to the penalty, and any servants, prisoner, or criminal, 
running away, to be pursued by hue and cry as usual. Li- 
berty granted for sloops, &c. going up the river, as formerly, 
for this year's effects or debts. "Five guns, thirty hoes, and Balance due 
one anker of rum, the remainder of the pay for the lands at p^rchasHf 
the Falls, to be forthwith paid to the Indians ; the remaining land, to he 
part of the land betwixt the old and new pui^chase, as also purchase 
the island called Peter AlrieJcs, or so much as is not already ordered, 
purchased, (and the Indians will part with,) to be bought of 
them, for which Captain Israel Helm is to inquire for the 
owners, and if they will be reasonable, to bring them to the 
commander and court at New Castle, for agreeing, concluding, 
and confirming a bargain thereof."^ 

" At a special meeting of the commander and justices, held May 25. 
at New Castle, upon information of Colonel Coursey's coming Alarm at 
with a considerable party of men, as an agent or ambassador ^^^^^qq"^ 
going to New York." Mr. Dunston coming lately from coursey. 
Maryland, being sent in court and examined, declared upon ^"rerour" 
oath, " that last Friday, he, the deponent, was at the house 
of Colonel Coursey, in Maryland, and heard then there that 
Colonel Coursey was to set out the Monday follo^f ing, and 
that there was a report that a great many gentlemen, and 

' New Castle Records, p. 85. 2 Upland Court Records. 

3 New Castle Records, p. 115, lib. A, 

2o2 



438 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1677. 



Court ap- 
points 
churchwar- 
dens. 



May 29. 

Order re- 
specting 
pleading at- 
torneys. 

Swedes' 
church 
built. 



Rev. J. Fah- 
ricius ac- 
cepts fks 
charge of 
Wiccaco 
church, and 
preaches his 
first sermon. 



their attendants, -were to come with him hither, and that they 
were warned to be ready against Monday aforesaid ; and 
further saith not." 

" The commander and court having received, by several 
persons, intelligence of the said Colonel Coursey's coming 
here, and not knowing certainly upon what account, thought 
it therefore necessary to order that Captain Cantwell summon 
his company of the militia to appear, with their arms and 
ammunition, on the morrow, at 7 o'clock, at the fort in this 
town, there to be upon their guard, and receive such further 
orders as shall be found necessary." 

" It being further, by the commander and court, considered, 
that in case Colonel Coursey sends in and gives notice afore- 
hand of his coming, and in what quality, he then be honour- 
ably received, and his charges borne, but if not, and that he 
comes in as a private person on surprisal, no notice to be 
taken, and he to quarter where he pleases."^ 

" The court further considering that the late churchwarden, 
Martin Rosamond, being deceased, some fit persons ought to 
be appointed to supply and administer the said place of said 
churchwarden in this town of New Castle, have therefore 
thought fit to appoint Mr. Hendrick Williams and Mr. John 
Harman to be churchwardens, in the room of the deceased, 
for and during the space of one year next ensuing this date."^ 

The governor and council "resolved and declared, that 
pleading attorneys be no longer allowed to practise in the 
government but for the depending causes." This order was 
for the second time read in open court, at Upland.^ 

It is probable, that in compliance with the order of court 
in 1675, a church was erected this year at Wiccaco, and that 
the block-house built for defence against the Indians in 1669 
was now fitted up for the purpose of worship. The first 
church is usually described as having "loopholes," and the 
early records show that the first church was erected this 
year. 

The Rev. Jacob Fabricius accepted a call to the Swedish 
church at Wiccaco, and preached his first sermon on Trinity 
Sunday ; he preached in the Dutch language. He continued 
with them fourteen years, nine of which he was entirely blind.* 



J New Castle Records, pp. 87, 88, lib. A.' 

3 Upland Court Records, and New Castle Records, p. 133, lib. A. 

4 Clay, p. 38. 



2 Ibid. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 439 

This is probably the same gentleman whose name has already 1677. 
frequently before appeared ; of course the order of suspension ' ■ ' 
must have been withdrawn ; his future conduct appears to 
have been very satisfactory. 

John Mathews admitted as an attorney, and takes oath June le. 
"not to exact unallowed fees, not to take fees from both Attorney's 
plaintiff and defendant, and that he will not take any appa- °^^^' 
rent unjust case in hand, but behave as all attorneys ought 
to do."i 

The court " appointed Cornells Post viewer and packer of June 17. 
tobacco in this town and precincts thereof; he was sworn inspector of 
accordingly ; salary, in case he packs tobacco with the help pointed.*^^' 
of another to hand him, 3 guilders, and without help, 4 Fees, 
guilders per hogshead, and for receiving, 1 guilder, if good, 
and if refused, 10 stivers per hogshead."^ 

In reply to the governor's answer of 6th April, which was June is. 
now read, the court say, as to the watch, none live in the The court 
town but at Swanewick, and if they are exempted, most of '^'^^^";s'> 

' >' r 7 vernor s let- 

the town will flee thither ; they therefore ask for a small ter. Ask for 
number of soldiers to watch the fort, who may be serviceable ^^10^^ 
at all times to the commander and court, as formerly allowed, 
« for we humbly conceive there is no keeping a fort without 
soldiers." A levy by poll cannot be laid without a general 
meeting or high court of all the justices once a year ; there- 
fore they ask one for September. They appoint John Moll J-Mou.<^rea- 
treasurer, and ask to have his fees fixed, " Don't forget the 
law book; there is great occasion for it." They thank the 
governor for the fines, but it will be difficult to collect them, 
unless the governor sends soldiers to assist the sheriff. 
Ephraim Harman is nominated vendue-master ; his fees ought vendue- 
to be more than 6 per cent. They suppose vessels going up ™'''^*'''^'- 
the river will always make the collection of debts a pretence.^ 

Marshal's fees for watching a prisoner, per day, 5 guilders, Fees, &c. 
until the prison be made up. 

The crier of the court to receive for every attorney ad- Newattor- 
mitted and sworn in court, 12 guilders, or have a beaver. neystopay 

, ' crier twelve 

Meeting called at fort 16th instant, to answer proposition guilders. 

• T,,n 1 !) Several re- 

concerning the "liy and commonage. sruiations 

Hogs to be ringed, as they damage the fly and commonage, 



' New Castle Records, p. 96. 

2 Ibid. p. 105. 3 Ibid. p. 115. 



440 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1677. 



tJnder- 
slieriff. 

Indians at 

Shackamax- 

on. 



Court orders. 
Declarations. 



Attorneys. 



Clerk's 
salary. 

Grants of 
land. 

Case of as- 
sault and 
battery. 
Fine for- 
given. 



August 7. 

Commander 
not a judge. 

Court pro- 
ceedings. 

August 23. 

Captain Bil- 
lop, sub- 
collector of 
customs. 



Clerk of 
permits. 



under fine of 10 guilders ; sucking pigs to be coupled ; one- 
half to informer, and one-half to kino-.^ 

Jurien Hartsfelder resigns as under-sheriff, " he removing 
his living higher up the river." Michael Yzard appointed 
under-sheriff. 

Lacey Cock presents an account of expenses of commander 
and justices; as also for the Indians at ShacJcamaxon, from 
March 14 to 18, 1676 ; 250 guilders allowed.'^ 

Ordered by Upland court, that all declarations must be 
entered at least a day before the court, as then the clerk is 
to attend Upland. 

No person to be admitted to plead for any other person as 
an attorney in court, without he first have his admittance of 
the court, or have a warrant of attorney for his so doing, 
from his client.^ 

Court allow E. Harman, as clerk, for his last year's ser- 
vices, trouble, and expenses, 200 guilders. 

Several grants of land asked for on Schuylkill, Neshaminy, 
and Poaquessing.^ 

A person is fined 210 guilders for assault and battery ; 60 
to the clerk, and 150 to the sherifi"; to ask forgiveness of the 
justice and the court for his ofi'ence, which was done. The 
court and sheriff gave up their share, " considering him a 
poor man, with a great charge of children." 

The governor finding that Captain Collier, the commander, 
goes to and sits as judge in courts, orders him to forbear 
doing so ; to act according to his known authority. 

In several cases, the jury brings in a verdict, and the 
courts gave a different judgment. 

Captain Xerper (or Christopher) Billop is appointed sub- 
collector of customs on Delaware ; his duty " is to see that 
nothing be in anyways imported or exported, but according to 
acts of parliament, or to make seizures, and due prosecution, 
and if condemned, one-third to the informer, one-third to 
himself, and one-third to the king. To report his proceedings 
to, and receive orders from the chief collector, or principal 
officers at New Castle, the only port for all entries and 
clearing."^ 

Ephraim Harman is appointed clerk " of the permits, en- 

• New Castle Records, lib. A. pp. 118 — 129. 

2 Upland Court Records. 3 Ibja. p. 27. < New York Records, p. 46. 

^ New Castle Records. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 57. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 441 

tries, and clearings for all duties of custom in Delaware River, 1677. 
for whicii Billop is sub-collector, salary, one-third of the '" ' '' 
king's or duke's one-third of forfeitures." He is also appointed 
collector of quit-rents in the jurisdiction of New Castle and 
Upland courts. 

The governor issues an order requiring "all persons that order of go- 
have or claim any lands in Delaware River or Bay, to make," '^''™°"^''®" 

•^ _ J 7 ^ epectmg ap- 

without delay, or as soon as convenient, a due return to the pucantsfor 
clerk of the court in whose jurisdiction the land lies, of the j'''^*^'^*^ ^""^ 
quantity and situation, according to surveys, &c. ; court to 
return them to the governor, and " whether seated and im- 
proved," that those wanting patents may receive them. This 
order to be published in the courts, and they and the sur- 
veyor to see it observed. 

Captain Christopher Billop is also appointed commander in August 24 
Delaware Bay and River, with same directions about the c. Bniop, 
militia as those to Captain Collier last year.^ commander. 

By Captain Billop the governor writes to the justices, in- Letter to the 
forming them of his appointments, and that he is, among •'"^^*"=«^- 
other things, to " order guards and guard-places, as occasion 
may require, for the out-farms and plantations, and is sub- 
collector also." By Mr. Harman, the clerk, he sends the old oid records, 
records, the confusedness or ill order of which he can noways 
remedy, but that Mr. Tom, the then clerk, do forthwith put 
the same in order, and write, or cause them to be fairly 
copied in a fit book, and attested by him, and answer for any 
defects. Governor intends " making up your court again 
next month, the usual time, when you may expect one of our 
law books. As to the penal bonds, or such like cases of 
equity, it is the custom and practice of courts here to hear 
and judge thereof according to equity, which you may ob- 
serve is allowed by law. I find no need of a general or high nespecting 
court in the river, every court having power to make fitting c^^g's of^"^*^^' 
rates for the highways, poor, or other necessaries, as is prac- equity, 
tised in England, and unless otherwise ordered by said court, 
the clerk proper to be receiver, and pay all by orders of court, 
for which you need no further authority or directions from 
the governor than former orders and rules for keeping due 
accounts, to be yearly examined and passed in court." 

Authorizes them to appoint a vendue-master, he giving 

• New Castle Records. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 57. Upland Court Records, 
p. 33. 

56 



442 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



August 24 

Walter 
Wharton ap- 
pointed sur- 
veyor. His 
fees. In- 
structions. 



1677. good security, and not to take above 6 per cent. Take care 
* ' ' and fitting orders for ordinaries, that there be fit persons, duly 
licensed and well provided, according to law, and that none 
else be admitted to retail.^ 

Walter Wharton is appointed to be surveyor on Delaware 
River and Bay; allowed "to receive, for surveying every 50 
acres and under, 10s. ; above 50 and under 100, 20s. ; above 
100 and under 150, 30s., and so proportionably, and no more, 
giving to the persons for whom they are surveyed a survey 
plat and card, and making due returns to the office of records ; 
said persons to find boat or horse, or allow it and other tra- 
velling fitting charges : all lands to be laid out from the vrater 
side, if it may be, or so as not to hinder any, or be prejudicial 
to adjacent lands, and to lay out fitting highways or conve- 
nient roads. "^ 

The governor directs a letter to the "court" at Upland, in 
which he says, " these are to desire and authorize you to treat 
with the Indian proprietors for the purchase of a small tract 
of land which I am informed is not yet purchased, and is 
about half a Dutch or two English miles along the river side, 
betwixt the land and the late purchase up to the Falls, which 
done, I shall forthwith take care for settling those parts. "^ 

Owners of mill " on creek in Christina kill to have liberty 
of cutting wood for repairs."* 

A constable, Walter Rowles, is appointed, whose bounds 
are from south side of St. George's Creek to Bombay Hook, 
including Apoquinimy, and is ordered to take an account of 
tydables.^ 

Governor will fill up court at usual time next month, and 
then send the law book. " As to penal bonds, or such like 
cases of equity, you may judge thereof according to equity ; 
no need of a high court." Fit persons to be appointed for 
ordinaries. 

Penn, and the other trustees of Byllinge, considering that 
August 26. the period had arrived to attempt a disposition of the lands 
in West Jersey, determined to appoint and send over com- 
missioners empowered to purchase lands of the Indians, and 
attend to other necessary matters. Proposals were also made 
for the immediate sale of the lands, which soon were accepted. 



Andross or- 
ders pur- 
chase of 
lands from 
the Indians, 
near the 
Tails. 



Wood for 
yse of mills. 

Constable 
appointed. 
Census. 



> New Castle Records ; Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 73. ^ Ibid. 

3 Upland Court Records, p. 51. 

4 New Castle Records, lib. A. pp. 129, 134. s Ibid, 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 443 

Among the purchasers were two companies of Quakers, one 1677. 
consisting of persons from London, the other from Yorkshire. ' — ' — ' 
The latter were principal creditors of Byllinge, and received 
lands for their debts. Two commissioners were chosen from Arrival of 
each of these companies, viz. Thos. Olive and Daniel Wills, from ^'^^■^^^p 

'^ ' ' Kent, with 



the London, and Joseph Helmsley and Robert Stacey, from commission- 
ers ai 

' tiers. 



the other company, and to these were added Richard Guy, "'^ ^"^"^ ^^^ 



then in America, John Kinsey, Benjamin Scott, John Pen- 
ford, and Thomas Foulke. All matters being prepared, they, 
with several of the proprietors, and their families and ser- 
vants, about 230 souls, embarked in the ship Kent, Captain 
Gregory Marlow, and soon after proceeded to sea. On the 
16th of August they safely arrived at New Castle, and soon 
after landed at Raccoon Creek, at a place where a few Swedes 
had erected some dwellings, not sufficient to accommodate so 
many persons, without resort to " cow-stalls," &c. The com- 
missioners wishing to pay their respects to the governor at 
New York, landed elsewhere. Having no warrant from the 
duke, though they showed a conveyance from Berkley, and 
the governor claiming jurisdiction over the whole country, 
demurred to a surrender of it, though finally the commis- 
sioners agreed to the governor's proposal to take a warrant 
from him for the present, by which they were enabled to pro- 
ceed, having joined the body of settlers. Three purchases^ Indian 
were made, by the aid of Israel Helm, Peter Rambo, Lacey P^'^'^'^as^s. 
Cock, and another, as interpreters, from the Indians, reaching 
from the Assunpink, on the north, to Old Man's Creek, on 
the south. The Yorkshire purchasers selected their one-tenth 
from the Rancocas to the Falls of Delaware ; the London 
company selected theirs in the vicinity of Arwamus, (Glou- 
cester,) and Timber Creek. Both companies, however, con- 
sidering it most beneficial to unite in the settlement of a town, 
selected for its location Chygoes Island ; to it they gave the 
name of New Beverly, afterwards changed it to Bridlington, Bm-iington 
and then to Burlington, which it still retains. The lots and ^'^"^ °^^' 
streets were laid out by Richard Noble, a surveyor, who had 
previously arrived. The season being far advanced, winter 
approached before they were prepared for it, and they were 
compelled to live in wigwams. The Indians were friendly, 
and supplied them with corn and venison. John Kinsey, one 

' One on September 10; the second, September 27, and third, October 10. 
Smith's New Jersey, p. 95. 



444 



CHAELES 11.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



167T. 



Sept. 21., 

Various 
grants of 
land in dif- 
ferent sec- 
tions of the 
country. 



Sept. 28. 



October 12. 



October 15. 

Arrival of 
ghip Martha, 
from Hull, 
■with set- 
tlers. Al- 
lowed to 
pass up the 
riTer. 



of the commissioners, died soon after arrival, and was buried 
at Burlington. One side of the main street leading from the 
river was appropriated to the Yorkshire company, and the 
other to the London.^ 

Numerous grants of land are made : to Jan Schoeten, on 
west side of Schuylkill, 100 acres ; Richard Ducket, east side, 
up above, in ditto, 100 acres ; John Mattson, Swinton, and 
son Dalbro, 300 at the place called WiessaJcitJconJc, on west 
side up in Schuylkill; [does not the Wissahicon take its name 
from this ?] Jan Claessen, Paerde Cooper, in Neshaminies 
Creek, 300 next to the land of James Sanderling, two miles 
up on east side ; Thomas Jacobse, Neshaminies, next to the 
above, 100 acres, and afterwards 200 acres ; Lacey Cock and 
James Sanderling, each 100 acres on Poequissing Creek; 
Captain Hans Moens, on Penipake Creek, on the side of ditto, 
300 acres, &c. ; Anthony Nealson and Mickell Yzard, each 
100 in the Cromkill ; Benjamin Goodsen, by la,nds of R. 
Ducket, on Schuylkill ; Laers Laersen and Hans Petersen, 
each above the mill on Amesland Creek, and the place called 
Moherlenling , 100 acres ; Ephraim Harman and Peter Ram- 
bo, 300 acres, between Pennepacker Creek and Poequissing 
Creek, promising to seat the same.^ 

Census of taxable inhabitants, from 16 to 60, taken north 
and south of Christina, &c.^ 

Carr's house and lot are sold for his debts ; it was patented 
to him by Lovelace, in 1671. 

The ship Martha,^ Thomas Wharcup, master, arrives from 
Hull. The captain asks permission to go up the river with 
his passengers, (114 in number,) and utensils, having no goods 
on board. Billop, sub-collector, asks advice of the court, 
"whether it was proper to let the ship pass above town." 
The court having received Captain Dyer's letters to Thomas 
Olive, and the rest of his fellow-commissioners, and also to 
Captain Billop, are of opinion that, for the settling of the 
river, the ship be permitted to go up, satisfying what just 
dues are required. It is further the advice of the court, that 

1 Ciarkson's Life of Penii, vol. i. p. 136. Mulford, pp. 181, 1S2. Smith's 
N. J., where see the names of many of the first settlers, and early letters from 
them, giving an account of their early clifRculties. 

2 Upland CourtRecords, pp. 31, 33. N. C. Records, p. 141. 3 Ibid. p. 153. 

4 Smith, in his N. J., calls her the '-fly-boat Martha, of Burlington, (York- 
shire.") She brought " 114 passengers, designed to settle the Yorkshire tenth." 
He furnishes many of their names, and says twenty or more of them were 
living forty-five years afierwards ; p. 102. 



A. BROCKHOLLS, SUBSTITUTE OF GOVERNOR ANDROSS. 445 

whereas Dr. Daniel Wells declares that Captain Dyer, at New 1677. 
York, remitted the customs of 2 per cent, upon the utensils " ^~~' 
and other uncustomed goods, and the master declaring that 
he has no more on board than the value of £6 in merchan- 
dise, but that all the rest of his loading consists in necessaries 
for building and settling of plantations, and that his honour 
the governor hath been pleased to give us the same privilege 
as New York, we do conceive and believe that the averment 
of Dr. Wells and Captain Dyer's letters abovesaid, being to 
the same effect, is true, and that we ought to follow the for- 
mer precedent of the ship Kent, cleared at New York ; this 
our advice not being intended to obstruct Captain Billop in 
acting as sub-collector. October 6, 1677.^ 

Messrs. Moll, P. Alricks, Tom, Outhout, Walter Wharton, October le. 
Jacquet, and Otto, are appointed justices; Commander Bil- justices of 
lop to administer the oath. ^"^ ^'^'''■ 

Governor Andross writes to governor of Maryland that he 
is going to England this month, to return in the spring, and 
asks "continuance of his good neighbourhood." 

Governor sends Captain Billop, by a sloop, a supply of October 23. 
musket-balls. 

Governor Andross, intending to depart for London, leaves Nov. 17. 
directions to the magistrates of Upland and Whorekill how Governor 
to act ; appeals to be taken to the court of assizes ; " extra- lomod* 
ordinaries" to Captain Nicolls, the secretary, to be communi- 
cated to council. He addresses the magistrates at New Castle 
and Whorekill ; appoints Captain Brockholls to be com- 
mander of Fort James, New York, and dependencies, and 
recommends to all, great vigilance in the discharge of their 
duties. 

Helmanus Wilbank, Henry Smith, Alexander Molestyn, Nov. 20. 
Edward Southeren, Paul Mush, John Barkstead, and Jacob Justices of 
Roads, to be magistrates at Whorekill for one year ; SbUjfour °^^^^^^- 
or more to be a court of judicature ; in case of the absence 
or sickness of the first, the next to preside. Gives them " full 
power to act according to law and former practices."- 

The ship Willing Mind, Newcomb, master, arrived from swp wniing 
London, and dropped anchor at Elsinburg ; she brought 60 ^j^^^ ^'^' 
or 70 passengers, some of whom settled at Salem, and some 

' New Castle Records, lib. A. p. 179. 

? New Castle Records; Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 74. Upland Court Records, 
p. 46. 

2P 



446 



CHARLES 11. —JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1677. 



Nov. 17. 

Oaths ad- 
ministered. 



Nov. 19. 

Levy to pay 
for wolves' 
heads. 
Number of 
tydables. 
Prices of 
several arti- 
cles. 



Nov. 20. 



Nov. 23. 

Petition of a 
number of 
persons for 
lands, for a 
settlement 
and town 
below tbe 
Palls. 



at Burlington, The names of some of them may be seen in 
Smith's New Jersey.^ 

Commander Billop, " being not yet come from on board 
the ship Willing Mind," who was commissioned by the gover- 
nor to administer the oath to the justices under their new 
commission, and consequently they could not hold the court, 
for which there was urgent occasion, Justices Moll and 
Alricks, who had before been sworn, administered the oath to 
the rest, viz. Outhout, Jacquet, and Otto.^ 

The number of wolves' heads brought in was 55, at 40 
guilders, 2200 guilders, clerk and sheriff, 925, making 3125 
guilders, to be paid by levy on the inhabitants, 12 guilders 
and 10 stivers each, either in wheat at 5 guilders, rye at 4 
guilders, and barley at 4 guilders per scipple ; Indian corn at 
3 per scipple, tobacco at 8 stivers per pound, pork at 8, and 
bacon at 16 stivers per pound, or else in seawant or skins at 
current prices. The number of tydables in New Castle juris- 
diction, 307, whose names are on the records.^ 

A great number of grants are made by Andross. 

Several persons unite in a petition to the court of Upland, 
for a considerable settlement and town "just below the 
Falls," on the west side of Delaware. Most of them were 
born in the country, and from the names are probably of 
Swedish origin : " Laurence Cock, Israel Helm, Moens Cock, 
Andreas Benckson, Ephraim Herman, Caspar Herman, Swen 
Loon, John Dalbo, Jaspar Fisk, Hans Moonsen, Frederick 
Roomey, Erick Mulk, Gunner Rambo, Thomas Harwood, 
Erick Cock, Peter Jockum, Peter Cock, jun., Jan Stille, Jonas 
Neelsen, Oole Swensen, James Sanderling, Mathias Mathias, 
J. Devos ? and William Oriam, petition court, showing that 
they, being all inhabitants, and for the most part born and 
brought up in this river and parts, have a great inclination, 
as well for the strength of the river and parts, as for the 
convenience of travellers and otherways, to settle together in 
a town at the west side of this river, just below the Falls, do 
therefore humbly request this worshipful court to move the 
case to the governor, that they the petitioners may have each 
of them, in lots laid out, one hundred acres of land, with a 
fit proportion of marsh, as also that a fit place for a town 
may be laid out in the most convenient place thereabout, with 



1 Smith's N. J. p. 102. 

3 Ibid. 



2 New Castle Record?, lib. A. p. 197. 



A. BROCKHOLLS, SUBSTITUTE OF GOVERNOR ANDROSS. 447 

such privileges and liberties for tlieir encouragement as sliall 1G77. 
be thought fit, and that the same may be confirmed unto ' ■ ' 
them by his honour the governor, and the petitioners will 
forthwith seat accordingly, &c."-^ 

The court answer " that they will send the petitioner's pe- 
tition to his honour the governor, and withal move and entreat 
the governor in their behalf." It does not appear from these 
records what was the result, or whether the plan was executed. 

A levy for public expenses, of 26 guilders for each tydable, Nov. 23. 
was made by the court of Upland, payable either in wheat at Levy for ex- 
5 guilders, rye and barley, 4 guilders per scipple, Indian corn ^emmen^^"' 
at 3 guilders per scipple, tobacco at 8 stivers per pound, Number of 
pork, 8, and bacon at 16 stivers per pound, or also in wam- y*^^^'^"^- 
pum or skins, at prices current. Captain Cantwell to collect 
the levy, and, on default, he was empowered to distrain, and 
to call two neighbours. The number of tydables in Upland 
jurisdiction at this time was 136.^ 

Various grants of land are recorded about this time. 

On petition of Peter Rambo, desiring a grant of the court Grant to Pe- 
of Upland, to take up 250 acres of land between the land of *'"' ^^^'^''o- 
Wiccaco and the land of Juriaen Hartsfelder, the court grant 
the petition to take up so much land which is not granted, 
taken up, or improved before this date, he improving and 
seating the same, according to his honour the governor's re- 
gulations. This appears to be the land now occupied by 
Philadelphia. On the complaint of the Swensons, that their 
patent embraces the same ; the court afterwards decide in their 
favour.3 (See 1679.) 

Laer Colman, Pell Laerson, and Peter Erickson, 300 acres vanous 
7iear Falls of Schuylkill; Neils Laerson, granted by gover- faMby'^the 
nor to Justice Israel Helm, up the river, 200 acres ; Jonas '^°^^^- 
Neelson, in the place called " Moherhuting," above the mill, 
on the west side of the river, 200 acres ; James Boon, east 
side of a little creek which comes out of Amesland CreeJc, 
called Mohurnpati, 200 ; Jan Boolsen, 100 acres, above the 
mill, on Amesland CreeJc; Justice Otto, Ernest Cock, Jan 
Hendrix, and Albert Hendrix, each 200 acres, hetioeen Caleb's 
Creeh and the pyne tree ; Jacob Hendrix, above, on east side 
of Cromkill, 100-* 

Captain Jans Jurgin is ordered and desired by the court Court house. 

• Upland Court Records, pp. 45, 46. 2 Ibid. 

3 Ibid. p. 36. ■« Ibid. p. 46. 



448 



CHARLES II.— JiMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1677. 



Grants of 
land. 



to warn his men belonging to his company, and with them to 
fit up and finish the liouse of defence at U-pland fit for the 
court to sit in, against the next court. "-^ 

Among a great number of grants of land at or about this 
time are found the following : to Laurentius Carolus, 350 
acres near Cromkill ; Charles Jansen, 1000 acres on Naa- 
man's Creek; Richard Hill, 1000 acres on Mispillion Creek; 
Peter Cock, 650 acres on Quessinawotninch Creek ; to Lau- 
rence Cock and others, 1600 acres at CohocIcsmJcs Creek; 
Henry Smith, 3000 acres, called Prime Hook, near Slaugh- 
ter's Creek, by Prime Creek; quit-rent, one bushel for 100 
acres.^ 

Several persons this year settle in the present Bucks county. 

Several other vessels arrive this year with passengers ; the 
ship Mary, Captain Wall, and the ship Success, Captain Ni- 
cholson. 



January 11. 

Town fort to 
be repaired. 

January 12. 

Wolf-pits. 

Death of 
Wm. Tom. 



January 19. 

Order in 
cases of bas- 
tardy. 



March 1 7. 

John Yco, an 
Episcopal 
minister, ar- 
rives from 
Maryland. 
Licensed by 
court. 



1678. 

The commander has orders to repair the fort or redoubt 
belonging to New Castle ; says^ it ought to be done by the 
inhabitants, and not out of king's revenue, which the court 
agree to pay out of any surplus.^ 

Wolf-pits are to be made " to destroy/ the vermin, which 
are become so numerous." 

The death of William Tom is mentioned ; papers in con- 
fusion. 

A woman coming from Maryland to be confined with an 
illegitimate child, is ordered to depart ; " and to the end for 
the future, no such persons may be here harboured, and that 
this place may not serve and be counted a shelter for whores, 
the inhabitants are forbid to harbour or entertain any woman 
enceinte coming from any place without this jurisdiction, 
without giving notice."* 

" John Yeo, minister, being lately come out of Maryland," 
this day appeared in court, and " exhibited and produced his 
letters of orders, and license to read divine service, adminis- 
ter the holy sacrament, and preach the word of God, accord- 
ing to the laws and constitution of the Church of England. 
The court accepted said John Yeo, upon the approbation of 
his honour the governor, he to be maintained by the gifts of 



' Upland Court Records, p. 46, &c. 

3 New Castle Records, lib. A. pp. 20S, 220. 



2 Breviat, pp. 47, 4S. 
i Ibid. lib. B. p. 30. 



A. BROCKHOLLS, SUBSTITUTE OF GOVERNOR ANDROSS. 449 

the free, willing givers ; wherewith the said John Yeo de- 16*78. 
clared himself contented."^ ' ■ — ' 

What were the reasons for this gentleman leaving Mary- 
land, does not appear. Shortly after this date, he asks the 
court to revive a judgment obtained in Maryland in 1675. 
An extract of a letter dated Patuxent, May 25, 1676, to the 
Archbishop of Canterbury, from the "Rev. John Yeo," (pro- 
bably the same person,) says, " The province of Maryland 
is in a deplorable condition for want of an established minis- 
try. Here are ten or twelve counties, in them at least 20,000 
souls, and but three Protestant ministers of the Church of 
England. The priests are provided for, and the Quakers take 
care of those that are speakers, but no care is taken to build 
up churches in the Protestant religion." After furnishing a 
still further most gloomy picture of the state of morals in 
Maryland, he says, " As the Lord Baltimore is lately gone 
to England, I have made bold to address this to your grace, 
to beg that your grace would be pleased to solicit him for 
some established support for a Protestant ministry."^ It is \ 
therefore probable that it was partly with a view to improve 
his condition, that he left Maryland. If it were so, he ap- 
pears to have been disappointed, as on the court records of 
next year, viz. March 4 and 5, 1679, the following proceed- 
ings appear: "John Yeo preferring in court a petition show- John Yeo 
ing that the petitioner came to this place in the month of ^'^ou?^*^ 
December, 1677, and was received as minister, to be main- salary and 
tained by the voluntary subscription of the inhabitants, and p®'^i'"^*'®''- 
that he continued in the ministerial office until he was denied 
the same by Captain Billop, the then commander of this 
place, without any manifest proof of any crime deserving 
such suspension. The said petitioner, therefore, humbly de- 
siring this court to grant him a^ order for a quantum meruit 
proportionable to the time of his, the said petitioner's preach- 
ing to the people of this place, being one-third part of the 
subscription, and also for other perquisites due to him the pe- 
titioner, for baptizing of children, marriages, and burials, &c." 
" The court answer, that since the petitioner, Mr. Yeo, after 
he had been some small time here, did then, in open congre- 
gation in the church, voluntarily, out of his own accord, throw 
up the paper of the people's subscription, he saying, and 
openly then declaring freely to discharge them ; and if Cap- 

' New Castle Records, lib. B. p. 48. - Clialmers"s Polit. Ann. pp. 363, 375. 
57 2p2 



450 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YOEK. 



1678. 



March 22. 

Early set- 
tlement of 
Upland by 
Bix inhabit- 
ants. Trans- 
fer of share. 



Man-servant 
sold. 

Grants of 
land on 
Schuylkill. 



Mill on Car- 
coon Creek. 



tain Billop, (as without any order he did,) has given the 
petitioner the subscription back, the court are of opinion that 
therefore the petitioner may have his remedy against him the 
said Captain Billop, &c. ; but as for the perquisites of mar- 
riage, baptism, and burials, the petitioner ought to be paid 
for the same, "which is just and equitable." 

At the same court, he acknowledges a deed for 800 acres, 
called "Mussel Cripple," or White Clay Creek, sold by him 
to John Edmonds, who subsequently appears as plaintiff to a 
suit against Yeo. In another case, he, as an assignee, appears 
as plaintiif.^ 

Hans Juriansen Kien, of Taokannink, acknowledged a deed 
dated 9th instant, making over to his brother, Jonas Jur. 
Kien, one equal share and lot of land, in quantity equal with 
the shares and lots of the other inhabitants of Upland town 
or neighbourhood, the appurtenances lying and being in Up- 
land aforesaid, the whole dividend or tract of land being 
heretofore surveyed and laid out for the six inhabitants of 
Upland town in general, contains 1200 acres, whereof the 
part and share of him, the said Hans Kien being one of the 
said six inhabitants, is 200 acres, as well cleared as woodland, 
which said 200 acres were thereby sold and made over as 
above, together with the housing and other appurtenances 
standing upon the said Hans Kien's lot of land, -lying and 
being at Upland town aforesaid, near the creek, between the 
houses and lots of James Sanderling and Jurian Kien. Jonas 
Jur. Kien acknowledges deed, &c., for making over unto John 
Test, late of London, merchant, all the above ; said Jonas 
also conveys to John Test, a certain new block-house, by him 
the said Jonas built on above-named lot, near the water side 
of creek. Test conveys same to Marmaduke Randall, of 
London.^ « 

A man-servant is sold, with his consent, to Israel Helm, 
for 1200 guilders, for four years. 

Several grants of land on Schuylkill are made : to Peter 
Rambo and Pelle Dalbo, on east side, 200 acres ; Andreis 
Benksen, 200 ; John and Andreis Wheeler, 300 ; Andreis 
Johnson, 200 ; Lasse Dalbo, 100 acres, east side. 

Representations that people daily taking up land near the 
mill of Carcoon Creek, the said mill would be left destitute 



1 New Ca.stle Records, p. 243. See also Hawks's History of Episcopal 
Chuvcli, vol. ii. p. 50. McMahoii, p. 215. 2 Upland Court Records. 



A. BROCKHOLLS, SUBSTITUTE OF GOVERNOR ANDROSS. 451 

of any land to get timber for the use of said mill, the court 1678. 
ordered, that on the west side of said mill should be laid out ' ' ' 
100 acres of land for said mill's use.^ 

Niel Mattsen transfers to James Sanderling, of Upland, a Transfer of 
certain patent granted by Governor Richard Nicholls to him, j||^"^ lanted 
August 6, 1668, for two lots of land in Upland, at Delaware, miees. 
on north side of creek adjoining to Israel Helm's and Joost 
Daniels's land, and bounded with Villies Lace, in breadth 36 
3^ards, which said lots have been laid out by the officers of 
Delaware, being unmanured and undisposed of, to the end 
some good improvement may be made. 

The court give E. Herman a certificate of excellent con- certificate of 
duct while in office as clerk.^ duot/""^" 

Walter Wharton is presented "for marrying himself, or 
being married directly contrary to the known laws of the March n. 
kingdom of England, and also of the laws and customs of presented for 
this province. The court having heard the relation of Justice marrying 
Garrett Otto about the same, order that Mr. Wharton answer 
the breach of the law, and his contempt, at the next court." 
He is also complained of for promising lands before grants 
had been made.^ 

Complaints are made against Commander Billop, that he March is. 
uses the fort as a stable, that he keeps the court-room above Biiiop mis- 
in the fort, and the same filled with hay and fodder ; that he "oomlnd' 
keeps hogs in the fort walls, and the gates locked up ; that fo^t. 
he hath and doth still deny and debar this court from sitting 
in their usual place in the fort ; that he makes use of the sol- 
diers about his own private affairs, &c. After the dispute 
with the court, he promised to remove his horses. 

The court of New Castle request the court of Upland to March i9. 
arrest a person by the name of Smith, residing in the pre- Demand of 
cincts of the latter, under the following circumstances : He court of a 
had been arrested at New Castle, and condemned to pay to a fugitive from 
Mr. Henry Ward there, 130 guilders and costs, but on his upiand 
" humble request, he obtained the favour of us, (the court,) that '=°^'^'^- 
we ordered execution suspended until 8th ultimo, so that we 
made ourselves debtors, or at least security for him ; he being 
lately here, promised faithfully not to depart hence till he 
had fully satisfied the debt, but since, he very unworthily 
has broken his promise. Our request is, you will be pleased 

1 Upland Court Records. 2 Ibid. 

3 New Castle Records, lib. A. p. 247. 



452 
1678. 



April 13. 



Grant of 
meadow to 
four inha- 
Mtants of 
Moyamen- 

ElDCk. 



An insane 
hospital. 



Defamation. 



May 19. 

further pro- 
ceeding? 
against Fen- 
wieli:. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YOUK. 

to send the said Smith secure unto us, so that he may pay 
his debt, and answer for his bold peremptory attempt." They 
promise to do the like for the court at Upland, who order the 
high sheriff to take him into custody whenever they find him 
in their jurisdiction, and securely carry him to New Castle.^ 

The justices' court of Upland was held at the house of 
Justice Peter Cock, on Schuylkill ; " a deed and mortgage 
entered in judgment." 

A grant by the court, to Lasse Andreas, Oole Stille, An- 
dreas Bencksen, and John Mattsen, inhabitants of Moyamen- 
sinch, to take up 25 acres each of marsh or meadow, between 
the Hollander's kill and Rosamond's kill, on the west side of 
this river, xllso to P. Dalbo and Oole Swensen, 25 each on 
west side of Schuylkill. 

Isaac Cornelissen, of Amesland, complains to the court, 
"that his son Erick is bereft of his natural senses, and is 
turned right mad, and that he, being a poor man, is not able 
to maintain him. Ordered, that three or four persons be hired 
to build a little block-house at Amesland, to put him in, and 
at next court an order will be taken that a small levy be laid 
to pay for building the house and maintaining the madman, 
according to the laws of the government." This is probably 
the first public provision for the insane.^ 

Capt. Cantweil charges Neils Laerson with defamation. He 
asks forgiveness of Cantweil in court, with which he is satisfied." 

In consequence of Major Fenwick's "making some new 
alterations on the east side of the river, a private justices' 
court Avas held in the fort. Captain Cantweil declares, that 
being at Salem, alias Swamptown, on the 30th of April, 1678, 
Major Fenwick convened the inhabitants, and appointed 
various officers, and declared that he would appoint others 
at his leisure. Several papers were read in relation to the 
major's patent to his royal highness, and from his royal high- 
ness to Lord Berkley, and Lord Berkley to Fenwick, &c., 
who demanded the superiority and submission of the people 
there as his right and property. He then produced an oath 
to be signed, and which several persons did sign. Fenwick 
denied the power of the court to levy upon their land ; he 
would bear the people harmless in opposition to it. He for- 
bade Mr. Foppe Outhout to act in behalf of the court of New 
Castle, upon the forfeiture of his estate. On being reminded 

» Upland Court Records, p. GO. "~ Ibid. p. SI. » Ibid. 



A. BROCKHOLLS, SUBSTITUTE OF GOVERNOR ANDROSS. 453 

that Mr. Outhout was commissioned by the governor to act, 1678. 
he denied the power of the governor to act without the advice ' '~~' 
of his council. Various certificates and letters between the 
justices and governor follow. The council at New York, Further pro- 
(May 22,) directs the justices to give notice to Fenwick that, a!'Iinst Fen- 
according to his parole, he forbear assuming any j)Ower of wick, con 
government to himself, on the east side of Delaware, or any- ^^^" ' 
where else in those parts, unless he can produce more authentic 
power from England." In case of refusal, the commander and 
justices of New Castle are " required to order him to come to 
New York within the space of — days, to answer what may be 
alleged against him." On his denial or refusal, "force is to be 
used to seize his person and send him to New York." A letter 
to this eifect was written to Fenwick by the justices, and sent 
by a special messenger. In reply, June 3, says, " that the 
cause of my long imprisonment, which is not unknown to 
them, was because I would never be persuaded to give security 
either to be of good behaviour, nor to forbear acting in that 
public capacity in which I am authorized by virtue of the 
king's patent, the duke's grant to John, Lord Berkley, and 
Sir George Carteret, and Lord Berkley's deed to me, all 
which were produced before the governor and council, by the 
commissioner Avho arrived at York last August, wherefore I 
had my liberty to come home without any obligation, and to 
return 6th October follovy-ing, which accordingly I did, to the 
hazarding of my life ; and the governor then told me he won- 
dered I did come again, and gave order I might return hither 
again about my lawful occasions. It is well known, likewise, 
I was made and retained prisoner to the court of assizes, and 
by their favour and yours I cannot look upon myself obliged 
by my parole to appear, without an order from the court of 
assizes," &c. The justices despatch a messenger to New York 
with the foregoing letter, and further complaints against Fen- 
wick, and ask their orders, which they request (June 5) " may 
be absolute and sufficient, for it is our opinion that he will 
hardly be taken without bloodshed or mischief." He declares 
" no one shall take him alive, no, not if the governor himself 
came."^ 

The court at New Castle referred the settling and regulat- June 14. 

1 New Castle Records, pp. 265 — 290, where all the documents and corre- 
spondence are at full length. They have since been published by the New 
Jersey Historical Society, vol. ii. 



454 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1678. ing the church affairs of that place to John Moll and Peter 
"" ' "' Alricks, they to make up the account with the reader and 
wardens, and to make such further orders and regulations as 
Repairs of shall be found most necessary.-*- 

N^tasl. "^^'" Walter Wharton, being heretofore, by the minutes, 
reader and churchwarden, presented for marrying himself, or 
w. Wharton being married directly contrary to the known laws of England, 
^^'and arts' ^'^^ ^^^ Contrary to the laws and customs of this place and pro- 
aiegaiiy as vincc, as also for promising lands, and entering the same in 
Arraigned ^^^ book, bcforc that the person for whom he did it had any 
before court, grant Or ordcr of court for the same ; and the said Walter 
ferredtogo- Wharton not appearing in three following court days, and to 
Temor. ^j^g g^fj ^jj^g rcproach may be taken away from the river, and 
that such notorious breaches of the laws, and disorders, may 
for the future not pass unpunished, especially in persons of 
lesser quality to those of this of Mr. Wharton, (who is in 
commission, and bears the office of a justice of the peace, 
ought to give good examples to others,) had not been regarded, 
might at all times hereafter be held for a bad precedent. The 
court do therefore think it necessary humbly to offer the pre- 
mises to the judgment of his honour the governor, for to in- 
flict such punishment as his honour in his wisdom shall think 
fit and expedient." 

<'Mr. Wharton, being commissioned one of the justices 
Is fined for and member of this court, and not having appeared for five 
from'^the mouths, not haviug been out of the precincts of the bay and 
court. river, is fined <£10, with costs. "^ 

Jan Hendricksen acknowledges a deed to Roger Pedrick, 

June 28. for all his right, &c. in the land and appurtenances lying and 

Patent for being on west side of Delaware, called and known by the 

Marcus name of Marrities Hoech, (now Marcus Hook.) The whole 

Hook. tract of Marrities Hoeck lands being granted and confirmed 

by patent from his royal highness's governor, Edmund An- 

dross, March 28, 1676, unto the six possessors thereof, viz. 

Charles Jansen, Oole Eaessen, Hans Oolsen, Oole Neelsen, 

Hans Hofman, and the said Jan Hendricksen, and contained 

in the whole 1000 acres.^ This same land was granted by 

the Swedes to J. A. Besk, so early as 1653.* (See page 138.) 

The court order to levy a tax of 5 guilders per head on 

every tydable person, to defray the expenses of the court's 

> New Castle Records, pp. 269, 270. 2 Ibid. 

3 Upland Records. ■» Ibid. p. 84. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 273. 



A. BROCKHOLLS, SUBSTITUTE OF GOVERNOR ANDROSS. 455 

sitting charges, as heretofore, the said levy to be paid by 16*78. 
every person on Tinneconk Island, between this and 6th of ' ' ' 
October next.^ 

Two hundred acres are granted to Thomas Nossicker, and Grants of 
100 to William Warner. It has been said that the latter set- ^^'^^' 
tied over Schuylkill, in 1658, but after diligent inquiry 
among his descendants or connections now living, we can find 
no knowledge or tradition of the fact among them.'-^ 

Justa Andries is indicted for slanderous language against '^^^^ ^^• 
ms majesty and the court.'* slander. 

John Moll is deputed by the justices of New Castle to go Juiy27. 
to New York, to communicate certain facts occurring in the toN^wYTrk 
governor's absence in England, and to ask some privileges, ■^'itii repro- 

1. To "grant leave and permission to obtain and have an ^^6^0^^° 
orthodox minister, to be maintained by the gifts of the free, Asks for 

-IT • )> minister. 

Wilnng givers. 

2. To double the magistrates, and have a coroner. increase of 

3. To send "the new corrected law book," and seal of ^'^sistrates. 
office. 

4. In relation to the title of Carr's land. 

5. Complaint that Walter Wharton neglects his duty as compiamsof 
surveyor; fees higher than in Maryland, and wish them re- '^^•^^^'*'^*°°- 
duced ; and chiefly to make his honour acquainted, that to 

the great shame and blame of the government, he, the said 
Walter Wharton, hath married himself, and promised lands 
not granted, and that he forced one man in Maryland to as- 
sign his patent to him only for surveyor's fees. 

6. Wish government to establish weights and measures, and weights ana 
that a gauge be appointed on this river, for all coopers to QauK^for 
make the tobacco hogsheads accordingly. tobaccohogs- 

7. Complains that Major Fenwick forbids the people of compiainsof 
the east side of this river to pay their proportion of the pub- fenwick op- 
lic rate laid last year, for the paying of the wolves' heads, tax. 

and that the said Fenwick threatens the people with ruin in 
case they pay any, and that he now has laid a tax himself; 
therefore to know whether the people there shall pay any of 
the said tax, and how, for the future, the court shall act and 
behave themselves towards the said east side. 

8. People complain they cannot get their money from the 
public. 

' Upland Court Records, p. 84. 2 gge Watson, vol. i. p. 11. 

3 New Castle Records, lib. A. p. 292. 



456 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1678. 



Liberty of 
trade to 
Maryland 
for negroes, 
&o., and for 
England. 



Complains of 
Sillop siding 
with Fen- 
wick. 



July 27. 



August 3. 

Fenwick at 
New Castle, 
on bis way 
to New York. 



9. Whether a levy or tax mRj be laid for paying the debts 
made during the time of this government, concerning the 
fort, &c. 

10. Whether houses and lands of persons deceased or run 
away are taxable. 

11. " That liberty of trade may be granted us with the 
neighbouring colony of Maryland, for supplying us with 
negroes, servants, and utensils, without which we cannot sub- 
sist, and also that liberty may be granted us for our own 
vessels which we may get, to enter and clear the same here, 
without touching at New York, in case we might send them 
for England and other places, we observing the acts of par- 
liament." 

12. Refers to Captain Billop's acts ; " among other things," 
that he, said commander, contrary to his duty, stands up for 
and holds with Major Fenwick, which hath so amazed the in- 
habitants of the eastern shore, that some of them know not 
whom to obey." 

Also to know whether the said commander hath power to 
grant licenses for marriages, as to several persons he hath 
done, whereby the common course of three proclamations in 
the church, or banns setting up, is laid aside. ^ 

The council at New York think the orders heretofore given 
the justices at New Castle, in the case of Fenwick, quite 
" sufficient, so shall not alter any thing therein, but leave you 
to answer your neglect to the governor, who is daily expected, 
and all prejudice or mischief that may happen thereby to be 
at your doors, they having done their duty."^ The justices 
despatch Billop to Fenwick, who promised to repair to New 
York. The court decide, if he will, under his hand, promise 
to repair to New York in twenty days, he may be left ; but 
if he refuse, or do not send a satisfactory answer, that then 
the commander and sheriff take a body of militia, and seize 
his person.^ 

The court express to the council their " sorrow at your 
honour's reply," and explain, by way of apology, their mo- 
tives for writing as they did. It appears, by this letter, that 
Fenwick had been brought to New Castle, with a view to 
sending him by sloop to New York ; they afterwards conclude 
to send him by land.^ 



1 New Castle Records, pp. 306, 307. 
3 Ibid. p. 311. 



2 Ibid. p. 308. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 457 

Fenwick, in New York, is presented witli a copy of charges 1678. 
against liim ; asks time to answer ; considers his interest " ''~~' 
separate from New York ; appeals to the king, and prays to 
go to him ; court does not grant it, but refers him to judg- Sept. n. 
ment of court of assizes at New York.^ 

Captain Billop is ordered to New York by the governor, sopt. 13. 
probably on charge of favouring Fenwick, leaving the charge Captam eu- 
of the military and civil matters to Justice Alricks, to be 1"''°'"^';^''; 

•I ' to New York. 

chief, and Thomas Woolaston, clerk to take customs. 

Captain Billop delivers over to Moll and Alricks the fol- sapt. is. 
lowing articles belonging to the fort : 8 iron guns, 7 leaden stock of am- 
aprons, 18 matchlocks, 6 firelocks, in all 24 muskets, 12 col- ^'^'^i«°'^ ^-^ 

, ^ . the fort. 

lars of bandaliers, ^% iron shot, 465 musket bullets, \\ barrel 
of powder, 3 quires cartridge paper, 12 skeins of match, 2 
ladles, 3 sponges, 3 rammers, 2 worms, all upon 5 sticks, &c. 
Probably Billop had been removed.^ 

John Avery, F, Whitwell, Alexander Molestyn, John Kips- October is. 
haven, Luke Watson, John Roads, and James Wells, to be justices of 
justices for Whorekill ; four or more a court.^ wiorekiu. 

The Duke of York made a new grant of West Jersey to New grant oi 
the assignees of Lord Berkley .* West Jersey 

An order passed by the governor about lands was this day Noy. 4 
also openly read in court, and fixed at the court-house : 

" Whereas I did, in the year 1675, among other regulations Quit-rents 
then made for encouragement, remit the quit-rents for the ^TrTc'tions 
first three years on all new lands to be taken up and seated about land, 
in Delaware precincts, which having proved inconvenient, by 
many taking up land and not seating at all, I therefore do 
repeal and recall the same, except for such as have seated and 
improved upon said order, be accordingly indemnified ; but 
all such as have taken up lands, and seated and improved, 
and made due returns thereof, as by law and orders, (sent and 
published last year to be recorded,) to forfeit the same, and 
the land not seated and improved to be disposed of as vacant 
lands, and all such as have improved and seated, but not made 
such returns, are hereby again required, for rectifying of for- 
mer, and preventing of future disorder, to make a due return 
as above, of such their lands, quantities, and situation, accord- 
ing to the patent, surveys, or card thereof, to the clerk of the 
court in whose jurisdiction their said land lieth, to be recorded, 

1 N. Y. Records; Breviat. 2 New Castle Records, p. 316. 

3 N. Y. Records; Breviat. ■* Johnson, p. 10. Smith's N. J. p. 111. 

68 2Q 



458 



Minister al- 
lowed. 

Court have 
power over 
surveyor. 
Weights and 
measures to 
he English. 

Houses and 
improved 
lands liable 
for debts. 
Trade to be 
favoured. 



Elsinhurg 
incorporat- 
ed. Court 
established, 
&c. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OP YORK. 

and by the court certified to the secretary's office here, and 
such as have not taken care to pay their quit-rents due for 
the same, that they, within the space of six months, as above, 
do account and pay the arrears to the receiver, from my first 
coming into the country, for 1674, and for the future, all such 
as have or shall take up lands, to pay their quit-rents from 
their taking up such lands, and yearly, at the towns of Up- 
land, New Castle, and Whorekill, for the several precincts, at 
their peril, and such as shall take up and not improve land, 
to forfeit the same, according to law. This order to be forth- 
with published, and set up at the court-houses of Upland, 
New Castle, and Whorekill, in Delaware. Given under my 
hand, in New York, 25th October, 1678. E. Andross." 

" Resolved, in regard the church doth very much want re- 
paration, that Mr. John Moll and Peter Alricks take care 
and order about the same, the charge and cost to be found 
and raised by a tax, if no money be due upon the former list 
of the reader."^ 

The governor, in reply to the petition of the court, allows 
a minister, as they desire ; sends a new commission for magis- 
trates, and a law book. The purchasers of Carr's land, which 
he allows to be sold for the use of his creditors, may have 
new patents. " Courts have power to order matters relating 
to the surveyor in every respect, according to regulations and 
law." " The laws direct weights and measures to be English, 
but ancient custom may be looked upon as law, and the pub- 
lic weigh-house is to be gross weight only, if or above one 
quarter of a hundred." " Houses and improved lands are 
liable for debts, as well as movables ; all favours as to trade 
may be expected, so that acts of parliament are not infringed, 
with due regard to the custom-house here. The late Com- 
mander Billop is here, and if any have been wronged by him, 
they shall have right." New York, October 26.^ 

Governor Andross commissions six persons to be overseers, 
selectmen, or commissioners in New Jersey, at Elseburgh and 
parts adjacent, for one year, amongst the new comers, and if 
any dispute arise amongst them and the old inhabitants of 
those parts, Mr. Outhout, who has been an ancient inhabitant 
there, and is now one of the justices of New Castle, to have 
notice, who is authorized, on such occasions, to be one of the 

1 New Castle Records, lib. A. p. 320. Upland Court Records. 

2 Now Castle Records, lib. A. p. 307. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 93. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 459 

court, and being there, to preside ; and you, or any four, to 16Y8. 
keep a court, as a town or corporation, quarterly or oftener, ' ' ' 
to appoint constables, and to allow fit proportions of land for 
present improvement, the same being duly purchased, and to 
hear and determine all matters not extending to life, limb, or 
member, or exceeding £5, above which to admit of an appeal 
to court of justices at New Castle.^ 

Governor Andross appoints J. Moll, Peter Alricks, Foppe nov.t. 
Outhout, G. Otto, Johannes De Haas, Abraham Man, and Justices of 
William Semple, as justices.^ Newcastle. 

A warrant from Governor Andross is presented to the court Nov. 11. 
at New Castle, in consequence of complaints made to him by warrantor 
Michael Barron and other inhabitants of east side of river, JbmitTaiids 
who had been "disturbed in the lawful possession of their and Fen- 
lands by Fenwick, &c." The court at New Castle is " desired 
and authorized to take care that the said inhabitants be not 
disturbed in their possession upon any pretence whatever," 
and "if occasion, to make me forthwith acquainted with the 
same."^ 

The limits and divisions between this (Upland) and New not. 22. 
Castle county were this day agreed upon and settled by this Boundary 
court, and Mr. John Moll, president of New Castle court, as ^®''^!!°^, 

' _ ' i _ ' New Castle 

follows: "This county of Upland to begin from the north andupiand 
side of Oole Fransen's creek, otherwise called Steen-kill, '^°'^'^''^®- 
lying on the bight above the Ve7'drietige Hoeck, and from the 
said creek over to the single tree point, on the east side of 
this river."* 

James Sanderling, for inhabitants of Upland, complains Encroach- 
against Neils Laerson for fencing off the way to the "fly;" ™n°*^ord 
court order it down.^ Another against Domine Laers Carolus, of court. 
that he has fenced in some of the church glebe land. " Ordered, 
that he shall have all belonging to him, the rest he must 
leave out."^ 

Various grants of land on Neshaminy, &c. : 100 acres on Grants of 
lower side, and 50 in the woods, to Dirck Williams; 100 to sh&mhiy,^' 
Edmund Draufton and his son ; 100 between heads of Crom- Schuyikiii, 
kill and Oole Shellir's kill ; Jan Schooten, a small quantity Poetqvds-° ' 
of marsh lying at the place called Hans Moonson's great ^"^s- 
3Iill Falls, at the end thereof, so much as is fit to moiv four 

1 N. Y. Records, as quoted in Penn's Breviat. 

2 New Castle Records, lib. A. p. 316. 3 Ibid. p. 318. 
■i Upland Records, p. 50. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 



460 



Mill on 

Moonson's 

Falls. 



Land con- 
Teyed at Sa- 
chamexing. 



Roads be- 
tween plan- 
tations to be 
opened. 



A jury. 



Nov. 28. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

stacks of hay, the Mill Falls being a run that comes into 
Schuylkill ; Ephraim Herman, between Pemebaccan and Poet- 
quissing. Ordered, that the land formerly granted to Jan 
Boolsan be reserved for the mills, and Jan Boolsan to locate 
100 acres elsewhere. 

" It being very necessary that a mill be built on the Schuyl- 
kill, and there being no fitter place than the falls called Gap- 
tain Hans Moonsons Falls, the court are of opinion that 
either Hans Moonson ought to build a mill there, (as he says 
he will,) or else suifer another to build, for the convenience 
of all parts. 

Laurence Cock transfers to Elizabeth Kinsey a plantation 
lying and being at SacJiamexing , (the w'hole deed is on the 
record,) " the daughter and heir of John Kinsey, late of 
Herefordshire, England, deceased, 300 acres, on west side of 
Delaware liiver, at the toivn or neighbourhood called and 
known by the name of Sachamexing, the whole dividend and 
quantity of land being of late surveyed for the inhabitants 
of Sachamexing in general, contains 1800 acres, by which, 
reserving the share and interest of him, the said L. Cock, as 
being one of the six inhabitants of Sachamexing, amounts to 
300 acres, as above mentioned, together with his, L. Cock's 
share of marsh or meadow, with all and singular the houses, 
dwelling-houses, barns, stables, stalls, fences, kc. now stand- 
ing upon said land." L. Cock states he is the lawful owner, 
and has a right to sell ; warrants against all claims except 
quit-rents. The deed is dated 30th March.^ 

Transfer of a patent of Andross, March 25, 1676, to Har- 
man Jansen, 100 acres, on north side of Mill Creek, over 
against Carcoon Hook. 

Court order " that every person shall, within two months, as 
far as his land reaches, make good and passable ways from 
neighbour to neighbour, with bridges, where it needs, to the 
end neighbours on occasion may come together ; those neg- 
lecting to forfeit 25 guilders." 

The following compose a jury: Hans Moens, Dirck Wil- 
liams, Salfit Barnes, Edmund Draufton, Peter Jackson, Isaac 
Saney, Jan Hendrick, Jonas Kien, Moons Cock, John Brown, 
Jan Boolsen, Henry Hastings.^ 

Andross directs Sheriff Cantwell to put Robert Stacey in 



' Upland Court Records, p. 99. 



Ibid. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 461 

possession of Mattiniconk Island, which the governor had 1678. 
leased to him for seven years. ' '""' 

Governor authorizes Cantwell and Herman to purchase 
from the Indian proprietors the unpurchased lands below the Land to be 
falls, on west side, between the late and former purchases, p"'^''^^^^'* 

^ _ ^ _ , _ ^ ' from In- 

together with anj islands, and to adjust time and place, and diana. 
species of payment, and give 'him notice.-^ 

Churchwardens and elders having been nominated, the court December z. 
appoint John Moll and J. P. Jaquet, elders, and John Smith, church oia- 
E. Lott, B. Gummery, Samuel Burder, and William Penton, po^nte^'i,.. 
churchwardens.^ tiie court 

Henry Smith, of Whorekill, had raised several reports Decio. 
against some of the magistrates, &c. belonging to court, and Defamation 
did afterwards, in writing, charge two justices, and the clerk °f t^^ '=°'^''* 

' . . punished. 

of court, with several crimes, in general terms, whereupon he 
was committed to the sheriff of New York till he should give 
.£500 security to prosecute or make good his charge against 
them, according to law, which he refusing, but pretending an 
inquest in the council for it, the whole matter being debated 
in council, said Smith is adjudged to pay a fine to the church 
or poor at New York, <£10, together with all incidental 
charges, and that he be likevrise bound in bond of ,£20, at 
Whorekill, to be of good behaviour till next general court. ^ 

Philip Pocock is appointed, by Andross, surveyor of New Dec. 25. 
Castle and dependencies.* a'^Tnted 

Arrived the ship SMeltl, from Hull, Daniel Towes, master, 
and dropped anchor before Burlington, being the first ship Arrival of 
that came so far up the Delaware; against Coaquanock, (now B^rij^gj-oy^ 
Philadelphia,) being a bold shore, she went so near in turning, 
that part of her tackling struck the trees ; some on board 
then remarked it was a fine spot for a town. A fresh gale 
brought her to Burlington ; she moored to a tree, and the 
next morning the people came on shore on the ice, so hard 
had the river suddenly frozen. A number of passengers came 
in her ; one was born on the passage.^ From what has been 
already mentioned on p. 444, respecting the ship Martha, some 
doubt may perhaps be raised whether the Shield was the first 
ship at Burlington, as there was probably no other induce- 
ment for the former to proceed above New Castle, than to 

' N.Y. Records; Breviat. 2 New Castle Records, p. 355. 

3 N. Y. Records; Breviat. '^ New Castle Records. 

5 Smith's New Jersey, p. 108, 109. 

2q2 



462 



First pur- 
chase at 
Middletown, 
Delaware. 



CHARLES 11.— JAMES, DUKE OF YOEK. 

reach the place of settlement, and land the baggage and 
utensils of the passengers, she having no merchandise. 

This same year also, arrived a ship from London, with 
passengers.^ 

Clarkson estimates the number of settlers sent over through 
Penn's agency, up to this time, about 800, mostly Quakers.- 

This year Adam Peterson surveyed 200 acres of land, the 
tract on which Middletown (Delaware) now stands. The ori- 
ginal plat and title were in existence in 1842, This is said 
to be the earliest purchase of lands at Middletown.^ 



Division of 
Marcus 
Hook lands 
asked for. 



1679. 

E. Draufton sues Dirck Williams for his bill for teaching 

March 22. defendant's children one year, 200 guilders. A witness, who 

state of edu- heard the agreement made, testifies that E. Draufton was to 

teach Dirck Williams's children to read in the Bible, and if he 

could do it in a year, or half a year, or a quarter of a year, 

he was to have the 200 guilders ; judgment for plaintiff.'^ 

Petition of Roger Pedrick and Y\^illiam Hews, joint part- 
ners with the rest of the inhabitants of Maritties (Marcus) 
Hook, with the land there, desiring that the said land may be 
laid out and equally divided between all the parties, to the 
end that each may have a fair proportionable share, as well 
of the good as the bad land. The court answers, " that the 
petition of those who are not satisfied with the division which 
of old hath been and still is, may, at their proper costs, have 
the same new surveyed and shared."^ Roger Pedrick then 
transfers " the one just and equal half part of his land to 
William Hews, and Hans Oolson transfers to William Clay- 
ton all his lands, houses, &c. at Maritties Hook." It will be 
recollected, that in 1678, a grant was made to six inhabitants 
for the whole undivided plot of 1000 acres. This plan seems 
to have been pursued with several other towns. 

Several grants of land are recorded : Thomas Fayreman, 
260, and Dirck Williams, 4 acres in addition, all on Nesha- 
miny ; to Jacob Fabricius, 300 acres on west side of Dela- 
ware, and Jurian Hartsfelder, 100 ; Jans Justasson, alias 
Illack, transfers to A. Hendricks a piece of land below Up- 



Granta of 
land. 



* Smith's New Jersey, pp. 108, 109. The names of the passengers inbotli 
vessels are there recorded. ^ Clarkson, p. 165. 

3 Foote's Address, 1S42, when he exhibited the original plat; p. 14. 

4 Upland Court Records, p. 121. s Ibid. p. 121. 




DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 

land, between two small creeks, called Har wick's Creek and 
Middle Creek. 

Neils Laersen is ordered bj court to make or leave a lane 
or street from Upland Creek to the house of defence or coun- House of de- 
try-house, before next court, or be fined ; he not appearing, ^o^^tj."^ 
sheriff is to notify him, "so that he might not plead ig- house, at Up- 
norance." " ^''"'^• 

Peter Rambo, sen., claims, by a late grant of this court, a ciaimfor 
certain tract of land at Wiccaco, and Oole SAvensen, Swen ^^^_ '^^ ^'^^°" 
Swensen, and Andries Swensen plead that the same land was 
within the bounds of their patent ; both parties having been 
heard, the court orders, " that since the Swensens have the 
same in their patent, which is of old standing, and Peter 
Rambo's grant was but late, that therefore the said Swensens 
do keep the land, and in case more land be found within the 
bounds of the said patent than is set down, they the said 
Swensens are to have the preference to take it up before any 
others." 

A transfer of land granted by Governor Lovelace in 1671, Grant by 
May 1, is recorded. ^'^^l';^'' 

A man who agreed to pay another in <■<■ fomjphins^'' is Pumpkin 
ordered to pay, a witness declaring that a demand was made ^"^'^' 
by defendant, but plaintiff refused "to bring them to the 
water side." Judgment, 20 guilders in wheat, and 26 guilders 
in pumpkins, at 16 guilders per 100.^ 

We have before mentioned, (page 423,) a grant from the go- ^^^y i4. 
vernor to Peter Bayard. It appears that the land was now pur- Purchase of 
chased from the Indians. " Mechaecksitt, sachem of Cohan- nookfrom 
sink, and sole Indian owner and proprietor of that tract of Indians. 
land called by Christians Bompies Hook, and by the Indians 
Newsink, in consideration of one gun and some other mat- 
ters, grants to Peter Bayard, of New York, all that tract of 
land on west side of Delaware, and at its mouth, beginning 
at a great pond and a little creek issuing out of it, being the 
uppermost bounds of it, and stretching down along the river 
to Duck Creek, with lands, woods, &c. between the said up- 
permost pond and creek and Duck Creek, to hold to Peter 
Bayard in fee, to his own sole use." The deed is witnessed 
by E. Herman, clerk, who was one of the two persons ap- 
pointed by the governor to purchase lands of the natives ; so 
it is probable this was bought by governor's order.^ 

' Upland Court Records, p. 119. ^ ^q^ Castle Records, in Breviat. 



46^ 



16T9. 



June 13. 

Case of 
HutchinsoD, 
a constable, 
who broke 
open a 
trunk. Go- 
vernor gives 
his construc- 
tion of the 
law. 



llutchinson 
is whipped 
and banish- 
ed. 



July 12. 



Oath illegal- 
ly taken not 
binding as 
evidence. 



CHAKLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

The court seem to be much puzzled to know how to pro- 
ceed in the case of one Hutchinson, a constable, in whose 
care a chest was left by some person ; while in his house, he 
broke it open, and applied the articles to his own use. The 
court apply to the governor, who, in answer, gives his con- 
struction of the law as follows, the prisoner being confined : 
" The matter of fact committed by the prisoner would not 
reach to the taking of his life by the strictest law, (according 
to our apprehension, here ;) if it were in England, and the 
duke's laws are much more favourable, where, if you \nl\ turn 
to the capital laws, you may be further satisfied ; besides, the 
chest, with what was therein, being left at his house by the 
party, it is but a breach of trust, though the thing is aggra- 
vated by his having broken open, or picked the lock of the 
chest, and taken out those things, to convert them to his ovrn 
use, may be looked on as a larceny, or thieving, and he acted 
as a great knave and cheat ; but whether it will reach to the 
criminal part, so far as to burn him in the hand, which is 
commonly inflicted on a person that deserves death, yet hav- 
ing the benefit of the clergy, saves his life by reading, though 
he forfeits all his goods and chattels, and liberty for five years. 
It is a question, however, the proof being so clear. I suppose 
he may at least deserve corporeal punishment, or a conside- 
rable fine, and such further penalty, by banishment or the 
like, the which his excellency doth wholly leave to your court 
to adjudge and determine, before whom he is to have his trial, 
and whatsoever your sentence shall be, you are to put the 
same in execution." It appears he was suspended as constable, 
and sentenced to be whipped, which was immediately executed ; 
the stolen goods to be returned, and he banished for ever from 
the river and parts adjacent.^ 

Several of the justices of the court are deputed to visit 
the governor at New York, on matters respecting the court, 
town, &c.^ 

Verhoof is surveyor, and Venis sherifi" at Whorekill. Prices 
of survey at Whorekill to be the same as in Maryland and 
Virginia. 

"A magistrate of city of New Yoi-k unadvisedly took an 

oath of one Taylor, concerning fees which he claimed for 

surveying at Whorekill, the magistrates of the city having 

nothing to do in any other part of the government out of 

' New Castle Records, lib. B. p. 84, 91. - Ibid. p. 115 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 465 

their precincts, and the said oath being taken contrary to 1679. 
law, you are to take no cognisance of it, and by no means ' ' ' 
admit it as proof or evidence for Taylor. "^ 

A petition is presented to the court by Michael Baron, June i4. 
showing that the Indian proprietors had given him, in 1671, Fenwick 
a certain tract or neck of land, lying in the Ferkens or Salem *g'"'i^°™- 

' •' ° _ _ plained 

Creek, the said land being called Quiettetting, and that the against for 
said parcel of land was accordingly, by orders of John Ed- o^^er^of"'"^ 
munds, surveyed, and improvements made by the petitioner, laud. 
and that he has been dispossessed by Fenwick, who gave the 
same to John Pledger. The court are requested to aid him 
in recovering it. They order that the case be first examined 
by the court at Salem, and that Justice Outhout endeavour 
to make an end of it ; if not, to be transferred in writing for 
further examination.^ 

The court empower John Moll, Captain Cantwell, and the July 12. 
clerk, E. Herman, to represent the court at K^ew York, as Representa- 
well in defence of the court orders and sentences by them couTt to New- 
passed, as also hum]>ly to request privileges and removal of ^ork. 
grievances.^ 

Philip Pocock is appointed surveyor of tracts of land be- juiy is. 
low Falls of Delaware, on west side, for several persons lately Pocock,sur- 
come out of England, destitute of land ; his fees to be as in ^''^°'"" 
Maryland. 

It appears that, in 1668, upon the petition of Cornelius Nov. 25. 
Laersen and others, Governor Philip Carteret authorized the Purchase of 
purchase of lands from the Indians, "lying on the east side Indians be- 
of Delaware Pv-iver, from Timber kill to Old Man's kill, to- tweenxim- 
gether with a small island adjacent, called Ratkon's Island, Man's 
with an intent and purpose to populate and inhabit the same, Creoks. 
provided they shall be obedient to the laws of New Jersey," 
&;c. Whether the purchase was then made does not appear, 
but under date of 15th November, 1679, i^ recorded the fol- 
lowing acknowledged Indian deed, apparently for the same 
land. It is " from Ausav/itt Woappeck, Jan Awieham, the 
sole Indian owners and proprietors of a certain parcel or neck 
of land called Kachkieekanehackin, lying and being on the 
east side of Delaware River, over against Maritties Hook, 
beginning on the west or lower end, with a creek called and 
known by the Indians by the name of Mattietcussing, and 

' N. Y. Records; Breviat. - New Castle Records, p. 109. 

3 Ibid. ; Breviat. 
69 



466 



CHARLES II.— JASIES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1679. 



December 5. 



Suit of Pe- 
ter Jegou 
against 
Wright, for 
lands oppo- 
site Burling 
ton. 
Decision. 



by the Christians, ' the Old Man's kill,' and so np along the 
river side to the first small kill, called by the Indians Cach- 
kikikanahacking, and so south-east into the woods, includino- 
all the lands and meadows between the said two creeks : con- 
sideration, 2 half-ankers of liquor, 2 guns, 2 matchcoats, 
4 double-handsfal of powder, 2 kettles, 4 bars lead, 4 looking- 
glasses, 4 knives, and 4 awls, in hand paid by Hans Hoffman 
and Peter Jansen ; as also more paid by Gurs Justasen for 
them, 1 gun, 1 anker beer, 1 bar of lead, 1 double-handful of 
powder."^ 

Peter Jegou sues Thomas Wright and Godfrey Hancock 
for a "trespass upon the case," which is thus stated on the 
records : 

" The plaintiff, Jegou, declares, that in the year 1668, he 
obtained a permit and grant of Governor Philip Carteret, to 
take up the land called Leasy Point, lying and being over 
against Mattinicum Island and Burlington, to settle himself 
there, and to build and keep a house of entertainment for the 
accommodation of travellers ; all which the plaintiff accord- 
ingly hath done, and moreover hath purchased of Cornelius 
Jorissen, Jurian Marcelis, and Jan Claessen, each their houses 
and lands at '^ Leasy Point,' aforesaid, which was given them 
by the Dutch governor, in the year 1666; for all which. Go- 
vernor Carteret promised the plaintiff a patent, all which 
said houses and lands the plaintiff had in lawful possession 
until the year 1670, at which time the plaintiff was plundered 
by the Indians, and by them utterly ruined, as is well known 
to all the world, so that the plaintiff then for a time was 
forced to leave his land and possessions aforesaid, and to re- 
pair his losses in other places, and to leave his land as afore- 
said, with the intention to return when occasion should present. 
But now, for it is, may it please your worship, that with the 
arrival of these new-comers called ' QuacTcers,' out of Eng- 
land, those defendants, Thomas Wright and Godfrey Han- 
cock, had violently entered upon your plaintiff's said land, 
and there have by force planted corn, cut timber for houses, 
mowed hay, and made fences, notwithstanding they were 
forewarned by your plaintiff's friend, Henry Jacobs, in your 
plaintiff's behalf, in the presence of Captain Edward Cant- 
well, and afterwards by the plaintiff summoned before the 
magistrates of Burlington, who making no end of it, the case 

' New Castle Records, p. 306. 



DEPUTY GOVEENOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 467 

was, by the said magistrates and those defendants' consent, 1G79. 
removed here before your worships ; whereupon the plaintiff ' ^~~^ 
humbly craves your worships to order the defendants, and all 
others, not to molest the plaintiff in the quiet possession of 
his said land, &c. 

" The defendants declared to be very willing to stand by 
the verdict and judgment of the court. 

" Whereupon the court, having heard the debates of both 
parties, and examined all the papers, are of opinion, that 
since Mr. Peter Jegou had Governor Carteret's grants, and 
was in quiet possession of the land before ever the land was 
sold by Sir John Berkley unto Edward Billing, and that he, 
the said Jegou, hath also bought the land, and paid the In- 
dians for the same, that therefore Mr. Peter Jegou ought 
peaceably and quietly enjoy the same land and appurtenances, 
according to grant and purchase,"^ 

From the description, this land would appear to have been 
somewhere in the neighbourhood of Bristol. Jegou's house 
of entertainment was probably well known, for it will be re- 
collected that it is mentioned as a stopping-place when Go- 
vernor Lovelace was about visiting the Delaware in 1672, 
(page 396.) 

"It being represented to the court, by the churchwardens Decemburs. 
of Tinnicum and Wiccaco churches, that the fences about the chm-chesof 
church and other church buildings are much out of repair, ^^n"'^^-™^ 
and that some of the people, members of said churches, are outofre- 
neglective to make the same up, &c. The court having taken of court to 
the premises into consideration, do find it necessary to order, the members 

,. . ^-,, to have it 

and authorize and empower, and do here, by these presents, done, landei- 
order, authorize, and empower the respective churchwardens pf'"'^'t3'' *« 

be iGvied on 

of the said two churches of Tinnicum and Wiccaco, to order their effects. 
and summon the respective members of the said churches, as 
from time to time, and at all times Avhen it shall be found 
necessary, to build, make good, and keep in repair the said 
churchyard fences, as also the church and all other appur- 
tenances thereof, and if any of the said members, upon warn- 
ing, do prove neglective in doing their proportion to the same, 
they, and each of them, to forfeit 50 guilders for each such 
neglect, to be levied out of their goods and chattels, lands 
and tenements."^ 

Albert Hendricks, of Lamoco^ transfers to John Test, of 

' Upland Court Records, p. 126. 2 Ibid. p. 241. 



468 



1679. 



Firstborn 
child, R. 
BufSngton. 



Dec. 13. 



frrants of 
land in 
Bucks coun- 
ty. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

Upland, his land at head of Upland Creek, beginning at 
Robert Wades marked beech tree, part of a greater conveyed 
by patent from governor, and called Lamoco. 

Various grants at Pempacean and Poetquissing, Upland, 

&C.1 

In this year was born Richard BuiSngton, son of Richard, 
he being the first born Englishman in Pennsylvania. The 
facts in this case were peculiarly commemorated in the parish 
of Chester, on 30th May, 1739. The father, having then at- 
tained his eighty-fifth year, had an assemblage of his de- 
scendants, to the number of 115 persons, convened in his own 
house ; the first-born was then present, in his sixtieth ycar.^ 

Waiter Wharton's death is referred to.'^ 

Various grants of land this year, by Andross, in Bucks 
county. The names of settlers, the vessels in which they and 
their servants came, and other particulars, are there en 
record. 



reb. 14. 



Inhabitants 
have no 
wheat to pay 
taxes with. 



Petition to 
pay in to- 
bacco. 



Question 
with regard 
to quit-rents 
on certain 
lauds. 



1680. 

The court at New Castle address a letter to the governor, 
at the special " request of the planters, inhabitants of that 
county, w4io are debtors to his excellency in wheat for the 
quit-rents on their lands, being often before, and now of late 
publicly warned by the receivers to pay their quit-rents with- 
out further delay, this spring, or suffer the penalty expressed 
in his excellency's former orders." They " declare they have 
no vvheat, and nothing else than tobacco," which Mr. Har- 
inan (the receiver) refuses to receive, he having no orders to 
do so ; they therefore " most humbly request that his excel- 
lency will be pleased, according to his wonted goodness, to 
allovf them to pa}^ their said quit-rents in tobacco, at such a 
reasonable rate as his excellency shall be pleased to put 
thereon, the custom being in the neighbouring colonies 2(i. 
per pound, otherways several persons will necessarily forfeit 
their lands and livings." 

"Furthermore, (the court sajj",) we most humbly request 
your excellency to direct us whether quit-rents must be paid 
for lands forfeited for want of settlement, that is to say, if 
those as do afterwards obtain the same forfeited lands are 
liable to pay the arrear of quit-rents of the first possessor, 



' Upland Ueconls. 

3 New Custle Records, lib. B. 



2 'Watson's Annals, vol. i. p. 512. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 4(39 

from the time of its first taking up, or not; and also wlietlier 1680. 
those "who have forfeited the lands for want of settlement, ' ■ ' 
and themselves requesting a new grant for such their forfeited 
lands, (if not granted before their request to others,) are to 
be preferred, if thej will make present settlement ; and also 
the longest time we are to allow for settlement of the lands." 

"The court also present the case of a person who, having poorsouner 
been employed in the time of the commander, and since as a ^g]^^for°pay 
soldier, to look after the fort arms and ammunition, being 
ancient and very poor, asks for some pay; they ask if he shall 
be longer continued as a soldier, and also, whether the fort, nepairs 
or house of defence here, (which wants very much repair,) 
must be repaired, and how the means thereof shall be found." 

" The enlargement of the county up and downwards, as far Eniarge- 
as S. Jones's, is recommended as necessary for the conve- county re- 
niency of the people."^ commended. 

This year Bishop Compton found, upon search, that there But four 
were but four ministers of the Church of England in North ^'"^1^^^'^!^]° 
America, and only one or two regularly sent over. He there- of England 
fore made proposals to several places to supply them with America. 
clergymen.^ 

Court call on inhabitants to pay up quit-rents. February i-t 

An appeal is taken from the judgment of the court at Sa- March 12. 
lem, about a piece of land called Quiettetting ; plaintiff, M. suit about 
Barron, against Lefevre and Pledger, defendants. The plain- 
tiff alleges that he had a grant from Governor Carteret, long 
before the division of the province, and that he purchased the 
land from the Indian proprietors ; that it was confirmed to 
him by John Edmunds and William Tom, Major Fenwick's 
agents, and by their order surveyed by Henry Parker, sur- 
veyor. That he had for several years made improvements, 
and beginning of settlement, but Avas hindered by Fenwick's 
threats. That the Indians, when they sold the other lands to 
Fenwick, exempted then what they had before sold to others. 
The defendants reply, that Quiettetting, and about 6000 acres, 
were sold to them by Fenwick, and surveyed to them by his 
order, and that they have had three years' quiet possession. 
That the plaintiff forfeited by not settling in due time. One 
" Saunders, a Quaker, declares, that last fall, he having made 
a small house at Quiettetting, by Pledger's order, three In- 
dians came in a rude manner, and said, that in six ' sleeps' 

' New Castle Records. 2 Humphreys, 11. 8. 



470 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1680. 



March 20. 
Surveyor of 
Upland. 
Israel Helm 

sells. 



Court fees. 



April 15. 



May 22. 



June 3. 

Commission 
of Duke of 
York to 
John Levin, 
to examine 
into his af- 
fairs and in« 
terests in 
this country. 



more, Barron would come and make a wigwam on the land." 
Justice Outhout, sworn in court, declares that in 1675, he 
was present, when Fenwick bought the lands of the Indians, 
and that the bargain was, he was to have all the lands except 
what they had sold, &c. The court submit it to a jury, who 
decide for the defendants.^ 

Eichard Noble produced his commission from Governor 
Andross, as surveyor of Upland, dated December 15, 1679. 

Israel Helm transfers his house, land, and plantation, at 
Upland, to James Sanderling. 

The law allows the court 2s. 6d. for every judgment given, 
and the court being in great want of money to pay and de- 
fray their necessary charges of meat and drink, &c., the 
sheriflf is ordered to collect.^ 

John Yeo is charged with and tried for mutinous expres- 
sions against the duke, the town, the court, &c. He is ac- 
quitted by a jury. 

R. Hutchinson, though banished, is permitted by Andross 
to return for a few days, on his private business, he to com- 
port himself. 

No person to sell under half-anker of liquor to Indians, 
under pena,lty of 200 guilders ; one-third to informer, one- 
third to sheriff, and one-third to church.^ 

The Duke of York sends a person named John Levin, with 
very extensive powers, to investigate the situation of his in- 
terests in this country. Levin was instructed, by his com- 
mission, " as my agent and servant in New York and Albany, 
and other my lands and territories in America, and therefore 
you are, with the first opportunity of shipping bound for 
those parts, to take your passage for New York, and on your 
arrival there you are, by all good and reasonable ways and 
means, to apply yourself to inquire and find out all the es- 
tate, rents, and revenues, profits and perquisites, which in any 
sort do of right belong and appertain to me, and arise in any 
of those places, and to examine all books and papers, and 
records, and other matters relating thereunto ; and to that 
end I authorize and empower you to demand, ask, and re- 
ceive of and from all and every of my ofiicers and servants, 
or any other employed in any places of trust belonging to 
me, all books, papers, Avritings, records, registers, accounts, 



> New Castle Records, p. 184. 

3 New Castle Records, lib. B. p. 219. 



2 Upland Records. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 47I 

and all other things which may tend to the discovery or mani- 1680. 
festation thereof, and I do hereby require and command all ' """^ 
my said officers and others employed in any such places and 
trusts, to produce and show unto you, and to suffer you to 
have the free and full use of them, so often and so long as 
you shall think fit, and have occasion for the same ; and I do 
, also further authorize, empower, and require you, in a more 
especial manner, to inquire and find out whether the free 
trade of any of the inhabitants of those places, or any mer- 
chants trading thither, now is, or hath been lately, so ob- 
structed or hindered, and how, and by what methods, the 
trade and traders in those places may be encouraged and in- 
creased, it being my real intentions and desire to encourage 
and advance the ease and benefit, and advantage of trade, 
and the merchants and inhabitants there ; and for the better 
executing of this trust which I have reposed in you, I do re- 
quire you to observe and follow such directions as you shall 
herewith receive. Given under my hand and seal, at Wind- 
sor, 24th May, 1680. James. 

"By command of his highness. — John Werden."^ 

The instructions to Mr. Levin commence with assigning Junes, 
reasons for sending him ; to ascertain state and condition of instructions 
those places for trade, &c., and parts and branches of revenue,, ^o'^^®"^"^- 
and other profits, certain, or incidental or casual, " as I am 
proprietor of said places;" also of rent, expenses and charges 
for their support. 

On his arrival at New York, he is to apply to Andross, and 
demand to be sent him such persons, and books and papers, 
relative to customs, &c. ; "if in his possession, demand them 
of him, and let him know it is my pleasure to deliver them to 
you." 

2d. Same respecting lands, from all which you are to make 
a statement, what rent or tax every person at New York, 
Esopus, Albany, Long Island, and all other places do or ought 
to pay ; how and when due and paid ; amount ; who hath re- 
ceived it for six years past ; for what use paid ; profit from 
weigh-houses ; value of tap licenses ; why a difi'erence between 
New York and Long Island for raising money ; inquire for six 
years past, is there a poll-tax ; fines, forfeitures, and seizures ; 
largest income from customs ; look out for frauds ; what cus- 
toms on exports and imports, especially tobacco, rum, and 

' New Castle Records, p. 313, and Lomlon Documents, vol. iii. p. 1. 



472 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OP YORK. 



1680. 



Andross or- 
dered to 
England. 



June 7. 

Justices for 
the three 
lower coun- 
ties. 



June 11. 

Lands grant- 
ed near Bom- 
bay Hook. 



June 22. 

E. Herman, 
surveyor in 
place of Po- 
cock. 



June 18. 



other liquors ; inquire what number of whales killed in six 
years ; whalebone, oil, and " what m}^ share," and whether I 
get it, or who does ; what value of goods exported from Eno-- 
land to New York: how many ships for America, and from 
Holland, &c. ; expenses of government for six years ; what 
obstacles to trade, and what encouragement wanted.^ From 
which it would appear he had undertaken a pretty serious 
business. 

By a letter of the same date, informing him of Mr. Levin's 
appointment, Governor Andross is instructed to go to Eng- 
land, on Mr. Levin's arrival, and to leave Lieutenant Brock- 
holls in charge of the government. (See November 25.)^ 

Governor Andross commissions justices of the peace for 
the several districts of Delaware, viz. 

For New Castle and dependencies, John Moll, Peter Al- 
ricks, Gerrit Otto, Johannes De Haes, and Vfilliam Semple. 

For Upland court or county,^ Otto Ernest Cock, Henry 
Jones, Israel Helm, Lasa Cock, and George Brown. 

For St. Jones and dependencies, from south side of Duck 
Creek to north side of Cedar Creek, Francis Whitwell, John 
Hillyard, Robert Hart, and Edward Pack. 

For WJiorekill and dependencies, beginning at south side 
of Cedar Creek, downwards, Luke Watson, John Boades, 
John Kipshaven, Otto Woolgart, or Woolast, [Breviat,] and 
William Clark.^ 

A grant to Ephraim Herman, of lands formerly granted to 
John Morgan and John Derney, who did not improve them, 
and are since dead, lying on west side of Delaware, towards' 
the mouth, between land of Morris Liston and Duck Creek, 
(near Bombay Hook,) 300 acres each. 

Ephraim Herman is appointed surveyor for New Castle and 
Jones, in place of Philip Pocock, deceased, " to survey and 
lay out land as a surveyor ought to do," according to war- 
rants from governor, or on extraordinary occasions, for the 
benefit of the place, to fit persons, making due return to the 
secretary.^ 

The commissions of the justices at Upland are renewed for 



' London Documents, at Albany, vol. i. p. 3. '^ Ibid. p. 12. 

^ This is said, in Breviat, quoting from N. Y. Records, to be "die first com- 
mission for this vew county of Upland." 

* New Castle Records. Albany Records. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. SI. 
^ Ibid. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 87. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 473 

a year, viz. Otto Ernest Cock, Israel Helm, Henry Jones, 1680. 
Lauren Cock, and George Brown. " ''^^ 

The court order, that for defraying the charges of the sit- 
tings of the court, each person is to pay one schipple of wheat Levy for 
per year, or 5 a;uilders, according to former orders. courtex- 

Upland Creek, where the sessions of the court had hereto- court moved 
fore been held, being at the lower end of the county, they ^^j*"^"^ °^ 
resolve, "for the greater ease of the people," for the future, 
to sit and meet at the town of Kinsesse, on the Schuylkill. 

A tJiresh-Jiouse, and J. Nelsen's garden, at Kingsesse, are a thresh- 
§poken of as on land granted by Sir R, Carr, June 4, 1673.-^ Kinlse^L 

Governor issues a warrant to Sheriif Cantwell, requiring june22. 
him to summon Jacob Young to appear personally before go- ""'S'^''^^* 
vernor and council at New York, to answer for presuming to Young, for 
treat with the Indians in this ffovernment, without any ^''^at^s 

° ' "^ with In- 

authority, to the disturbance thereof.^ dians. 

Having traced the history of the settlements along the 
Delaware from their origin, and furnished incidents sufficient June 24. 
to mark their progress, we have reached the period in vrhich 
we have a more special interest. William Penn, as has been 
partially seen, became, a few years since, associated with 
others in the settlement of Jersey, thus affording to him the 
means of obtaining much accurate information with regard to 
the country generally. Much of his life, hitherto, had been 
passed in religious controversies and visits, and sufferings 
arising out of them, a full account of which will be found in 
Clarkson and other writers, who have made it their business 
to present a view of his whole life. Our duty is Avith his 
acts in reference to the settlement of our own state. In 
1670, he lost his father, whose death placed him in possession Death of Ad- 
of an estate estimated to be worth, at that time, not less than °*"^^ ^'^^ 
X1500 a year. Two years after, he, in the twenty-eighth 
year of his age, married Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter Marriage of 
of Sir William Springett, said to have been a lady of great '^' ^^' 
beauty and sweetness of disposition. He took up his resi- 
dence at Rickmansworth. For several years, he appears to 
have devoted much of his time to the duties of his ministry. 
In 1675, he first became connected with affairs in Jersey, 
becoming more and more engrossed with them, down to this 
year, when he began seriously to think of winding up the 
estate of his father. The government, it appears, was in- 

' Upland Records. ^ Albany Records ; Penn's Breviat. 

60 2r2 



474 * CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1680. debted largely to his father for money, as well as services, 

' ' ' amounting, ■with interest, to about ,£16,000, in lieu of which, 

the government being unable or unwilling to settle with him 

He presents in monoy, he proposed to receive land in America, and accord- 

petitfonfora ^^S^J presented a petition to King Charles IL, asking the 

grant of Issuc of lettcrs-patcnt for it. The entire petition is not in 

^onnsy ya- g^^jg^^gj^gg^ |J^^^ [^ a_ mutilated state, was presented on the trial 

, between Penn and Lord Baltimore, in 1735, in the following 

form, as we find it on the Breviat of the evidence.^ (June 14.) 

For the 
Copy of a The Humble ad 

STeSon. son to Sir W 

* Sheweth 

That having 

in Ireland by the oppression of the lord 

decease (though most of it remitted by 

to borrow every penny of it by reason 

England was under the stop of the Ex 

with the growing interest of it, and ye 

for the relief of his own and his mother's 

Ruine 

He humbly prays that 
that princely respect he of 
his compassion to the afflicte 
America, lying North of M 
River on the west, lima it 
extend as far as plantable 
he doubts not by his intere 
profitable plantation to the 
to raise that speedy and sufficient 
incumbrances that he may 
Debt of, at least 11000£ and be 
and time as shall be most 
And2 

From the time of the presentation of Penn's petition to 
the king, for a grant of lands in America, to that of his ob- 
taining a charter, a long and searching course of proceedings 
took place, as will be seen by extracts from them. 

• Clarkson's Life of Penn. Proud, &c. 
2 Breviat, p. 51. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 475 

At a meeting of the lords of the committee of the Privy 1680. 
Council, for the aflFairs of trade and plantations, present, ' '"~' 
Lord President Duke of Albemarle, Bishop of London, and 
Secretary Jenkins, "the petition of William Penn, referred, June 24. 
by an order from the Earl of Sunderland, of the 1st instant. Proceedings 
is read, praying, in consideration of debts due to him or his trad"^'^nd^ 
father, from the crown, to grant him letters-patent for a tract plantations 
of land in America, lying north of Maryland, on the east "et^™^^ 
bounded with Delaware River, on the west limited as Mary- 
land, and northward to extend as far as plantable ; where- 
upon Mr. Penn is called in, and being asked Avhat extent of 
land he will be contented with northerly, declares himself 
satisfied with three degrees to the northward, and that he is 
willing, in lieu of such a grant, to remit his debt due him from 
his majesty, or some part of it, and to stay for the remainder 
till his majesty shall be in a better condition to satisfy it." 
Ordered, " that copies of the petition be sent unto Sir John 
Werden," and to the agents of the Lord Baltimore, "to the 
end that they may report how far the pretensions of Mr. Penn 
may consist with the boundaries of Maryland, or the duke's 
propriety of New York, and his possessions in those parts." 

Letters were accordingly addressed, by Secretary Blayth- 
waite, to Sir John Werden, and the agents of Lord Baltimore, 
enclosing a copy of the petition. (June 14.) 

The petition of Mr. Penn is again read ; also a letter from July 5. 
Sir J. Werden, and one from Lord Baltimore's agent. Mr. 
Penn was then called in, and " told, that it appearing from 
Sir John's letter, that part of the territory desired by him is 
already possessed by the Duke of York, he must apply him- 
self to his royal highness for adjusting their respective pre- 
tensions, and Mr. Penn being also acquainted Avith the matter 
of the letter from the Lord Baltimore's agents, he does agree 
that Susquehanna Fort shall be the bounds of the Lord Bal- 
timore's province ; and as to the furnishing of arms and 
ammunition to the Indians, Mr. Penn declares himself ready 
to submit to any restraints their lordships shall impose. 

The following are the letters referred to in the preceding. 

Sir John replies: after excusing his delay by absence, he July 3. 
saj^s, "that by all which I can observe of the boundaries Letter of sir 
mentioned in Mr. Penn's petition, they agree well enough ^g^**^^*^" 
with that colony or plantation which has been hitherto, (ever 
since the conquest of New York, by Colonel Nicholls,) held 



476 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1680. as an appendix and part of the government of New York, by 
'"'"'^ ' the name of Delaware Colony, or more particularly, New 
Castle Colony, that being the name of a principal place in 
it, the whole being planted promiscuously by Swedes, Fin- 
landers, Dutch, and English, all of which hath been actually 
under the government of his royal highness's lieutenant at 
New York hitherto, but what are its proper boundaries, 
(those of latitude and longitude being so very little known, 
or so ill observed, as experience tells us, in all the West 
Indies,) I am not able to say; if this be what Mr. Penn 
would have, I presume the right honourable the lords of the 
committee for trade and plantations will not encourage his 
pretensions to it, because of what is mentioned, which plainly 
show the duke's right preferable to all others, (under his 
majesty's good liking,) though it should not prove to be strictly 
within the limits of the duke's patent ; but if it be any other 
parcel of land unimproved in those parts, which is without all 
other patents, and not interfering with the possessions of his 
majesty's subjects already settled there, I humbly submit to 
their lordships how far they may think convenient, (under 
fitting restrictions and qualifications,) to tie up the govern- 
ment of such new colonies, as near as may be, to the laws of 
England, to recommend the petitioner's request to his ma- 
jesty." (June 23, 1680.)i 

Messrs. Barnaby Dunch and Richard Burk, the agents of 
tetter of the Lord Baltimore, say, "It is desired, that if the grant pass 
if rd*Mf ^^^^ '^^^' -^^'^^J ^^ *^® lands petitioned for by him, in America, 
more. that it may be expressed to be land that shall be north of 

Susquehanna Fort, also north of all lands in a direct line 
between the said fort and Delaware River, and also north of 
all lands upon a direct line westward from said fort, for said 
fort is the boundary of Maryland northward. It is further 
desired that there may be contained general v>'ords of re- 
striction as to any interest granted to the Lord Baltimore, 
and saving to him all rights granted. It is also prayed that 
my lord's council may have a sight of the grant, before it 
pass. 
, " On a public account, it is oflfered, that some due caution 

be provided, that no arms, powder, shot, or ammunition, be 
sold, by any that shall settle in this new plantation, to the 

' Votes of Assembly, vol. i. Perm's Breviat. Keg. Penns. vol. i. p. 270. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 477 

Indians or natives, for hereby a common mischief may happen 1680. 
unto all his majesty's neighbouring plantations,"^ " — • — ' 

About this time, probably, commenced the foreign com- 
merce by the English settlers from the Delaware, as Mahlon juiyfi. 
Stacey to a friend in England writes, " that Burlington will 
be a place of trade quickl}'', for here is way for trade. I, with 
eight more, last winter bought a good ketch of 50 tons, 
freighted her out at our own charge, and sent her to Barba- voyasefrom 
does, and so to sail to Saltertugas, to take in part of her to"w°su°n- 
lading in salt, and the rest in Barbadoes goods, as she came 'i^'^s. 
back ; which said voyage she hath accomplished very well, 
and now rides at Burlington, discharging her lading, and so 
to go to the West Indies again, and we intend to freight her 
out with our own corn."^ 

The same writer says, " we have wanted nothing, since we comfortable 
came hither, but the company of our good friends and ac- <=°'^'^'*^'°° "^ 
quaintance." "I live as well to my content, and in as great 
plenty as ever I did, and in a far more likely way to make 
an estate."^ 

"About this time, Olive had built his water-mill on his JniisatKan- 
plantation nigh Rancocas Creek, and in this year, Stacey xrenton. 
finished his mill at Trenton. The inhabitants had hitherto 
either pounded their corn, or ground it vrith hand-mills. 
These two mills were the only ones that ground for the coun- 
try, several of the first years after their arrival."'^ 

"An original deed of sale, (upon a half sheet of paper,) juiy2o. 
whereby Kanockere, Alom, Eliggene, Nogcotto, To wis, Wip- Indian pur- 
paycam, and Winappanegge, for themselves and their heirs, ^^^^^' ^^^ 
alienate, bargain, and sell unto Mr. John Moll, of the town 
of New Castle, on Delaware River, in the hehalf of all the 
inhabitants dwelling at Case and Broett Islands, Bed Clay 
Creek and White Clay Creek, quite unto the falls thereof, 
which are already settled, and shall settle hereafter, upon any 
of said islands about Christina Creek, as far as the precincts 
of Maryland, the land called Musser Cripple therein included, 
to hold free of the claims of all Indians and their heirs ; and 
that for a valuable consideration, on real satisfaction, paid to 
the Indians by said John Moll, as well for his ov/n proper 
account as also for the proper account of all the present and 

' Votes of Assembly. Penn's Breviat. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 270. 

2 Stacey's Letter, in Smith's N.J. p. 114. 3 Ibid. 

4 Ibid, (note.) 



478 
1680. 



August 16. 
Duke of 
York trans- 
fers West 
Jersey. 

August 31. 

No other 
tax than in 
1677. 



Empty 
treasury. 



October. 

Complaints 
against du- 
ties at 
Whorekill. 



Application 
for their re- 
moval, and 

Buccess of it. 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

all future settlements and inhabitants in those parts. Given 
under customary marks, in New Castle, July 10, 1680."^ 

The Duke of York conveys by deed, to Edward Byllinge, 
William Penn, G-. Lawrie, N. Lucas, John Eldridge, and Ed- 
ward Warner, all the territory of the province of West 
Jersey.^ 

The justices of New Castle write to New York, that there 
never was any other tax or public levy at New Castle than 
in 1677, Avhich was with his own (governor's) approbation, 
and on account of wolves' heads. Captain Collyer charged 
25 per cent, for collecting the wolf, dyke, and fine money, 
"and for the rest of Captain Collyer's account, we know not 
what way it may be paid, having now, nor before, any cash 
or public store to pay the same." It was afterwards (Oct. 4) 
ordered to be paid out of quit-rents due from him, &c.^ 

In the time of Governor Lovelace, (see page 380,) a duty 
of ,£10 per cent., which had previously been laid, but for 
some time had been intermitted, was renewed by him, on all 
European goods imported at the Vvliorekill, and on all furs 
and peltry exported thence, and which had been exacted of 
all persons arriving in West Jersey. From the first they had 
complained of it as a great hardship, but as they had much 
increased, this duty amounted to so considerable a sum as to 
become oppressive. The settlers therefore concluded to en- 
deavour to have the evil remedied, and for this purpose ad- 
dressed themselves to the trustees of Byllinge, to apply to the 
Duke of York to have the duty removed, it being considered 
an arbitrary act on the part of the governor of New York. 
Accordingly, William Penn and the other trustees brought 
the subject to the notice of the duke, whose interests would 
suffer should the duty be abolished ; the duke referred it to 
commissioners, where it continued for some time. A long 
argument was addressed to them,** showing, that as the duke 
had received from the king, together with the land, among 
other powers, that of government, and that whatever rights 
and powers the duke possessed he had conveyed to Berkley 
and Carteret, and Berkley to Byllinge, and that no longer 
-could the colony be subject " to any laws or impositions but 

1 Breviat ; (Perm's Exhibits, P. F.) p. 50. 

2 Learning & Spicer, p. 412. Mulford, p. 191. 

3 New Castle Records, in Penn's Breviat, p. 30. 

* Smith's N. J. p. 117, &c., where see the arguments at length. Also, Mul- 
ford, p. 185, &c. Clarkson, vol. i. p. 201. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 479 

those made by itself or Great Britain." The commissioners 1680. 
referred the subject to the attornej^-general, Sir W. Jones, ' • ' 
who decided in favour of the colonists. The result was offi- 
cially made known to the governor of New York, and the 
duty removed this year. 

Robert Willing was fined 500 pounds of tobacco, to the October 2. 
use of the public, and to keep the peace one year and one ManCned 
day, by the court, St. Jones's, for " abusina; his royal hie-h- ^°^ speaking 
ness's justices of the peace, by saying he wondered the Duke royaihigh- 
of York was such a fool as to make such inconsiderable sons '^''^^' 
of whores justices."^ 

Balance of account of <£59, 16s. 7|c?. to be paid by sheriif October u. 
to E. Cantwell, "out of arrears due for quit-rents from him- Balance to 
self and others, particularly for two parcels of land in Apo- ^yen^'*^ *^''°^" 
quinimy, of 800 and 900 acres, formerly taken up and 
patented by him in 1676."^ 

There are several appeals from Delaware courts to court October ig. 
in New York, and one case of appeal from the judgment of 
the court to England. 

John Moll, justice, and president of New Castle court, is cases of ap- 
called by Abraham Mann to answer an indictment for words Yori^anT^ 
spoken in court, and at other times. The jury find him England, ou 
guilty of speaking the words in 1st and 2d articles, and of court di'ser- 
denying execution, and acquit him of the rest. The court ingfromTer- 
adjudge said indictment illegal and vexatious, and that Moll, 
by what is found against him, is not guilty of any crime, or 
breach of any known law, therefore acquit him, and order 
Mann to pay costs of court. Mann moved for an appeal to 
England, which is granted, he giving sufficient security to the 
value of XIOOO, to prosecute the same, and paying damages, 
if cast.^ 

John Richardson having obtained, at the court of assizes, October 21. 
a judgment for land he hath seated and improved, and having Lar^e bodies 
a considerable number of hands, 1200 acres are to be laid "^^^'^i.*" 

. John Ri- 

out for him adjoining to the above, including the same on cbardson 
direct lines, according to the regulation. Also, 1200 for s^eyg^g" 
John Stevens ; both to have, if possible, benefit of the water 
as well as land roads. '^ 

The court, "finding it necessary for the due preserving of October 23. 

• Kent Records, in Penn's Breviat. 

2 New Castle Records. Albany Records. Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 81. 

^ New York Records ; Breviat. ■* Ibid. 



480 



CHAKLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1680. 



October 26. 



Second letter 
from Sir 
John Wer- 
deu, express- 
ing his royal 
highness's, 
and his ma- 
jesty's assent 
to his peti- 
tion. 



Nov. 14. 

Penn's peti- 
tion again 
read. 



Nov. 18. 

Keferred to 

attorney-ge- 
neral for 
considera- 
tion of bis 
powers. 



Nov. 21. 



the peace," appoints another constable to officiate between the 
Schuylkill and Neshaminy, viz. Erick Cock, for one year. 

John Cock and Lasse Dalbo are appointed overseers of 
highways and roads, and viewers of fences, through the 
county. 

Ephraim Herman and Laer Cock have 552 acres surveyed 
on " Hotaorchon Oreeh,'" on west side of Delaware, and A. 
Petersen his land at Kingsesse.-*- 

Sir John Werden again writes to the secretary, and after 
referring to his former letter, says, " Since then, Mr. Penn 
hath represented to the duke his case and circumstances in 
relation to the reason he hath to expect favour from his ma- 
jesty, touching that request of his, to be such, as that his 
royal highness commands me to let you know, in order to your 
informing their lordships of it, that he is very willing Mr. 
Penn's request may meet with success ; that is, that he may 
have a grant of a tract of land which lies on the north of 
New Castle colony, part of Delaware, and on the west side 
of Delaware lliver, beginning about the latitude of 40°, and 
extending northward and westward as far as his majesty 
pleaseth, under such regulations as their lordships shall think 
fit."2 

At the next meeting of the committee, at which ten earls, 
&c. were present, the petition of Mr. Penn is again read, 
" desiring that a day may be appointed for preparing a grant 
unto him, of propriety in a tract of land in America, upon 
Delaware River." Next Thursday is appointed for the 
purpose. 

A letter from the secretary of the committee to the attor- 
ney-general, stating that his majesty has referred to them 
William Penn's petition, transmitting a draft of a grant of a 
tract of land for settling a colony and plantation in America, 
which he desires may pass to him for. the government of that 
colony, have commanded me to signify their desire unto you, 
that upon consideration of the powers therein proposed, you 
report upon them, whether you have any thing to object 
against the same. The committee will meet on Thursday 
next.^ 

A deed is on record of this date, from Meghacks^tt, chief 



' Upland Records. 

2 Votes of Assembly, vol. i. Penn's Breviat. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 270. 

3 Votes of Assembly, vol. i. p. xiii., &c. Reg. Penns. vol. i. pp. 260, 273. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 481 

sachem of Cohanzey, and natural owner of all the lands lying 1680. 
between Duck Creek, called by the Indians Quinquinfjo Cipus, " • ' 
and Apoquinimy Creek, for 2 half-ankers of drink, 1 blanket, 

1 matchcoat, 2 axes, 2 knives, 2 double handsful of powder. Purchase 

2 bars lead, and 1 kettle, paid by Ephraim Harman ; land ^°^^ ^^ 
lying on west side of Delaware, beginning at a creek near lands ije- 
the land of 3Iorris Liston, by the Indians called " Winsacco," ^^H^ ^^ 
and so along the said creek through the cedar swamp, &c. Apoctuinimy. 

The attorney presents to the committee his observations on Nov. 21. 
Mr. Penn's patent. 

Whorekill applies to the governor for a court-house, prison. Nor. 23. 
stocks, and whipping-post, for public service, to be built by 
taxes. Granted as to prison and stocks.^ 

Governor Andross intending to sail for England, informs Nov. 25. 
the justices that he will leave Captain Anthony Brockholls, Andross go- 
his lieutenant, without any other alteration. He likewise ex- Jand° leaves 
cuses them from attending a court which he had appointed at Brockhoiis 
New York, on account of the distance and the season of the ant. 
year. He notices also the arrival of Mr. John Levin, " a ^^'■- ^^^'"^ 

" , . , . arrived. 

gentleman sent by his royal highness, authorized to inspect ' 

the revenue, as per his commission," of which he sends them 
" a copy, to be observed accordingly," and recommends to 
them care in their several stations, to preserve and continue 
the public welfare. He did not depart till next year." (See 
January, 1681, for commission to Brockholls.) 

Application is made by sixteen persons, to the court of St. Nov. 27. 
Jones county, to take up 9500 acres of land. The court Landreguia- 
grants it, and makes an order that all persons taking up ijodyofiand 
lands, in default of settlement and improvement within one applied for. 
year after date of survey, shall forfeit their interest in the 
same.^ 

A letter from the secretary of the committee to Sir John Nov. 23. 
Werden, alludes to his heretofore sending to him Mr. Penn's Boundaries 
petition, and receiving his reply. He now sends, by his lord- attorney-ge- 
ship's order, an extract of the patent which he is soliciting, aerai. 
so far as concerns the boundaries, to the end he may state 
his objections in behalf of his royal highness, if he sees 
cause. The committee will meet on Tuesday. 

He also writes to the agents of Lord Baltimore, informing 

' N. Y. Records, m Breviat. 

2 Reg. Penns. vol. iii. pp. 32, 33 ; vol. iv. p. 81. Breviat. Sussex Records. 

3 Kent County Records, in Breviat, p. 51. 

61 2S 



482 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YOEK. 

1680. them their lordships had seen a draft of the letters-patent to 
' • ' Mr. Penn, which he alleges was put into their hands accord- 
ing to directions, to receive their objections. The committee 
to meet on Tuesday, and that in case they have nothing to 
object, they will thereupon take their final resolutions.^ 
Letter from Sir John Werden to the secretary, acknow- 
Nov. 30. ledges receipt of letter of 18th, and a part of Mr. Penn's. 
patent : 

" In cases of this nature, it were most proper to have the 
Letter of Sir advico of counscl learned in the laws, for settling the boun- 
den on the clarics of any new patent, but in regard I remember well the 
patent. dukc's directions expressed in a former letter, (16th October,) 
I shall frankly tell you my thoughts therefor, viz. that I be- 
lieve the description by lines of longitude, (especially,) and 
of latitude, are very uncertain, and so also is it, under what 
meridian the head of the Delaware River lies, which I do 
believe hath never yet been observed by any careful artist ; 
but it being the duke's intention that Mr. Penn's grant be 
bounded on the east side by Delaware River, and that his 
south limits be twenty or thirty miles beyond New Castle, 
(which colony of New Castle is northward, and distinct from 
Maryland, that being under the jurisdiction of Lord Balti- 
more,) which extent northward of New Castle colony, we 
guess, may reach as far as the beginning of the 40th degree 
of latitude ; therefore, if Mr. Penn's patent be so worded as 
to leave New Castle twenty or thirty miles beyond it, free, 
and to be bounded on the east by Delaware Paver, I think 
this is all the caution that needs as to the duke, who will not 
concern himself how far north or west Mr. Penn's patent 
takes in." 

Sir John Werden writes to the secretary, " that Mr. Penn 
Dec. 3. having often fallen into discourse with me of his concerns in 

Another let- America, since I wrote on Saturday, I have told him the sub- 
ter from gtancc of what I had written, and he seems to fear that if his 

Werden. In- ' 

terriewwith south limits be rightly set at twenty or thirty miles north 
from New Castle town, he shall have so little river left, as 
very much to prevent the hopes he hath of improving the 
rest within his patent ; but on the other side, he is willing 
that twelve English miles north of New Castle be his boun- 
dary, and believes the distance will fall under the beginning 
of the 40th degree of latitude, I have already signified to 

I Votes of Assembly, vol. i. 



firstborn 
child. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR EDMUND ANDROSS. 483 

you all I know of the duke's mind herein, which is in general 1680. 
to keep some convenient distance from New Castle north- ' • ' 
wards, for a boundary to that colony, but I confess I do not 
understand why it is precisely necessary to insist on just 
such a number of miles, more or less, in a country of which 
we know so little, and when all the benefits are intended to 
this patentee which others enjoy ; so I submit the point to 
your lordships' consideration, and do not think it material to 
add more."^ (November 23.) 

Was ^^horn in Bucks county, (Dec. 13,) Mary, daughter Dec. 23. 
of Lyonel and Elizabeth Britton. She is, so far as known. Another 
the first horn of English parents in the present state of Penn- 
sylvania, as may appear from a record in the register's oiBce 
at Doylestown, in the handwriting of Phineas Pemberton, 
formerly register of said county. Her parents came from 
Alney, Bucks county, England, and arrived in the Delaware 
in the ship 'Owner's Advice,' George Bond, master, and 
settled in Bucks county, 4th month, 1680."^ 

There are several claimants to this honour, as will appear 
hereafter. 

The governor of New York changes the name of the town Dec. 25. 
and county of Whorehill to that of Deal. The court records whorekiu 
it, and orders and decrees that they be so called from this '^°^^\^ ^o 

day.^ Deal. 

At a meeting of the council, Mr. Penn is called in con- Dec. 26. 
corning his patent. On reading the letters of Sir John Wer- Summons to 
den, touching the boundaries wherein his royal highness may ^^^^^^^ '^^ 
be concerned, they think it best that Sir John should attend tend, 
on Saturday, the 18th, and also Lord Baltimore's agents, both 
of whom were summoned, and desired not to fail to attend, as 
their lordships were then resolved to proceed to a resolution 
in that matter.* 

The attorney-general's answer to Mr. Penn's patent, says : 
" I have considered^ the petition of William Penn, praying Answer of 
his majesty to grant unto him a tract of land in America, the attorney 

^ . ° general on 

lying north of Maryland, bounded on the east by Delaware wm. Penn's 
Bay, to the west by the Indian countries, as Maryland, and p^*®"^*- 
do not find that such boundaries do intrench upon the Lord 

' Votes of Assembly, vol. i. pp. 269 — 273. 

2 Bucks County Records ; for which I am indebted, as well as for other 
facts, to the kindness of William Carr, Esq., Doylestown. 

3 Sussex Court Records, inBreviat. 
"1 Votes of Assembly, vol. i. 



484 CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 

1680. Baltimore's province of Maryland, wliicli is bounded soutli by 
' ' ' a part of Virginia, east by the main ocean and Delaware 
River, and north by that part of Delaware River, which lieth 
Dec. 26. in the 40th degree of latitude, and so by a direct line west- 
ward through the continent, 

"And the patent granted to his royal highness of New 
iTurther pro- York being bounded west by the east side of Delaware Bay, 
Pem^^case ^^ Sufficiently distinguished from the grant desired by Mr. 
Penn, which is bounded eastward by Delaware River or Bay, 
so that the tract of land desired by Mr. Penn seems to be 
undisposed of by his majesty, except the imaginary lines of 
New England patents, which are bounded westwardly by the 
main ocean, should give them a real, though impracticable 
right to all those vast territories. 

" But I am further to offer unto your lordships, that there 
are several Dutch and Swedish plantations which have been 
under the English government, that lie scattered on the west- 
ward of Delaware River, and some of them perhaps Avithin 
the bounds of Mr. Penn's petition, and have for a long time 
either acknowledged the protection of his royal highness, who 
took them from the Dutch, upon the conquest of New York, 
or of the Lord Baltimore, near whose borders they are set- 
tled, and how far Mr. Penn's grant may, in this consideration, 
concern his neighbours, is most humbly submitted to your 
lordships."^ 
Dec. 31. Between this date and the 11th of February last, the go- 

vided from vcmor lias plcascd to divide St. Jones from Whorekill county.^ 
wiorekiii. Q^ the petitions of thirty-three persons, the court, before 
Grants of the commissiouer of Jones county, grant liberty to take up 
^^''^- 18,663 acres of land.^ 

A man ordered by court to be whipped for a rape ; his 
Rape. punishment was commuted by a fine of ^5, to be paid to the 

church."* 
Marriages at Thirteen marriagcs had taken place at Burlington since 
its settlement.'^ 

1 Votes of Assembly, vol. i. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 274. 

2 Sussex Records, Breviat, p. 51. 3 Kent Records, in Breviat. 
•* New Castle Records, p. 273. ^ Proud, vol. i. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS. 485 

1681. 

Was born, December 24, 1680, on the site of the present Januarys. 
Philadelphia, in a log house near the corner of the present Se- Another 
cond and Walnut streets, a person who has usually been called fi''-'*'^°J"°' 
bj writers Edward Drinker, but who was probably named Brinker. 
John, as he is so called in the obituary notices at the time of his 
death, in four different newspapers, where the fact of his being 
born on this spot is mentioned. He lived to the great age 
of 103 years ; he died November 17, 1782. His parents are 
said to have come from Beverly, Massachusetts.-^ 

Governor Andross, probably preparing for his departure January is. 
for England, commissions " Captain Anthony Brockholls" to commission 
be commander-in-chief of the militia in this city (New York) ^° cfo^emor 

Brockholls. 

government and dependencies, during my absence, and in any 
civil matter requiring the same, with the council to act, for 
the continued welfare of his majesty's subjects, as a com- 
mander or chief officer may and might do, according to law 
and practice," &c.^ 

Parret, the Indian sachamore, complains that Henry Bow- Parret com- 
man and others take his land and give him no satisfaction for p^^1°^ *'^'^.'^ 

o lie IS depny 

it. The Sussex court orders, that every person that seats any ed of ws 
land, shall pay the Indian proprietor, for 600 acres or under, ^^^'J'^j^^^'^ 
one matchcoat, and if above 600, two matchcoats, and at the court fixes 
time of the Indians' receiving the coats, he is to convey the \^^l ° 
land to the person he receives the coats of; and if any per- 
son refuses to pay the Indians for the land, execution to be 
given out for the same, directed to the sheriff, to execute and 
pay the Indian. Parret, the Indian sachamore, acknowledges Parret ac- 
in open court that he has sold to Bowman 1000 and 700 
acres, between Slaughter Bridge and Cedar Creek.'* 

At a meeting of the committee, the boundaries of Mr. January 25. 
Penn's patent, settled by my Lord Chief Justice North, with 
the alterations of Sir John Werden, were read and approved, 
and next Wednesday appointed to review the whole patent. 
(January 15.) 

> Newspapers in 1782, particularly Oswald's "Independent Gazetteer," 
Nov. 23. 

2 From the variety in the manner of spelling this name, it is difScult to 
know which is the correct one ; sometimes it is BrocklioUs, at others, Brock- 
liolst, and Brockole ; the latter is used by Chalmers, and Brodliead in his MSS- 
The one adopted is that used in the printed documents which we publish. 

3 Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 82. ■! Sussex Records, in Breviat. 

2s2 



knowledges 
a sale. 



486 



CHARLES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



1681. 



January. 

Boundaries 
as settled by 
Chief Jus- 
tice North. 



Correspond- 
ence be- 
tween the 
Friends. 

February 1. 

Patent again 
referred to 
Chief Jus- 
tice North, 
to insert 
clauses re- 
specting so- 
vereignty, 
customs, &c. 



Bishop of 
London asks 
that Penn 
shall admit 
a chaplain 
of his ap- 
pointment. 



The following boundaries were settled by Chief Justice 
North : " As the same is bounded on the east by Delaware, 
from the twelve miles distance northward of New Castle town, 
from the beginning of the 40th degree of north latitude unto 
the 43d degree of north latitude, if the said river doth extend 
so far northward, but if said river shall not extend so far 
northward, then by the said river so far as it doth extend ; 
and from the head of said river, the eastern bounds are to be 
determined by a meridian line, to be drawn from the head of 
the said river unto the said 43d degree of latitude, the said 
lands to extend westward five degrees in longitude, to be com- 
puted from the said eastern bounds ; and the said lands are 
bounded on the north by the beginning of 43d degree of 
north latitude, and on a circle drawn at twelve miles distance 
from New Castle, north and westward, unto the south, by the 
beginning of the 40th degree of north latitude, another by a 
straight line westward, to the limit of longitude above men- 
tioned, excepting all lands within twelve miles of the town 
of New Castle, that shall happen to lie within the said bounds 
now in possession of his royal highness, or his tenants and 
assigns."^ 

In this year commenced the first regular correspondence 
between the monthly meeting of Friends at Burlington, and 
the yearly meeting in London.^ 

" Upon reading the draft of a patent for Mr. Penn, con- 
stituting him absolute proprietary of a tract of land in 
America, northerly of Maryland, the lords desire Chief Jus- 
tice North to take said patent into his consideration, and to 
provide, by fit clauses therein, that all acts of sovereignty, as 
to peace and war, be reserved unto the king, and that all acts 
of parliament, concerning trade and navigation, and his ma- 
jesty's customs, be duly observed, and in general, that the 
patent be so drawn, that it may consist with the king's inte- 
rest and service, and give sufficient encouragement to planters 
to settle under it." (January 22.) 

A paper was " also read, wherein my Lord Bishop of Lon- 
don desires that Mr. Penn be obliged, by his patent, to admit 
a chaplain of his lordship's appointment, upon the request of 
any number of planters ; the same is also referred to the 
Lord Chief Justice North. "^ 



• Votes of Assembly, vol. i. Breviat, p. 53. Ri 
2 Proud, p. 1 57. 3 Votes of Assembly. Reg 



!g. Penns. vol. i. p. 274. 
Penns. vol. i. pp. 269, 270. 



DEPUTY GOVERNOR ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS. 487 

Ephraim Herman appointed to receive quit-rents due in 1681. 
Delaware River and dependencies, as well as " in that part ' ■ — ' 
of the river now called Pennsylvania," till he receives fur- 
' ther orders."^ 

Ephraim Herman " complains that people refuse to pass February lo. 
his bills for surveyor's fees established by the government, Herman 
and more he admires that, as he hears, clerks are to be paid ^°™P'.'"f ^ f 

' ' -l the kind of 

in tobacco, at 12s. Qd. per 100 ; the law expressly says that pay. Terms 
all fees shall be paid in silver, beaver, wampum, or wheat, one scarcity of 
of which I may insist on, but because the country does not produce, ex- 
plentifully afford the same, I am willing to take the produce '^'^^ ° ^'^°' 
of the country, which is pork, at a reasonable rate, and should 
be ready to take tobacco, if it was like to be worth any thing. 
If I am denied what the law allows, I shall desist for a while, 
and make the case known to the governor or his deputy. I 
pray, sirs, you will right me where I am wronged, it being 
your places to do so."^ 

" Christian, the Indian, alias Petrocaquewan, lord and February 21. 
owner of all the land between St. Jones and Duck Creek," Indian pur- 
conveyed "to John Brinkloe, planter, his heirs and assigns, twtm Jones 
600 acres woodland, together with the marshes and creek and Duck 

. Creek. 

bounding with the creek known by name of Lisburn, on north 
side of Jones's Creek;" consideration, 3 matchcoats, and 
12 bottles drink, 4 double-handsful of powder, and 4 of shot. 
This land was still in possession of the Brinkloe family in 
1838.3 

At a meeting of the committee, a draft of a patent for February 24. 
Mr. Penn is read, and there being a blank left for the name. Patent read.- 
their lordships agree to leave the nomination of it to the ^j*™*"'*^"*" 
king. 

The Lord Bishop of London is desired to prepare the i-aw for set- 
draft of a law to be passed in this country, for the settling of testant reii- 
the Protestant religion. sion- 

The committee of lords report favourably to his majesty, 
and say, " In obedience to your majesty's order, signified by 
the Earl of Sunderland, on the 1st of June last, we had pre- 
pared the draft of a charter, constituting William Penn, Esq., Charter and 
absolute proprietary of a tract of land in America therein nutteatothe 
mentioned, which we humbly present to your majesty, for ^i"s- 
your royal approbation, leaving also the naming of the 

' New Castle Records. ^ Kent Records, in Breviat. 

3 Delaware Register, vol. i. p. 177. 



488 



CHAELES II.— JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. 



Charter of 
PennsylTa- 
nia. 



1681. said province to your majesty, which is most humbly sub- 
" ' ' mitted."^ 

After this long and vexatious attendance upon the corn- 
March 14. mittee of lords of trade and plantations, chief justice, attorney- 
charter for general, and agents of Lord Baltimore, his majesty is this 
Pennsignoa. ^^^ pleascd to sign the charter, constituting "William Penn 
proprietary of Pennsylvania. 

The charter is in the following words : (March 4.) 
" Charles, by the grace of God, king of England, Scotland, 
France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c., to all to whom 
these presents shall come, greeting : 

" Whereas our trusty and well-beloved subject, William 
Penn, esquire, son and heir of Sir William Penn, deceased, 
(out of a commendable desire to enlarge our British empire, 
and promote such useful commodities as may be of benefit to 
us and our dominions, as also to reduce the savage natives, 
by just and gentle manners, to the love of civil society and 
Christian religion,) hath humbly besought leave of us to trans- 
port an ample colony unto a certain country hereinafter de- 
scribed, in the parts of America not yet cultivated and planted, 
and hath likewise so humbly besought our royal majesty to 
give, grant, and confirm all the said country, with certain 
privileges and jurisdictions, requisite for the good government 
and safety of the said country and colony, to him and his 
heirs for ever. 

" I. Know ye, therefore, that we, (favouring the petition 
and good purpose of the said William Penn, and having re- 
gard to the memory and merits of his late father, in divers 
services, and particularly to his conduct, courage, and discre- 
tion, under our dearest brother James, duke of York, in that 
signal battle and victory fought and obtained against the 
Dutch fleet commanded by the Heer Van Opdam, in the year 
1665 : in consideration thereof, of our special grace, certain 
knowledge, and mere motion,) have given and granted, and 
by this our present charter, for us, our heirs and successors, 
do give and grant unto the said William Penn, his heirs and 
assigns, all that tract or part of land in America, with the 
islands therein contained, as the same is bounded on the east 
by Delaware River, from twelve miles distance northward of 
New Castle town, unto the three and fortieth degree of north- 
ern latitude, if the said river doth extend so far northward, 

1 Votes of Assembly. 



Boundaries. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. , 489 

but if the said river sliall not extend so far northward, then 1G81. 
by the said river so far as it doth extend ; and from the head ' '""' 
of the said river, the eastern bounds are to be determined by 
a meridian line, to be drawn from the head of the said river, charter of 
unto the said forty-third degree. The said land to extend Ja'roU*' 
westward five degrees in longitude, to be computed from the tmued. 
said eastern bounds, and the said lands to be bounded on the 
north by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of Bounas. 
northern latitude, and on the south by a circle drawn at twelve 
miles distance from New Castle, northv^ard and westward, 
unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude, 
and then by a straight line westward to the limits of longi- 
tude above mentioned. 

"II. We do also give and grant unto the said William Privileges. 
Penn, his heirs and assigns, the free and undisturbed use, 
and continuance in, and passage unto and out of all and sin- 
gular ports, harbours, bays, waters, rivers, isles, and inlets, 
belonging unto, or leading to and from the country or islands 
aforesaid, and all the soils, lands, fields, woods, underwoods, 
mountains, hills, fenns, isles, lakes, rivers, waters, rivulets, 
bays, and inlets, situated, or being within, or belonging to 
the limits or bounds aforesaid, together with the fishing of all 
sorts of fish, whales, sturgeon, and all royal and other fishes, 
in the seas, bays, inlets, waters, or rivers within the premises, 
and all the fish taken therein ; and also all veins, mines, mi- 
nerals and quarries, as well discovered as not discovered, of 
gold, silver, gems, and precious stones, and all other whatso- 
ever, be it stones, metals, or any other thing or matter what- 
soever, found, or to be found, within the country, isles, or 
limits aforesaid. 

"III. And him, the said William Penn, his heirs and as- Wm.Peim 
signs, we do by this, our royal charter, for us, our heirs and ^ary.^"^"^"' 
successors, make, create, and constitute the true and absolute 
proprietary of the country aforesaid, and all other the pre- 
mises ; saving always to us, our heirs and successors, the faith 
and allegiance of the said William Penn, his heirs and as- 
signs, and of all other proprietaries, tenants, and inhabitants, 
that are, or shall be, within the territories and precincts afore- 
said; and saving also unto us, our heirs and successors, the 
sovereignty of the aforesaid country, to have, hold, possess, 
and enjoy the said tract of land, country, isles, inlets, and 
other the premises, unto the said William Penn, his heirs and 

62 



90 



CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 



Charter of 
Pennsylva- 
nia, con- 
tinued. 



Power to 
govern and 
make laws. 



1681. assigns, for ever, to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, 
' ""^ kings of England, as of our castle of Windsor, in the county 
of Berks, in free and common socage, by fealty only, for all 
services, and not in capite, or by knight-service, yielding and 
paying therefore to us, our heirs and successors, two beaver 
skins, to be delivered at our castle of Windsor, on the first 
day of January in every year ; and also the fifth part of all 
gold and silver ore which shall, from time to time, happen to 
be found within the limits aforesaid, clear of all charges. 
And of our further grace, certain knowledge, mere motion, 
we have thought fit to erect, and we do hereby erect the afore- 
said country and islands into a province and seigniory, and 
do call it Pensilvania, and so from henceforth will have it 
called. 

" IV. And forasmuch as we have hereby made and ordained 
the aforesaid William Penn, his heirs and assigns, the true 
and absolute proprietaries of all the lands and dominions 
aforesaid, know ye, therefore, that we, (reposing special trust 
and confidence in the fidelity, wisdom, justice, and provident 
circumspection of the said William Penn,) for us, our heirs 
and successors, do grant free, full, and absolute power, by 
virtue of these presents, to him and his heirs, to his and their 
deputies and lieutenants, for the good and happy government 
of the said country, to ordain, make, and enact, and under 
his and their seals, to publish any laws whatsoever, for the 
raising of money for public uses of the said province, or for 
any other end, appertaining either unto the public state, 
peace, or safety of the said country, or unto the private 
utility of particular persons, according unto their best discre- 
tion, by and with the advice, assent, and approbation of the 
freemen of the said country, or the greater part of them, or 
of their delegates or deputies, whom, for the enacting of the 
said laws, when and as often as need may require, we will 
that the said William Penn, and his heirs, shall assemble, in 
such sort and form as to him and them shall seem best, and 
the same laws duly to execute unto and upon all people 
within the said country and limits thereof. 

" V. And we do likewise give and grant unto the said Wil- 
May appoint liam Pcuu, and to his heirs, and their deputies and lieuten- 
ants, full power and authority to appoint and establish any 
judges and justices, magistrates, and other officers whatsoever, 
(for the probates of wills, and for the granting of administra- 



officers. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 491 

tion within the precincts aforesaid,) and with what power so- 1681. 
ever, and in such form, as to the said William Penn, or his " ' ' 
heirs, shall seem most convenient ; also to remit, release, par- 
don, and abolish (whether before judgment or after) all crime charter of 
and offences whatsoever, committed within the said country, ^j^^^g^J*" 
against the laws, (treason, and wilful and malicious murder tinueu. 
onlj excepted, and in those cases to grant reprieves, until our Grant par- 
pleasure may be known therein,) and to do all and every other ^°^^' 
thing and things which unto the complete establishment of 
justice, unto courts and tribunals, forms of judicature, and 
manner of proceedings do belong, although, in these presents, 
express mention be not made thereof; and by judges, by 
them delegated, to award process, hold pleas, and determine, 
in all the said courts and tribunals, all actions, suits, and 
causes whatsoever, as well criminal as civil, personal, real, and 
mixed ; which laws, so as aforesaid to be published, our plea- 
sure is, and so we enjoin, require, and command, shall be most 
absolute and available in law, and that all the liege people 
and subjects of us, our heirs and successors, do observe and 
keep the same inviolably in those parts, so far as they con- 
cern them, under the pain therein expressed, or to be ex- 
pressed. Provided nevertheless, that the same laws be con- Proviso: 
sonant to reason, and not repugnant or contrary, but (as near consonant 
as conveniently may be) agreeable to the laws and statutes, and '^'^'^ ^'^°^« 
rights of this our kingdom of England ; and saving and re- EighTor 
servins: to us, our heirs and successors, the receivinai;, hearinsr, '^pp^'^^ "^ 
and determining of the appeal and appeals of all or any per- 
son or persons, of, in or belonging to the territories aforesaid, 
or touching any judgment to be there made or given. 

"VI. And forasmuch as, in the government of so great a LawsofEng- 
country, sudden accidents do often happen, whereunto it will t^^ ot^err"^ 
be necessary to apply remedy, before the freeholders of the are made m 
said province, or their delegates or deputies can be assembled *^«p'°^'»"=«' 
to the making of laws ; neither will it be convenient that in- 
stantly, upon every such occasion, so great a multitude should 
be called together, therefore, (for the better government of 
the said country,) we will ordain, and by these presents, for 
us, our heirs and successors, do grant unto the said William 
Penn, and his heirs, by themselves, or by their magistrates 
and officers, in that behalf duly to be ordained as aforesaid, 
to make and constitute fit and wholesome ordinances, from 
time to time, within the said country to be kept and observed, 



492 



CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 



1681. 



Charter of 
Pennsylya- 
nia, con- 
tinued. 



Laws to be 
transmitted 
to England 
for approval 
in five years. 



as well for the preservation of peace, as for the hetter go- 
vernment of the people there inhabiting, and publicly to 
notify the same to all persons whom the same doth, or may 
anywise concern. Which ordinances our will and pleasure is 
shall be observed inviolably within the said province, under 
the pains therein to be expressed, so as the said ordinances 
be consonant to reason, and be not repugnant nor contrary, 
but (so far as conveniently may be) agreeable with the laws 
of our kingdom of England, and so as the said ordinances be 
not extended, in any sort, to bind, change, or take away the 
right or interest of any person or persons, for, or in their 
life, members, freehold, goods, or chattels. And our further 
will and pleasure is, that the laws for regulating and govern- 
ing of property within the said province, as well for the 
descent and enjoyment of lands, as likewise for the enjoyment 
and succession of goods and chattels, and likewise as to 
felonies, shall be and continue the same as they shall be, for 
the time being, by the general course of the law in our king- 
dom of England, until the said laws shall be altered by the 
said William Penn, his heirs or assigns, and by the freemen 
of the said province, their delegates or deputies, or the greater 
part of them. 

" VII. And to the end that the said William Penn, or his 
heirs, or other the planters, owners, or inhabitants of the 
said province may not, at any time hereafter (by misconstruc- 
tion of the power aforesaid) through inadvertency or design, 
depart from that faith and due allegiance which, by the laws 
of this our realm of England, they and all our subjects in 
our dominions and territories always owe to us, our heirs and 
successors, by colour of any extent, or largeness of powers 
hereby given, or pretended to be given, or by force or colour 
or any laws hereafter to be made in the said province, by vir- 
tue of any such powers. Our farther will and pleasure is, 
that a transcript or duplicate of all laws which shall be so as 
aforesaid made and published within the said province, shall, 
within five years after the making thereof, be transmitted and 
delivered to the privy council for the time being, of us, our 
heirs and successors ; and if any of the said laws, within the 
space of six months after that they shall be so transmitted 
and delivered, be declared by us, our heirs and successors, in 
our or their privy council, inconsistent with the sovereignty 
or lawful prerogative of us, our heirs or successors, or con- 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 493 

trary to the faith and allegiance due to the legal government 1681, 
of this realm, from the said William Penn, or his heirs, or ' ^"^ 
of the planters and inhabitants of the said province, and that 
thereupon any of the said laws shall be adjudged and declared charter of 
to be void, by us, our heirs and successors, under our or their ^'"^"^^y^^^^" 

T J ^ > ma, con- 

privy seal, that then and from thenceforth, such laws, con- tmued. 

cerning which such judgment and declaration shall be made, 

shall become void, otherwise the said laws, so transmitted, 

shall remain and stand in full force, according to the true 

intent and meaning thereof. 

" VIII. Furthermore, that this new colony may the more Encourage- 
happily increase by the multitude of peo|3le resorting thither, ™^t*,°^*°"' 
therefore we, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and 
grant, by these presents, power, license, and liberty unto all 
the liege people and subjects, both present and future, of us, 
our heirs and successors, (excepting those who shall be espe- 
cially forbidden,) to transport themselves and families unto 
the said country, with such convenient shipping as by the laws 
of this our kingdom of England they ought to use, and with 
fitting provision, paying only the customs therefore due, and 
there to settle themselves, dwell and inhabit, and plant, for 
the public and their own private advantage. 

" IX. And furthermore, that our subjects may be the rather aiso, to 
encouraged to undertake this expedition with ready and 
cheerful minds, know ye, that we, of our special grace, certain 
knowledge, and mere motion, do give and grant, by virtue of 
these presents, as well unto the said William Penn, and his 
heirs, as to all others who shall from time to time repair unto 
the said country, full license to lade and freight, in any ports 
whatsoever of us, our heirs and successors, according to the 
laws made, or to be made, within our kingdom of England, 
and unto the said country, by them, their servants or assigns, 
to transport all and singular their goods, wares, and merchan- 
dises, as likewise all sorts of grain Avhatsoever, and all other 
things whatsoever, necessary for food or clothing, not prohi- 
bited by the laws and statutes of our kingdom and dominions, 
to be carried out of the said kingdom, without any let or mo- 
lestation of us, our heirs or successors, or of any of the 
officers of us, our heirs or successors ; saving always to us, 
our heirs and successors, the legal impositions, customs, or 
other duties and payments for the said wares and merchan- 



494 
1681. 



Charter of 
Pennsylva- 
nia, con- 
tinued. 



May lay out 
towns, 
cities, Ac, 



Commercial 
advantages. 



Seaports, 
creeks, and 
harbours. 



CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 

dises, by any law or statute, due, or to be due, to us, our 
heirs and successors. 

" X. And we do further, for us, our heirs and successors, 
give and grant unto the said William Penn, his heirs and as- 
signs, free and absolute power to divide the said country and 
islands into towns, hundreds, and counties, and to erect and 
incorporate towns into boroughs, and boroughs into cities, and 
to make and constitute fairs and markets therein, with all 
other convenient privileges and immunities, according to the 
merits of the inhabitants, and the fitness of the places, and 
to do all and every other thing and things touching the pre- 
mises, which to him or them shall seem meet and requisite, 
albeit they be such as of their own nature might otherwise 
require a more special commandment and warrant than, in 
these presents, is expressed. 

" XI. We will also, and by these presents, for us, our heirs 
and successors, we do give and grant license, by this our 
charter, unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, 
and to all the inhabitants and dwellers in the province afore- 
said, both present and to come, to import or unlade, by them- 
selves or their servants, factors, or assigns, all merchandises 
and goods whatsoever, that shall arise of the fruits and com- 
modities of the said province, either by land or sea, into any 
of the ports of us, our heirs or successors, in our kingdom of 
England, and not into any other country whatsoever, and we 
give him full power to dispose of the said goods, in the said 
ports, and if need be, within one year next after the unlad- 
ing of the same, to lade the said merchandise and goods again 
into the same, or other ships, and to transport the same into 
any other countries, either of our own dominions or foreign, 
according to law ; provided always, that they pay such cus- 
toms and impositions, subsidies and duties for the same, to us, 
our heirs and successors, as the rest of our subjects of our 
kingdom of England, for the time being, shall be bound to 
pay, and do observe the acts of navigation, and other laws 
in that behalf made. 

" XII. And furthermore, of our ample and special grace, 
certain knowledge, and mere motion, we do, for us, our heirs 
and successors, grant unto the said William Penn, his heirs 
and assigns, full and absolute power and authority to make, 
erect, and constitute, within the said province, and the isles 
and inlets aforesaid, such and so many seaports, harbours, 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 495 

creeks, havens, keys, and other places for discharging and 1681. 
unlading of goods and merchandise out of the ships, boats, """^ ' 
and other vessels, and landing them unto such and so many 
places, and with such rights, jurisdictions, liberties, and pri- charter of 
vileges unto the said ports belonging, as to him and them ^!^°"j^'l^\'"^ 
shall seem most expedient ; and that all and singular the tinued. 
ships, boats, and other vessels, which shall come for merchan- 
dise and trade into the said province, or out of the same, shall 
be laden or unladen only at such ports as shall be created 
and constituted by the said William Penn, his heirs or assigns, 
(any use, custom or thing to the contrary notwithstanding.) 
Provided, that the said William Penn, and his heirs, and the 
lieutenants and governors for the time being, shall admit and 
receive in and about all such havens, ports, creeks, and keys, 
all officers and their deputies, who shall, from time to time, 
be appointed for that purpose by the farmers, or commis- 
sioners of our customs for the time being. 

"XIII. And we do further appoint and ordain, and by customs, &e. 
these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do grant "ge/by'^he 
unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, that he, piovince. 
the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, may, from time 
to time, for ever, have and enjoy the customs and subsidies, 
in the ports, harbours, and other creeks and places aforesaid, 
within the province aforesaid, payable or due for merchandise 
and wares there to be laded and unladed, the said customs 
and subsidies to be reasonably assessed, upon any occasion, 
by themselves and the people there, as aforesaid to be assem- 
bled, to whom we give power by these presents, for us, our 
heirs and successors, upon just cause and due proportion, to 
assess and impose the same ; saving unto us, our heirs and 
successors, such impositions and customs as, by act of parlia- 
ment, are and shall be appointed. 

"XIV. And it is our farther will and pleasure, that the Agent to re- 
said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, shall, from time to 
time, constitute and appoint an attorney or agent, to reside 
in or near our city of London, who shall make known the 
place where he shall dwell, or may be found, unto the clerks 
of our privy-council, for the time being, or one of them, and 
shall be ready to appear in any of our courts at Westminster, 
to answer for any misdemeanor that shall be committed, or 
by any wilful default or neglect permitted by the said Wil- 
liam Penn, his heirs or assigns, against the laws of trade and 



side in Lon- 
don. 



496 



CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 



1681. 



Charter of 
Pennsylva- 
nia, con- 
tinued. 



Tbe govern- 
ment may be 
resumed by 
England. 



Not to corre- 
spond with 
kings, &c. 
at war with 
England. 



May pursue 
and punish 



navigation ; and after it shall be ascertained, in any of our 
courts, what damages we, or our heirs or successors, shall 
have sustained by such default or neglect, the said William 
Penn, his heirs or assigns, shall pay the same within one year 
after such taxation, and demand thereof from such attorney, 
or in case there shall be no such attorney by the space of one 
year, or such attorney shall not make payment of such da- 
mages within the space of a year, and answer such other 
forfeitures and penalties within the said time, as by acts of 
parliament in England are and shall be provided, according 
to the true intent and meaning of these presents, then it shall 
be lawful for us, our heirs and successors, to seize and resume 
the government of the said province or country, and the same 
to retain, until payment shall be made thereof; but notwith- 
standing any such seizure, or resumption of the government, 
nothing concerning the propriety or ownership of any lands, 
tenements, or other hereditaments, goods or chattels of any 
of the adventurers, planters, or owners, other than the re- 
spective offenders there, shall anyways be affected or molested 
thereby. 

" XV. Provided always, and our will and pleasure is, that 
neither the said William Penn, nor his heirs, nor any other 
the inhabitants of the said province, shall at any time here- 
after have or maintain any correspondence with any other 
king, prince or state, or with any of their subjects, who shall 
then be in war against us, our heirs and successors ; nor shall 
the said William Penn, or his heirs, or any other inhabitants 
of the said province, make war^ or any act of hostility against 
any other king, prince, or state, or any of their subjects, who 
shall then be in league or amity with us, our heirs and suc- 
cessors. 

" XVI. And because, in so remote a country, and situate 
near many barbarous nations, the incursions as well of the 
savages themselves, as of other enemies, pirates, and robbers, 
may probably be feared, therefore we have given, and for us, 
our heirs and successors, do give power, by these presents, to 
the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, by themselves, 
or their captains, or other their officers, to levy, muster, and 
train all sorts of men, of what condition soever, or whereso- 
ever born, in the said province of Pensilvania, for the time 
being, and to make war, and to pursue the enemies and rob- 
bers aforesaid, as well by sea as by land, even Avithout the 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETAEY AND GOVERNOR. 497 

limits of the said province, and by God's assistance, to van- 1681. 
quish and take them, and being taken, to put them to death, " ' ^ 
by the laws of war, or to save them, at their pleasure, and to Charter of 
do all and every other thing which unto the charge and office ^^'^"q^J^ 
of a captain-general of an army belongeth, or hath accus- tinued. 
tomed to belong, as fully and freely as any captain-general 
of an army hath ever had the same. 

" XVII. And furthermore, of our special grace, and of our May dispose 
certain knowledge, and mere motion, we have given and °^^''^'^^- 
granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and succes- 
sors, do give and grant unto the said William Penn, his heirs 
and assigns, full and absolute power, license, and authority, 
that he, the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, from 
time to time hereafter, for ever, at his or their own will and 
pleasure, may assign, alien, grant, demise, or enfeoff of the 
premises, so many, and such parts and parcels to him or them 
that shall be willing to purchase the same, as they shall think 
fit, to have and to hold to them, the said person or persons 
willing to take and purchase, their heirs and assigns, in fee- 
simple, or fee-tail, or for the term of life, lives, or years, to 
be held of the said William Penn, his heirs or assigns, as of 
the said seigniory of Windsor, by such services, customs, or 
rents, as shall seem meet to the said William Penn, his heirs 
or assigns, and not immediately of us, our heirs or successors. 

« XVIII. And to the same person or persons, and to all 
and every of them, we do give and grant, by these presents, 
for us, our heirs and successors, license, authority and power 
that such person or persons may take the premises, or any 
parcel thereof, of the aforesaid William Penn, his heirs or 
assigns, and the same to hold to themselves, their heirs and 
assigns, in what estate of inheritance soever, in fee-simple, or 
in fee-tail, or otherwise, as to him, the said William Penn, his 
heirs or assigns, shall deem expedient ; the statute made in 
the parliament of Edward, the son of king Henry, late king 
of England, our predecessor, (commonly called the statute 
' Quia Emptores Tei'rarum,' lately published in our kingdom 
of England,) in anywise notwithstanding. 

"XIX. And by these presents, we give and grant license May erect 
unto the said William Penn, and his heirs, and likewise to all 
and every such person or persons to whom the said William 
Penn, or his heirs, shall at any time hereafter grant any es- 
tate or inheritance, as aforesaid, to erect any parcels of land 



498 
1681. 



Charter of 
Pennsylva- 
nia, con- 
tinued. 

Frank- 



King 

not to lay 
taxes with- 
out consent 
of proprietor 
ry or parlia- 
ment. 



CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 

■within the province aforesaid, into manors, by and with the li- 
cense to be first had and obtained for that purpose, under the 
hand and seal of the said William Penn, or his heirs, and in 
every of the said manors, to have and to hold a court-baron, 
with all things "whatsoever which to a court-baron do belong, and 
to have and to hold view of frank-pledge, for the conservation 
of the peace, and the better government of those parts, by them- 
selves, or their stewards, or by the lords, for the time being, 
of the manors to be deputed, when they shall be erected, and 
in the same to use all things belonging to the view of frank- 
pledge. And we do further grant license and authority, that 
every such person or persons who shall erect any such manor 
or manors, as aforesaid, shall or may grant all or any part of 
his said land to any person or persons, in fee-simple, or any 
other estate of inheritance, to be held of the said manors re- 
spectively, so as no further tenure shall be created, but that 
upon all further or other alienations thereafter to be made, 
the said lands so aliened shall be held of the same lord and 
his heirs, of whom the aliener did then before hold, and by 
the like rents and services w^hich were before due and accus- 
tomed. 

" XX. And furthermore, our pleasure is, and by these pre- 
sents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do covenant and 
grant to and with the said William Penn, his heirs and as- 
signs, that we, our heirs and successors, shall, at no time 
hereafter, set or make, or cause to be set or made, any impo- 
sition, custom, or other taxation, rate, or contribution what- 
soever, in and upon the dwellers and inhabitants of the 
aforesaid province, for their lands, tenements, goods, or chat- 
tels, within the said province, or in and upon any goods and 
merchandises within the province, or to be laden or unladen 
within the ports or harbours of the said province, unless the 
same be with the consent of the proprietary or chief gover- 
nor, or assembly, or by act of parliament in England. 

" XXI. And our pleasure is, and for us, our heirs and suc- 
cessors, we charge and command, that this, our declaration, 
shall from henceforth, from time to time, be received and 
allowed in all our courts, and before all the judges of us, our 
heirs and successors, for a sufficient lawful discharge, pay- 
ment and acquittance, commanding all the officers and minis- 
ters of us, our heirs and successors, and enjoining them, upon 
pain of our highest displeasure, that they do not presume at 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 499 

any time to attempt any thing to the contrary of the premises, 1681. 
or that do, in any sort, withstand the same, but that they be, ' ''"~' 
at all times, aiding and assisting, as is fitting, to the said 
William Penn, and his heirs, and unto the inhabitants and charter of 
merchants of the province aforesaid, their servants, ministers, ^'f^J^syiva- 
factors, and assigns, m the full use and fruition of the benefit tinued. 
of this our charter. 

"XXII. And our farther pleasure is, and we do hereby, for Control of 
us, our heirs and successors, charge and require, that if any ^f Lfnjon"^ 
of the inhabitants of the said province, to the number of 
twenty, shall, at any time hereafter, be desirous, and shall, 
by any writing, or by any person deputed by them, signify 
such their desire to the Bishop of London, for the time being, 
that any preacher or preachers, to be approved of by the said 
Tbishop, may be sent unto them for their instruction, that then 
such preacher or preachers shall and may reside within the 
said province, without any denial or molestation whatsoever. 

" XXIII. And if perchance hereafter any doubt or ques- interpreta- 
tion should arise concerning the true sense and meaning of *^°°- 
any word, clause, or sentence, contained in this our present 
charter, we will, ordain, and command, that at all times, and 
in all things, such interpretation be made thereof and allowed, 
in any of our courts whatsoever, as shall be adjudged most 
advantageous and favourable unto the said William Penn, his 
heirs and assigns : provided always, no interpretation be ad- 
mitted thereof, by which the allegiance due unto us, our heirs 
and successors, may sufier any prejudice or diminution ; al- 
though express mention be not made, in these presents, of the 
true yearly value, or certainty of the premises, or any part 
thereof, or of other gifts and grants made by us, and our 
progenitors or predecessors, unto the said William Penn, any 
statute, act, ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restraint 
heretofore had, made, published, ordained, or provided, or 
any thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, to the contrary thereof 
in anywise notwithstanding. In witness whereof, we have 
caused these our letters to be made patent : witness ourself, 
at Westminster, the 4th day of March, in the three and 
thirtieth year of our reign, Annoque Domini one thousand six 
hundred and eighty-one. 

"By writ of privy-seal, Pigott."^ 

" This venerable document, which is in the office of the 

1 Votes of Assembly, vol. i. p. xxiv. Reg. Penns. vol. i. pp. 293 — 297. 



500 
1681. 



March 15. 



Letter to 
R. Turner. 



Name how 
and by 
whom given. 



CHAELES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 

Secretary of the Commonwealth, is 'written on strong parch- 
ment, in the old English handwriting, with each line under- 
scored with lines of red ink, that give it a curious appearance. 
The borders are gorgeously furbelowed with heraldic devices, 
and the top of the first page exhibits a finely executed like- 
ness of his majesty, in good preservation."^ It is now framed 
and hung up. 

The feelings of Penn, upon this occasion, are thus ex- 
pressed in a letter to his friend, Robert Turner, dated the 
next day, when he probably came into possession of the char- 
ter. This letter also contains a history of the name given to 
the province. 

" To Robert Turner. 5th of 1st mo. 1681. 

" Dear friend — My true love in the Lord salutes thee, and 
dear friends that love the Lord's precious truth in those parts. 
Thine I have, and for my business here, know that after many 
waitings, watchings, solicitings, and disputes in council, this 
day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of 
England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of 
Pennsylvania, a name the king would give it, in honour of 
my father. I chose New Wales, being, as this, a pretty hilly 
country, but Penn being Welsh for a head, as Penmanmoire, 
in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn, in Buck- 
inghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Penn- 
sylvania, which is, the high or head woodlands ; for I pro- 
posed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it 
called New Wales, Sylvania, and they added Penn to it, and 
though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it 
struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it 
upon him ; nor could twenty guineas move the under-secre- 
taries to vary the name, for I feared lest it should be looked 
on as a vanity in me, and not as a respect in the king, as it 
truly was, to my father, whom he often mentions with praise. 
Thou mayest communicate my grant to friends, and expect 
shortly my proposals. It is a clear and just thing, and my 
God, that has given it me through many difficulties, will, I 
believe, bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have 
a tender care to the government, that it will be well laid at 
first. No more now, but dear love in the truth. 

" Thy true friend, William Penn."^ 

' Dunlop, ill Memoirs of Penn. Hist. Soc. vol. i. p. 164. 
2 Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 297. Memoirs of Penn. Hist. Soc. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 501 

The Upland court met in the town of Kinsesse, Upland 1681, 
county. " ^ ' 

Magister Jacohus Fabricius complains, that in the survey 
of his land granted by the court, there are 65 acres of swamp, March 8. 
and therefore desires 65 acres more, which were granted, of j. Fabricius 
vacant land, but no abatement of quit-rent, unless the go- ^pp''^"' ^°' 

' ^ ^ ' o new land. 

vernor should cause it. 

A grant of 25 acres each, of marsh or meadow land, to several 
E. Herman, Laers Cock, and Peter Van Vanbrug, in addition ^™°*'' "f.^'"" 

' ' . , ^^^^ Burling- 

to their lands at Taomacken, the marsh lying in the mill ton. 
creek opposite Eurlington.^ 

The oldest deed on record in Bucks county, is one of this April i. 
date, from William Penn to Thomas Woolrich, of Shalford 
county, of Stafford, England. It recites the grant of William 
Penn from Charles II., of 4th March. The deed is for 1000 
acres ; consideration, <£20, and Is. per 100 acres, quit- 
rent.2 (March 22, 1681.) 

The next is July 27, 1681, to James Hill, of Beckington, 
county of Somerset, shoemaker, for 500 acres, in considera- 
tion of £10, and Is. quit-rent. 

Brockholls writes to the justices of Whorekill, in answer April 9. 
to one from them, complaining of the conduct of the clerk Removal of 
of the court, (Cornelius Verhoof,) and of their having re- court by jus- 
moved him. He says, " they had done well had they sent ticesdisap- 
the case to New York before he was suspended, it being a go°ernor. ^ 
matter rather becoming the powers of some higher judicature, 
and not so fitting for yourselves, who were the accusers, to 
judge of; however, I am inclinable to believe you did not do 
it without full examination into the truth, and in hopes of 
amendment for the future, am willing to pass it by, to which 
you have made a good step in the choice of William Clark, a Appoint- 
person I judge capable enough, and could well approve of for ci^rk ap. 
a continuance, were he not one of your bench, which is not proved of, 

, , . /. 1 • 1 1 though one 

practicable m any part oi this government; however, ne may of the 
officiate till further order." He afterwards refuses to deliver ^^'^'''^• 
up the records ; the magistrates' court and sheriff are autho- 
rized to demand them ; if not found, bind the clerk over to 
the court of assizes.^ 

After the charter had been signed nearly a month, a public April 12. 
declaration of the fact is made by the king, addressed to the 

I Upland Records. 2 Bucks County Records, per W. Carr. 

3 Albany Records, in Breviat, p. 33. 



502 



CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 



1681. 



King's decla- 
ration of 
grant to 
Penn. 



April 18. 



Letter of 
Penn to the 
inhabitants 
of Pennsyl- 
vania. 



inhabitants and planters of Pennsylvania, intended probably 
to accompany Markham. It is as follows : 

" Charles R. — Whereas his majesty, in consideration of 
the great merit and faithful services of Sir William Penn, 
deceased, and for divers other good causes him thereunto 
moving, hath been graciously pleased, by letters-patent bear- 
ing date the 4th day of March last past, to give and grant 
unto William Penn, Esq., son and heir of the said Sir William 
Penn, all that tract, &c. (as described in the charter.) 

" His majesty doth, therefore, hereby publish and declare 
his royal will and pleasure, that all persons settled or inhabit- 
ing vfithin the limits of the said province, do yield all due 
obedience to the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, as 
absolute proprietaries and governors thereof, as also to the 
deputies, agents, or lieutenants, lawfully commissioned by him 
or them, according to the powers and authorities granted by 
the said letters-patent, wherewith his majesty expects and 
requires a ready compliance from all persons whom it may 
concern, as they tender his majesty's displeasure. 

" Given at the court, &c., 2d April, 1681, thirty-third year 
of reign. By his majesty's command. Conway."^ 

Penn prepared, with his own hand, a letter, to be sent by 
his deputy governor, " for the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 
to be read by my deputy." The letter is sealed with three 
seals, bearing the arms of the Penn family, impressed on red 
wax. The original is, or was in possession of the Chew 
family. 

" My friends — I wish you all happiness, here and hereafter. 
These are to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his 
providence, to cast you within my lot and care. It is a busi- 
ness that, though I never undertook before, yet God has 
given me an understanding of my duty, and an honest mind 
to do it uprightly. I hope you will not be troubled at your 
change, and the king's choice, for you are now fixed at the 
mercy of no governor that comes to make his fortune great ; 
you shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live 
a free, and, if you will, a sober and industrious people. I shall 
not usurp the right of any, or oppress his person. God has 
furnished me with a better resolution, and has given me his 
grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can 
reasonably desire for the security and improvement of their 

' Votes of Assembly, vol. i. p. xxiv. Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 304. 



WILLIAM PENN, PKOPKIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 503 

own happiness, I shall heartily comply with, and in five 1681. 
months resolve, if it please God, to see you. In the mean ' • ' 
time, pray submit to the commands of my deputy, so far as 
they are consistent with the law, and pay him those dues, 
(that formerly you paid to the order of the governor of New 
York,) for my use and benefit, and so I beseech God to direct 
you in the way of righteousness, and therein prosper you and 
your children after you. I am your true friend, 

" William Penn. 

"London, 8th of the month called April, 1681. "^ 

On the same day, it appears by Markham's commission, instmctions 
that Penn issued some instructions to him, of the nature of *^°^^^'^'^^^™' 
which, having never seen them, we have no knowledge, but 
from the connection in Avhich they stand in the commission, it 
is to be inferred that they related to the settlement of boun- 
daries with his neighbours, and the disposition of lands. 

At New Castle court, Mr. John Levin appears, and pro- Apriiis. 
duced his commission ; understanding it had been publicly -Mr. Levin 
read in court, "demanded whether anybody questioned it;" ^sfco^s-^ 
none appearing, it was recorded.^ sion. 

In a few days after the king's declaration, William Penn April 20. 
commissioned his relative, William Markham, to be deputy 
governor, giving him such instructions as the short time since 
his obtaining the charter would allow. They are as follows : 

"The commission given by William Penn, governor and wm. Ponn's 
proprietor of the province of Pennsylvania, to his cousin, to wniTsT 
William Markham, to be deputy governor for him, of the Markham. 
aforesaid province. At Westminster, this 10th of 2d mo. 1681. g^vemOT^ 

" Whereas the king hath graciously pleased, upon divers 
good considerations, to settle upon me and my heirs for ever, 
by his letters-patent, under the great seal of England, dated 
the 4th of March last, a tract of land in America, by the 
name of Pennsylvania, lying and bounded as in the said 
letters-patent is particularly expressed, with ample powers 
and authorities requisite for the well-governing of the same, 
to be exercised by me or my deputy. Out of the special re- 
gard that I have to the care and fidelity of my cousin, Wil- 
liam Markham, I do hereby appoint him my deputy, and 
fully authorize him in my stead and for my behoof, and for 
the benefit of the said province, to act and perform what may 

1 Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 377, and Memoirs Penn. Hist. Soc. vol. iii. p. 205. 

2 New Castle Records. 



504 



CHAKLES II.— A. BEOCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 



1681. be fully needful to the peace and safety thereof, till I myself 
' • ' shall arrive, or he shall receive further orders ; that is to say, 
he has hereby power, 

" 1st. To call a council, and that to consist of nine, he 
presiding. 

"2d. That he does there read my letter to the inhabitants, 
and the king's declaration of subjection ; then (or there) take 
the inhabitants' acknowledgments of my authority and pro- 
priety. 

" 3d. To settle bounds between me and my neighbours; to 
survey, set out, rent, or sell lands, according to (my) instruc- 
tions bearing date the 8th of the month called April, 1681. 

" 4th. To erect courts, make sheriffs, justices of the peace, 
and other requisite inferior officers, that right may be done, 
the peace kept, and all vice punished, without partiality, 
according to the good laws of England. 

" 5th. To call to his aid, and command the assistance of 
any of the inhabitants of those provinces, for the legal sup- 
pression of tumults or riots, and conviction of the offenders, 
according to law, and to make or ordain any ordinances, and 
to do any thing or things that to the peace and safety of the 
said province he may lawfully do, by the power granted to 
me in the letters-patent, calling assemblies to make laws only 
excepted. Given under my hand and seal, this 10th of the 
month called April, 1681. William Penn. [Seal.] 

"Witnesses — Henry West, John West." 

It will be observed, that on the face of this commission 
nothing appears in relation to the Indians. Whether the in- 
structions referred to in it contained any thing on the subject, 
or whether it was reserved for a future occasion, we have no 
means of knowing ; but the latter probably was the case, as 
he had so recently obtained his title, his first object would be 
to receive possession, and the submission of the inhabitants. 

The foregoing document, so far as the author knows, now 
for the first time appears in print, and he has met with no 
one here who says he has before seen it. We unexpectedly 
found it among the records in the secretary of state's office, 
at Boston, in a volume marked " Colonial," vol. ii. p. 473. 
How it came there is unknown ; it presents an additional 
reason why our state should early take some steps to collect 
and preserve the scattered fragments of our early history. 
AprU2o. William Penn recommends Captain William Markham, as 



To call a 
council. 



Read letter 
to inhabit- 
ints, and 
iig's declar 
i-ation. 

Settle boun- 
daries with 
neighbours. 

Erect courts. 

Appoint 

officers. 



Call on in- 
habitants to 
suppress tu- 
mult, and 
generally to 
do all but 
calling an 
assembly to 
make laws. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 505 

his kinsman and deputy, to Lord Baltimore, to treat about 1681. 
the boundary line between Mai-yland and Pennsylvania, with " """^ 
whom it appears he afterwards had an interview on the sub- 
ject. A copy of both exists in England.^ 

Markham was also the bearer of a letter from the king to April. 
Lord Baltimore, apprising him of the grant of Pennsylvania i-etter from 
to Penn, and requiring both parties to adjust boundaries. LordBait^ 
Lord Baltimore being in the province, had an interview with more. 
Markham, at Chester, "which resulted in discovering, from 
actual observation, that Upland itself was at least twelve miles 
south of 40 degrees, and that boundaries would extend to 
Schuylkill. This discovery ended the conference, and gave 
fresh incentives to Penn to obtain from the Duke of York a 
grant of the Delaware settlements, as with such grant he had 
now reason to fear the loss of the whole peninsula."^ 

Having secured the title to the province, Penn very soon Penn's first 
issued his proposals and account of Pennsylvania, from the adveaturers 
best information he then possessed, " together with the privi- 
leges and powers necessary to the well governing thereof, 
made public for the information of such as are, or may be 
disposed to transport themselves or servants into these parts." 
The description of the country occupies but a small portion 
of this document. It is introduced by a preface of some 
length, being an argument in favour of colonies, showing their 
origin and advantages, as follows : 

" Since (by the good providence of God) a country in Ame- Argumentin 
rica is fallen to my lot, I thought it not less my duty than my 
honest interest, to give some public notice of it to the world, 
that those of our own, or other nations, that are inclined to 
transport themselves or families beyond the seas, may find 
another country added to their choice, that if they shall hap- 
pen to like the place, conditions, and constitutions, (so far as 
the present infancy of things will allow us any prospect,) 
they may, if they please, fix with me in the province hereaf- 
ter described. But before I come to treat of my particular 
concernment, I shall take leave to say something of the bene- 
fit of plantations or colonies in general, to obviate a common 
objection. 

" Colonies, then, are the seeds of nations begun and nou- 

1 MS. Catalogue of Documents in England, in possession of John Cadwala- 
der, Esq., to whom we are indebted for a sight of it. 

2 Chalmers, p. 657, McMahon"s Maryland. 

64 2U 



favour of co- 
lonies. 



506 CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 

1681. rished by the care of wise and populous countries, as con- 
^- ' -' ceiving them best for the increase of human stock, and bene- 
ficial for commerce. 

" Some of the wisest men in history have justly taken their 

Ai-gumentin fame from this design and service. We read of the reputation 

lonLTcon"-"" given on this account to Moses, Joshua, and Caleb, in Scrip- 

tinued. turo records ; and what renown the Greek story yields to 

Lycurgus, Theseus, and those Greeks that planted many parts 

of Asia ; nor is the Roman account wanting of instances to 

the credit of that people ; they had a Romulus, a Numa 

Pompilius, and not only reduced, but moralized the manners 

of the nations they subjected, so that they may have been 

rather said to conquer their barbarity than them. 

" Nor did any of these ever dream it was the way of de- 
creasing their people or wealth, for the cause of the decay 
of any of those states or empires was not their plantations, 
but their luxury and corruption of manners ; for when they 
grew to neglect their ancient discipline, that maintained and 
rewarded virtue and industry, and addicted themselves to 
pleasure and effeminacy, they debased their spirits and de- 
bauched their morals, from whence ruin did never fail to 
follow to any people. With justice, therefore, I deny the 
vulgar opinion against plantations, that they weaken England ; 
they have manifestly enriched, and so strengthened her, which 
I briefly evidence thus : 

"1st. Those that go into a foreign plantation, their indus- 
try there is worth more than if they stayed at home, the 
product of their labour being in commodities of a superior 
nature to those of their country. For instance, what is an 
improved acre in Jamaica or Barbadoes worth to an improved 
acre in England ? We know it is three times the value, and 
the product of it comes for England, and is usually paid for 
in English growth and manufacture. Nay, Virginia shows 
that an ordinary industry in one man produces three thousand 
pounds weight of tobacco, and twenty barrels of corn yearly ; 
he feeds himself, and brings as much of commodity into Eng- 
land besides, as being returned in the growth and workman- 
ship of this country, is much more than he could have spent 
here. Let it also be remembered, that the three thousand 
weight of tobacco brings in three thousand twopences, by 
way of custom, to the king, which makes £25, an extraordi- 
nary profit. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 507 

" 2d. More being produced and imported than we can spend 1681. 
here, we export it to other countries in Europe, which brings ' '""', 
in money, or the growth of those countries, which is the same 
thing, and this is the advantage of the English merchants Argument in 

d favour of co- 

seamen. ionies,cou- 

" 3d. Such as could not only not marry here, but hardly tinned, 
live and allow themselves clothes, do marry there, and bestow 
thrice more in all necessaries and conveniences, (and not a 
little in ornamental things too,) for themselves, their wives 
and children, both as to apparel and household stuff, which 
coming out of England, I say it is impossible that England 
should not be a considerable gainer. 

•< 4th. But let it be considered that the plantations employ 
many hundreds of shipping, and many thousands of seamen, 
which must be, in divers respects, an advantage to England, 
being an island, and by nature fitted for navigation above any 
country in Europe. This is followed by other depending 
trades, as shipwrights, carpenters, sawyers, hewers, trunnel- 
makers, joiners, slop sellers, drysalters, iron-workers, the 
Eastland merchants, timber sellers, and victuallers, with many 
more trades which hang upon navigation ; so that we may 
easily see the objection (that colonies or plantations hurt 
England) is at least of no strength, especially if we consider 
how many thousand blacks and Indians are also accommodated 
with clothes, and many sorts of tools and utensils, from Eng- 
land, and that their labour is mostly brought hither, v.'hich 
adds wealth and people to the English dominions. But it is 
further said, they injure England, in that they draw away 
too many of the people, for we are not so populous in the 
countries as formerly. I say there are other reasons for that, 

"1st. Country people are so extremely addicted to put 
their children into gentlemen's service, or send them to towns 
to learn trades, that husbandry is neglected, and after a soft 
and delicate usage there, they are for ever unfitted for the 
labour of a farming life. 

"2d. The pride of the age, in its attendance and retinue, 
is so gross and universal, that where a man of XIOOO a year 
formerly kept but four or five servants, he now keeps more 
than twice the number ; he must have a gentleman to wait 
upon him in his chambers, a coachman, a groom or two, a 
butler, a man-cook, a gardener, two or three laqueys, it may 
be an huntsman, and a falconer ; the wife a gentlewoman, 



508 CHARLES IL— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 

1681. and maids accordingly : this was not known by our ancestors 
' " ' of like quality. This hinders the plough and the dairy, from 
whence they are taken, and instead of keeping people to 
Argumentin manly labour, they are effeminated by a lazy and luxurious 
favour of co- living j 1)^^ which is worsc, these people rarely marry, though 
tinued. many of them do worse, but if they do, it is when they are 
in age, and the reason is clear, because their usual keeping 
at their masters' is too great and costly for them, with a 
family at their own charge, and they scarcely know how to 
live lower, so that too many of them choose rather to vend 
their lusts at an evil ordinary, than honestly marry and work, 
the excess and sloth of the age not allowing of marriage and 
the charge that follows ; all which hinders the increase of our 
people. If men, they often turn either soldiers or gamesters, 
or highwaymen. If women, they too frequently dress them- 
selves for a bad market, rather than know the dairy again, or 
honestly return to labour, whereby it happens that both the 
stock of the nation decays, and the issue is corrupted. 

" 3d. Of old time, the nobility and gentiy spent their 
estates in the country, and that kept the people in it, and 
their servants married, and sat at easy rentSj under their 
masters' favour, which peopled the place ; now the great men, 
(too much loving the town, and resorting to London,) draw 
many people thither to attend them, who either do not marry, 
or if they do, they pine away their small gains in some petty 
shop, for there are so many, they prey upon one another. 

" 4th. The country being thus neglected, and no due bal- 
ance kept between trade and husbandry, city and country, 
the poor countryman takes double toil, and cannot (for want 
of hands) dress and manure his land to the advantage it for- 
merly yielded him, yet must he pay the old rents, which oc- 
casions servants, and such children as go not to trades, to 
continue single, at least all their youthful time, which also 
obstructs the increase of our people. 

" 5th. The decay of some country manufactures (where no 
provision is made to supply the people with a new way of 
living) causes the more industrious to go abroad to seek their 
bread in other countries, and gives the lazy an occasion to 
loiter and beg, or do worse, by which means the land swarms 
with beggars ; formerly, it was rare to find any asking alms 
but the maimed or blind, or very aged, now thousands of both 
sexes run up and down both city and country, that are sound 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 509 

and youthful, and able to work, with false pretences and cer- 1681. 
tificates ; nor is there any care taken to employ or deter such '~-^' ' 
vagrants, which weakens the country, as to people and 

labour. Argument m 

" To which let me add, that the great debauchery in this J^Xg'Snr 
kingdom has not only rendered many unfruitful when married, tinuea. 
but they live not out half their time, through excess, which 
might be prevented, by a vigorous execution of our good 
laws against corruption of manners. These and the like 
evils are the true grounds of the decay of our people in the 
country, to say nothing of plague and wars ; towns and cities 
cannot complain of the decay of people, being more replen- 
ished than ever, especially London, which, with reason, helps 
the countyman to this objection. And though some do go to 
the plantations, yet, numbering the parishes in England, and 
computing how many live more than die, and are born than 
buried, there goes not over to all the plantations a fourth 
part of the yearly increase of the people, and when they are 
there, they are not (as I said before) lost to England, since 
they furnish them with much clothes, household stuff, tools, 
and the like necessaries, and that in greater quantities than 
here their condition could have needed, or they could have 
bought, being there well to pass, that were but low here, if not 
poor ; and now masters of families too, when here they had none, 
and could hardly keep themselves ; and very often it happens 
that some of them, after their industry and success there 
have made them wealthy, they return and empty their riches 
into England, one in this capacity being able to buy out 
twenty of what he was when he went over. 

" Thus much to justify the credit and benefit of planta- 
tions, wherein I have not sought to speak my interest, but my 
judgment, and I dare venture the success of it with all sober 
and considering men." 

He then proceeds to a very short notice of the country. Does not 
observing, "I shall say little in its praise, to excite desires ^„**°"^to 
in any whatever. I could truly write as to the soil, air, and gobyWs 
water ; this shall satisfy me, that by the blessing of God, and ^^^^ °^ ^^^ 
the honesty and industry of man, it may be a good and 
fruitful land. 

" For navigation, it is said to have two conveniences ; the Fme naviga- 
one by lying ninescore miles upon Delaware River, i. e. about gtreams. ^ 
threescore and ten miles before we come to the falls, where a 



510 CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 

1681. vessel of 200 tons maj sail, (and some creeks and small har- 

' ' ' bours in that distance, where ships may come nearer than the 

river into the country,) and above the falls, for sloops and 

boats, as I am informed, to the extent of the patent. The 

other convenience is through Chesapeake Bay." 

He then notices briefly, the variety of the timber, and the 
Products of abundance of the fowl, fish, and wild deer. "Our English 
presenranT P^^ovision is likewisc to be had there at reasonable rates." 
future. The commodities that the country is thought capable of pro- 
ducing, viz. " silk, flax, hemp, wine, cider, woad, madder, 
liquorice, tobacco, potashes, and iron." He then enumerates 
what "it does actually produce, hides, tallow, staves, beef, 
pork, sheep, wheat, barley, and furs of difl"erent kinds, to be 
found among the Indians." He then notices " the way of 
trading" with other countries, &c. 

" The constitutions" next claim his attention. According 
Constitution to the patent, the people and governor have a legislative 
power, so that no law can be made, nor money raised, without 
the people's consent. The rights and freedoms of England 
to be in force there. " May enact what laws we please, ex- 
cept against allegiance," which would be void. " So soon as 
any are engaged with me, we shall begin a scheme or draft 
together, such as shall give ample testimony of my sincere 
inclinations to encourage planters, and settle a free, just, and 
industrious colony there." 

The conditions come next in order, and relate, " 1st, To 
Conditions those that will buy. 2d. Those that take up land upon rent. 
of sharer""^ 3d. Scrvants. As to the first, the shares to be certain as to the 
and land. number of acres; each to contain 5000 acres, free from any 
quit-rents. Indian incumbrance, price ^£100, and Is. English quit-rent 
for 100 acres; quit-rent not to begin till after 1684. Se- 
cond, renters to pay Id. per acre, not to exceed 200 acres. 
Third, servants, those that are carried ; the master shall be 
allowed 50 acres per head, and 50 acres to every servant 
when his time is expired. And as some engage with me that 
may not be disposed to go," he advises an overseer to be sent 
for every three adventurers, with their servants ; and he then 
speaks of the dividend. " If the persons concerned please, 
a tract shall be surveyed, of 50,000 acres, to 100 adven- 
Townsand turcrs, of wliich some of the best shall be set out for towns 
"* '^^" or cities, and there shall be so much ground allowed to each 

in those towns, as may maintain some cattle, and produce 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 511 

some corn ;" the remainder of the 50,000 to be shared among 1681. 
the adventurers, (casting up the barren for commons,) and ' ' ^ 
allowing for the same, "vvhereby every adventurer will have a 
considerable quantity together ; likewise every one a propor- 
tion by a navigable river, and then backward into the coun- 
try. The manner of the dividend I shall not be strict in ; 
we can but speak roughly of the matter here, but let men 
skilful in plantations be consulted, and I shall leave it to the 
majority of votes among the adventurers, when it shall please 
God we come there, how to fix it to their own content." 

He then speaks " of the persons that providence seems to Persons 
have most fitted for plantations: 1st. Industrious husband- ^°^to™o^^ 
men and day-labourers, that are hardly able (with extreme 
labour) to maintain their families and portion their children. 

" 2d. Laborious handicrafts, especially carpenters, masons, 
smiths, weavers, tailors, tanners, shoemakers, shipwrights, &c., 
where they can be spared, or are low in the world ; labour will 
be worth more there, and provisions be cheaper. 

" 3d. A plantation seems a fit place for those ingenious 
spirits that, being low in the world, are much clogged and 
oppressed about a livelihood, for the means of subsisting 
being easy there, they may have time and opportunity to 
gratify their inclinations, and thereby improve science, and 
help nurseries of people. 

" 4th. A fourth sort of men to whom a plantation would 
be proper, takes in those that are younger brothers of small 
inheritances, yet because they would live in sight of their 
kindred, in some proportion to their quality, and cannot do it 
without a labour that looks like farming, their condition is too 
strait for them, and if married, their children are often too 
numerous for the estate, and are frequently bred up to no 
trades, but are a kind of hangers on or retainers to the elder 
brother's table and charity, which is a mischief as in itself to 
be lamented, so here to be remedied, for land they have for 
next to nothing, which with moderate labour produces plenty 
of all things necessary for life, and such an increase as by 
traffic may supply them with all conveniences. 

« Lastly, there are another sort of persons, not only fit for, 
but necessary in plantations, and that is, men of universal 
spirits, that have an eye to the good of posterity, and that 
both understand and delight to promote good discipline and 
just government among a plain and well-intending people. 



512 CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 

1681. Such persons may find room in colonies for their good counsel 
" ' ' and contrivance, who are shut out from being of much use or 
service to great nations under settled customs; these men de- 
serve much esteem, and would be hearkened to. Doubtless 
it was this (as I observed before) that put some of the famous 
Greeks and Romans upon transplanting and regulating colo- 
nies of people in divers parts of the world, whose names, for 
giving so great proof of their wisdom, virtue, labour, and 
constancy, are with justice honourably delivered down by 
story to the praise of our own times, though the world, after 
all its higher pretences of religion, barbarously errs from 
their excellent example." 

Then, of the journey, and what may be reasonably ex- 
pected when they arrive there : 

" Next, let us see what is fit for the journey and place, 
Of the jour- whou there, and also what may be the charge of the voyage, 
wifat'^^^^tobe ^^^ what is to be expected and done there at first, that such 
done there, as incline to go may not be to seek here, or brought under 
any disappointments there. The goods fit to take with them 
for use, or sell for profit, are all sorts of apparel and utensils 
for husbandry, and building and household stuiF. And be- 
cause I know how much people are apt to fancy things beyond 
what they are, and that imaginations are great flatterers of 
the minds of men, to the end that none may delude them- 
selves with an expectation of an immediate amendment of 
their conditions, so soon as it shall please God they arrive 
there ; I would have them understand that they must look for 
a winter before a summer comes, and they must be willing to 
be two or three years without some of the conveniences they 
enjoy at home ; and yet I must needs say that America is 
another thing than it was at the first plantation of Virginia 
and New England, for there is better accommodation, and 
English provisions are to be had at easier rates ; however, I 
am inclined to set down particulars, as near as those inform 
me that know the place, and have been planters both in that 
and in the neighbouring colonies. 

" 1st. The passage will come, for masters and niistresses, 
at most to £6 a head ; for servants, £5 a head, and for child- 
ren under seven years of age, 50s., except they suck, then 
nothing. 

" Next being, by the mercy of God, safely arrived, in Sep- 
tember or October, two men may clear as much ground by 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPIIIETAIIY AND GOVERNOR. 513 

spring, (when they set the corn of that country,) as will bring 1681. 
in that time twelvemonth, forty barrels, which amounts to two ' ' ' 
hundred bushels, which makes twenty-five quarters of corn ; 
so that the first year they must buy corn, which is usually 
very plentiful. They may, so soon as they come, buy cows, 
more or less, as they want, or are able, which are to be had 
at easy rates. For swine, they are plentiful and cheap ; these 
will quickly increase to a stock ; so that after the first year, 
what with the poorer sort sometimes labouring to others, and 
the more able fishing, fowling, and sometimes buying, they 
may do very well, till their own stocks are sufficient to supply 
them and their families, which will quickly be, and to spare, 
if they follow the English husbandry, as they do in New 
England and New York, and get Avinter fodder for their 
stock." 

After which an abstract of the patent is inserted. He then 
concludes by advising to due consideration of all the circum- 
stances and probabilities, and to make no rash or hasty de- 
cisions. 

" To conclude, I desire all my dear country folks, who may considera- 
be inclined to go into those parts, to consider seriously the j^eader"^" 
premises, as well the present inconveniences, as future ease 
and plenty, that so none may move rashly, or from a fickle, 
but solid mind, having, above all things an eye to the provi- 
dence of God, in the disposal of themselves. And I would 
further advise all such at least to have the permission, if not 
the good liking of their near relations, for that is both natu- 
ral, and a duty incumbent upon all, and by this means will 
natural affection be preserved, and a friendly and profitable 
correspondence be maintained between them. In all which I 
beseech Almighty God to direct us, that his blessing may at- 
tend our honest endeavour, and then the consequence of all 
our undertaking will turn to the glory of his great name, and 
the true happiness of us and our posterity. Amen. 

" William Penn."^ 

Adventurers are referred to Philip Ford, Thomas Rudyard, 
and Benjamin Clark, for information, &c. 

We have, in this document, the origin of the quit-rents, 
which afterwards gave considerable uneasiness in the province. 

Justice Otto Ernest informs the court of Upland that he Junes, 
has bought and paid for, of the Indian proprietors, a certain 

» Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 308. 



514 



CHARLES II.— A. BROCKHOLLS, DEPUTY. 



1681. 



J. Fabricius 
and his 



Ear-marks. 
Man fined 
for not 
working on 
roads. 



Lands 
bought on 
Schuylkill, 
and now 
held by va- 
rious per- 
sons, to pay 
their propor- 
tion. 



June 14. 

Surveyor of 
roads. 



June 12. 



swampy or marshy island, called by the Indians " Quist- 
conck," lying at the upper end of Tinnackonk Island, in the 
river, opposite Andrews Boone's Creek. 

Upon petition of Jacobus Fabricius, " ordered, that the 
churchwardens of the petitioner's church take care that every 
one of those who have signed and promised towards his main- 
tenance, do pay him the sums promised, upon pain of execu- 
tion against the defective." 

Ear-marks for cattle are now recorded. 

John Champion is lined, on complaint of overseers of roads, 
25 guilders, for not working upon the highways, on due 
warning. 

William Warner^ and William Oram requesting, the court 
ordered, that the several people that hold lands of that which 
the petitioners bought of the Indians, lying on Schuylkill, 
every one to repay him proportionably to the quantity of land 
they hold there, the whole purchase which the petitioners 
paid being 335 guilders. The following persons hold lands 
within that limit : Andrev/ Juchoun, 200 ; Andrew Hom- 
man, 200 ; Pelle Laerson, alias Peter Pelle, 100 ; Peter 
Erickson, 200; William Warner, 100; William Oram, 100; 
John Booles and John Schooten, 400 ; Swen Lom, 800 ; each 
to pay their proportions. 

William Boyles appointed surveyor and overseer of high- 
ways, from the falls to Poetquessing Creek, and to see roads 
and bridges in good order, by next court, and to require the 
inhabitants to help. 

Gilbert Wheeler is fined <£4 for selling strong drink to the 
Indians.^ 

On the records in the surveyor-general's office, is the fol- 
lowing certificate of survey for land to the Swensons, and is 
perhaps a part of what was in dispute in 1679. (See pp. 447 
and 463.) The creek named is probably the Cohocksink, as 
Rambo's petition embraced " the land between the land of 
Wiccacoa and the land of Juriaen Hartsfelder." 

" By virtue of a warrant from the court of Upland. — Laid 
out for Swan Swanson, Ole Swanson, Andrew Swanson, in- 
habitants of Wicakoe, a tract of land, being an addition to 



1 We have noticed, on page 455, a report of the early settlement of Warner ; 
the date of the above purchase is not given ; it may have been made several 
years previously. 

'^ All from Upland Records. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPEIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 515 

their other land, called Wicakoe, situated and being on the 1681. 
west side of Delaware River ; beginning at a corner-marked ' ' ' 
Spanish oak, standing bj the river side, at the mouth of a 

small run called Cooconocon ; from thence up by the survey of 

north-west 40 perches, to a corner-marked white oak ; from ^^ p^naaet- 
thence west by a line of marked trees, 247 perches, to a cor- pwa, for 
ner-marked red oak ; and from thence south by a line of 
marked trees, 170 perches, to a corner-marked black oak, 
standing near the old line of another tract, called Wicakoe ; 
from thence south by east by a line of marked trees, 290 perches, 
to a corner-marked white oak, standing by the side of Dela- 
ware ; from thence up by said river, north by east, and 
north-north-east, 210 perches, to the first-mentioned Spanish 
oak, containing 345 acres of fast land. Surveyed the 21st of 
June, 1681, per Richard Noble, surveyor of Upland county. 

" This was surveyed in 1681, but when ordered by the 
court is uncertain, and last year we found it waste, when we 
began to build a house. S. H." 

At what time Markham left England is not very certain, juiyi. 
but, as appears from the following letter or order, he was in Arrival of 
New York on the 21st of June ; he must have departed in ^y^i^^^^^ 

' ' Markham, as 

April, or perhaps early in May. Clarkson, and most of our deputy go- 
historians say, he accompanied other commissioners and some '^®™°''- 
emigrants, later in the year, but this is disproved by their 
very instructions, and completely settled by the order below. 
It has been intimated, too, that he arrived first in the Dela- 
ware, but the probability is that he landed first at Boston or 
New York, from the circumstance of his commission being 
on record at the former, and that he obtained the order from 
the governor at the latter place, on his way to his govern- 
ment. It is addressed by lieutenant-governor of New York 
" to the justices of the peace, magistrates, and other officers 
within the bounds and limits mentioned, now called Penn- 
sylvania. 

" Whereas his majesty hath been graciously pleased, by his order of 
letters-patent bearing date 4th March last, to give and grant ^ew York L 
to William Penn, esquire, all the tract of land in America inhabitants 
now called by the name of Pennsylvania, formerly under the ''^ ^'''^°^y^' 

•^ >/ ' </ vania, to 

protection and government of his royal highness, as the same submit to 
is bounded, (as described in the charter,) with all powers, ^"'^'^^so- 
pre-eminences, and jurisdictions necessary for the government 
of a province, as by letters-patent doth at large appear, which, 



516 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR, 



1681. with his majesty's gracious letter, directed to the inhabitants 
' ' ' and planters within the said limits, and a commission from 
the said William Penn to the bearer hereof, William Mark- 
ham, esquire, to be his deputy governor of the said province, 
have been produced and shown to us, and are entered upon 
record in the office of records for this province, and by us 
highly approved of, as his majesty's royal will and pleasure, 
therefore thought fit to intimate the same to you, to prevent 
any doubt or trouble that might arise, and to give you our 
thanks for your good service done in your several offices and 
stations, during the time you remained under his royal high- 
ness's government, expecting no further account than that 
you readily submit and yield all due obedience to the said 
letters-patent, according to the true intent and meaning 
thereof, in the performance and enjoyments of which we wish 
you all happiness. New York, June 21, 1681. 

" Anthony Beockholls. 

" By order in council, &c. — John West, clerk of council." 

It does not appear, from this, that any emigrants accom- 
panied Markham, as some historians assert ; it is more probable 
that none came with him, as there had scarcely been time, 
since the date of the charter, for the preparation we should 
suppose necessary previous to the removal for a settlement in 
a new country. But little is known of his acts ; such facts 
as we have met with will appear under their proper dates. 

Penn published " certain conditions or concessions agreed 
upon between him and the adventurers and purchasers," in 
which certain rules of settlement are laid down, and direc- 
tions for the treatment of the Indians, so as to establish and 
preserve a firm and lasting friendship with them. These were 
probably preliminary to the frame of government afterwards 
adopted. 

" Certain conditions and concessions agreed upon by Wil- 
liam Penn, proprietary and governor of the province of Penn- 
sylvania, and those who are the adventurers and purchasers 
in the said province, the 11th of July, 1681. 

" I. That so soon as it pleaseth God that the above persons 
arrive there, a certain quantity of land or ground plat shall 
roads" ' ^^ ^® ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ large town or city, in the most convenient 
place upon the river for health and navigation ; and every 
purchaser and adventurer shall, by lot, have so much land 
therein as will answer to the proportion which he hath bought 



July 21; 



Conditions 
and conces- 
sions. 



City to bft 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 517 

or taken up upon rent. But it is to be noted, that the sui-- 16S1. 
veyors shall consider what roads or highways will be neces- '"'"^ ' 
sary to the cities, towns, or through the lands. Great roads 
from city to city not to contain less than forty feet in breadth, 
shall be first laid out and declared to be for highways, before 
the dividend of acres be laid out for the purchaser, and the 
like observation to be had for the streets in the towns and 
cities, that there may be convenient roads and streets pre- 
served, not to be encroached upon by any planter or builder, 
that none may build irregularly, to the damage of another. 
In this custom governs. 

" II. That the land in the town be laid out together, after Proportions 
the proportion of ten thousand acres of the whole country ; °^ ^''^^'^' 
that is, two hundred acres, if the place will bear it ; however, 
that the proportion be by lot, and entire, so as those that de- 
sire to be together, especially those that are by the catalogue 
laid together, may be so laid together both in the town and 
country. 

"III. That when the country lots are laid out, every pur- Quantity to 
chaser, from one thousand to ten thousand acres, or more, not ^^^'^^°- 

' ' ^ gether. 

to have above one thousand acres together, unless in three 
years they plant a family upon every thousand acres, but that 
all such as purchase together, lie together, and if as many as 
comply with this condition, that the whole be laid out together. 

" IV. That where any number of purchasers, more or less, May settle 
whose number of acres amounts to five or ten thousand acres, ^°='^^^^' ^^ 

' townsliips. 

desire to sit together in a lot or township, they shall have 
their lot or township cast together, in such places as have 
convenient harbours, or navigable rivers attending it, if such 
can be found ; and in case any one or more purchasers plant 
not according to agreement in this concession, to the preju- 
dice of others of the same township, upon complaint thereof 
made to the governor or his deputy, with assistance, they may 
award (if they see cause) that the complaining purchaser may, 
paying the survey-money, and purchase-money, and interest 
thereof, be entitled, enrolled, and lawfully invested in the 
lands so not seated. 

" V. That the proportion of lands that shall be laid out in Each to have 
the first great town or city, for every purchaser, shall be after g^g*r'%QQ ^*"^ 
the proportion of ten acres for every five hundred acres pur- acres. 
chased, if the place will allow it. 

" VI. That notwithstanding there be no mention made in - 

2X 



518 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1681. 



Provision re- 
specting ri- 
vers, mines, 
&c. 

land for 
servants. 



Encourage- 
ment to 
search for 
mines. 



Proprie- 
tary's por- 
tion. 



Must plant 
in ttiree 
years. 



No trading 
■with. In- 
dians except 
in marlset. 



the several deeds made to tlie purchaser, yet the said William 
Penn does accord and declare, that all rivers, rivulets, woods 
and underwoods, waters, water-courses, quarries, mines and 
minerals, (except mines-royal,) shall be freely and fully en- 
joyed, and wholly, by the purchasers into whose lot they fall. 

" VII. That for every fifty acres that shall be allotted to a 
sei'vant at the end of his service, his quit-rent shall be two 
shillings per annum, and the master or owner of the servant, 
when he shall take up the other fifty acres, his quit-rent shall 
be four shillings by the year, or if the master of the servant 
(by reason in the indentures he is so obliged to do,) allot out 
to the servant fifty acres in his own division, the said master 
shall have, on demand, allotted him from the governor, the 
one hundred acres at the chief rent of six shillings per 
annum. 

" VIII. And for the encouragement of such as are ingen- 
ious and willing to search out gold and silver mines in this 
province, it is hereby agreed that they shall have liberty to 
bore and dig in any man's property, fully paying the damage 
done ; and in case a discovery should be made, that the dis- 
coverer have one-fifth, the owner of the soil, (if not the dis- 
coverer,) a tenth part, the governor two-fifths, and the rest 
to the public treasury, saving to the king the share reserved 
by patent. 

" IX. In every hundred thousand acres, the governor and 
proprietary, by lot, reserveth ten to himself, which shall lie 
but in one place. 

" X. That every man shall be bound to plant or man so 
much of his share of land as shall be set out and surveyed, 
within three years after it is so set out and surveyed, or else 
it shall be lawful for new comers to be settled thereupon, 
paying to them their survey-money, and they go up higher 
for their shares. 

" XI. There shall be no buying and selling, be it with an 
Indian or among one another, of any goods to be exported, 
but what shall be performed in public market, when such 
places shall be set apart or erected, where they shall pass the 
public stamp or mark. If bad ware, and prized as good, or 
deceitful in proportion or weight, to forfeit the value as if 
good, and full weight and proportion, to the public treasury 
of the province, whether it be the merchandise of the Indian, 
or that of the planters. 



TV. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 519 

" XII. And forasmuch as it is not unusual mth the planters 1681, 
to overreach the poor natives of the country in trade, by ' ' ' 
goods not being good of the kind, or debased with mixtures, 
with which they are sensibly aggrieved, it is agreed, whatever Goods soia 
is sold to the Indians in consideration of their furs, shall be ^° ^ ^^^^^^ 
sold in the market-place, and there suffer the test, whether 
good or bad ; if good, to pass, if not good, not to be sold for 
good, that the natives may not be abused nor provoked. 

"XIII. That no man shall, by any ways or means, in word offences 
or deed, affront or wrong any Indian, but he shall incur the Xugfo^bJ 
same penalty of the law as if he had committed it against punished as 
his fellow-planter ; and if any Indian shall abuse, in word or X™! 
deed, any planter of this province, that he shall not be his 
own judge upon the Indian, but he shall make his complaint 
to the governor of the province, or his lieutenant or deputy, 
or some inferior magistrate near him, who shall, to the utmost 
of his power, take care, with the king of the said Indian, that 
all reasonable satisfaction be made to the said injured planter. 

"XIV. That all differences between the planters and the Differences 
natives, shall also be ended by twelve men, that is, by six ^f*'^'-'^'^ ^^' 

' _ _ " _ ' _ 7 »/ dians and 

planters and six natives, that so we may live friendly together whites to be 
as much as in us lieth, preventing all occasions of heart- f^**^''^'^ ^y ^ 
burnings and mischief. 

"XV. That the Indians shall have liberty to do all things Privileges of 
relating to improvement of their ground, and providing suste- ^'^'^'^^s. 
nance for their families, that any of the planters shall enjoy. 

" XVI. That the laws as to slanders, drunkenness, swear- crimes to be 
ing, cursing, pride in apparel, trespasses, distresses, replevins, f^ Eu^^j^an'd 
weights and measures, shall be the same as in England, till 
altered by law in this province. 

"XVII. That all shall mark their hogs, sheep, and other Marks on 
cattle, and what are not marked within three months after '^^"^''' 
it is in their possession, be it young or old, it shall be for- 
feited to the governor, that so people may be compelled to 
avoid the occasion of much strife between planters. 

" XVIII. That in clearing the ground, care be taken to Preservation 
leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared, especially °^ ^°°*^' 
to preserve oak and mulberries, for silk and shipping. 

" XIX. That all shipmasters shall give an account of their Masters of 
countries, names, ships, owners, freights, and passengers, to I^elccount, 
an officer to be appointed for that pui'pose, which shall be Re- 
registered within two days after their arrival ; and if they 



520 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1681. 



Persons 
leaving to 
make publi- 
cation. 



July 22. 

Opinion of 
Penn as a 
suitable per- 
son for the 
enterprise. 



shall refuse so to do, that then none presume to trade with 
them, upon forfeiture thereof, and that such masters be looked 
upon as having an evil intention to the province. 

"XX. That no person leave the province without publica- 
tion being made thereof, in the market-place, three weeks 
before, and a certificate from some justice of the peace, of 
his clearness with his neighbours, and those he has dealt 
withal, so far as such an assurance can be attained and given; 
and if any master of a ship shall, contrary hereunto, receive 
and carry away any person that hath not given that public 
notice, the said master shall be liable to all debts owing by 
the said person so secretly transported from the province. 

"Lastly, that these are to be added to, or corrected, by and 
with the consent of the parties hereunto subscribed. 

" William Penn. 

" Sealed and delivered in the presence of William Boel- 
ham, Harbert Springet, Thomas Rudyard. 

" Sealed and delivered in the presence of all the proprie- 
tors, who have hereunto subscribed, except Thomas Farrin- 
borough and John Goodson, in the presence of Hugh Chara- 
berlen, R. Murray, Harbert Springet, Humphrey South, 
Thomas Barker, Samuel Jobson, John Joseph Moore, William 
Powel, Richard Davie, Griffith Jones, Hugh Lambe, Thomas 
Farrinborough, John Goodson."^ 

; A few extracts from a private letter-book, to which we had 
access, of that date, will show the opinions of individuals in 
England, and early proceedings on the subject of the pro- 
posed colony. The writer says, "I have begun my letter on 
too little a piece of paper to give thee my judgment of Penn- 
sylvania, but, in short, I and many others wiser than I am, 
do very much approve of it, and do judge William Penn as 
fit a man as any one in Europe, to plant a country. When 
he comes to town, I shall treat with him for 5000 acres for 
thee. I know £100 is the purchase thereof, and if thou does 
not conclude soon, it may be too late, for we suppose in a few 
weeks he will be gone thither. Mr. Penn is like to em- 
bark for his new country in a few weeks. '"-^ 

On 26th of same month, he alludes to a paper that Penn 
gave him about Pennsj^lvania, and says, " I would have had 
some discourse with him, but he was in such extreme haste to 



1 Reg. Penns. vol. i. pp. 324—326. 

2 Letter-Book of James Oaypoole, in possession of J. Parker Foulke, Esq. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 521 

be gone towards Bristol, that we could not have time. He 1681. 
said he would discourse more fully in a few days. There is " • ' 
great encouragement both as to the country and governor, 
who, I believe, will establish good laws, as near as he can ; Apprehen- 
however, for my own part, if I had a mind to buy land there, Lord Baiti- 
I would forbear till I saw that he was not interrupted by Bal- more may 
timore in his taking possession, for this Baltimore is a great Penn's tat- 
governor in Maryland, that borders on Pennsylvania, and '°e p°^^^^- 
has received rent, for some years past, of the inhabitants 
thereof, and it is like does so to this day, by connivance ; but 
keep this to thyself."-^ 

At a court of St. Jones county, E. Herman reports sur- Juiy29. 
veys of land for twenty-three persons, amounting to 14,247 
acres. They were approved and recorded, and to be sent to 
governor for confirmation.^ 

It would appear from the following, that very soon after J"iy- 
receiving the charter for Pennsylvania, William Penn was 
negotiating for New Castle, and probably for the remaining 
portion of the territory below. 

" Sir John Werden wrote to Mr. Penn, that the duke was Duke objects 
not yet disposed to grant the lands about New Oastle. He haTkT'New 
at the same time informed him that he thought his claims to Castie. 
the islands in the Delaware ill-founded, because they were not 
included by the words of the patent, and were not intended 
to be granted. He immediately warned Dongan, governor 
of New York, to prevent Penn's encroachments on his pro- 
vince, or its dependencies, giving a reason, which shows the 
opinions of men who had done so much business with him, 
that he was very intent on his own interests in those parts, 
as you observe."^ 

In a letter of this date, from William Penn to Robert Tur- Sept. 4. 
ner, then in Ireland, he speaks of his refusing very conside- Large offers 
rable offers for a monopoly of the Indian trade, and his pe^^n and 
reasons for so doing. refused. 

"Thy remembrance by several notes, through the hands Letter from 
of J. Hall, I tenderly received ; and though I ordered P. Ford ^^^^^° 
to answer thy said letters, and send the things by thee de- 
sired, and wrote and sent maps and accounts too, by friend 
Thomas Lurting, I thought good to send thee a few lines. I 
have lately been in the west of England, and had a prosper- 

1 Claypoole's Letter-Book. 2 Kent Records, in Breviat. 

3 Chalmers, p. 660. N. Y. Entries, pp. 355, 356. 
66 2^2 



522 WILLIAM PENN, r-ROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1681. ous journey in the Lord's service. At my return, found 
" — ' — ' thine to me. The most material is about the quit-rent, &c. 
Philip will be large to thee upon it. I am contented to sell 
it to a beaver-skin, which is about a crown value, at ten years' 
purchase. I did refuse a great temptation last Second-day, 
which was .£6000, and pay the Indians, for six shares, and 
make the purchasers a company, to have wholly to itself the 
Indian trade from south to north, between the Susquahanagh 
and Delaware Rivers, paying me 2J per cent, acknowledg- , 
ment or rent ; but as the Lord gave it me over all and great 
opposition, and that I never had my mind so exercised to the 
Lord about any outward substance, I would not abuse His 
love, nor act unworthy of His providence, and so defile what 
came to me clean. No, let the Lord guide me by His wisdom, 
and preserve me to honour His name, and serve His truth 
and people, that an example and standard may be set up to 
the nations ; there may be room there, though none here. 

"William Penn."i 
This statement of Penn is confirmed in a letter written 
Private let- 10th of 7th month, by the individual before referred to, and 
irthe^fore- "^^^ bccame largely interested in the colony. He says, 
going. "Mr. Penn does not intend starting for Pennsylvania till 

next spring, and then it is like there will be many people 
ready to go from England, Scotland, and Ireland. He is 
offered great things ; ,£6000 for a monopoly in trade, which 
he refused, and for islands and particular places, great sums 
of money, but he designs to do things equally between all 
parties, and I believe truly does aim more at justice and right- 
eousness, and spreading of truth, than at his own particular 
gain. I tried him about the proposals to take <£100 for 
6000 acres, and abate the quit-rent, which he refused, in- 
tending to do equal by all. If thou will be concerned in 
one-half of the 5000 acres, I will have the other half, and 
make as good terms for thee as for myself."^ A testimony 
highly honourable to the proprietary. 

Penn writes to James Harrison, then in England, that 

Sept. 4. "he does not expect to depart as soon as he intended, for the 

Penn's letter pcoplo upou whosc goiug both my rcsolutious and services on 

iiarXon E^'^^E depended, though they buy and mostly send servants 

to clear and sow a piece of land against they come, not one- 

' Memoirs of Penns. Hist. Soc. vol. i. part i. p. 204. 
2 James Claypoole's Letter-Boole. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES 11. 523 

fifth can now get rid of their concerns here till spring. When 1681. 
they go, I go, but my going with servants will not settle a ' '~~' 
government, the great end of my going ; besides, many flock 
in to be concerned with me. I am like to have many from 
France, some from Holland, and hear some Scotch will go 
for my country. I bless the Lord in obtaining it, and were 
I drawn inward to look to Him, and to owe to His hand and 
power, to any other way, and I have so obtained it, and de- 
sire that I may not be unworthy of His love, but do that 
which answers His kind providence, and serve His truth and 
people, that an example may be set up to the nations ; there 
may be room there, but not here, for such an holy experi- 
ment. Now, dear James, for the 50 acres a servant to the Explanation 
master, and 50 to the servant; this is done for their sakes °^'""^'^^^ 

' ' Tvitn regard 

that cannot buy, for I must either be paid by purchase or to servant?, 
rent, that those that cannot buy may take up, if a master of ^^^ cannot 
a family, 200 acres, at \d. an acre ; afterwards, 50 acres per ^"y- 
head for every man and maid-servant, but still at the same 
rent, else none would buy or rent, and so I should make 
nothing of my country ; however, to encourage poor servants 
to go, and be laborious, I have abated the l<i. to \d. per acre, 
when they are out of their time. Now if any about thee will 
engage and buy, there may be ten, yea twenty, to one share, 
which will be but =£5 a piece, for which they each will have 
250 acres. For those that cannot pay their passage, let me Provision 
know their names, and number, and ages ; they must pay ^^^ cInno4 
double rent to them that help them over ; but this know, that pay their 
this rent is never to be raised, and they are to enjoy it for ^^^^^'^^' 
ever. For the acres, it is the common statute acre, as by our 
law allowed. So, dear James, thou mayest let me know of 
thee, and how things incline. I shall persuade none ; it is a 
good country ; with a good conscience it will do well. I am 
satisfied in it, and leave it with the Lord. 

" My friend and brother, William Penn. 

" I here sign thee an authority to sell about thee to any 
that will. 

" A ship goes with commissioners suddenly, in five weeks, a sWp with 
to lay out the first and best land to the first adventurers. If '=°°>°;'™- 

'' _ ers about to 

any deal, let me know; I clear the king's and Indian title; sail for 
the purchaser pays the scrivener and surveyor, I sign the ^f^^y^™" 
deeds at Thomas Rudyard's, when I know who and what." 
He then adds the following power of attorney : 



524 

1681. 



Power to J. 
Harrison to 
sell land in 
Pennsylva- 



Sept. 7. 

First yearly 
meetings es- 
tablished. 



Sept. 9. 

letter from 
Governor 
BrockhoUs, 
on proposed 
invasion by 
Lord Balti- 
more. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

" Dear James Harrison — I do hereby nominate and appoint 
thee my lawful agent, in my name, and to my behoof, to bar- 
gain and sell (according to printed instructions) any parcel 
of land in Pennsylvania, not below 250 acres to any one 
person, from time to time, and I shall ratify by deed, under 
my hand and seal, all such sales. Witness my hand, this 
25th of 6th month, 1681. William Penn."^ 

The monthly meeting of Friends, which still met at Thomas 
Wolsten's house, and consisted of those about the falls, in 
West Jersey and Pennsylvania, and the particular meetings 
at Rancocas and Sachemaxen, who were now become nume- 
rous, as well as at Salem and Upland, concluding that a 
yearly meeting might be of service, agreed to establish one 
at Burlington, which was accordingly held 28th of August, 
at the house of Thomas Gardiner ; one for worship was also 
to be held yearly at Salem. The yearly meeting from both 
sides of the river continued to be held at Burlington till 
1684, when it was held at Burlington and Philadelphia alter- 
nately. This year also, George Fox sent from London, " a 
half-sheet of advice to all planters," directing their attention 
to the spiritual welfare of the Indians.^ 

It seems that the inhabitants at Jones's were apprehensive 
of some disturbance from Lord Baltimore, and that they 
wrote to Governor Brockholls on the subject. He replies to 
the justices, that " I am much surprised at your apprehension 
of my Lord Baltimore's innovating your parts by force, sig- 
nified to me by letter from Mr. Justice Whitwell and John 
Hilyard, which I believe he v/ill in nowise attempt now, what- 
ever he hath done formerly, therefore can give no other direc- 
tions, than that you fully assert and maintain your authority 
and rights against any that shall oppose or annoy you, and if 
any demand or pretence is made, to take no notice thereof, 
but refer them hither, and in no case admit any change or 
alteration, or any pretended court or authority, without order 
from myself, who am resolved to keep your parts as settled 
under this, his royal highness's government, and to the utter- 
most preserve the rights and properties of the inhabitants 
from any innovation whatsoever."^ 

1 Copied from the original MSS. in possession of the Pemberton family, by 
William Carr, Esq., of Doylestown. 

2 Smith's Pennsylvania, in Reg. Peuns. vol. vi. p. 1S4. Proud, vol. i. p. 160. 
2 Extracts from New York Records, in Land Office, Harrisburg. See Reg. 

Penns. vol. iii. p. 33. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 525 

The duke orders, from Edinburgh, that the present com- 1681. 
missions of peace and magistrates in New Castle, &c. expiring ' ' ' 
soon, continue till further orders, and, in case of death, they 
may be supplied by the governor and council.'- 

A considerable number of Friends, in and about Dublin, September. 
Ireland, having purchased an interest in West Jersey, sent to Arrival of 
London to charter a pink ; the master, Thomas Lurting, ^"^'^ ^'^^' 
"noted for his remarkable delivei-ance from the Turks," was 
taken sick at Dublin, and could not proceed; his mate, John 
Daggerdish, took his place. They sailed the latter part of 
September, and in about eight weeks ai-rived at Elsinburg, 
near Salem, where settled John and Andrew Thompson, and 
Robert Zane, former acquaintances of settlers there. Several 
remained with them that winter ; some afterwards went to 
Burlington, and got orders, and took up land called from them 
the "Irish tenth." Having made search, they fixed at New- Settle at 
town Creek ; next spring they built on their lots a small town, cre^^.^^"^ 
not without doubts and fears of the Indians, which proved 
groundless. They settled a meeting, which was kept at the 
house of Mark Newby, there being no persons near save Wil- 
liam Cooper and his family, to which others were soon added. 
Notwithstanding the land had been purchased by the com- 
missioners of the Indians, they gave them a compensation to 
move off. The Indians treated them kindly. They suffered 
but little, deriving supplies from Salem. In two years after- Meetings ea 
wards, they built a meeting-house at Newtown, but before *'*^''^'^'^'^- 
that. Friends having increased, some by the river side, some 
on Cooper's Creek, and some at Woodbury Creek, they 
joined, and with permission from Burlington, set up a monthly 
meeting, and afterwards, in connection with Friends at Salem, 
a quarterly meeting.^ 

The first entry in the records of Chester county court is 
as follows : 

" Province of Pennsylvania, at the court at Upland, fChes- Extractfrom 
ter,) September 13th, 1681. Justices present, Mr. William county re- 
Clayton, Mr. William Warner, Mr. Robert Wade, Mr. Otto •=°'"'^^- 
Ernest Cock, Mr. William Byles, Mr. Robert Lucas, Mr. Las- 
sey Cock, Mr. Swan Swanson, Mr. Andreas Bankson. 
" Sheriff, Mr. John Test ; clerk, Mr. Thomas Revell. 
" An action of assault and battery. — Peter Erickson, 

• N. Y. Records, in Breviat. 

2 Smith's Hist, of Pennsylvania, in Reg. Penns. vol. vi. p. 184. 



526 



WILLIAM PENN, PEOPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1681. 



Oetolier 4. 

Vessels for 
Pennsylva- 



Early loca- 
tions of 
lands about 
Camden, 
New Jersey. 



plaintiff; Harmon Johnson and Margaret, his wife, the de- 
fendants. 

" Jurors, Morgan Drewitt, William Woodmanson, William 
Hewes, James Browne, Henry Reynolds, Robert Scholey, 
Richard Pitman, Lassey Dalboe, John Akraman, Peter Ram- 
bo, jun., Henry Hastings, William Oxley. 

" Witness, William Parke. The jm-y find for the plaintiff, 
and give him 6d. damages, and his costs of suit. 

" An action of assault and battery. — Harmon Johnson and 
Margaret, his wife, the plaintiffs ; Peter Erickson, defendant. 

"Jurors, the same as above. Witnesses, Anna Coleman, 
Richard Buffington, Ebenezer Taylor. The jury find for the 
plaintiffs, and give them 40s. damages, and their costs of suit. 

'<■ Thus it appears, that the two first actions tried in the 
peaceful land of Penn, v/ere for assault and battery, and all 
the parties convicted !" 

In the minutes of the same court is the following entry : 

" Lassey Cock, upon proclamation in this court, that if any 
had any thing against him, they should declare it ; Avhere- 
upon, Daniel Brenson and Charles Brigham, upon oath, to- 
gether with Walter Pumphrey, upon his solemn attestation, 
declared what they heard certain Indians speak against 
him and Captain Edmund Cantwell ; the said Lassey Cock, 
upon oath, declared his innocency, and that he had never 
spoken those words to the Indians, or any of that nature, 
was thereupon cleared by the court. "^ 

" There is a ship going for Pennsylvania, from Bristol, and 
William Penn is gone thither to take his leave of the Friends ; 
and there is another ship going thither from London, and 
may be ready in a fortnight, but William Penn does not go 
till spring."^ 

Ship "New Adventure," Dagger, and "Henry and Ann," 
arrived this year. 

The land in the neighbourhood of Camden " was located 
at three several times ; the oldest appropriation was of the 
tract reaching from Little Newton Creek about to Line street 
in Fettersville. On the 4th and 5th of July, 1678, Byllinge 
and trustees granted this tract, being two-sevenths of a pro- 
priety, to Samuel Norris, who subsequently sold a portion to 
R. Turner, (1686,) and he, in 1696, sold 455 acres to John 
Kaighn, from whom Kaighn's Point derives its name. The 

' Reg. Penns. vol. v. pp. 156, 157. ^ Claypoole's Letter-Book. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 627 

second location, in respect to contiguity, was of the land 1681. 
lying between Cooper street and Cooper's Point. This was "^ ' ' 
made in 1679, by William Cooper, who emigrated from Eng- 
land. He built a mansion, the remains of which were visible 
a few years since, on a high bank above Cooper's Point, called 
by him Pine Point, from a dense pine forest which then grew 
there. He also took up other considerable tracts of land in 
Gloucester county, most of which yet remain in the family. 
William Royden, by a third location, made Sept. 20, 1681, 
appropriated the land between Cooper street and Kaighn's 
line. Cooper, of Pine Point, next year bought out his inte- 
rest, and further secured himself by getting an Indian deed 
guarantying the possession of Pine Point and adjacencies, 
against all other Indians. This deed is signed by Tallaca, 
the resident chief, and witnessed by several of his tribe. For 
many years, the ferry-house and mansion at the point, the 
middle ferry, at the foot of Cooper street, and four or five 
ferrymen's houses, constituted the whole of Camden,"^ 

Three commissioners were appointed, by Penn, for the October lo. 
settling of the colony. They were to proceed to Pennsyl- Penn sends 
vania, where they would find Markham, with whom they were commission- 
to act, in accordance with the following instructions, in regard •-'■^■s- 
to the location of the city, and their treatment of the Indians. 

" Instructions given by me, William Penn, proprietor and instructions 
governor of Pennsylvania, to my trusty and loving friends, 
William Crispin, John Bezar, and Nathaniel Allen, my com- 
missioners for the settling of the present colony this year 
transported into the said province. 

" 1st. That so soon as it shall please Almighty God to 
bring you well there, you take an especial care of the people 
that shall embark with you, that they may be accommodated 
with conveniences as to food, lodging, and safe places for 
their goods, concerning which my cousin, William Markham, 
my deputy, and now on the spot, will in a good measure be 
able to direct, that so none may be injured in their healths 
or estate, in which, if you find the Dutch, Swedes, or English 
of my side hard or griping, taking an advantage of your 
circumstances, give them to know that they will hurt them- 
selves thereby, for you can for a time be supplied on the other 
side, which may awe them to moderate prices. 

1 Smith's Hist, of Pennsylvania, in Reg. Penns. vol. vi. p. 183. Mickle's 
Reminiscences of Gloucester, pp. 53, 54. 



528 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1681. " 2cl. That having taken what care you can for the people's 

* ' ' good, in the respects abovesaicl, let the rivers and creeks be 

sounded on my side of Delaware River, especially Upland, in 

Instructions Order to Settle a great town, and be sure to make your choice 

iLws™^ where it is most navigable, high, dry, and healthy ; that is, 

continued, whcre most ships may best ride, of deepest draught of water, if 

possible to load or unload at the bank or key side, without 

boating and lightering of it. It would do well if the river 

coming into that creek be navigable, at least for boats, up 

into the country, and that the situation be high, at least dry 

and sound, and not swampy, wdiich is best known by digging 

up two or three earths, and seeing the bottom. 

" 3d. Such a place being found out, for navigation, healthy 
situation, and good soil for provision, lay out ten thousand 
acres contiguous to it in the best manner you can, as the 
bounds and extent of the liberties of the said town. 

" 4th. The proportion in the said town is to be thus : every 
share, or five thousand acres, shall have an hundred acres of 
land out of that ten thousand acres. If more than one be 
concerned in the share, as it may easily fall out, then they to 
agree of the dividing the same, as they shall think fit, still 
keeping to proportion, as if one hundred pounds will have an 
hundred acres, five pounds will have five acres. 

" 5th. That no more land be surveyed or set out till this 
be first fixed, and the people upon it, which is best, both for 
comfort, safety, and trafiic. In the next season, the Lord 
willing, I shall be with you, and then I shall proceed to larger 
lot ; this was the resolution of a great part of the purchasers, 
at London, the 15th day of September, 1681, and I find it 
generally approved. 

" 6th. If it should happen that the most convenient place 
for this great town should be already taken up, in greater 
quantity of land than is consistent with the town-plot, and 
that land not already improved, you must use your utmost 
skill to persuade them to part with so much as will be neces- 
sary, that so necessary and good a design be not spoiled ; that 
is, where they have ten acres by the water side, to abate five, 
and to take five more backward, and so proportionably, be- 
cause that, by the settlement of this town, the remaining five, 
in two or three years' time, will be worth twice as much as 
those ten before, yea, what they take backward for their 
water-side land, will, in a little more time, be really more 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 529 

valuable than all their ten forward was before ; urging my 1681. 
regard to them if they will not break this great and good " ' ' 
contrivance, and in my name promise them what gratuity or 
privilege you think fit, as having a new grant nt their old instruction 
rent ; nay, half their quit rent abated, yea, make them as *° ^g™"*'^" 
free as purchasers, rather than disappoint my mind in this continued, 
township ; though herein be as sparing as ever you can, and 
urge the weak bottom of their grant, the Duke of York hav- 
ing never had a grant from the king, &c. Be impartially 
just and courteous to all, that is both pleasing to the Lord, 
and wise in itself. 

" 7th. If you gain your point in this respect, (of which be 
very careful,) fall to dividing as before, according to shares ; 
then subdivide, in which observe that you must narrower 
spread by the water side, and run backAvard more or less, 
according to the compass you have by the water side, to bring 
in the hundred share for their proportion in the said ten 
thousand acres. 

"8th. But if you cannot find land enough by the water 
side to allow an hundred acres to five thousand acres, get what 
you can, and proportionably divide it, though it were but fifty 
acres for a share. 

" 9th. Be tender of offending the Indians, and hearken, 
by honest spies, if you can hear that any body inveigles the 
Indians not to sell, or to stand off and raise the value upon 
you. You cannot want those that will inform you, but to 
soften them to me and the people, let them know that you 
are come to sit down lovingly among them. Let my letter, 
and conditions with my purchasers about just dealing with 
them, be read in their tongue, that they may see we have 
their good in our eye, equal with our own interest, and after 
reading my letter and the said conditions, then present their 
kings with what I send them, and make a friendship and 
league with them, according to those conditions, which care- 
fully observe, and get them to comply with you. Be grave ; 
they love not to be smiled on. 

"10th. From time to time, in my name, and for my use, 
buy land of them, where any justly pretend, for they will 
sell one another's, if you be not careful, that so such as buy 
and come after these adventurers may have land ready, but 
by no means sell any land till I come ; allow no old patents. 



530 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1681. they have forfeited them by not planting according to the law 

' ' ' of the place, and it cost me too dear to allow such old stories : 

rather than fail, offer them the patent charge, and where sur- 

instructions veycd, the survey money ; but this is understood only of un- 

:-orr planted pkces only. 

continued. "11th. Let no islands be disposed of to anybody, but all 
things remain as they were in that respect till I come. 

" 12th. Be sure to settle the figure of the town so as that 
the streets hereafter may be uniform down to the water from 
the country bounds ; let the place for the storehouse be on 
the middle of the key, which vail yet serve for market and 
statehouses too. This may be ordered when I come, only let 
the houses built be in a line, or upon a line, as much as 
may be. 

" loth. Pitch upon the very middle of the plat where the 
town or line of houses is to be laid or run, facing the harbour 
and great river, for the situation of my house, and let it be 
not the tenth part of the town, as the conditions say, viz. that 
out of every hundred thousand acres shall be reserved to me 
ten, but I shall be contented with less than a thirtieth part, 
to wit, three hundred acres, whereas several will have two by 
purchasing two shares, that is, ten thousand acres, and it 
may be fitting for me to exceed a little. 

" 14th. The distance of each house from the creek or 
harbour should be, in my judgment, a measured quarter of a 
mile, at least two hundred paces, because of building here- 
after streets downwards to the harbour. 

" 15th. Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, 
in the middle of its plat, as to the breadth way of it, that so 
there may be ground on each side for gardens or orchards, or 
fields, that it may be a green country town, which will never 
be burnt, and always be wholesome. 

" 16th. I judge that you must be guided in your breadth 
of land by what you can get that is unplanted, and will not 
be parted with, but so far as I can guess at this distance, 
methinks in a city, each share to have fifty poles upon the 
front to the river, and the rest backward will be sufficient. 
But perhaps you may have more, and perhaps you will not 
have so much space to allow ; herein follow your land and 
situation, being always just to proportion. 

" 17th. Lastly — Be sure to keep the conditions hereunto 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 

affixed, and see that no vice or evil conversation go uncom- 
plained of or punished in anj, that God be not provoked to 
wrath against the country. 

" In witness hereof, I do hereunto, the 30th of September, 
1681, set to my hand and seal. 

" William Penn. 





" Present as witnesses, Richard Vickry, Charles Jones, jr., 
Ralph Withers, Thomas Callohill, Philip Th. Lehnmann.''^* 

The court of assizes at New York pass an order " against October le. 
persons exhibiting and preferring divers causeless and vexa- vexatious 
tious accusations and indictments into the courts within this hibued ^'^*' 
government, against magistrates and others concerned in the against ma- 
public aifairs of the government, thereby causing great trou- ^'^ "^ *^' 
ble and disturbance."^ 

Mr. Levin makes a long report. When he arrived, Andross Abstract of 
was at Boston; on his return, he received various books im- report^^™^ 
mediately, some altered ; some between 1674 and 1676 did 
not appear long out of the clerk's hands. He got all he 
could, but charged governor and clerks with holding some. 
The same with the land books ; most patents of former go- 
vernors don't give acres ; very imperfect ; taxed at uncertain 
rates ; imperfect accounts, &c. " No weigh-house in all the 
government, except at New York." Proposes farming duty. 
There have been several collections in Delaware, at Id. per £, 
and applied to the counties, yet it is in debt ; could not get 
books of prices ; difficult to discover the frauds, &c. used by 
the merchants, &c. &c. No account of whales kept ; " your 
royal highness has only a share of what is stranded." No 
certain account of vessels. Governor was pleased to tell him 
he had now pov/er to inspect the revenues ; could find how it 
was possible to spend the whole revenue in the fort. Nothing 
about South River, &c. 

The governor, in his reply, feels much vexed with his con- Govemoi- 
duct. Vindicates his officers and himself, and charges Mr. ^®p^^^- 
Levin with misrepresentation, &c.^ 

The Indians presented a petition to Governor Markham, October is. 
for the removal of a prohibition respecting the sale of rum 
to them, for the reasons they assign in the following document : 

• Memoirs of Penns. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. p. i. pp. 215 — 221. 

2 New Castle Records, p. 352. 

3 See both at length in " London Documents," at Albany, vol. iv. 

* See Appendix. 



532 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1681. 



Petition of 
Indians to 
governor for 
sale of rum. 



October 28. 



Penn's let- 
ter to the 
Indians. 



" Whereas the selling of strong liquors was prohibited in 
Pennsylvania, and not at New Castle, we find it a greater 
ill-convenience than before, our Indians going down to New 
Castle, and there buying rum, and making them [ ^ ] more 
debauched than before, (in spite of the prohibition.) 

" Therefore we, whose names are hereunder written, do 
desire that the prohibition may be taken off, and rum and 
strong liquors may be sold (in the foresaid province) as for- 
merly, until it be prohibited in New Castle, and in that go- 
vernment of Delaware. 

"Pesienk, in Pennsylvania, 8th October, 1681. 



"Nanne Seka, his mark. 



" Keka Kappan, his mark. 




" Jong Goras, his mark 



" EsPON Ape, his mark. 



"To the governor and council of Pennsylvania."- 

By the commissioners, Penn writes a letter to the Indians, 
the original of which was read, a few years ago, to the Penn 
Society of this city. The following is a copy of it. It was 
written on paper, with ruled lines, and in a more formal hand 
than usual. 

"London, 18th of 8th month, 1681. 

" My friends — There is one great God and power that hath 
made the world and all things therein, to whom you and I, 
and all people owe their being and well-being, and to whom 
you and I must one day give an account for all that we do in 
the world ; this great God hath written his law in our hearts, 
by which we are taught and commanded to love and help, and 

' Here a word iUeg;iblp. 

2 Memoirs of Penns. Hist. See. vol. iii. part ii. pp. 206, 207. 



W. MAUKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES H. ' 533 

do good to one another, and not to do harm and mischief one 1681. 
to another. Now this great God hath been pleased to make '~~'^ ' 
me concerned in your parts of the world, and the king of tho 
country where I live hath given unto me a great province, but 
I desire to enjoy it with your love and consent, that we may 
always live together as neighbours and friends, else what 
would the great God say to us, who hath made us not to de- 
vour and destroy one another, but live soberly and kindly 
together in the world ? Now I would have you well observe, 
that I am very sensible of the unkindness and injustice that 
hath been too much exercised towards you by the people of 
these parts of the world, who sought themselves, and to make 
great advantages by you, rather than be examples of justice 
and goodness unto you, which I hear hath been matter of 
trouble to you, and caused great grudgings and animosities, 
sometimes to the shedding of blood, which hath made the 
great God angry ; but I am not such a man, as is well known 
in my own country ; I have great love and regard tow^ards 
you, and I desire to win and gain your love and friendship, 
by a kind, just, and peaceable life, and the people I send are 
of the same mind, and shall in all things behave themselves 
accordingly ; and if in any thing any shall offend you or your 
people, you shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for the 
same, by an equal number of just men on both sides, that by 
no means you may have just occasion of being offended 
against them. I shall shortly come to you myself, at what 
time we may more lai-gely and freely confer and discourse of 
these matters. In the mean time, I have sent my commis- 
sioners to treat with you about land, and a firm league of 
peace. Let me desire you to be kind to them and the people, 
and receive these presents and tokens Vv^hich I have sent to 
you, as a testimony of my good will to you, and my resolution 
to live justly, peaceably, and friendly with you. 

"I am your loving friend, William Penn."^ 

A vacant piece of ground, " towards north-east end of NoTember i. 
town," to De La Grange, for the purpose of building on it a wmdmuiat 
good windmill, for the common good of the inhabitants ; toll ^^"^ ^*^*^^®' 
not to be more than one-tenth, and to drain the marsh.^ 

" A ship is going for Pennsylvania ; the passengers go 

' Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 376. 
2 New Castle Records, p. 357, 
2y2 



534 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1681. away to-morrow, and in the spring William Penn intends to 
'""'' — ' be there himself."^ 

The intercourse already formed between England and this 
November 7. country may be judged of by the following extract of a let- 
Eeguiar in- tcr from tliG Writer to his brother in Burlington : 
tercourse ^^ ghips comc pretty often from New York, New Jersey, or 

America. Maryland, by one of which ways, I believe, thou mayest send 
almost every month in the summer."^ 

As an evidence that great prudence and deliberation were 
observed prior to removal to the country, another extract from 
the same letter is given : 

" I desire thee to write at large what encouragement there 
Anxiety to is to rcmove from hence with a family, to dwell in those parts, 
rectMcmmts ^^^ what Commodities is most profitable to carry with one ; 
of the coun- and in what time a man may, if he arrive there in the seventh 
'^" month, with the help of three or four servants, clear ground 

enough to afford corn and feed cattle for a family of fifteen 
or twenty. What safety or hazard may be expected from the 
Indians. In what time, and with what charge, a house, with 
ten or twelve rooms, and barn and stables, &c., may be built. 
In what time an orchard will bear. What sorts of trade is 
now amongst them, and what like to be, as the people in- 
crease ; but especially give me advice of merchandise ; what 
quantities and what sorts are most saleable, and what returns 
may be expected ; and whether New Jersey or Pennsylvania 
be most advisable to settle in. I desire the more particular 
and large account, because I have purchased of William Penn 
5000 acres in his country, and I know not how I may be dis- 
posed in my own mind, in a year or two's time, to remove 
thither with my family ; however, in the mean time, I pur- 
pose to send over my attorney, with some servants, to build 
and plant, &c., and to provide cattle and all other necessaries, 
that if ever I come there, my land may be still improving, or 
some part of it, and not lie wholly waste ; and if I should 
send over one of my sons as overseer, and some servants, what 
sort of servants may be most profitable ; and any thing else 
thou canst think of, may be for direction, and how the coun- 
try is as to heat and cold, how long winter and summer ; what 
fruits groAV, with plenty of all things ; and what inconve- 
niences there is which we know not here, as hazards by wild 
beasts, snakes, serpents, or flies for biting or poisoning, that 

' Claypoole. ~ Ibid. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 535 

we know beforehand what may be expected of good or bad. 1681. 
So not doubting but thee will be both able and willing to give ' ' ^ 
me a satisfactory account of these particulars, and much more 
than I can mention, &c. &c."^ 

The justices of New Castle inform the lieutenant-governor Nov. 21. 
at New York, that, "at a late court, a servant was proceeded Escape of a 
aa-ainst at court, and a warrant issued, but the man made his P"^°'^f 

O ' _ ' from slienfF, 

escape from the under-sheriff, and keeps at present in Penn- into Penn- 
sylvania and Burlington, and desire his instructions for our ^y^^'^'"''- 

'' ... . Governors 

rule on this and like occasions." The proclamation brought opinion of it. 
by John Moll is published. The governor, a few days after, JJ^'j^f™'^. 
replies, "you did well to prosecute, but your officers were not vemorof" 
so careful as they ought on service of a warrant, his offence ^^'''"^y^^*" 
being great." The governor wrote to governor of Pennsyl- 
vania to make inquiry about him, " and if he have absconded 
in that government, to deliver him to you ; if submissive, bind 
him over to next court ; if stubborn, send him on to New 
York."2 

"Thomas Rudyard is agreeing, at London, with a great Decembers. 
ship for Pennsylvania, and I hear there is another going from vessels for 
Bristol, and in the beginning of summer, it is expected there ^|'™^'^^^*' 
will go three or four ships more from London."^ 

The first acts of the assembly of West New Jersey were December s. 
passed at Burlington, November 28.* 

" William Penn is extraordinary busy about his new coun- December 9. 
try, and purchasers present daily."^ Pennvery 

The second court was held at Upland, November 30 ; pre- ^^^^- 
sent, William Markham, Esq., governor and president, (being Dec. 10. 
the first time he is mentioned as present ;) Justices James court at up- 
Sanderland, Thomas Fairman, Hendricks Bankson, and those '^°'^' ^^^^^' 
who were present on the 13th September ; sheriff and clerk 
as before. First case is for a debt for 160 guilders.^ The 
next is for stealing a hog. The evidence is recorded at length, 
(as is frequently the case in the early minutes, and sometimes 
such as would not appear well in print,) as follows, and shows 
the nature of testimony sometimes admitted. 

" John Anderson, bound by recognisance to appear at this Proceedings 
court, to answer our sovereign lord the king, upon the accu- °^ """"^'^ 
sation of Richard Noble, Peter Rambo, jun., and Lawrence 
Lawrenson, who were bound over to prosecution. This court 

1 Claypoole. ' New Castle Records, p. 91. 3 Claypoole. 

i Learning & S. p. 426. 5 Claypoole. ^ West Chester Records. 



536 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1681. proceeded upon indictment, to which the pi^isoner pleaded not 
' ^~~' guilty, and put himself upon the trial, &c. of this jury. 

''Jurors, George Foreman, gent., John Child, Nathaniel 
rroeecdings Allen, Nathaniel Evans, William Oxley, John Akraman, Al- 
continTi^i ^®'''^ Hendrickson, Mons Peterson, Wooley Rawson, John 
Cock, Erick Cock, Peter Yoakham. 

" Richard Noble deposed that he, with several others, found 
divers pieces of burnt pork or bacon in the said Anderson's 
house ; and also that he, the said Richard Noble, with others, 
found hidden and unfrequented places in an out-house be- 
longing to the said John Anderson, where (as an Indian had 
before then informed them) the said Anderson used to hide 
pork ; and further deposed, that the said Anderson gave out 
threatening words against the officers and others who came 
to search. 

" Peter Rambo, jun. and Lawrence Lawrenson deposed the 
same as above. Judith Noble deposed, that the said Ander- 
son gave out threatening words against the officers and others 
who came to search. 

"Francis Walker deposed, that a person who bought a 
piece of pork of the said Anderson, told him, the said Walker, 
that the said pork had a bullet in it. 

"Frances Stephens deposed, that the said Anderson being 
asked concerning a hog's head, (he the said Anderson having 
then a headless hog,) where the head then was, he the said 
Anderson answered, he had left the head down the river, and 
the said Anderson's boy said no, the hog's head is upon the 
mill at home. 

" John Hollinshead gave in his evidence before Thos. Budd, 
a magistrate at Burlington, which was also produced, under 
the hand of the said Thomas Budd, being of the same import 
with the deposition of the aforesaid Francis Stephens. 

" Thomas Wallis gave in his evidence before the said 
Thomas Budd, and testified under the hand of the said Tho- 
mas Budd, of the same import with the aforesaid Judith 
Noble's testimony. 

" Another examination, of notorious circumstances, of a 
stranger who lay at the said Anderson's, taken by Mahlon 
Stacy, a magistrate at the falls, and signified under his hand. 

"Verdict. — The jury bring in the prisoner not guilty, and 
thereupon, by order of court, is discharged."^ 

' Reg. Penns. vol. v. p. 157. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 537 

The court of assizes, New York, try John Moll on various 1681. 
charges ; the jury find him guilty of several, hut the court ' ^^ 
acquit him, against which Abraham Mann protests, "in a 
paper sent to the court by his servant."^ 

By an act of West Jersey, " vessels bound to this province, Dec le. 
after a certain day in November, are obliged to enter and Burimr^ton 
clear at the port of Burlington." It was also made the a. port of eu- 

A " _ try and 

" chief town, and head of the province," and next year Salem capital of 
was also made a port of entry. John White, collector of "^^'^^"'^^^^y- 
Burlington."^ 

It is stated by historians, that three ships sailed this year Dec. 21. 
from London, and one from Bristol, for Pennsylvania. The Amvai of 
"John and Sarah," which vessel has already been mentioned, p'^gto"^^°[ij 
is said to have arrived first. The "Amity," Richard Dimon, passengers. 
is said to have been blown ofi" the coast, to the West Indies, ^.ee^^J^i^ 
and not to have arrived till spring. This must, we think, be one night, 
an error, as we have positive proof that she did not leave 
England till April of next year, (which see.) The third was 
the "Bristol Factor," Roger Drew, commander; she arrived 
at the place where Chester now stands, on December 11th, 
where the passengers, seeing some houses, went ashore, at 
Robert Wade's landing, near the lower side of Chester Creek, 
and the river having frozen up that night, the passengers re- 
mained at Chester all winter. There were several persons on 
board these ships who became distinguished in the province ; 
among these was Joseph Kirkbride, then a boy, and some 
servants of Penn. It is highly probable, too, that Penn's 
commissioners arrived in one of these vessels, but certainly 
Markham did not, as has already been shown, as he must 
then have been in the country some months.^ 

It appears that some letters from New Jersey had spoken Dec. 29. 
so favourably of the country as to induce a suspicion of an Letters from 
evil design. A letter says, " as to thy judgment of the let- fu^ected7 
ters from New Jersey, that they are to decoy people, that is 
known to be otherwise, and that the chiefest of them came 
from very honest, faithful friends."* 

1 New Castle Records. 2 Learning & Spicer, pp. 432, 447. 

3 Proud, vol. i. p. 193. * Claypoole. 



68 



638 



WILLIAM PENN, PEOPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



January 10. 



January 29. 



Penn's direc- 
tions about 
lands. 



February 5. 

Brockholls 
writes to 
Governor 
Markham of 
Herman's 
appoint- 
ment as col- 
lector, and 
asks gover- 
nor to aid 
him. 

Magistrates 
propose to 
lay out the 
twelve miles 
circle. 



1682. 

The first meeting of record was held at the house of Ro- 
bert Wade, in Upland or Chester, on the 10th of eleventh 
month, 1681, the Quakers having had meetings for worship 
there regularly since 1675, when Wade arrived.^ 

In answer to some inquiries respecting Penn's views on 
certain points relating to the sale of lands, made by James 
Harrison, who, it will be recollected, was empowered to make 
sales in England, of lands in Pennsylvania, Penn writes, 
" The acres are statute measure ; the highways are allowed 
for, according to the custom of plantations. As to that of 
not setting out people's land but as stocked or improved, it is 
a mistake ; in three years they should own, or set somebody 
on it, not have it by scraps, and as improved, by no means ; 
though if it were not as a planter, but lie long unplanted, it 
would damage neighbouring plantations, as to harbouring of 
vermin and wild beasts ; but there is a difference between 
planting and improving ; as for choosing, I can say but little 
till then, but some is worth more and some less, and if any 
buy on sight, they must go by the worth, not by the present 
price, else 5000 acres may, as they may lie, be v/orth <£500, 
yet I take the meadows to myself ; the land is taken up as 
amongst the fi.rst or second adventurers, and then divided 
amongst them, by date or lot, as they agree. The Cheshire 
Friends can inform thee more particularly."^ 

Governor Brockholls, of New York, directs E. Herman 
"to collect and receive the quit-rents and arrears due on 
Delaware River as formerly, as well as what was in arrear in 
that part of the river now called Pennsylvania." He also 
wrote to Governor Markham, " acquainting him what autho- 
rity he had continued to Herman, as collector, and being 
informed that several persons under your government are in 
arrears, do desire your favour and assistance to said collector, 
assuring you I shall be ready, on all occasions, to serve you." 

He also says to Herman, " as to the desire of the magis- 
trates to join to lay out the twelve miles circle above New 
Castle, it is not within their cognisance, but. if necessary and 
desired here, shall appoint as may be most proper."^ 

The following extract from a letter, (dated 12th month lltb, 



> Proud, vol. i.p. 218. 
3 Breviat. 



z Pemberton MSS. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 539 

1681,) shows the mode of proceeding in taking up land in 1682. 
England : ' '~~' 

" The method of Friends taking up land of William Penn, 
is by deeds of conveyance, for Tvhich the purchaser pays February 21. 
about 12s. If it be for 5000 acres, which is called a whole aiannerof 
share or propriety, for that we pay .£100, and 50s. per annum f^ Eng^/and 
quit-rent, to begin in 1683 or 1684, I cannot tell which; mpurchas- 
they that will pay no rent, must pay £120 present, and so ^aniaTanT^" 
for a lesser quantity proportionable; and he that can settle and the 
some few families, I think about six, may have his land alto- p'l^el^" 
gether ; and every purchaser of 5000 acres is to have 100 
acres by lot in the first city. The concessions or fundamentals The "frame" 
for government are to be perfected this day, and then to be men'un'pro- 
engrossed, and signed and sealed by the governor and pur- sress. 
chasers, which, if it may be permitted, I shall send you a First notice 
copy of, and then may write you more at large, if you intend gyiyfn^'^' 
to be concerned, as also about our Pennsylvania Company."^ company. 

The "fundamentals for government" here referred to, pro- 
bably alludes to the "frame," which, however, was not com- 
pleted and signed till April 25th, (which see.) 

The first notice we have seen of "a company," is in the 
above extract, and no doubt refers to the " Free Society of 
Traders," respecting the progress of which we shall make 
further extracts. It was probably only talked of at this 
time. 

The foregoing extract also probably explains why, in seve- why town 
ral towns, as we have noticed in the instances of Marcus Hook, p'^^sareiaid 

' " off to SIS 

Chester, Shackamaxon, the original plot was laid ofl" in a persons. 
body to six persons. 

" Fenwick conveyed the moiety of his proprietary, which March 11. 
he originally purchased from John, Lord Berkley, to Governor Fenwickcon- 
Penn, of Pennsylvania, excepting and reserving therefrom, ^!^^ ^^ 
to himself, his heirs and assigns, for ever, all that tract of 
country which was called Fenwick's Colony, containing, as 
was supposed, 150,000 acres. "^ Fenwick designed to erect 
several towns. 

Salem was this year made a port of entry. "After the saiemmade 
18th of May, vessels bound for Salem have liberty to enter ^p°'^'°f^'^- 
and clear there, paying Is. for entering, and Is. for clearing, 
for all vessels under 100 tons, and 2s. for vessels upwards of 



' Claypoole's Letter-Book. 
2 Johnson, p. 26. 



540 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



March 14. 

Court at 
Upland. 
Overseers of 
roads ap- 
pointed. 



Grants of 
land bj^ 
Penn, in 
England. 



Marcli 17. 

Penn desires 
grape-vines. 



March 21. 

Progress of 
the Penn- 
sylvania 
Company. 



100 tons. James Nevill is appointed collector." Heretofore 
Burlington had been the only port of entry.^ 

Third court at Upland ; Markhani again present. " A case 
of trover for a sow." Overseers of highways were appointed 
for one year, for the several districts, viz. Wooley Rawson, 
from Marcus Creek to Naaman's Creek ; Kobert Wade, from 
Naaman's Creek to Upland Creek ; William Oxly, from Up- 
land Creek to Ammersland's Creek ; Mons Staukett, from 
Ammersland's Creek to Karkus Mill ; Peter Yokeham, from 
Karkus B'lill to Schorekill Falls j^ Andreas Rambo, from 
Schorekill Falls to Tawcony Creek ; Erick Mullikey, from 
Tawcony Creek to Poquessink Creek ; Claus Johnson, from 
Poquessink Creek to Samuel Cliff's ; and John Akraman, from 
Samuel Cliff's to Gilbert Wheeler's.^ 

There are various deeds from William Penn, in England, 
about this time, on record at West Chester, in parcels of 500 
acres, "to be admeasured and computed according to the 
dimensions of acres mentioned and appointed in and by the 
statute of 33d of King Edward, to be allotted and set in such 
places or parts in said province, and in such manner and at 
such time or times as by certain concessions or constitutions, 
bearing date the 11th of July last, and signed, sealed and 
executed by and between said William Penn, on the one part, 
and said B. C. on the other, of lands within said province, 
of the other part, &c."^ 

At William Penn's request, Claypoole writes to his friend 
in France, and says " he wishes to get about 1500 to 2000 vine 
plants, to carry with him to Pennsylvania, a colony in the 
West Indies, near Maryland, which the king has given him, 
lying in 41", 42°, 43°, north latitude, whither he intends, 
God willing, with his family and servants, and many people, 
[to go] this summer. He desires of those that bear the best 
grapes, rather than the most. There are now several vessels 
at Bordeaux, which will take them."* 

" As to settling a company in Pennsylvania, we have had 
many meetings, and debated about it, and brought matters 
now so to bear as we think will give general content. The 
proposals or articles are transcribing, and next week we shall 
come to a conclusion to desist or send copies abroad."^ 



' Law in Learning & Spicer, sec. S, p. 446. 
2 Upland Records, at West Chester. 
* Claypoole's Letter-Book. 



3 Ibid. 
6 Ibid. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 541 

Having previously purchased land, the same writer, on tlie 1682. 
31st, says, " As to planting my land in Pennsylvania, I have ' ' ' 
had divers considerations on my mind, which way to proceed, 
but cannot come to any conclusion. Sometimes I am think- considera- 
ing to send one of my sons as an overseer, with two or three *'°J^^^"f 
servants, to build a little house, and plant an orchard and view of go- 
garden, and get some cattle, and ground cleared for corn, and ^^^^^^^f^'^^' 
so to go on raising corn and cattle ; and at other times I am and various 
thinking to send some honest, poor friend, with a servant or DoTbts'lnd 
two, to act for me as my attorney, that if I should have an fears, 
inclination hereafter to go thither with my family, I may 
have a house and some provisions ready. I conclude on 
neither yet, because of some objections which I cannot get 
over, and the settling the company, wherein there may some 
encouragement be offered for my going there myself; and one 
grand objection is, that I may not possibly like the house nor 
situation, and so not care to dwell in it. We have concluded Pennsyiva- 
our business and all things relating to the company ; we shall ^^^ ^°'^' 
send copies thereof to divers parts." 

And a few days later, he says, " The articles for the Penn- 
sylvania Company are printing. I cannot tell what to write Penn's 
you about the deeds for land, but yours will be like mine and 
others, which are approved by men skilled in the laAV ; and 
as to improving of land there, I can say little at present, but 
do find myself more inclined to go, so that I believe it will 
be my lot to remove with my family before a year be passed," 

On the 22d and 23d March, William Penn granted to N. April i& 2. 
Moore and others, deeds of lease and release for a large body 
of land, and by the following charter, dated March 25th, April 4. 
erects it into a manor, and incorporates them into a company, 
with most extraordinary powers and privileges, by the name 
of the Free Society of Traders. This is the Pennsylvania 
company heretofore alluded to. 

" To all people to whom these presents shall come : Aprus. 

"Whereas King Charles the Second, by his letters-patent charter of 
under the great seal of England, for the consideration therein ^^^^''l^ ^''' 

o o 7 ciety of 

mentioned, hath been graciously pleased to give and grant '-Traders, 
unto me, William Penn, (by the name of William Penn, Esq., 
son and heir of Sir William Penn, deceased,) and to my heirs Preamble, 
and assigns for ever, a certain province in America, by the 
name of Pennsylvania, and hath thereby also given me power, 
and to my heirs, to grant or alien any part or parcel of the 



deeds for 
land. 



542 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Lease and 
release of 
20,000 acres. 



The land 
erected into 
a, manor. 



said province, to any person or persons, in fee-simple, or for 
any other estate, to be holden of me and my heirs, by such 
rents, customs, and services as shall seem fit unto me the said 
William Penn, and my heirs, with a clause of non obstante to 
the statute Quia Emptores Terrarum, made in the eighteenth 
year of the reign of King Edward the First ; and also erect 
into manors any such parcels of land as I and my heirs shall 
have granted or aliened as aforesaid, and to enable such 
grantees or alienees, and their heirs, to have and to hold 
courts-baron, courts-leet, and view of frank-pledge, within 
the same, and to give and grant to any other person or per- 
sons, any part or parcel of the lands granted or aliened to 
them by me or my heirs, to be holden of them and their 
heirs. And whereas I have, by my several indentures of 
lease, bearing date the two and twentieth, and of release, 
bearing date the three and twentieth day of the first month, 
called March, in the four and thirtieth year of the said now 
king's reign, granted unto Nicholas Moore, of London, medi- 
cal doctor, James Claypoole, merchant, Philip Ford, William 
Sherloe, of London, merchants, Edward Peirce, of London, 
leather-seller, John Symcock, and Thomas Brassey, of 
Cheshire, yeoman, Thomas Baker, of London, wine-cooper, 
and Edward Brookes, of London, grocer, and their heirs, to 
the use of themselves, and their heirs and assigns, twenty 
thousand acres of land, parcel of the said province of Penn- 
sylvania, in trust nevertheless, for the ' Free Society of 
Traders,' in Pennsylvania, and their successors, as soon as 
the said Free Society should be by me incorporated or erected, 
as in and by the said indentures, (relation being thereunto 
had,) more fully doth appear. 

" Now know all men by these presents, that I, the said 
William Penn, according to the power given by the said let- 
ters-patent, do erect the said twenty thousand acres into a 
manor, and do constitute, make, and confirm the same to be 
henceforth a manor, by the name of the Manor of Frank, to 
all intents and purposes ; and I do hereby authorize, give 
power, and grant to the said Nicholas Moore, James Clay- 
poole, Philip Ford, William Sherloe, Edward Peirce, John 
Symcock, Thomas Brassey, Thomas Barker, and Edward 
Brookes, and to such other persons as they shall hereafter 
receive into their society, by the name of ' The Free Society 
of Traders,' in Pennsylvania, and to their successors, whom 




W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHAELES II. 

I hereby erect and constitute a corporation by that name, to 
all intents and purposes, for the better improvement of trade, 
to sue and be sued, and to answer and be answered by that 
name, and by that name to give and grant to any person or Themcm- 
persons, such part or parcel of the said Manor of Frank as ^or^teT"'^" 
to them shall seem meet, to be holden of them and their suc- 
cessors, in free and common soccage, by such rents, customs, 
and services, as to them and their successors shall seem meet, 
so as the same be consistent with the said tenure in free and 
common soccage. And also, that the said Free Society of 
Traders, in Pennsylvania, and their successors, shall and may, 
from time to time, and at all times hereafter, receive, take, 
and enjoy, all such rents, customs, and services reserved as 
aforesaid, together with all other services incident to the said 
tenure, and all the fruits and consequents thereupon, to their 
own use and behoof. 

" And I do also, according to the said powers given by the Powers anci, 
said letters-patent, grant vinto the said Free Society of Trad- ^"^' °°'^^" 
ers, in Pennsylvania, and their successors, that they, by them- 
selves, or by the justices and keeps of the peace hereinafter 
mentioned, may from henceforth hold two sessions and jail hom uo 
deliveries yearly, at such convenient times as they shall think "^^^^^^ 

tJ >/ ' J yearly. 

best, who may hear and determine all pleas and controversies, 
as well civil as criminal, which shall arise within the said 
Manor of Frank and corporation aforesaid, wherein no other 
justices or other officers of the said province shall intermeddle, No inter- 
and that they, by themselves, or by their stewards, may for ™Lrjus-° 
ever hold a court-baron within the said manor, and may do tices. 
and execute all such matters and things as are belonging and 
incident unto, are used and accustomed to be done in a court- 
baron. And I do likewise grant unto the said Free Society of 
Traders, and their successors, that they, by themselves, or by 
their stewards, may for ever hold a court-leet, and view of Court-ieet, 
frank-pledge, for all the inhabitants and residents in and 
upon the said Manor of Frank, and may do, perform, and pledge. 
execute all such matters and things as are belonging or inci- 
dent unto, or are used and accustomed to be done in a court- 
baron, court-leet, and view of frank-pledge. And I do hereby 
grant that the said Free Society of Traders, and their succes- 
sors, may have, receive, and enjoy all profits and perquisites 
of courts, and all other franchises, liberties, jurisdictions, 
royalties, privileges, and immunities whatsoever to the said 



and view of 
frank- 



544 WILLIAM PENN, PROPPtlETASY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. manor or courts, or to the said Free Society of Traders, or 
' ' ' their successors, as lords of the said manor, belonging or in 
anywise of right appertaining. 

"And whereas, by the said letters-patent, full power is 
granted unto the said Vfilliam Penn, and his heirs, to appoint 
judges, lieutenants, justices, magistrates, and officers, for what 
cause soever, and with what power, and in such form as to 
me seems convenient, with liberty to import the growth and 
manufactory of that province into England, paying the legal 
duty, as also to erect ports, harbours, creeks, havens, keys, 
and other places for merchandises, with such jurisdictions 
and privileges as to me, William Penn, shall seem expedient. 
" Now further witness these presents, that I, William Penn, 
according to the power given by the said letters-patent, do, 
for me and my heirs, authorize and give power to the said 
Free Society of Traders, and their successors, for the better 
carrying on their trade, and for the common execution of 
justice in the said Manor of Frank, from time to time, and 
May appoint at all times hereafter, to appoint to place, and to remove 
officers. -^vhom they will, of themselves, for president, treasurer, secre- 
tary, sheriff, surveyor, agents, stevrards, and all other under- 
officers and servants of the said Free Society of Traders, and 
their successors, and of the said corporation and Manor of 
Frank, as to them shall seem meet and most convenient, and 
that the said officers and servants of the said Free Society of 
Traders, or of their successors, and the tenants of the said 
Manor of Frank, and the inhabitants within the same, shall 
not be impleaded, without the said manor, for any plea arising 
within the said manor, and that none shall lodge within the 
houses or lands within the said manor, by force, and -all the 
freemen of the said Free Society, and their goods, shall be 
quit and free throughout the province, and the ports thereof, 
of and from all toll, passage, lightage, and all other customs 
and payments whatsoever, excepting only such as shall be 
taxed by common consent of the provincial council and ge- 
neral assembly of the said province ; and also that their 
courts may sit once in a week, that is to say, on the second 
day of the week, called Monday, and that right be done then 
according to law. And I do further grant them, according 
to that authority given me, acquittal of murder within the 
said manor ; and that none of the said Free Society, or of 
their successors, or of the said manor, be compelled to wage 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES 11. 545 

battle, and that tliej may discharge themselves of the pleas 1682. 
belonging to the province, according to what laws and cus- '"^"'^ ' 
toms shall be justly established in the said Free Society, and 
that all and singular the officers and servants of the said 
Free Society, and inhabitants and dwellers within the said 
manor, or any of them, shall be, and every of them is, and 
for all time to come, shall be and remain under the rule, go- 
vernment, jurisdiction, oversight, searches, correction, punish- 
ment, precepts, and arrest of the said Free Society, and their 
successors, and their respective under-officers for ever, any 
liberties, franchise, privileges, exemption, or authority what- 
soever, granted by the said William Penn, to the contrary 
thereof notwithstanding. Provided nevertheless, that all per- 
sons who shall inhabit, in time to come within the liberties 
and franchises of the said manor, or any the precincts, cir- 
cuits, or compass thereof, and all buildings therein built or to 
be built, and all lands, tenements, and hereditaments within 
the said manor, from henceforth shall be for ever quit and 
free from all taxes and other burdens of scot, lot, watch and 
ward, through and within the said manor, to be paid, made, 
sustained, or contributed, except the charges "and expenses 
due and reasonable for the defence of the province, and such 
like special public services and taxes, by common consent of 
the provincial council and general assembly as aforesaid, and 
except the charges for ways, pavements, ditches, bridges, and 
water-courses, within the circuits, precincts, liberties, juris- 
dictions of the aforesaid manor, respectively to be paid. And 
that all freemen of the Free Society aforesaid, for the time 
being, inhabiting, or who shall inhabit within the liberties 
and franchise of the said manor, shall be chargeable and 
liable to serve in all offices and charges, as well of president, 
deputy-president, treasurer, secretary, agents, sheriiF, steward, 
and whatsoever other office he or they shall be deemed meet 
for by the said Free Society. 

" And furthermore, for the better and common profit of the 
said Free Society, and for the accommodation and supportation 
of the charges and expenses of the said Free Society of 
Traders, and to their successors, I grant to the said Free Society 
of Traders, and to their successors, that from and henceforth 
and for ever, all and singular persons, though they be not 
free of the same Free Society, who shall hereafter be dwelling 
within the liberties or precincts of the said manor, in all aids, 

69 2z2 



546 WILLIAM PENN, PEOPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. tallages, grants, and other contributions whatsoever, that shall 
'""'^ ' be taxed to the use and service of the said Free Society, for 
the maintaining the magistracy, and other public charges, as 
in cities and towns are to be maintained by the freemen and 
inhabitants of the same, for the public good, howsoever shall 
be reasonably and proportionably taxed and assessed, and 
that the said Free Society of Traders, by their respective officers 
aforesaid, can levy the same aids, tallages, grants, and other 
contributions and lawful taxes, by their own oiBcers and 
ministers, by distress and sale of goods and chattels of such 
persons, who from time to time shall be charged with payment 
of such aids, tallages, grants, and other taxes and contribu- 
tions, who shall refuse or neglect to pay the same. Provided 
always, nevertheless, that such residents and dwellers in any 
houses within the aforesaid society, who are not, nor shall be 
freemen of the same, shall only be taxed for the house in 
which they shall inhabit or reside, or are dwelling within the 
same society's liberties, or precincts of the same, according to 
the known customs of rent payable, and as those who are free 
of the said Free Society, and are taxed, and not otherwise. 
And in case any such said inhabitants, not being freemen of 
the society, shall think himself, by reason of the aforesaid 
taxes, unjustly grieved, that then, and in such case, the pro- 
vincial council, or such persons as they shall appoint, shall 
moderate and qualify such contributions as they shall think 
fit. 

" And furthermore, I do grant to the aforesaid Free Society 
of Traders, and their successors, that the president, deputy- 
president, treasurer, secretary, surveyor, and the agents of 
the said Free Society, and their stewards aforesaid, who here- 
after, for time being, shall be chosen by the said Free Society, 
so long as they shall continue in their respective offices in the 
society aforesaid, for ever be, and shall be, justices and keeps 
of the peace, and make to be kept the peace in and through 
all and singular the circuits and precincts, liberties, franchises, 
and places of the manor and corporation aforesaid, and to 
keep, or cause to be kept and executed, all laws and statutes 
of the province, made for their good, and for the public peace 
and quiet rule and government of the people, in all their 
liberties and franchises, according to the force, form, and 
effect of the same, and to chastise and punish those who, 
contrary to the form and effect of those laws or statutes, or 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 547 

any of tliem, witBin the limits, franchises, and places afore- 1682. 
said, are found to offend, as ought to be done, according to ' ' ' 
the frame of the said laws and statutes, and to make to come 
before them all those who threaten any of the people con- 
cerning their bodies, or burning their houses, and for other 
lawful and sufficient causes, to find sufficient security of the 
peace, or good behaviour, and if they refuse to give security, 
then to commit or cause them to be safely kept in prison until 
they shall find such security. 

« And I do further grant unto the said Free Society of 
Traders, for myself, and my heirs and successors, to them 
and their successors, that the justices aforesaid, or any three 
of them, whereof the said president or deputy-president and 
the treasurer shall be two, from henceforth and for ever, may 
be justices, to inquire of all manner of felonies, trespasses, 
forestallers, and of all and singular other misdeeds and of- 
fences, of which the provincial justices of the peace may and 
ought lawfully to inquire, howsoever or wheresoever done or 
committed, or which hereafter shall be done or attempted 
within the liberties, franchises, and places of the manor afore- 
said, and also of all others who, within the same franchises, 
liberties, and places, go or ride tumultuously and riotously, 
or with armed force, against the peace, and to the terror 
[and] disturbance of the people ; and also of those who lie 
in wait to kill the people, or hereafter shall presume to lay 
in wait ; and also of all and singular other persons who have 
offended, or attempted, or hereafter shall presume to offend, 
or attempt, in abuse of weights and measures, within the said 
manor, against the form of the laws and statutes, or any of 
them, made or to be made for the common profit of the pro- 
vince and people ; and also to hear and determine all and 
singular the same felonies and misdeeds, according to the 
laws and statutes of the province ; so always that the said 
Free Society of Traders, and their successors, may have and 
hold all and singular their privileges, free, whole, and unhurt, 
and that neither a keeper of the peace, or justice, or other 
officers or ministers of the province whatsoever, shall inter- 
meddle in the same manor, nor call the freemen of the said 
Free Society, or other persons inhabiting within the said 
manor, to an account for any of the felonies and other offences 
aforesaid found therein, or to be found, or for deodands, nor 
for any thing relating to felonies, fugitives, or their lands, 



548 WILLIAM PENN, PEOPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. goods, or chattels, within the said manor, usually seized for 
' ' ' the king, but the said Free Society, and their successors, shall 
enjoy them fully, and convert them to their own proper use. 

" And I do further grant that the president (for the time 
being) of the said Free Society, (and in the absence of the pre- 
sident,) the deputy president for the time being, shall be a 
justice and keep of the peace of the province, in the liberties 
of the same, to be conserved and kept, and I do constitute, 
make, and ordain, by these presents, that every one who is, 
or hereafter shall be president of the said Free Society, so long 
as he shall behave himself well, shall be, together with the 
justices and keeps of the peace hereinbefore mentioned, 
keepers and justices of the peace within the corporation 
aforesaid, and the liberties of the same, to keep, or cause to 
be kept, all and singular the laws and statutes made and to 
be made for the good and peace of the province, and for the 
conservation of the same, for the quiet rule and government 
of the people, in all their liberties and franchises, within the 
said corporation, according to the form, force, and eifect of 
these presents, and to correct and punish all those whom they 
shall find offending against the ordinances of the said Free 
Society, as also all murders, false conspirators, and all and 
singular other offenders, according to the laws and statutes of 
the said province, as used and ought to be done in such like 
eases ; and to chastise and punish the said offenders for their 
faults, by fines, redemptions, amercements, forfeitures, and 
otherwise, as used and ought to be, according to the laws and 
statutes of the province, and to do, exercise, hear, determine, 
and execute all and singular things within the said corporation 
and liberties thereof, which justices of the peace, by the laws 
and statutes of the province, may or are enabled to do, in- 
quire, or execute, and in as ample manner and form as any 
one or other justices of the peace in the province may or are 
enabled lawfully to do, inquire, punish, or execute, in any 
other precincts of the said province, giving it strictly in com- 
mand, by these presents, for me, my heirs and successors, to 
the freemen, officers, and all inhabitants within the said cor- 
poration, that they shall be attending, counselling, answering, 
assisting, and aiding, to the justices and keepers of the peace, 
and other such officers as are aforesaid, in all things which do 
or may belong to the office of justices and keeps of the peace 
vy'ithin the said corporation and liberties of the same, as afore- 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CIIAHLES 11. 549 

said, as often and when thej shall be duly required by them, 1682. 
or any of them, in behalf of me, my heirs and successors. "^ ' 

"And I do further grant, and by these presents, have 
granted, for me and my heirs, unto the said Free Society, and 
their successors, all recognisances at any time lawfully taken 
or acknowledged, or to be taken or acknowledged for appear- 
ance, and forfeited, or to be forfeited for non-appearance, at 
any session or sessions of the peace, or jail delivery, holden 
or to be holden before the justices aforesaid ; and all manner 
of other recognisances lawfully taken, or to be taken for and 
concerning the keeping of the peace, and for keeping the 
ordinances, orders, . and rules of the said Free Society whatso- 
ever, according to law ; and also all fines and issues of jurors, 
and all other issues, fines, and amercements, forfeited at all 
times, for any matter or causes, and occasions whatsoever, in 
the said manor, or liberties of the same. 

"And I do, for myself and my heirs, grant unto the said 
Free Society of Traders, and their successors, to choose three 
ofiicers of the said Free Society, to be of the said provincial 
council of the province, and when, by any article in the in- 
tended frame of government, any one of the said officers 
shall go out, then the said Free Society of Traders, and their 
successors, shall choose another, and so successively for ever. 

" And I do, for myself, and my heirs and assigns, grant 
unto the said Free Society of Traders, and their successors, 
all manner of mines and metals, as well royal mines of gold 
and silver, as other mines, which shall be found in the said 
twenty thousand acres, or in any part of them, excepting 
only the fifth part reserved by the king of England to him- 
self, his heirs and successoi"s; and excepting also one other 
fifth part of all the ore which shall be found in any mines of 
gold and silver, to me, the said William Penn, my heirs and 
assigns. 

" And I do, for myself, and my heirs and assigns, grant 
unto the said Free Society of Traders, free fishing of whales, 
sturgeon, and all royal and other fishes in the main sea and 
bays of the said province, and in the inlets, waters, and rivers 
within or adjoining to the said twenty thousand acres, or any 
part thereof, the said Free Society of Traders, and their 
successors, yielding and paying unto me, William Penn, my 
heirs and assigns, the sum of one shilling yearly, upon the 
day of the vernal equinox, or within one and twenty days 



550 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. after, at my dwelling-house in the capital city of Pennsyl- 

'" ' "' vania. 

" And lastly, I do also grant, for me and my heirs, to the 
said Free Society, and their successors, for ever, all and every 
one of the things aforesaid ; and further, that no manner of 
person whatsoever shall inspect their books, warehouses, or 
houses, without their own consent, but shall in all respects be 
free to trade, build, and plant, and to appoint fairs and mar- 
kets, at such convenient times as they shall think fit, within 
the corporation and manor aforesaid, together with all other 
reasonable liberties, franchises, and immunities whatsoever, 
which have at any time heretofore been granted to the city 
of London. 

" In witness whereof, I have put my name and seal, this 
four and twentieth day of the first month, called March, in 
the four and thirtieth year of the said now king's reign, and 
in the year of our Lord, according to the computation of 
England, one thousand six hundred and eighty-one-two. 
, "William Penn." [l. s.]^ 

On the day following the date of the charter, "the articles, 
Apra4. settlement, and oflScers of the Free Society of Traders, in 
Address and Pennsylvania, agreed upon by divers merchants and others, 
of the Free foj^ thc better improvement and government of trade in that 
Society of provincc," was published in a folio pamphlet, in London. It 
opens with an address setting forth the advantages of the 
society, and is accompanied by a constitution, to which sub- 
scriptions are invited. The operations were intended to be 
upon a very extensive scale. They are as follows : 

" The Preface. — Reader : honest and industrious traffic has 
The preface, been the usage and the praise of many nations; and in this 
all countries seem agreed, that their wealth and strength are 
begun, continued, and increased by it, a truth common expe- 
rience daily confirms ; for this hath made, and is making 
many princes and states in the world endeavour to have their 
subjects prosper in trade. The very Indian princes are now 
convinced of this truth, which makes the King of Bantam 
send his ambassador here. This is likewise the reason why 
many considerate men have thought fit to join themselves in 
a society of trade in Pennsylvania, which, after some diffi- 

' Records of Bucks County ; for a copy of which the author is indebted to 
W. Carr, Esq. It is believed that it has never been in print. 



W. MAEKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 551 

culty, they have accomplished. But this may be modestly 1682. 
said, it is a very unusual society, for it is an absolute free ' ' ' 
one, and in a free country ; a society without oppression, 
wherein all may be concerned that will, and yet have the same 
liberty of private traffic as though there were no society at 
all ; so that this society is calculated both to promote the 
public good, and to encourage the private ; and indeed, it 
seems not possible that province should be improved in many 
years without it, as it is like to be in a few years by it. How- 
ever, it is such a society as can do harm to none, but may do 
good to all, which a serious perusal of the government of it 
will plainly evince to the considerate and ingenious. We may 
add, that it is no small conveniency and ease to the minds of 
planters, (happily unacquainted in trade,) that they may have 
some part of their estates improving in an united way and 
care, whilst they thereby may, with less distraction, and more 
freedom of spirit, apply themselves to their particular planta- 
tions ; for here a few hands do the work of the whole, and by 
this honest and free device, the whole will be furnished fresh 
and fresh, from time to time, in the nature of a bank. This 
union of traffic prevents emulation, for every one is interested 
in every one's prosperity, and the profit must be greater and 
surer, and navigation, manufacture, and arts better improved, 
than by force of private and divided stocks. To conclude, it 
is an enduring estate, and a lasting as well as certain credit ; 
a portion and inheritance that is clear and growing, free from 
the mischief of frauds and false securities, supported by the 
concurrent strength and care of a great and prudent body, a 
kind of perpetual trustees, the friend of the widow and the 
orphan, for it takes no advantage of minority or sim- 
plicity. 

" These and many more great advantages accrue to a society 
so freely constituted as this appears to be, by the ensuing 
articles of agreement, which are imposed on none, but recom- 
mended to all, with this assurance, that nothing is hereby in- 
tended but what is consistent with justice and prudence, to 
the best of their skill that were concerned in the framing of 
it ; and it is hoped that the improvements which may accrue 
by it, will prove to be of no small advantage to that country^ 
and Old England, from whom it takes its original. 

<' To which, reader, it may not be improper to add, that " 
this society is endowed with divers immunities and privileges, 



552 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. by grant and charter, from William Penn, governor of that 
" ' ' province. " JSTiciiolas Moore. 

"James Claypoole, 
« Philip Foed, 

"London, 25th of first month, called March, 1682. "^ 

The first general court to be held in London, May 29, and 
ever after on first Thursday of November, in the capital city 
Abstract of in Pennsylvania. Votes may be by proxy. 
tkm*™**'*^" -^0 one in England to have more than one vote, unless he 
have a share of land in Pennsylvania, at least 1000 acres of 
his own, -with some inhabitants on it, in which case, inhabit- 
ants of Pennsylvania shall, for two <£25's, or one <£50, have 
one vote ; ,£100, two votes ; £300, three votes, and none 
more. 

Subscription books in England to open 29th June, and no 
longer ; in Pennsylvania, from arrival of first ship of the 
society for six months, paying 15 per cent, sterling for risco 
run by the society, for such as subscribe in thirty days, and 
1 per cent, for every month after, to be added to the value 
of the cargo. 

No subscription for less than £25, in one man's name, 
though five may join in it. 

At the meeting in England, in May, subscribers shall con- 
firm their subscriptions by paying 5 per cent, as part of the 
sum to be paid in one month. 

President, deputy, treasurer, secretary, and 12 committee- 
men to be then chosen ; any five, with president or deputy, 
to be a quorum. 

Committee-men to have but one vote each ; president or 
deputy a casting vote. 

At end of seven years from closing in Pennsylvania, new 
subscribers received ; and so every seven years. Valuation 
of stock to be made, and subscribers to be on valuation. 

Two hundred servants to be sent to Pennsylvania first year, 
of most suitable trades and capacities. 

Additions ma^^ be made to subscriptions before the month 
is out. 

The president, deputy, and treasurer, must own 5000 acres 
in Pennsylvania, and £100 of society stock. 

General ofiicers to continue seven years, and live in society's 
house, but may be dismissed for crime proved against them 

> Reg. Pemis. vol. i. pp. 394—396. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES 11. 553 

in court of assistants, who may elect in his place till next 1682. 
court ; this court chosen yearly, who shall advise with presi- ' — """^ 
dent in emergency, as to receiving more money, dividends, 
filling places, settling new factories, mines, building ships, &;c. Abstract of 
The committee to choose inferior officers at home and ^^^ ''o>i«"t« 

T tion, cou- 

abroad, and generally to direct. tinueo. 

All forfeitures to be employed in improving land for the 
maintenance of families of persons disabled in the service. 

The books, papers, &c, to be kept in society's house, under 
three locks and keys, in charge of president or deputy, 
treasurer, and oldest committee-man. The books, &c. not to 
be intrusted to any person longer than to transcribe any part 
in day-time, and in the house, before some person appointed 
by committee ; the book-keeper only to have a copy, which 
any member may examine once a month. 

Treasurer to give security, as also all agents, store-keepers, 
ship-masters, &c. Servants bound to secrecy, or forfeit 
security. 

Black servants to be free at fourteen years' end, on giving 
to the society two-thirds of what they can produce on land 
allotted them by the society, with a stock and tools ; if they 
agree not to this, to be servants till they do. 

No mineral undertaking to be begun but with approval of 
assembly. At each yearly meeting, a general statement of 
affairs. 

Two or more general factories in Pennsylvania ; one on 
Chesapeake Bay, and one on Delaware or elsewhere, for more 
speedy conveyance of goods into the country and Maryland, 
but the government of the whole to be in Pennsylvania. 

Society to assist Indians settling in towns, with advice and 
artificers. 

Twenty-four assistants to be added to committee ; twenty 
and the president a quorum. 

The first assembly in Pennsylvania to be desired to ratify 
the patents from the governor by an act. 

Notices of meetings to be regularly served at the dwellings. 

Those who do not pay the instalments after second call, 
cannot dispose of their stock, but society may dispose of it 
to those who will, unless prevented by calamity or poverty, in 
which case they may sell. 

A chief agent to reside in England, to whom letters and 
goods shall be directed ; he to have a council of six factors, 

70 3 A 



554 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. all to reside in London, to advise about sales and purchases ; 
' — ■ — ' he to give every factor liis commission how to proceed, and 
the agent to be directed by the committee in Pennsylvania. 

All the officers to bring to the society's warehouse all pel- 
tries they buy of the Indians with their own goods, which 
shall be entered and sent over with the society's goods, and 
shall have what return they will for the same, allowing 
freight, factorage, &c. ; this for the special benefit of the 
owners, as well as the society. 

Various other officers ; surveyor, surgeon, clerks, overseers, 
messengers, porters, butchers, watermen, carmen, &c., distri- 
buted among the offices of the treasurer, secretary, surveyor, 
and miner, whose duties are particularly defined. 

Philip Ford, in London, is authorized to receive sub- 
scriptions.-^ 

" Our book of articles for the Pennsylvania Company or 
April 11. Society is printed; I did intend to send one, but Thomas 
Further pro- Holmc told mc he intends two to Dublin. I hope we shall 
gressofthe ^^^ subscriptlons, SO as to encourage the settling of a com- 
ma com- pany for trade there. Here are many who have signified 
pany. their good liking to it, and will be concerned, and we have 

advice from friends of three divers counties in England, that 
will join with us. Our book will be ready for subscribers to 
begin next week. I do intend to be concerned 100 at least." 
On the 14th, he sends articles of the company. " Vote 
Time and and Subscriptions to be confirmed against 29th proximo, by 
termsofsub- (depositing; 5 per cent., and the three general officers, trea- 

scription. ^ . . , . , . ■, 

wm. Penn surcr, and committee, as per 5th article ; some privately 

expected ia talked of. William Penn is expected in town by next post." 

"For land which William Penn sells in Pennsylvania, he 

gives every one their deeds, when they pay their money, 

(which was made hard,) by Thomas Rudyard, all of one 

form."^ 

" It was mutually agreed, (at a Friends' meeting in Abing- 
April 2L don,) that a meeting be at William Cooper's at Pyne Point, 
Early New Jersey, the second First-day of third month next, and 

meltin^'at ^^^ ncxt meeting be at Thomas Fairman's, at Shackamaxon, 
Shackamax- and SO in coursc."^ 

" As to my sending servants this year to Pennsylvania, .1 
April 25. can come to no results in my mind till two or three months 

• See Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 394, for the entire constitution. ^ Claypoole. 
3 Minutes of Friends' Meeting at Abingdon, quoted by Watson, vol. i. p. 140. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 555 

are over, that we see what subscriptions there will be for the 1682. 
company, and who will be chosen officers. My son John is " — '^^ 
to embark next week for Pennsylvania, with Thomas Holme, 
to assist him in surveying the country." On the 28th, he t. noime 
says, " I am much inclined to go with my family to settle, !!""^ *j 
but I think it will hardly be till 1683."^ nia. 

Captain Thomas Holme receives a commission from Wil- April 28. 
liam Penn, dated April 18th, as surveyor-general of Penn- 
sylvania.^ It is as follows : 

" To all whom this may come, and more especially, to all commission 
such as are, or may be concerned as adventurers, purchasers, iLto^Ts^ 
planters, and inhabitants, in the province of Pennsylvania, sm-veyor- 

* • general of 

m America. Pennsylva- 

" Whereas, King Charles the Second, by his letters-patent '"'*• 
under the great seal of England, for the considerations therein 
mentioned, hath given, granted, and confirmed unto me, Wil- 
liam Penn, (by the name of William Penn, esquire, son and 
heir of Sir William Penn, deceased,) the absolute proprietary 
of the said province of Pennsylvania, with ample jurisdictions 
and powers necessary for the well-being, ordering, and go- 
vernment thereof, as by the said letters-patent do appear. 

"Now know ye, that I, the said William Penn, reposing ^ 
special confidence in the integrity and ability of my loving- 
friend, Captain Thomas Holme, of the city of Waterford, in 
the kingdom of Ireland, do by these presents elect, empower, 
and establish him, the said Thomas Holme, in the office, trust, 
and employment of surveyor-general of the said province of 
Pennsylvania, for and during his natural life, he behaving 
himself honestly and faithfully in the said office, trust, and 
employment, hereby giving and granting unto the said Thomas 
Holme, full power and authority to enter into, survey, and 
admeasure, or cause to be entered into, surveyed, and ad- 
measured, (with all reasonable expedition,) all the said pro- 
vince of Pennsylvania, and all and every parts, islands, and 
territories thereof, which, by the said letters-patent, do or 
may of right belong and appertain unto me, my heirs and 
assigns. And to the end I, the said William Penn, as abso- 
lute proprietary of the said province, by letters-patent afore- 
said, may have and obtain a true and certain knowledge of 
the exact quantities of every distinct and individual part and 

' Claypoole. 2 Harrisburg Records. 



556 

1682. 



T. Holme's 

commissiou, 

continued. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

parcel of land in the said province, that already is, or here- 
after may be granted and disposed of by me, my heirs and 
assigns, unto any person or persons whatsoever, and to whom, 
and for what use or purpose soever, the said Thomas Holaie, 
as surveyor-general, is hereby empowered, from time to time, 
to cause all persons employed in the survey and admeasure- 
ment of any part or parcel of land in the said province, to 
return a true duplicate of all their original fieldAvorks, and 
the protractions and quantities of their operations, unto his 
said office, there to be examined and tried ; and what there 
shall be approved of, the same, and no other, to be fairly 
entered in the said office, and there to remain upon record as 
a standing rule, conclusive and binding to me, my heirs and 
assigns, as absolute proprietary, and also to all the adven- 
turers, purchasers, planters, and inhabitants concerned in the 
said province, in relation to the respective quantities, meets, 
and bounds of their lands, lots, and holdings. And if any 
person or persons whatsoever, that now are, or hereafter may 
be concerned in the said province, shall there survey and ad- 
measure, or cause to be surveyed and admeasured, any part 
or parcel of land, in order to be taken up and planted, with- 
out orders and directions from the said Thomas Holme, that 
all such surveys and admeasurements shall, by me, my heirs 
and assigns, be held and deemed invalid, and no ways hinder 
the due disposal thereof. And the said Thomas Holme is to 
observe such orders and directions about the method of pro- 
ceeding in the survey and admeasurement of the lands in the 
said province, and also of the allotments and distribution 
thereof, as he shall, from time to time, receive from me, my 
heirs or assigns, and according to such concessions as are or 
may be agreed upon between me and the persons concerned 
in the said province ; and to keep his public office of sur- 
veyor-general in the capital city or town in the said province, 
that so if any difference happen about the quantities, meets, 
or bounds of lands, the same may be there regulated and 
composed. And I hereby grant to the said Thomas Holme, 
to take, receive, and to his own use enjoy, all and every such 
profits and benefits, for the surveys and admeasurements of 
the said province, or any part thereof, and keeping his office 
of surveyor-general there, as are allowable in the like cases 
in America. 

" Given under my hand and seal of the province of Penn- 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 557 

sylvania, this eighteenth day of the second month, one 1682. 
thousand six hundred and eighty-two. William Penn. " ■ ' 

" Recorded the 27th of the third month, 1684, in book A., 
vol. i. p. 7." 

"My oldest son is going away this week in the 'Amity,' Aprii29. 
R. Dimond, for Pennsylvania, to be assistant to "William ciaypooie 
Penn's surveyor. I have bought 5000 acres, and may pro- '"^^ '^"^ ' 

J o ' J 1 son going 

bably be concerned in the company or society, of which I over. 
send their book enclosed. I hope I may remove next year 
with my v/hole family thither. We have a prospect of a con- Pmspect of 
siderable trade between Barbadoes and Pennsylvania. We j^'J^.^' 
calculate there will go thither from hence above one thousand emigration. 
Friends this year ; then William Penn and his family goes ; 
Thomas Rudyard, Charles Taylor and his family, and many 
others ; then two ships from Bristol and five from Wales ; so 
that if the Lord bless us, and prosper our way, the country 
will be planted in a little time."-^ 

" I have been at Gravesend with my son John, who is gone April so. 
per the 'Amity,' Dimond, master, for Pennsylvania, to be The ship 
assisting to the general surveyor, whose name is Thomas ^^pg^^g^^i. 
Holme, a very honest, ingenious, worthy man. Have fitted vania, -with 
John out with all things necessary, and his employment is '^^^°^^^l 
very creditable, and if he be diligent and sober, may come general. 
in a few years' time to be very profitable ; however, it "will be 
a present maintenance, and keep him from ill company. I HasbougM 
have bought 5000 acres from William Penn, and we are en- ^''''Oa"®^- 
deavouring to settle a society for trade, according to enclosed 
book of articles ; there has been subscribed .£10,000, but we Pennayiya- 
laid that aside, not having agreed on all particulars, and now former'L^- 
the next week we shall begin to subscribe according to this seriptioniaid 
book. Divers persons have desired, that if the stock be con- neVoL 
siderable, so that we shall succeed, that I might be one of the proposed. 
principal ofiicers, as deputy, for there are two chosen for 
president and treasurer, which are inclined to accept of, if 
they choose me ; however, I have a great drawing on my intends go- 
mind to remove with my family thither, so that I am given up, gXl^a^"^"' 
if the Lord clears our way, to be gone next spring ; it may wants ne- 
be about a year hence. Advise me, in thy next, what I °™'^^' 
might have two negroes for, that might be fit for cutting 
down trees, building, ploughing, or any sort of labour that is 
required in the first planting of a country. I hope to carry 

' Ciaypooie. 
3a2 



558 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



His brother 
settled in 
New Deal, 
Delaware. 

Amity 
leaves the 
Downs. 



May 5. 



Penn's 
views of go- 
vernment. 



ten or twelve servants from hence, and many people that love 
us well are inclined to go when we go. William Penn him- 
self, and family, go this summer, and probably about one 
thousand people." 

" I have a letter from brother Norton, date 16th of tenth 
month, from New Deal, in Delaware Bay, where he is settled 
on a plantation. He writes, his wife and child were come, 
and he was going to fetch them home." 

In a subsequent letter, (April 29,) he says, " Our ship for 
Pennsylvania went out of the Downs, the 23d."^ 

We have, in this letter, a positive proof that the fact 
stated of the Amity being blown off to the West Indies, last 
winter, is incorrect ; that she did not arrive till spring or 
summer, is more true. 

The next important measure of Penn, was the publication 
of his frame of government, or first constitution of Penn- 
sylvania, introduced by a preface of considerable length, 
giving his views of the origin and nature of government, 
which have been highly extolled. 

" The frame of the government of the province of Penn- 
sylvania, in America, together with certain laws agreed upon 
in England, by the governor and divers freemen of the afore- 
said province, to be further explained, and continued there, by 
the first provincial council that shall be held, if they see meet. 

" The Preface. — When the great and wise God had made 
the world, of all his creatures it pleased Him to choose man 
his deputy to rule it ; and to fit him for so great a charge and 
trust, He did not only qualify him with skill and power, but 
with integrity to use them justly. This native goodness was 
equally his honour and his happiness, and whilst he stood 
here, all went well ; there was no need of coercive or com- 
pulsive means ; the precept of divine love and truth in his 
bosom was the guide and keeper of his innocency. But lust 
prevailing against duty, made a lamentable breach upon it, 
and the law, that had before no power over him, took place 
upon him and his disobedient posterity, that such as would 
not live conformably to the holy law written, should fall un- 
der the reproof of and correction of the just law without, in 
a judicial administrution. 

" This the apostle teaches in divers of his epistles : the law, 
says he, was added because of transgression: in another 

' Claypoole. 



W. MARKIIAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 55 

place, knowing that the law was not made foi' the righteous 1682. 
man, but for the disobedient and ungodly, for sinners, for ' ^^^ 
unholy and profane, for murderers, for whoremongers, for 
them that defile themselves with mankind, and for men- 
stealers, for liars, for perjured persons, &c. But this is not 
all : he opens and carries the matter of government a little 
further : let every soul be subject to the higher powers, for 
there is no power but of God ; the powers that be are ordained 
of God ; whosoever, therefore, resisteth the power, resisteth 
the ordinance of God, for rulers are not a terror to good 
works, but to evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the 
power ? Do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise 
of the same. He is the minister of God to thee for good ; 
wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but 
for conscience' sake. 

" This settles the divine right of government beyond ex- 
ception, and that for two ends ; first, to terrify evil-doers ; 
secondly, to cherish those that do well ; which gives govern- 
ment a life beyond corruption, and makes it as durable in the 
world as good men shall be. So that government seems to 
me a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution 
and end ; for if it does not directly remove the cause, it 
crushes the efi"ect of evil, and is as such, (though a lower yet,) 
an emanation of the same divine Power, that is both author 
and object of pure religion, the difference lying here, that the 
one is more free and mental, the other more corporal and 
compulsive in its operations, but that is only to evil-doers, 
government itself being otherwise as capable of kindness, 
goodness, and charity, as a more private society. They 
weakly err, that think there is no other use of government 
than correction, which is the coarsest part of it ; daily expe- 
rience tells us, that the care and regulation of many other 
affairs, more soft and daily necessary, make up much the 
greatest part of government, and which must have followed 
the peopling of the world, had Adam never fell, and will con- 
tinue among men on earth, under the highest attainments 
they may arrive at, by the coming of the blessed second 
Adam, the Lord from heaven. Thus much of government in 
general, as to its rise and end. 

" For particular frames and modes, it will, become me to 
say little, and comparatively I will say nothing. My reasons 
are, first, that the age is too nice and difficult for it, there 



560 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. being nothing tlie vfits of men are more busy and divided 
' — ' — ' upon. It is true, they seem to agree in the end, to wit, 
happiness, but in the means they differ, as to divine, so to this 
human felicity, and the cause is much the same, not always 
want of light and knowledge, but want of using them rightly. 
Men side with their passions against their reason, and their 
sinister interests have so strong a bias upon their minds, that 
they lean to them against the good of the things they know. 

" Secondly, I do not find a model in the world, that time, 
place, and some singular emergencies have not necessarily 
altered, nor is it easy to frame a civil government that shall 
serve all places alike. 

'< Thirdly, I know what is said by the several admirers of 
monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule 
of one, a few, and many, and are the three common ideas of 
government, when men discourse on that subject. But I 
choose to solve the controversy with this small distinction, 
and it belongs to all three, any government is free to the 
people under it, (whatever be the frame,) where the laws rule, 
and the people are a party to those laws, and more than this 
is tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion. 

" But lastly, when all is said, there is hardly one frame of 
government in the world so ill-designed by its first founders, 
that in good hands would not do well enough; and story 
tells us, the least in ill ones can do nothing that is great or 
good ; witness the Jewish and Roman states governments, 
like clocks, go from the motion men give them, and as go- 
vernments are made and moved by men, so by them they are 
ruined too. Whether governments rather depend upon men 
than men upon governments ; let men be good, and the go- 
vernment cannot be bad ; if it be ill, they will cure it. But 
if men be bad, let the government be ever so good, they will 
endeavour to warp and spoil it to their turn. 

" I know some say, let us have good laws, and no matter 
for the men that execute them ; but let them consider, that 
though good laws do well, good men do better ; for good laws 
may want good men, and be abolished or evaded by ill men ; 
but good men will never want good laws, nor suffer ill ones. 
It is true, good laws have some awe upon ill ministers, but 
that is where they have no power to escape or abolish them, 
and the people are generally wise and good, but a loose and 
degraded people (which is to the question) love laws and an 



W. MAEKHAM, DEPUTY.— CIIARLES II. 561 

administration like themselves. That, therefore, ■which makes 1682. 
a good constitution, must keep it, viz. men of wisdom and ' ■ ' 
virtue, qualities that, because they descend not with worldly 
inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous edu- 
cation of youth, for which after-ages will owe more to the 
care and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy, 
than to their parents for their private patrimonies. 

" These considerations of the weight of government, and 
the nice and various opinions about it, made it uneasy to me 
to think of publishing the ensuing frame and conditional 
laws, foreseeing both the censures they will meet with from 
men of differing humours and engagements, and the occasions 
they may give of discourse beyond my design. 

" But next to the power of necessity, (which is a solicitor 
that Avill take no denial,) this induced me to a compliance, 
that we have (with reverence to God and good conscience to 
men) to the best of our skill, contrived and composed the 
frame and laws of this government, to the great end of all 
government, viz. to support power in reverence with the peo- 
ple, and to secure the people from the abuse of power, that 
they may be free by their just obedience, and the magistrates 
honourable for their just administration ; for liberty without 
obedience is confusion, and obedience without liberty is 
slavery. To carry this evenness is partly owing to the con- 
stitution, and partly to the magistracy ; where either of these 
fail, government will be subject to convulsions, but where both 
are wanting, it must be totally subverted ; then where both 
meet, the government is like to endure, which I humbly pray 
and hope God will please to make the lot of this of Penn- 
sylvania. Amen. William Penn.- 

" The Frame, ^c. — To all people to whom these presents Preamble, 
shall come : Whereas, King Charles the Second, by his letters- 
patent under the great seal of England, for the consideration 
therein mentioned, hath been graciously pleased to give and 
grant unto me, William Penn, (by the name of William Penn, 
esquire, son and heir of Sir William Penn, deceased,) and to 
ray heirs and assigns for ever, all that tract of land or pro- 
vince called Pennsylvania, in America, with divers great 
powers, pre-eminences, royalties, jurisdictions, and authorities, 
necessary for the well-being and government thereof: Now 
know ye, that for the well-being and government of the said 
province, and for the encouragement of all the freemen and 



71 



562 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. planters that may be therein concerned, in pursuance of the 
' ' ' pov/ers aforementioned, I, the said William Penn, have de- 
clared, granted, and confirmed, and by these presents, for me, 
my heirs and assigns, do declare, grant, and confirm, unto all 
the freemen, planters, and adventurers, of, in, and to the said 
province, these liberties, franchises, and properties, to be held, 
enjoyed, and kept by the freemen, planters, and inhabitants 
of the said province of Pennsylvania, for ever. 

" I. That the government of this province shall, according 
Government to the powors of the patent, consist of the governor and 
posid'"™' freemen of the said province, in form of a provincial council 
and general assembly, by whom all laws shall be made, officers 
chosen, and public affairs transacted, as is hereafter respec- 
tively declared. That is to say : 

" II. That the freemen of the said province shall, on the 
Timeof eiec- 20th day of the twelfth month, which shall be in this present 
number in year ouc thousaud six hundred eighty and two, meet and 
theproyin- asscmblc in somo fit place, of which timely notice shall be 

cial council. , f, , t . ,, ,. ^ , 

beiorehand given by the governor or nis deputy, and then and 
there shall choose out of themselves seventy-two persons, of 
most note for their wisdom, virtue, and ability, who shall 
meet on the 10th day of the first month, next ensuing, and 
always be called and act as the provincial council of the said 
province. 

" III. That at the first choice of such provincial council, 
Terms of ono-third part of the said provincial council shall be chosen 
in'offlcr'^'''' to serve for three years then next ensuing, one-third part for 
two years then next ensuing, and one-third part for one year 
then next following such election, and no longer ; and that 
the said third part shall go out accordingly ; and on the 20tli 
day of the twelfth month, as aforesaid, yearly for ever after- 
wards, the freemen of the said province shall in like manner 
meet and assemble together, and then choose twenty-four 
persons, being one-third of the said number, to serve in pro- 
vincial council for three years ; it being intended that one- 
third part of the whole provincial council, always consisting, 
and to consist of seventy-two persons as aforesaid, falling off 
yearly, it shall be yeai-ly supplied by such new yearly elec- 
tions as aforesaid, and that no one person shall continue 
therein longer than three years ; and in case any member 
shall decease before the last election during his time, that 
then at the next election ensuing his decease, another shall 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 563 

be chosen to supply liis place for the remaining time he was 1682. 
to have served, and no longer. ' ' ' 

"IV. That after the first seven years, every one of the 
said third parts that goeth yearly off, shall be incapable of Alternation 
being chosen again for one whole year following, that so all "^ " 
may be fitted for government, and have experience of the care 
and burden of it. 

<' V. That the provincial council, in all cases and matters Quorum. 
of moment, as their arguing upon bills to be passed into 
laws, erecting courts of justice, giving judgment upon crimi- 
nals impeached, and choice of oflScers, in such manner as is 
hereinafter mentioned, not less than two-thirds of the whole 
provincial council shall make a quorum, and that the consent 
and approbation of two-thirds of such quorum shall be had 
in all such cases and matters of moment. And moreover, 
that in all cases and matters of lesser moment, twenty-four 
members of the said provincial council shall make a quorum, 
the majority of which twenty-four shall and may always de- 
termine in such cases of lesser moment. 

"VI. That in this provincial council, the governor, or his Governor t» 
deputy, shall or may always preside, and have a treble voice ; p'^'^®''^®- 
and the said provincial council shall always continue, and sit 
upon its own adjournments and committees. 

" VII. That the governor and provincial councils shall Councils to 
prepare and propose to the general assembly hereafter men- ^lilgforas- 
tioned, all bills which they shall at any time think fit to be semWy. 
passed into laws within the said province ; which bills shall 
be published and aflSxed to the most noted places in the in- 
habited parts thereof, thirty days before the meeting of the 
general assembly, in order to the passing them into laws, or 
rejecting of them, as the general assembly shall see meet. 

"VIII. That the governor and provincial council shall Laws to be 
take care that all laws, statutes, and ordinances, which shall '^^^ 
at any time be made within the said province, be duly and 
diligently executed. 

"IX. That the governor and provincial council shall at all Guardians 
times have the care of the peace and safety of the province, "ern^ent. 
and that nothing be by any person attempted to the subver- 
sion of this frame of government. 

" X. That the governor and provincial council shall at all situation of 
times settle and order the situation of all cities, ports, and ^^^^^ ^°' 
market-towns, in every county, modelling therein all public pointed. 



56i 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPKIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682, 



Inspection 
the trea- 
sury. 



Public 
scliools. 



Council di- 
vided into 
four com- 
mittees. 



buildings, streets, market-places, and shall appoint all neces- 
sary roads and highways in the province. 

" XL That the governor and provincial council shall at all 
of times have power to inspect the management of the public 
treasury, and punish those who shall convert any part 
thereof to any other use than that which hath been agreed 
upon by the governor, provincial council, and general as- 
sembly. 

" XII. That the governor and provincial council shall erect 
and order all public schools, and encourage and reward the 
authors of useful sciences and laudable inventions, in the 
said province. 

"XIII. That for the better management of the powers 
and trust aforesaid, the provincial council shall from time to 
time divide itself into four distinct and proper committees, 
for the more easy administration of the affairs of the pro- 
vince, which divides the seventy-two into four eighteens, every 
one of which eighteens shall consist of six out of each of 
the three orders or yearly elections, each of which shall have 
a distinct portion of business, as followeth : First, a com- 
mittee of plantations, to situate and settle cities, ports, and 
market-towns, and highways, and to hear and decide all suits 
and controversies relating to plantations. Secondly, a com- 
mittee of justice and safety, to secure the peace of the pro- 
vince, -and punish the maladministration of those Avho subvert 
justice, to the prejudice of the public or private interest. 
Thirdly, a committee of trade and treasury, who shall regu- 
late all trade and commerce according to law, encourage 
manufacture and country growth, and defray the public 
charge of the province ; and fourthly, a committee of man- 
ners, education, and arts, that all wicked and scandalous 
living may be prevented, and that youth may be successively 
trained up in virtue and useful knowledge and arts : the 
quorum of each of which committees being six, that is, tAvo 
out of each of the three orders or yearly elections, as afore- 
said, make a constant and standing council of twentj^'-four, 
which will have the power of the provincial council, being 
the quorum of it, in all cases not excepted in the fifth article; 
and in the said committees and standing council of the pro- 
vince, the governor or his deputy shall or may preside as 
aforesaid, and in the absence of the governor or his deputy, 
if no one is by either of them appointed, the said committees 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 5G5 

or councils shall appoint a president for tliat time, and not 1682. 
otherwise ; and what shall be resolved at such committees ' '""' 
shall be reported to the said council of the province, and 
shall be by them resolved and confirmed, before the same 
shall be put in execution ; and that these respective commit- 
tees shall not sit at one and the same time, except in cases 
of necessity. 

" XIV. And to the end that all laws prepared by the go- Assembly 
vernor and provincial council aforesaid, may yet have the |^'^"',^'"'^ 
more full concurrence of the freemen of the province, it is cuosun. 
declared, granted, and confirmed, that at the time and place 
or places for the choice of a provincial council as aforesaid, 
the said freemen shall yearly choose members to serve in a 
general assembly as their representatives, not exceeding two Number of 
hundred persons, who shall yearly meet, from the 20th day '^<^™'^'''^^- 
of the second month, which shall be in the year one thousand 
six hundred eighty and three following, in the capital town or 
city of the said province, where during eight days the several 
members may freely confer with one another, and if any of 
them see meet, with a committee of the provincial council, 
(consisting of three out of each of the committees aforesaid, 
being twelve in all,) which shall be at the time purposely ap- 
pointed to receive from any of them proposals for the altera- 
tions or amendments of any of the said proposed and promul- 
gated bills ; and on the ninth day from their so meeting, the 
said general assembly, after reading over the proposed bills 
by the clerk of the provincial council, and the occasion and 
motives for them being opened by the governor or his deputy, 
shall give their affirmative or negative, which to them seemeth sanction of 
best, in such manner as hereinafter is expressed. But not ^^^^' 
less than two-thirds shall make a quorum in the passing of 
laws, and choice of such officers as are by them to be chosen. 

" XV. That the laws so prepared and proposed as aforesaid, Laws to be 
that are assented to by the general assembly, shall be en- '^'^^^^^'J- 
rolled as laws of the province, with this style, ' By the go- Tuie. 
vernor, with the assent and approbation of the freemen in 
provincial council and general assembly.' 

" XVI. That for the better establishment of the govern- Number of 
ment and laws of this province, and to the end there may be may'beYii- 
an universal satisfaction in the laying of the fundamentals creased, 
thereof, the general assembly shall or may, for the first year, 
consist of all the freemen of and in the said province, and 

3B 



566 WILLIAM PENN, PEOPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. ever after it shall be yearly chosen as aforesaid ; which num- 
*~^' ' her of two hundred shall he enlarged as the country shall 
increase in people, so as it do not exceed five hundred at any 
time, the appointment and proportioning of which, as also 
the laying and methodizing of the choice of the provincial 
council and general assembly, in future time, most equally to 
the divisions of the hundreds and counties, which the country 
shall hereafter be divided into, shall be in the power of the 
provincial council to propose, and the general assembly to 
resolve. 

" XVII. That the governor and the provincial council shall 
Courts hovr crcct, from time to time, standing courts of justice, in such 
established, pj^ggg ^nd number as they shall judge convenient for the 
good government of the said province, and that the provincial 
councils shall, on the 13th day of the first month, yearly, 
elect and present to the governor or his deputy, a double 
Judges and number of persons, to serve for judges, treasurers, masters of 
howc^lln' ^^^^^j within the said province, for the year next ensuing ; 
and the freemen of the said province, in the county courts, 
when they shall be erected, and till then in the general assem- 
bly, shall, on the three and twentieth day of the second 
month, yearly, elect and present to the governor or his de- 
puty, a double number of persons to serve for sherifis, jus- 
tices of the peace, and coroners, for the year next ensuing, 
out of which respective elections and presentments, the go- 
vernor or his deputy shall nominate the proper number for 
each office, the third day after the said presentments, or else 
the first named in such presentment for each office shall stand 
and serve for that office the year ensuing. 

" XVIII. But forasmuch as the present condition of the 
Penn com- provincc rcquircs some immediate settlement, and admits not 
itot officers" ^^ ^^ quick a revolution of officers, and to the end the said 
province may, with all convenient speed, be well ordered and 
settled, I, William Penn, do therefore think fit to nominate 
and appoint such persons for judges, treasurers, masters of 
the rolls, sheriffs, justices of the peace, and coroners, as are 
most fitly qualified for those employments, to whom I shall 
make and grant commissions for the said officers, respectively, 
to hold to them to whom the same shall be granted, for so 
long time as every such person shall well behave himself in 
the office or place to him respectively granted, and no longer. 
And upon the decease or displacing of any of the said 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 567 

officers, the succeeding officer or officers shall be chosen as 1682, 
aforesaid. ' ' ' 

" XIX. That the general assembly shall continue so long 
as may be needful to impeach criminals fit to be there im- Duties of 
peached, to pass bills into laws that they shall think fit to pass ^^^'^'"'^•y- 
into laws, and till such time as the governor and provincial 
council shall declare that they have nothing further to pro- 
pose unto them for their assent and approbation, and that 
declaration shall be a dismissal to the general assembly for 
that time ; which general assembly shall be, notwithstanding, 
capable of assembling together upon the summons of the 
provincial council, at any time during that year, if the said 
provincial council shall see occasion for their so assembling. 

" XX. That all the elections of members or representatives Election to 
of the people, to serve in provincial council and general ^° ^^ ^^^°'' 
assembly, and all questions to be determined by both or either 
of them, that relate to passing of bills into laws, to the 
choice of officers, to impeachments made by the general 
assembly, and judgment of criminals upon such impeachments 
by the provincial council, and to all other cases by them re- 
spectively judged of importance, shall be resolved and deter- 
mined by the ballot ; and unless on sudden and indispensable 
occasions, no business, in provincial council, or its respective 
committees, shall be finally determined the same day that it 
is moved. 

" XXI. That at all times when, and so often as it shall infancy of 
happen that the governor shall or may be an infant under the ^,°l^"i"°ns to 
age of one and twenty years, and no guardians or commis- be appointed, 
sioners are appointed in writing by the father of the said 
infant, or that such guardians or commissioners shall be de- 
ceased, that during such minority, the provincial council shall 
from time to time, as they shall see meet, constitute and ap- 
point guardians or commissioners, not exceeding three, one of 
which three shall preside as deputy and chief guardian, during 
such minority, and shall have and execute, with the consent 
of the other two, all the power of a governor, in all the pub- 
lic affairs and concerns of the said province. 

"XXII. That as often as any day of the month mentioned ProTisionfor 
in any article of this charter, shall fall upon the first day of ^"^^^^^"^"^^ 
the week, commonly called the Lord's Day, the business ap- 
pointed for that day shall be deferred till the next day, unless 
in case of emergency. 



568 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETAEY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Alterations 
of charter 
guarded. 



Perm's 

pledge to the 
grants, &c. 
here made. 



Mark New- 
by's half- 
pence autho- 
rized. 



May 15. 

Laws agreed 
on in Eng- 
land. 



" XXIII. That no act, law, or ordinance whatsoeverj shall 
at any thne hereafter be made or done by the governor of 
this province, his heirs or assigns, or by the freemen in the 
provincial council or the general assembly, to alter, change, 
or diminish the form or effect of this charter, or any part or 
clause thereof, or contrary to the true intent and meaning 
thereof, without the consent of the governor, his heirs or 
assigns, and six parts of seven of the said freemen, in pro- 
vincial council and general assembly. 

"XXIV. And lastly, that I, the said William Penn, for my- 
self, my heirs and assigns, have solemnly declared, granted, 
and confirmed, and do hereby solemnly declare, grant, and 
confirm, that neither I, my heirs nor assigns, shall procure or 
do any thing or things whereby the liberties in this charter 
contained and expressed shall be infringed or broken ; and if 
any thing be procured by any person or persons, contrary to 
these premises, it shall be held of no force or effect. 

" In witness whereof, I, the said William Penn, have unto 
this present charter of liberties set my hand and broad seal, 
this five and twentieth day of the second month, vulgarly 
called April, in the year of our Lord one thousand six hun- 
dred and eighty-two. William Penn."^ 

For the purpose of payment of small sums, the assembly 
of New Jersey pass an act authorizing the circulation of 
Mark Newby's halfpence, called Patrick's halfpence, at their 
par value, he being required to give security to the speaker 
of the house, that he will "change the said halfpence for pay 
equivalent, upon demand, and provided, that no person or 
persons be obliged to take more than five shillings in one 
payment." These were Irish halfpence, a parcel of which 
Newby had brought in with him. This is the first mention 
of coin that we have noticed legally authorized. It is pro- 
bable some of them may have found their way into Penn- 
sylvania.^ 

The frame of government was shortly followed by certain 
laws passed in England, which were intended to be altered or 
amended by an assembly in Pennsylvania, and which was 
afterwards done. For the purpose of comparison, they are 
inserted at length. 

" Laws agreed upon in England, ^c. — I. That the charter 

> Reg. Penns. vol. i. pp. 337—340. 

2 Learning & Spicer, p. 444. Smith's N. J. p. 153. 



liberties con- 
firmed. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 569 

of liberties declared, granted, and confirmed the five and 1682. 
twentieth day of the second month, called April, 1682, before " ' — ' 
divers "witnesses, by William Penn, governor and chief pro- 
prietor of Pennsylvania, to all the freemen and planters of charter of 
the said province, is hereby declared and approved, and shall 
be for ever held as fundamental in the government thereof, 
according to the limitations mentioned in the said charter. 

" II. That every inhabitant in the said province that is or Quaiifica- 
shall be a purchaser of one hundred acres of land, or up- ^g"^^^ 
wards, his heirs and assigns, and every person who shall have 
paid his passage, and taken up one hundred acres of land at 
one penny an acre, and have cultivated ten acres thereof; 
and every person that hath been a servant or bondman, and 
is free by his service, that shall have taken up his fifty acres 
of land, and cultivated twenty thereof; and every inhabitant, 
artificer, or other resident in the said province, that pays scot 
and lot to the government, shall be deemed and accounted a 
freeman of the said province ; and every such person shall 
and may be capable of electing or being elected representa- 
tives of the people in provincial council or general assembly 
in the said province. 

"III. That all elections of members or representatives of Election, 
the people and freemen of the province of Pennsylvania, to p^g^^'c^"^ 
serve in provincial council or general assembly, to be held 
within the said province, shall be free and voluntary, and that 
the elector that shall receive any reward or gift, in meat, 
drink, moneys, or otherwise, shall forfeit his right to elect ; 
and such person as shall directly or indirectly give, promise, ♦ 

or bestow such reward as aforesaid, to be elected, shall forfeit 
his election, and be thereby incapable to serve as aforesaid : 
and the provincial council and general assembly shall be the 
sole judges of the regularity or irregularity of the elections 
of their own respective members. 

<■<■ IV. That no money or goods shall be raised upon, or paid Taxes, &c. 
by any of the people of this province, by way of public tax, posed by 
custom, or contribution, but by a law for that purpose made; i'''^- 
and whosoever shall levy, collect, or pay any money or goods 
contrary thereto, shall be held a public enemy to the province, 
and a betrayer of the liberties of the people thereof. 

" V. That all courts shall be open, and justice shall neither au courts 
be sold, denied, or delayed. ^'^^^' 

" VI. That in all courts, all persons of all persuasions may 

72 3b2 



570 

1682. 



Persons may 
plead in 
their own 



Cause must 
be just. 
Regulations. 



Proceedings 
to be short, 
and in Eng- 
lish. 



Juries ; 
mode of se- 
lecting. 



Fees mode- 
rate, and to 
be hung up. 



Prisons to be 
work-houses. 



Bailable 
offences. 



False impri- 
sonment. 



Prisons free. 



WILLIAM PENN, PEOPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

freely appear in their own way, and according to their own 
manner, and there personally plead their own cause them- 
selves, or if unable, by their friend; and the first process 
shall be the exhibition of the complaint in court, fourteen 
days before the trial, and that the party complained against 
may be fitted for the same, he or she shall be summoned no 
less than ten days before, and a copy of the complaint de- 
livered him or her, at his or her dwelling-house. But before 
the complaint of any person be received, he shall solemnly , 
declare in court, that he believes in his conscience his cause 
is just. 

" VII. That all pleadings, processes, and records in court, 
shall be short, and in English, and in an ordinary and plain 
character, that they may be understood, and justice speedily 
administered. 

" VIII. That all trials shall be by twelve men, and as near 
as may be, peers or equals, and of the neighbourhood, and 
men without just exception. In cases of life, there shall be 
first twenty-four returned by the sheriflfs for a grand inquest, 
of whom twelve at least shall find the complaint to be true, 
and then the twelve men or peers, to be likewise returned by 
the sheriff, shall have the final judgment. But reasonable 
challenges shall be always admitted against the said twelve 
men, or any of them. 

" IX. That all fees in all cases shall be moderate, and set- 
tled by the provincial council and general assembly, and be 
hung up in a table in every respective court, and whosoever 
shall be convicted of taking more, shall pay twofold, and be 
dismissed his employment, one moiety of which shall go to 
the party wronged. 

" X. That all prisons shall be workhouses for felons, va- 
grants, and loose and idle persons, whereof one shall be in 
every county. 

" XI. That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sure- 
ties, unless for capital offences, where the proof is evident, or 
the presumption is great. 

" XII. That all persons wrongfully imprisoned or prose- 
cuted at law, shall have double damages against the informer 
or prosecutor. 

" XIII. That all prisons shall be free as to fees, food, and 
lodging. 

" XIV. That all lands and goods shall be liable to pay 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHAELES II. 571 

debts, except where there is legal issue, and then all the 1682. 
goods, and one-third of the land only. '— >— ' 

" XV. That all wills in writing, attested by two witnesses, 
shall be of the same force as to lands, as other conveyances, wnis. 
being legally proved within forty days, either within or 
without the said province. 

" XVI. That seven years quiet possession shall give an un- Right by 
questionable right, except in cases of infants, lunatics, married p°^''^^^'°°- 
women, or persons beyond the seas. 

" XVII. That all briberies and extortions whatsoever shall Bribery. 
be severely punished. 

" XVIII. That all fines shall be moderate, and saving Fines mode- 
men's contenements, merchandise, or wainage. ^^^'^' 

" XIX. That all marriages (not forbidden by the law of Marriages. 
God, as to nearness of blood and affinity by marriage) shall 
be encouraged ; but the parents or guardians shall be first 
consulted, and the marriage shall be published before it be 
solemnized, and it shall be solemnized by taking one another Ceremony. 
as husband and wife, before credible witnesses, and a certifi- 
cate of the whole, under the hands of parties and witnesses, 
shall be brought to the proper register of that county, and 
shall be registered in his office. 

"XX. And to prevent frauds and vexatious suits within Deeds, &c. to 
the said province, that all charters, gifts, grants, and convey- ana regis*^. 
ances of land, (except leases for a year or under,) and all t«rcd. 
bills, bonds, and specialties above five pounds, and not under 
three months, made in the said province, shall be enrolled or 
registered in the public enrolment office of the said province, 
within the space of two months next after the making thereof, 
else to be void in law. And all deeds, grants, and convey- 
ances of land, (except as aforesaid,) within the said province, 
and made out of the said province, shall be enrolled or regis- 
tered as aforesaid, within six months next after the making 
thereof, and settling and constituting an insolvent office or 
register within the said province, else to be void in law against 
all persons whatsoever. 

" XXI. That all defacers or corrupters of charters, gifts, Defacors, &c 
grants, bonds, bills, wills, contracts, and conveyances, or that ^^'^1^^^'^^ 
shall deface or falsify any enrolment, registry, or record, punished, 
within this province, shall make double satisfaction for the 
same, half whereof shall go to the party wronged, and they 



5T2 
1682. 



Register of 
births, &c. 



And of ser- 
vants. 



Lands of 
felons made 
liable. 



Estates of 
capital of- 
fenders. 



Witnesses' 
attestations. 



Perjury. 



One office 
at a time. 



Children to 
be taught 
trades, &c. 



Servants. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETAHY AND GOVEENOR. 

shall be dismissed of all places of trust, and be publicly dis- 
graced as false men. 

" XXII. That there shall be a register for births, mar- 
riages, burials, wills, and letters of administration, distinct 
from the other registry. 

" XXIII. That there shall be a register for all servants, 
where their names, time, wages, and days of payment shall 
be registered. 

" XXIV. That all lands and goods of felons shall be liable 
to make satisfaction to the party wronged twice the value ; 
and for want of lands or goods, the felons shall be bondmen, 
to work in the common prison or workhouse, or otherwise, till 
the party injured be satisfied. 

"XXV. That estates of capital offenders, as traitors and 
murderers, shall go one-third to the next of kin to the suf- 
ferer, and the remainder to the next of kin to the criminal. 

" XXVI. That all witnesses coming or called to testify 
their knowledge in or to any matter or thing in any court, or 
before any lawful authority within the said province, shall 
there give or deliver in their evidence or testimony, by 
solemnly promising to speak the truth, the whole truth, and 
nothing but the truth, to the matter or thing in question. 
And in case any person so called to evidence shall be con- 
victed of wilful falsehood, such person shall suffer and undergo 
such damage or penalty as the person or persons against v»'hom 
he or she bore false witness, did or should undergo ; and shall 
also make satisfaction to the party wronged, and be publicly ex- 
posed as a false witness, never to be credited in any court, or 
before any magistrate, in the said province. 

" XXVII. And to the end that all ofScers chosen to serve 
within this province, may, with more care and diligence, an- 
swer the trust reposed in them, it is agreed, that no such 
person shall enjoy more than one public office at one time. 

" XXVIII. That all children within this province, of the 
age of twelve years, shall be taught some useful trade or skill, 
to the end none may be idle, but the poor may work to live, 
and the rich, if they become poor, may not want. 

" XXIX. That servants be not kept longer than their time, 
and such as are careful be both justly and kindly used in 
their service, and put in fitting equipage at the expiration 
thereof, according to custom. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 573 

"XXX. That all scandalous and malicious reporters, back- 1682. 
biters, defamers, and spreaders of false news, whether against ' '~~' 
magistrates or private persons, shall be accordingly severely 
punished, as enemies to the peace and concord of this province. 

" XXXI. That for the encouragement of the planters and charter of 
traders in this province, who are incorporated into a society, ^""^^ Traders 

■i ' ir J 1 confirmed. 

the patent granted to them by William Penn, governor of the 
said province, is hereby ratified and confirmed. 

"XXXII. * * « .K ^1= * * * 

"XXXIII. That all factors or correspondents in the said Breach of 
province, wronging their employers, shall make satisfaction ^™^*' 
and one-third over, to the said employers ; and in case of the 
death of any such factor or correspondent, the committee of 
trade shall take care to secure so much of the deceased 
party's estate as belongs to his said respective employers. 

" XXXIV. That all treasurers, judges, masters of the rolls, officers and 
sheriffs, iustices of the peace, and other officers and persons ^lectors to 

^ . believe m 

whatsoever, relating to courts or trials of causes, or any other jesus Christ. 
service in the government, and all members elected to serve 
in provincial council and general assembly, and all that have 
right to elect such members, shall be such as' profess faith iu 
Jesus Christ, and are not convicted of ill-fame, or unsober 
and dishonest conversation, and that are of twenty-one years 
of age at least ; and that all such so qualified, shall be capa- 
ble of the said several employments and privileges as aforesaid. 

" XXXV. That all persons living in this province who Eeiigioua 
confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and Sternal God, ^^'°^^^- 
to be the Creator, Upholder, and Ruler of the world, and 
that hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably 
and justly in civil society, shall in noways be molested or 
prejudiced for their religious persuasion or practice in matters 
of faith and worship ; nor shall they be compelled at any 
time to frequent or maintain any religious worship, place or 
ministry whatever. 

" XXXVI. That according to the good example of primi- observance 
tive Christians, and the ease of the creation, every first day of^t^^e lord's 
of the week, called the Lord's Day, people shall abstain from 
their common daily labour, that they may the better dispose 
themselves to worship God according to their understandings. 

"XXXVII. That as a careless and corrupt administration au offences 
of justice drawls the wrath of God upon magistrates, so the tolbrTu"^ 
wildness and looseness of the people provoke the indignation isted. 



574 
1682. 



Crimes to 'be 
punished. 



laws to he 
published, 
exhibited, 
and annual- 
ly read. 



Alterations 
by consent 
of six- 
eevenths of 
the freemen. 

Additions 
and amend- 
ments. 



Date. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

of God against a country ; therefore, that all offences against 
God, as swearing, cursing, lying, profane talking, drunken- 
ness, drinking of healths, obscene words, incest, sodomy, 
rapes, whoredom, fornication, and other uncleanness, (not to 
be repeated,) all treasons, misprisons, murders, duels, felony, 
sedition, maims, forcible entries, and other violences to the 
persons and estates of the inhabitants within this province : 
all prizes, stage-plays, cards, dice, May-games, gamesters, 
masks, revels, bull-baitings, cock-fightings, and the like, which 
excite the people to rudeness, cruelty, looseness, and irreligion, 
shall be respectively discouraged, and severely punished, ac- 
cording to the appointment of the governor and freemen in 
provincial council and general assembly, as also all proceed- 
ings contrary to these laws, that are not here made expressly 
penal. 

"XXXVIII. That a copy of these laws shall be hung up 
in the provincial council, and in public courts of justice, and 
that they shall be read yearly at the opening of every pro- 
vincial council and general assembly, and court of justice ; 
and their assent shall be testified, by their standing up after 
the reading thereof, 

" XXXIX. That there shall be at no time any alteration 
of any of these laws, without the consent of the governor, 
his heirs or assigns, and six parts of seven of the freemen, 
met in provincial council and general assembly. 

" XL. That all other matters and things not herein pro- 
vided for, which shall and may concern the public justice, 
peace, or safety of the said province, and the raising and im- 
posing taxes, customs, duties, or other charges whatsoever, 
shall be, and are hereby referred to the order, prudence, and 
determination of the governor and freemen in provincial 
council and general assembly, to be held from time to time 
in the said province. 

" Signed and sealed by the governor and freemen aforesaid, 
the fifth day of the third month, called May, one thousand 
six hundred and eighty-two."^ 

Penn wrote to several persons whom he supposed were set- 
tled within his bounds, the following letter, warning them not 
to pay taxes to Lord Baltimore,^ dated September 16, 1681 : 



1 Reg. Penns. vol. i. pp. 357 — 359. Votes of Assembly, vol. i. 

2 This letter is from a copy in the Land-Office, which we have met with only 
now, which will account for its not being inserted in its proper place. 




W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 

"London, 16th of 7th month, 1681. 
« My friends — I hope I do not improperly call you so, be- 
cause in being so you will extremely befriend yourselves, as 
well as perform an act of duty to the king and justice to me. Letter from 

"I am equally a stranger to you all, but you being repre- ^^^'J^^^^^jj 
sented men of substance and reputation in that part of the eastern 
bay which I presume falls within my patent, I chose to take ^'^°'^*'" 
this opportunity to begin your acquaintance, and by you with 
the rest of the people on your side of my country, and do 
assure you and them that I will be so far from taking any , 

advantage to draw great profits to myself, that you shall find 
me and my government easy, fair, and just, and as you shall 
study to be fair and respectful to me and my just interests, I 
will not be short of giving you all reasonable assurances on 
my part that I will live kindly and well with you, and for 
this you have my word, under my hand. I think fit to caution 
you, (if within my bounds, as I am ready to believe, but I 
desire no more than my own,) that none of you pay any more 
taxes or sessments, by any order or law of Maryland, for if 
you do, it will be greatly to your own wrong, as well as my 
prejudice, though I am not conscious to myself, of such an 
insufficiency of power here with my superiors, as not to be 
able to weather the difficulty, if you should ; but the opinion 
I have of the Lord Baltimore's prudence, as well as justice, 
and of your regard to your own interests, and future good of 
your posterity, makes me to waive all objections of that na- 
ture, and to hope we shall all do the thing that is just and 
honest, (which is always wise,) according to our respective 
stations. I have no more to add, but my good wishes for all 
your happiness, and that by the help of Almighty God, next 
spring I shall have some testimony of my best endeavours to 
contribute towards it, as becomes my duty to God, to the 
king, and to their people. I am your real friend. 

" Signed, William Penn". 

"Pray salute me to all your neighbours." 

The superscription was, " For James Frisbie, Edward 
Jones, Augustus Herman, George Oulderfield, Henry Ward, 
and Henry Johnson, at their plantations in Pennsylvania." 

It appears, by the following instructions to Philip Ford, 
that not long after the departure of Thomas Holme, a list 
of the lands sold in England, L^eland, and Scotland, was 
prepared, to be sent to him. A copy of this list is in the 



576 WILLIAM PENN, PEOPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. Land Office at Harrisburg, giving the names of the several 

" — ' — ' purchasers, and the quantity of land to each ; from this list 

we have ascertained that the sales amounted to, at this time, 

junei. about 565,500 acres, in parcels of from 250 to 10,000 acres; 

List of of the latter quantity are two lots to the Free Society of 

lands sold in Traders, making up their 20,000 acres. It is entitled, "An 

England, to c t -i i • -n i • i i ttt-it 

be sent to account 01 the lands m Jrennsylvania, granted by Wimam 
T. Holme. Penn, Esq., &c., to several purchasers in England, Ireland, 
and Scotland, &c." Penn's order to Ford is as follows : 

" These are to authorize thee to set my name to the list 
of purchasers now to be sent away to Thomas Holme, my 
surveyor-general for that province. Given under my hand, 
this 22d day of the 3d month, 1682. William Penn." 
Ford's order to Holme is in these words : 
" To my loving friend, Thomas Holme, surveyor-general 
of Pennsylvania, greeting — These are to authorize thee to 
set out the surveyed bounds to the respective purchasers' use, 
according to the last lists of purchasers sent by Philip Ford, 
and by him signed, according to authority given him by me ; 
and for so doing, this shall be thy sufficient warrant. Given 
under my hand, this 22d day of 3d month, 1682. 

" Signed, William Penn, [l. s.] 

"per Philip Ford."* 
The first meeting of the Free Society of Traders was held 
Junes. in London, May 29, for choosing officers; the following were 
First meet- elected — Nicholas Moore, of London, medical doctor, presi- 
tkmof'offi-'^ dent ; John Simcock, of Pennsylvania, yeoman, deputy pre- 
cersofFree sidcnt ; Jamcs Claypoole, of London, merchant, treasurer; 
Traders"^ all to continuc for seven years : John Boy, of Wilts, surveyor, 
and the following committee of twelve, to reside in Pennsyl- 
vania, Thomas Brassey, Robert Turner, Thomas Holme, John 
Bezer, Francis Plumstead, Griffith Jones, Anthony Elton, 
James Harrison, John Blunston, Isaac Martin, Walter King, 
William Haige : Joseph Martin, of London, merchant, chief 
agent ; Philip Ford, of London, merchant, deputy agent ; 
William Sherlow, merchant, John Sweetapple, goldsmith, 
Thomas Barker, wine-cooper, Edward Pelrod, oilman, all of 
London, assistants. 

Agreed to request, through the governor, the first provin- 
cial council and assembly to be held in Pennsylvania ; " that 
the twenty-four assistants of the committees shall be chosen 
out of such subscribers that are most apt for managing the 
* See Appendix. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 577 

affairs there, and that by the assent and approbation of the 1682. 
governor, the provincial council, and general assembly afore- ' ^"~^ 
said, but that this shall not be a precedent hereafter." Every 
subscriber to pay 5 per cent, at subscribing. 

Another meeting of the Society of Free Traders was held, June 12. 
at which, having agreed to fine " disorderly talkers," and for Meeting of 
interrupting a speaker, or "speaking out of course," Id. for ReloirTto' 
first offence, od. for the second, and 6d. for the third, and 'buUda 
adding Francis Burroughs, Edward West, John Crow, and anTsenda' 
Francis Plumsted to the committee of advice, resolved to build letter to the 
" a glass-house, with all convenient speed, on the society's 
lands," and to send a deputy with a letter from the president, 
and some present, " to the Emperor of Canada and tributary 
king, to be prepared according to the wisdom of the com- 
mittee, in order to the engaging a trade." 

About this time, William Penn met with a very severe June, 
affliction, in the loss of his mother, "for whom he had the Death of 
deepest filial affection." "It is said that he was so affected ^^'^^'s'»°- 
by her death, that he was ill for some days."^ 

Thomas Holme, the surveyor-general, probably arrived 
about this time, and appears to have entered, very soon after 
it, upon his labours. 

At the next court at Upland, Markham does not appear to june 23. 
have been present. Jacob Fabricius is a plaintiff. There is a change of 
curious case of crim. con. The following record appears: i^a^^eof 

IVIa,rcu.s 

" The grant formerly made from Governor Markham to the Hook, 
inhabitants of Markus Hook, at their request, for the calling 
the name of the said town Chicester, which said grant bears 
date 20th April, 1682, and was read and published in the 
court held at Upland, June 13th, 1682, according to order, 
as a record thereof."" 

The society having appointed a messenger for Pennsylvania, june 29. 
wrote by him to the "Emperor of Canada," as directed, the 
following letter, in explanation of the views and objects of 
the society in its formation :^ 

"To THE Emperor op Canada, [l. s.] 
" London, the 19th day of the 4th month, called June, 1682. 
" Friend : I have sent you this letter and messenger, to let 

1 Clarkson, vol. i. p. 233. z Records at West Chester. 

3 Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 397. The original manuscript of this letter, on 
parchment, is in the Land-OfEce, at Harrisburg, so much defaced by rats as to 
render many words illegible ; these are supplied in the foregoing, and italicized. 
Another warning against the destruction of public documents ! 



578 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. you know that I am elected president of the Free Society of 
' ' ' Traders of Pennsylvania, and as I am such, have the power 
and free consent of all these good men to treat with you, 
Letter of the your kiugs, and your people, in all things pertaining to trade, 
theELperor ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ g^^® jo^ assurauce that all our intentions and 
of Canada, purposcs towards you are good and just ; and unto this mes- 
senger we have given full power to agree with you in ail 
things relating to our aifairs ; he is a good and just man ; 
what you do with him we will ratify and confw'wi without de- 
lays or exception, and you shall find that we are a people that 
love peace and justice, and are not afraid of war. Our God 
is a God of peace, a God of love, grace, mercy, and justice, 
and we are his followers, having the same principle, and will 
alwa.ys endeavour to be found in the like practice. He is 
always doing good unto all His creatures, whom you and we 
are ; we also being persuaded of this duty, have now resolved 
to seek to do you good in all we are able ; therefore, it will 
not be our faults if you are not happy in our neighbourhood, 
for we will be kind and loving to you at all times, and will be 
your friends, which thing we also expect from you, and can- 
not but suppose that you shall readily consider and accept of 
our kindness, and rejoice at it. And we are willing also to 
receive you into a perpetual friendship and protection among.si 
us. 

" In witness whereof, I do propose unto you, that we are 
willing to receive you, your kings and people in our society 
of trade, and if you will bring in your goods in our society 
for a free trade, you sAall greatly enrich yourselves by it, for 
we will improve it for you, as well as for us, and in so doing, 
you shall have what you and yours shall want of all good 
things, without being beholden to any other people whatsoever, 
for we and you being united, we shall take off your goods, 
and we shall help you with ours, to your content, so that the 
advantage shall be equal ; therefore it is your interest to 
command your kings and people to trade with us, thus united, 
alone, it being your proper advantage, and you yourself may, 
from time to time, come and see our trade and improvement, 
and take your iprojits which shall arise therefrom, proportion- 
ably to what you shall join with us : this we propose as a 
proper means to unite all our interests for ever. We shall 
be glad to see you the next spring, to conclude some good 
treaty together in peace ; and to show you that we are good 



I 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES 11. 579 

men, we Lave sent you this present ; Avhen we meet you, you 1682. 
s^all know tliis to be altogether true. In the mean time pre- " ' ' 
pare for trade, as we do. I rest your true friend, N. More.^ 

"Directed for the Emperor of Canada." 

William Penn also furnished the society with the following July i. 
introductory letter to the "emperor," soliciting his friendly 
offices : 

" The great God that made thee and me, and all the world, Letter from 
incline our hearts to love peace and iustice, that we may live wm. Penn 

,,,. to Emperor 

friendly together, as becomes the workmanship of the great of Canada, 

God. The King of England, who is a great prince, hath, for '^"^^^^ 

divers reasons, granted to me a large country in America, 

which, however, I am willing to enjoy upon friendly terms 

with thee; and this I will say, that the people who comes with 

me are a just, plain, and honest people, that neither make 

war upon others, nor fear war from others, because they will 

be just. I have set up a society of traders in my province, 

to traffic with thee and thy people, for your commodities, that 

you may be furnished with that which is good, at reasonable 

rates ; and that society hath ordered their president to treat 

with thee about a future trade, and have joined with me to 

send this messenger to thee with certain presents from us, to 

testify our willingness to have a fair correspondence with 

thee, and what this agent shall do in our names, we will agree 

unto. I hope thou will kindly receive him, and comply with 

his desires on our behalf, both with respect to land and trade. 

The great God be with thee. Amen. William Penn. 

" Philip Theodore Lehnman, secretary. 

"London, the 21st day of the 4th month, called June, 1682. "^ 

J. Claypoole, from whose letters we have already quoted, July 24. 
after all his doubts and uncertainties, finally has made up his J- ciaypooie 
mind to remove to Pennsylvania. He thus writes upon the Pe',^gyiva- 
subject to his brother : nia. 

"I have taken up resolutions to go next spring, with my Location of 
whole family, for Pennsylvania, so have not sent my orders probabiy'dj^ 
for a house or planting, but intend to do it when I come. I termmed. 
have 100 acres where our capital city is to he, upon the river 
near Sekuylkill and Peter Cock; there I intend to plant and 
build my first house.' '^ 

' So spelled here : in most other cases, Moore. 

2 From a copy taken from the original manuscript in the Land-Offioe at 
Harrisburg, certified by S. Workman, among the MSS. of Penns. Hist. See. 
Reg. Penns. vol. ix. p. 112. s Claypoole. 



580 WILLIAM PENN, PROPEIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. This extract seems to confirm the fact that the present lo- 
' — ■ — ' cation of Philadelphia had been decided upon by the com- 
missioners ; that Penn had been informed of the fact in 
England, and that he had communicated it to purchasers 
there. 

In the following extract we have some further information 
Further par- respecting the society, and of their plans and powers under 
ticuiars re- ^^^^ charter. The writer asrain alludes to the capital city : 

spectingtne o _ ^ ^ "^ . 

society. "We have erected a society for trade in Pennsylvania, 

according to enclosed book. We have already subscribed 
XlOjOOO stock, of which we receive at present but one-half 
part, which is about £5000, and after the arrival of the first 
ship belonging to the company in Pennsylvania, which may 
probably be in the eighth month next, the subscriptions will 
continue for six months following ; so if there be any friend 
or acquaintance of thine that is inclined to join with us, I 
desire thee to encourage it, for the greater the stock the more 
easily will it bear the charge, for we could very well employ 
,£20,000 stock. One Doctor Moore, a very worthy, ingenious 
person, is chosen president, John Symcock, of Pennsylvania, 
deputy president. I am chosen treasurer. They allow the 
president £150, deputy and treasurer each XlOO per annum, 
agreed for seven years to come. We are to send out 100 ser- 
vants to build houses, to plant and improve land, and for cat- 
tle, and to set up a glass-house, for bottles, drinking glass, 
and window glass, to supply the islands and continent of 
America ; and we hope to have wine and oil for merchandise, 
and some corn ; however, hemp for cordage, and for iron and 
lead, and other minerals, we have no doubt of; so that through 
the blessing of God, we may hope for a great increase, and 
it may come to be a famous company. We have sent a mes- 
senger to the emperor and kings, to settle a constant friend- 
ship and trade between us, and have sent them divers presents 
in the name of the society, and do reserve about £2000 for 
the beaver and fur trade and skins. We have bought 20,000 
acres of land, and shall have 400 acres of it in the capital 
city, where our house must be built, with divers Avarehouses 
and offices. As for the governor, William Penn, he has been 
and will be very kind to us, besides his subscription, which is 
considerable. He has given us the quit-rent of all our land, 
and most ample patent or charter, to be confirmed by the 
first general assembly in Pennsylvania, with as many privi- 



W. MAEKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES 11. 581 

leges as we could desire, wlierelby we are a corporation, a 1682. 
lordship, and manor, having a magistracy and government '''"' ' 
within ourselves, the three principal officers aforesaid being 
justices of the peace. "^ 

In a letter, a short time afterwards, he says, " I may send a map of 
thee a map of Pennsylvania, and William Penn's book about ^"°°^^^^''" 
it, and the laws agreed on, and what other papers may be 
necessary for thy perusal." By whom was this map pre- 
pared ? Was it by Holme, before he left England, and from 
materials furnished by the commissioners ? If so, it was pro- 
bably only an outline, and filled up afterwards, as we now 
see it. 

The first purchase of lands made by or for Penn, from the July 25. 
Indians, that we have seen any account of, was the following, 
made by William Markman, of lands near Neshaminy. The 
Dutch, Swedes, and English, before Penn's time, as we have 
seen, had made similar purchases. This is a copy taken from 
the original deed on parchment, remaining in the Secretary 
of State's office at Harrisburg : 

" This indenture, made the 15th day of July, in the year Deed ba- 
of our Lord, according to English account, 1682, between ^^^^ ^'^^ 
Idquahon, Jeanottowe, Idquoquequon, Sahoppe, for himself theindiang, 
and Ocomickon, Merkekowan, Oreckton, for Nannacussey, about Fails 
Shaurwaughon, Swanpisse, Nahoosey, Tomackhickon, Wes- of^eia- 
kekitt, and Tohawsis, Indian sachamakers, of the one part, 
and William Penn, chief proprietor, &c., on the other, wit- 
nesseth, that for and in consideration of the sums and quan- 
tities of goods, merchandises, and utensils hereinafter men- 
tioned and expressed, (that is to say,) 350 fathoms of wampum, 
20 white blankets, 20 fathoms of strawdwaters, 60 fathoms 
of duffields, 20 kettles, (4 whereof large,) 20 guns, 20 coats, 
40 shirts, 40 pair stockings, 40 hoes, 40 axes, 2 barrels pow- 
der, 200 bars lead, 200 knives, 200 small glasses, 12 pair 
shoes, 40 copper boxes, 40 tobacco tongs, 2 small barrels of 
pipes, 40 pair scissors, 40 combs, 24 pounds red lead, 100 awls, 
2 handsful fish-hooks, 2 handsful needles, 40 pounds shot, 
10 bundles beads, 10 small saws, 12 drawing-knives, 4 ankers 
tobacco, 2 ankers rum, 2 ankers cider, 2 ankers beer, and 
300 guilders, by the said William Penn, his agents or assigns, 
to the said Indian sachamakers, for the use of them and their 
people, at and before sealing and delivery hereof, in hand 

' Claypoole. 



582 WILLIAM PENN, PROPEIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. paid and delivered, whereof and -wherewitli they the said 
' — ■ — ' sachamakers do hereby acknowledge themselves fully satisfied, 
contented and paid, the said Indian sachamakers, parties to 
July 25. these presents, as well for and on behalf of themselves, as for 
Indian deed and on behalf of their respective Indians or people for whom 
to Markham ^hey are concerned, have granted, bargained, sold, and deli- 
vered, and by these presents do fully, freely, and absolutely 
grant, bargain, sell, and deliver unto the said William Penn, 
his agents and assigns for ever, all that or those tract or 
tracts of land lying and being in the province of Pennsylvania 
aforesaid, beginning at a certain white oak in the land now 
in the tenure of John Wood, and by him called the Gray- 
stones, over against the Falls of Delaware River, and so from 
thence up by the river side, to a corner-marked spruce-tree, 
with the letter P, at the foot of a mountain, and from the 
said corner-marked spruce-tree, along by the ledge or foot of 
the mountains west-north-west, to a corner white oak, marked 
with letter P, standing by the Indian path that leads to an 
Indian town called Playwicky, and near the head of a creek 
called Towsissinck, and from thence west to the creek called 
Neshammony's Creek, and along by said Neshammony's 
Creek unto the River Delaware, alias Makerisk-kitton, and 
so bounded by the said main river to the said first-mentioned 
white oak in John Wood's land, and all those islands called 
or known by the several names of Mattinicunk Island, Se- 
passnick's Island, and Oreckton's Island, lying or being in 
the said River Delaware, together also, with all and singular 
the isles, islands, rivers, rivulets, creeks, waters, ponds, lakes, 
plains, hills, mountains, meadows, marshes, swamps, trees, 
woods, mines, minerals, and appurtenances whatsoever to the 
Said tract or tracts of land belonging, or in anywise apper- 
taining, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and re- 
mainders thereof, and all the estate, right, title, interest, use, 
property, claim, and demand whatsoever, as well of them the 
Indian sachamakers, (parties to these presents,) as of all and 
every other the Indians concerned therein, or in any part or 
parcel thereof; to have and to hold the said tract and tracts 
of land, islands, and all and every other the said granted 
premises, with their and every of their appurtenances, unto 
the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns for ever, to the 
only use and behoof of the said William Penn, his heirs and 
assigns, for evermore. And the said Indian sachamakers, 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— C PI ARLES II. 583 

their heirs and successors, and every of them, the said tract or 1682. 
tracts of land, islands, and all and every other the said ' ' ' 
granted premises, with their and every of their appurtenances, 
unto said William Penn, his heirs and assigns for ever, against Juiy 25. 
them the said Indian sachamakers, their heirs and successors, Indian ueed 
and against all and every Indian and Indians, and their heirs '=°'i*"^'^"^- 
and successors, claiming or to claim any right, title, or estate 
into or out of the said granted premises, or any part or par- 
cel thereof, shall and will warrant and for ever defend, by 
these presents. In witness whereof, the said parties to these 
presents interchangeably have set their hands and seals, the 
day and year first above written, 1682. 

" Signed, William Markham, 

" Deputy Governor to William Penn, Esq. 

" Sealed and delivered in presence of Kowyockhicken, 
Alloiwham, &c., Lasse Cock, Richard Noble, Thomas Revell. 

"Recorded p. 50, &c. — N. B. Boileau, secretary." 

There is a duplicate^ of the foregoing, with a memorandum 
dated August 1, 1682, rectifying certain mistakes, or explain- 
ing some items, viz. " the number of 10 guns more than we 
mentioned, which we should have received, we now acknow- 
ledge the receipt of from William Penn." The 350 fathoms 
of wampum, quality not expressed, means, " to be one-half 
white wampum and one-half black." " Pecerappamand, Py- 
terhay, and Elkpamachitte, Indian sachamakers, who were 
the right owners of the land called Soepassincks, and of the 
island of the same name, and who did not formerly sign and 
seal the within deed, nor were present when the same was 
done," now confirm the proceedings.^ 

It is probable that William Penn availed himself of the August 24. 
advice of persons whom he deemed capable of furnishing it, 
calculated to be useful to him in the settlement or manage- 
ment of his colony. Among these was perhaps the celebrated 
Sir William Petty, who wrote at least two letters to him on 
the subject. The second letter exists at Harrisburg, in the 
Land-Ofiice, apparently original, directed to William Penn, 
then in London, though without the name of the writer, but 
endorsed as from him, of which it shows internal evidence. 
His views are curious and prospective, and it is highly pro- 

' This spells the name of the river, Makerisk-Hickon. 

2 Recorded in Secretary's Office at Harrisburg, in book of " Records of 
Charters and Indian Deeds," pp. 50 — 52. 



584 



1682. 



August 24. 

Letter of 
Sir William 
Petty to 
Wm. Penn, 
viewing 
Pennsylva- 
nia politico- 
economical- 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

bable may have suggested hints of vv^hich Penn availed him- 
self afterwards. 

" London, 14th August, 1682. 

" Old friend — My opinion is, that not only Pennsylvania, 
but all the habitable land upon the faice of the earth will 
(within the next fifteen hundred years) be as fully peopled as 
England is now ; that is to say, that there will be a head for 
every four acres of land, whereas in Ireland there are about 
ten acres to every head, the medium whereof is seven. 
Wherefore, when God sendeth you to Pennsylvania, I advise 
you to take a perfect account of every soul within your ter- 
ritory and jurisdiction, and then to set out a piece of land 
containing seven times that number in acres, which land 
ought to be chosen for its situation, healthfulness, and fer- 
tility, and to be defensible by nature, as much as may be. 
It is not likely that in seven years that your people will in- 
crease so fast as to bring your said seven acres to four acres 
per head. Wherefore making no alteration in seven years, I 
■would then again number the inhabitants, and add to the first 
parcel such another parcel as might contain seven times as 
many acres as was the number of increase of people, and 
would consider whether it were best to make this additional 
parcel contiguous to the first, or a new colony distant from it. 

" It may be here objected, how this method would agree 
with the disposures which you have already made of great 
scopes of land within your territory, for such scopes may be 
so set out, as by this method to have no people at all, to the 
total loss of those who purchased from you. 

" To which I answer, 1. That I would have the whole ter- 
ritory of Pennsylvania valued, suppose at ,£20,000, more or 
less, and suppose you have received £8000 for shares out of 
the same, I should then think it reasonable that yourself 
should have but three-fifths of the profit of any new planta- 
tion or colony, and that your purchasers should have the other 
two-fifths, to be proportionably divided amongst them by lot 
or agreement. My next consideration is, how to make a pro- 
portion between the value of your lands and hands, which I 
will suppose, by the example of England, to be as one to 
three, that is to say, that the rent of the land peopled as 
above mentioned, is to be one-quarter part of all that is pro- 
duced or gained by the said inhabitants, which, when you can 
value by silver, then you may pronounce not only what your 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES 11. 585 

land is locally worth in commodities, but universally in 1682. 
silver. " ^"^ 

" It is to be feared, tbat if lands fit and prepared for til- 
lage be "worth in England but one-quarter of the produce, August. 
that in Pennsylvania the best uncultivated lands cannot be wm. Petty's 
worth so much, by the labour which must be bestowed in |^"°'^'^^" 

' "^ _ tmued. 

making them as fit for use as the lands in England already 
are. 

"I also think it not amiss (supposing your territory to be 
200 miles square) to conceive it divided into 400 parts or 
squares, of ten miles in the side, and thereupon supposing the 
whole to be worth £20,000, and each of the said squares £50 
at a medium, I say I would have each of the said squares 
valued at more or less than the said £50, as the hopes of 
their being planted appears to be, but so as that the whole 
may amount to the just sum of £20,000, and according to 
this method, with a lot cast upon it, every one of the pur- 
chasers may have his whole scope set out together where his 
lot falleth, and his lot may fall upon land which may be forth- 
with planted, or which may not be planted till five hundred 
years hence, or perhaps not till the last century of fifteen 
hundred years above mentioned. 

" I conclude with repeating what I mentioned in my former 
letter, that by degrees a perfect survey may be made of your 
whole territory, with divisions of the same, according to the 
bounds of nature, with a description of the animals, vege- 
tables, and minerals appearing upon them ; for such a survey 
[would give] great light to your plantation and foreign com- 
merce. I am your faithful friend." 

[No signature, but endorsed " Sir William Petty's letter, 
and directions about Pennsylvania."] 

Thomas Holme, surveyor-general, not long after his arrival, August. 
convened the Indians, and read to them the following letter Letter of 
from William Penn, with which he had been charged. A ^^g^^*^ 
fac-simile of this letter is hung up in the hall of the Histori- Indiana. 
cal Society. It is to be regretted that Holme does not men- 
tion the place where he read it to the Indians ; some suppose 
it was at Shackamaxon. 

" The great God, who is the power and wisdom that made 
you and me, incline your hearts to righteousness, love, and 
peace. This I send to assure you of my love, and to desire 
your love to my friends, and when the great God brings me 

74 



586 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOYERNOR. 

1682. among you, I intend to order all things in such a manner 

■■ — ' — ' that we may all live in love and peace one with another, 

which I hope the great God will incline both me and you to 

Another let- do. I scek nothing but the honour of His name, and that 

terfrom ^iq are His workmanship, may do that which is well- 

Wm. Perm to ' . . 

the Indians, pleasing to Him. The man which delivers this unto you is 
th^*by T. ^J special friend, sober, wise, and loving ; you may believe 
Holme. hiva. I havc already taken care that none of my people 
wrong you, by good laws I have provided for that purpose ; 
nor will I ever allow any of my people to sell rum, to make 
your people drunk. If any thing should be out of order, 
expect, when I come, it shall be mended, and I will bring 
you some things of our country that are useful and pleasing 
to you. So I rest in the love of our God that made us. 

" I am your loving friend, William Penn. 
« England, 21st of second month, 1682. 
" I read this to the Indians, by an interpreter, the sixth 
month, 1682.— Thomas Holme." 

The Duke of York executed a deed for Pennsylvania to 
August 31. William Penn, by way of security against any pretensions 
which might at any time be set up by the duke to this 
province. 

" The DuJce of York's Deed for Pennsylva^iia. — This 
She Duke of indenture, made the one and twentieth day of August, in the 
to^wipSn four and thirtieth year of the reign of our sovereign lord 
for Pennsyi- Charlcs the Sccond, by the grace of God, of England, Scot- 
^'""*" land, France, and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c. 

Annoque Domini 1682, between the most illustrious prince, 
his royal highness, James, duke of York and Albany, earl of 
Ulster, &c., of the one part, and William Penn, esquire, son 
and heir of Sir William Penn, knight, deceased, of the other 
part : Whereas his royal highness, being willing and desirous 
that the tract or part of land called Pennsylvania, hereinafter 
mentioned, should be granted and assured unto the said Wil- 
liam Penn, and his heirs, and for that purpose having signified 
and declared his assent thereunto, to the right honourable 
the lords of the committee of plantations, his said majesty, 
by his letters-patent under the great seal of England, bearing 
date the 4th day of March, in the three and thirtieth year of 
his reign, for the considerations therein mentioned, did grant 
unto the said William Penn, and his heirs, all that tract or 
part of land in America, with the islands therein contained, 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES 11. 587 

and thereunto belonging, as the same is bounded and described 1682. 
in and bj the said letters-patent, and therein called Pennsyl- ' '"^ 
vania, together with the several royalties, franchises, jurisdic- 
tions, and privileges therein contained. And whereas, in consi- Duke's deed 
deration of five shillings, and for the considerations hereinafter ^°'^ ^ennsyi- 

. ... vaiua. 

mentioned, his said royal highness is willing and pleased to 
confirm and make any farther assurance of the said tract of 
land and premises, unto the said William Penn, and his heirs. 
" Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that his said 
royal highness, out of a special regard to the memory and 
many faithful and eminent services heretofore performed by 
the' said Sir William Penn, to his said majesty and royal 
highness, and for the better encouraging him, the said Wil- 
liam Penn, to proceed in cultivating and improving the said 
tract of ground, and islands therein and thereunto belonging, 
and reducing the savage and barbarous natives thereof to 
civility, and for the goodwill which his said royal highness 
hath and beareth to the said William Penn, and for other good 
causes and considerations, hath remised, released, and for 
ever quit claim, and by these presents doth for him and his 
heirs, remise, release, and for ever quit claim, unto the said 
William Penn, (in his peaceable possession now being,) his 
heirs and assigns, all the estate, right, title, interest, rents, 
services, duties, payments, property, claim, and demand what- 
soever, of his said royal highness, of, into, or out of the said 
tract of land, and all and singular other the lands, islands, 
tenements, hereditaments, and other things comprised in the 
said recited letters-patent, and within the bounds and limits 
therein mentioned, to have and to hold the said tract of land, 
rents, services, hereditaments, and premises, unto the said 
William Penn, his heirs, to the only use and benefit of the 
said William Penn, his heirs and assigns for ever. In witness 
whereof, his royal highness hath to these presents set his 
hand and seal, the day and year first above written. 

" James, [l. s.] 

" Sealed and delivered in the presence of J. Werden and 
George Mann."^ 

Having made arrangements with the Duke of York, for Septembers 
the " territories," William Penn obtains from him a regular 
transfer of them, in two instruments termed " deeds of feoif- 
ment," both dated on the 24th of August, one being for New 

I Reg. Penns. vol, i. p, 375. 



588 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. Castle, and twelve miles about it, and the other for the lands, 
' ' ' &c., between New Castle and Cape Henlopen. To these ter- 
ritories Lord Baltimore entered a claim, which led to a long 
and irritating controversy, as will hereafter appear. The 
Duke of York himself did not obtain from the king a regular 
conveyance of them till 22d March, 1683. 

" The Duke of York's Deed of Feoffment of Neio Castle, 
Dsed of and twelve miles circle, to William Penn. — This indenture, 
NewTa^tie"^ made the four and twentieth day of August, in the four and 
and twelve thirtieth year of the reign of our sovereign lord Charles the 
jt.' Secqnd, by the grace of God, of England, Scotland, France, 

and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c., Annoque Do- 
mini 1682, between the most illustrious prince, his royal 
highness, James, duke of York and Albany, earl of Ulster, &c., 
of the one part, and William Penn, esquire, son and heir of 
Sir William Penn, knight, deceased, of the other part, wit- 
nesseth, that his said royal highness, out of a special regard 
to the memory and many faithful and eminent services here- 
tofore performed by the said Sir William Penn to his said 
majesty and royal highness, and for the good will which his 
royal highness hath and beareth to the said William Penn ; 
and for and in consideration of the sum of ten shillings, to 
him in hand paid by the said William Penn, at and before the 
sealing and delivery hereof, the receipt whereof is hereby 
acknowledged, and for other good causes and considerations, 
doth bargain, sell, enfeoff, and confirm unto the said William 
Penn, his heirs and assigns, for ever, all that the town of 
New Castle, otherwise called Delaware, and all that tract of 
land lying within the compass or circle of twelve miles about 
the same, situate, lying, and being upon the River Delawaxe, 
in America, and all islands in the said Kiver Delaware, and 
the said river and soil thereof, lying north of the southern- 
most part of the said circle of twelve miles about the said 
town, together with all rents, services, royalties, franchises, 
duties, jurisdictions, liberties, and privileges thereunto be- 
longing ; and all the estate, right, title, interest, powers, 
property, claim, and demand whatsoever, of his said royal 
highness, of, in, or to the same, or any part or parcel thereof: 
saving always, and reserving to his said royal highness, his 
agents and servants, free use of all ports, ways, and passages 
into, through, and out of the bargained premises, and every 
part and parcel thereof: to have and to hold the said town 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 589 

and circle of twelve miles of land about the same, islands, 1682. 
and all other the before-mentioned or intended to be hereby ' '~~' 
bargained premises, with their appurtenances, unto the said 

William Penn, his heirs and assigns, to the only use and DukVsdeed 

benefit of the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns for !$"^ !!'''^, 

' o Castle, lice. 

ever, yielding and paying therefor yearly and every year, 
unto his said royal highness, his heirs and assigns, the sum of 
five shillings of lawful money of England, at the Feast of 
St. Michael the Archangel only. And the said William Penn, 
for himself, his heirs and assigns, doth covenant and grant, 
to and with his said royal highness, his heirs and assigns, by 
these presents, that he, the said William Penn, his heirs and 
assigns, shall and will well and truly pa}'', or cause to be paid, 
to his said royal highness, his heirs and assigns, the said 
yearly rent of five shillings, at the days whereon the same is 
reserved to be paid as aforesaid. And his said royal high- 
ness, for himself, his heirs and assigns, doth covenant and 
grant, to and with the said William Penn, his heirs and 
assigns, by these presents, that his said royal highness, his 
heirs and assigns, will at any time or times hereafter, during 
the space of seven years next ensuing the date hereof, upon 
the request, and at the costs and charges in the law of the 
said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, do make and exe- 
cute, or cause or procure to be made, done, and executed, all 
and every such further act and acts, conveyances and assur- 
ances in the law whatsoever, for the further conveying and 
assuring the said town and circle of twelve miles of land 
about the same, and islands, and all other the premises, with 
the appurtenances, unto the said William Penn, his heirs and 
assigns for ever, as by the counsel, learned in the law of the 
said William Penn, his heirs or assigns, shall be reasonably 
devised, advised, or required. And his said royal highness 
hath hereby made, constituted, and appointed John Moll, of 
New Castle aforesaid, esquire, and Ephraim Harman, of New 
Castle aforesaid, gentleman, jointly, and either of them seve- 
rally, his true and lawful attorneys, and by these presents, 
doth give and grant unto the said John Moll and Ephraim 
Harman, his said attorneys, or either of them, full power 
and authority for him, and in his name and stead, into all and 
singular the premises hereinbefore mentioned, or intended to 
be hereby aliened, enfeofi'ed, and confirmed, and into every 
or any part or parcel thereof, in the name of the whole, to 

3D 



590 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. enter, and quiet and peaceable possession and seisin thereof, 
' ' ' or of any part or parcel thereof, in the name of the whole, 
to enter and receive. And after peaceable possession thereof 
had and taken as aforesaid, to deliver quiet and peaceable 
possession and seisin thereof, or of any part or parcel thereof, 
in the name of the whole, to the said William Penn, his heirs 
or assigns, or to his or their lawful attorney or attorneys, 
sufficiently authorized to receive and take the same, and him 
or them to leave in the quiet and peaceable possession thereof, 
according to the true intent and meaning of these presents. 
And his said royal highness doth hereby allow of, ratify, and 
confirm whatsoever the said John Moll and Ephraim Harman, 
his said attorneys, shall lawfully do, or cause to be done, in 
and about the premises, by virtue of these presents, to be as 
good and effectual in the law, to all intents and purposes 
whatsoever, as if his said royal highness had done the same 
in his own person, or had been present at the doing thereof. 
" In witness whereof, his said royal highness hath to these 
presents set his hand and seal, the day and year first above 
written. James, [l. s.] 

" Sealed and delivered in the presence of John Werden, 
George Mann."^ 

" The Duke of YorFs Deed of Feoffment of a tract of 
Deed of land tivelve miles south from Neiv Castle to the WhoreJcills, 
territorks°^ io William Peun. — This indenture, made the four and twen- 
southofNew tictli day of August, in the four and thirtieth year of the 
reign of our sovereign lord Charles the Second, by the grace 
of God, of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, king, 
defender of the faith, &c., Annoque Domini 1682, between 
the most illustrious prince, his royal highness, James, duke 
of York and Albany, earl of Ulster, &c., of the one part, 
and William Penn, esquire, son and heir of Sir William 
Penn, knight, deceased, of the other part, witnesseth, that 
his said royal highness, out of a special regard to the memory 
and many faithful and eminent services heretofore performed 
by the said Sir William Penn, to his said majesty and royal 
highness, and for the goodwill which his said royal highness 
hath and beareth to the said William Penn, and for and in 
consideration of the sum of ten shillings to him in hand paid 
by the said William Penn, at and before the ensealing and 
delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby 

> Reg. Penns. vol. i. pp. 375—376. 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 591 

acknowledged, and of the rent and covenants hereinafter 1682. 
reserved and contained, doth bargain, sell, enfeoff, and con- " ' ' 
firm unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, for 
ever, all that tract of land upon Delaware River and Bay, Deed of 
beginning twelve miles south from the town of New Castle, t^rrito^r^es^ 
otherwise called Delaware, and extending south to the Whore- continuea. 
kills, otherwise called Cape Henlopen, together with free and 
undisturbed use and passage into and out of all harbours, 
bays, waters, rivers, isles, and inlets, belonging to or leading 
to the same, together with the soil, fields, Avoods, underwoods, 
mountains, hills, fens, isles, lakes, rivers, rivulets, bays, and 
inlets, situate in or belonging unto the limits and bounds 
aforesaid, together with all sorts of minerals ; and all the 
estate, interest, royalties, franchises, powers, privileges, and 
immunities whatsoever, of his said royal highness therein, or 
in or unto any part or parcel thereof; saving always, and 
reserving to his said royal highness, his agents and servants, 
free use of all ports, ways, and passages into, through, and 
out of the said bargained premises, and every part and parcel 
thereof; to have and to hold the said tract of land, and all 
and singular other the premises, with the appurtenances, unto 
the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, to the only use 
and behoof of him, the said William Penn, his heirs and 
assigns, for ever, to be holden of his said royal highness, and 
his heirs, as of their castle at New York, in free and common 
soccage, yielding and paying therefor yearly and every year, 
to his said royal highness, his heirs and assigns, one rose, at 
the Feast of St. Michael the Archangel, yearly, if demanded. 
And the said William Penn, for himself, his heirs and assigns, 
doth covenant and agree to and with his said royal highness, 
his heirs and assigns, that he, the said William Penn, his 
heirs or assigns, shall and will, within the space of one year 
next ensuing the date of these presents, erect or cause to be 
erected and set up, one or more public office or offices of 
registry in or upon the said bargained premises, wherein he 
or they, or some of them, shall and will, amongst other things, 
truly and faithfully account, set down, and register, all and 
all manner of rents and other profits, which he or they, or 
any of them, shall by any ways or means make, raise, get, 
or procure of, in, or out of the said bargained premises, or 
any part or parcel thereof, and shall and will, at the Feast of 
St. Michael, the Archangel, yearly and every year, well and 



592 WILLIAM PI^NN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. truly yield, pay, and deliver unto his said royal highness, his 
' • ' heirs and assigns, one full moiety of all and all manner of 
rents, issues, and profits, as well extraordinary as ordinary, 
Deed of as sliall be made or raised upon, or by reason of the premises, 
territories" ^^ ^^J P^^'' thereof. And if it shall happen the same shall 
continued. \)q behind and unpaid, in part or in all, by the space of tvrenty 
days next after the same ought to be yielded, paid, or deli- 
vered, that then, and so often, it shall be lawful to and for 
his said royal highness, his heirs and assigns, to enter in and 
upon the said premises, or any part or parcel thereof, and 
there to distrain, and the distress and distresses there taken, 
to take and detain, until the said moiety, and arrears thereof, 
shall be well and truly satisfied and paid, together with all 
costs and damages for the same. And his said royal high- 
ness, for himself, his heirs and assigns, doth covenant and 
grant, to and with the said William Penn, his heirs and 
assigns, by these presents, that his said royal highness, his 
heirs and assigns, will at any time or times hereafter, during 
the space of seven years next ensuing the date hereof, upon 
the request, and at the costs and charges in the law of the 
said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, do, make, and exe- 
cute, or cause or procure to be made, done, and executed, all 
and every such further act and acts, conveyances and assur- 
ances in the law whatsoever, for the further conveying and 
assuring the said tract of land, and all and singular other the 
premises, with the appui'tenances, unto the said William Penn, 
his heirs and assigns for ever, as by the counsel learned in 
the law of the said William Penn, his heirs or assigns, shall 
be reasonably devised, advised, or required. And his said 
royal highness hath hereby made, constituted, and appointed 
John Moll, of New Castle aforesaid, esquire, and Ephraim 
Harman, of New Castle aforesaid, gentleman, jointly, and 
either of them severally, his true and lawful attorneys, and 
by these presents doth give and grant unto the said John 
Moll and Ephraim Harman, his said attorneys, or either of 
them, full power and authority for him, and in his name and 
stead, into all and singular the premises hereinbefore men- 
tioned, or intended to be hereby aliened, enfeolFed, and con- 
firmed, and into every or any part or parcel thereof, in the 
name' of the whole, to enter, and quiet and peaceable posses- 
sion and seisin thereof, or of any part or parcel thereof, in 
the name of the whole, to take and receive. And after 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY .—CHARLES II. 593 

peaceable possession thereof had and taken as aforesaid, to 1682. 
deliver quiet and peaceable possession and seisin thereof, or ' '~-' 
of any part or parcel thereof, in the name of the whole, to 
the said William Penn, his heirs or assigns, or to his or their Deed of 
lawful attorney or attorneys, sufficiently authorized to receive territories" 
and take the same, and him or them to leave in the quiet and continued, 
peaceable possession thereof, according to the true intent and 
meaning of these presents. And his said royal highness 
doth hereby allow of, ratify, and confirm whatsoever the said 
John Moll and Ephraim Harman, his said attorneys, shall 
lawfully do, or cause to be done, in and about the premises, 
by virtue of these presents, to be as good and effectual in the 
law, to all intents and purposes whatsoever, as if his said 
royal highness had done the same in his own person, or had 
been present at the doing thereof. 

" In witness whereof, his said royal highness hath to these 
presents set his hand and seal, the day and year first above 
written. James, [l. s.] 

" Sealed and delivered in the presence of J. Werden and 
George Mann."^ 

Having arranged all his business matters, and provided a Sept. ii. 
ship for his departure, William Penn prepares to embark on Penn sails 
board the ship Welcome, Captain Robert Greenway, master, i^°^ ^^^' 
of 300 tons. After writing a pathetic letter of advice to his Pennsyiva- 
wife and children, in company with several friends he departed welcome. 
for Deal, where he embarked, with about one hundred pas- 
sengers, chiefly Quakers, for Pennsylvania, the names of 
whom, with few exceptions, are now unknown to us. On the 
30th August, he addressed, from the Downs, "a salutation to 
all faithful friends in England," which is in print. ^ On or 
about the 1st of September, they took their final departure. 
Claypoole writes on the 3d, "we hope the 'Welcome,' with 
William Penn, is gotten away clear. "^ 

Markham is again present at a court at Upland ; his name Sept. 22. 
does not again appear. Markhaan at 

It is probable that soon after the arrival of Markham and '^°"'^*" 
the commissioners, they entered upon the discharge of their Sept. 29. 
duties. The purchase of land from the Indians has already 
been noticed, and there are numerous warrants for the survey 

« Reg. Penns. vol. i. pp. 429 — 430. 2 See « The Friend,'' vol. i. p. 47. 

3 Clarkson, vol. i. p. 242, where see the letter to his Vi'ife, &c. Proud, 
vol. i. p. 228. 

75 3d2 



694 WILIJAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. of lands, issued by them throughout the year, as may be seen 
"■ ' ' by the public records. But the primary object of their com- 
mission (see page 527) appears to have been the selection of 

Location of a Suitable location for "a great town." After providing for 

phk,'"^*^" *^^ comfortable accommodation, on their arrival at Upland, 
of the emigrants who no doubt accompanied them, the com- 
missioners were instructed by Penn to make a careful exami- 
nation, by sounding, of "the rivers and creeks," on his '< side 
of the Delaware," especially "Upland," to ascertain "where 
most ships may best ride, of deepest draft of water." Their 
first attention would be naturally directed to Upland, but 
how far up the river this examination extended, is perhaps 
unknown. Tradition says that Pennsbury was at one time 
selected for the town. The commissioners, however, as is 
well known, determined otherwise, by fixing the present site 
between Delaware and Schuylkill. When this choice was 
made, we have no means of ascertaining, but we presume, 
from the extract of a letter on page 579, that it must have 
been early in the year. As we have shown already, this 
site was early granted by the court of Upland to several 
Swedes named Swenson, from whom it was purchased, or to 
whom other land was given in exchange for it. On the arrival 
of the surveyor-general, in June, he and the commissioners 
probably proceeded to lay oil the ground into streets and 
lots, as nearly conformable to the general directions of Penn 
as possible ; names were assigned to the streets different from 
those which they now bear, as, for instance;^ Mulberry was 
Holmes street, Chestnut, Winn street. Walnut, Pool street, 
&c. ; and it is believed that the city itself received its pre- 
sent name about this time. These names were probably 
changed, and other alterations made, after Penn's arrival, 
which perhaps he alludes to, in his letter in 1683, when he 
says, " Philadelphia is at last laid out, to the general content 
of those here." The first residences of the settlers were 

First born in cavcs dug iuto the rivcr bank; in one of these, John Key 

Phiiadei- g ^]^g g^,gj. lyQ^^-^ child of Endish parents. 

On the 19th of 7th month, (September,) there was a dis- 

Distribntion tributiou of lots ou scvcral streets, as we learn from a copy 

° ■■' '^' of a record furnished by a friend, from an original book of 

warrants and surveys, then in the Recorder's Office of this 

city, which, unfortunately for our present purpose, cannot 

now be found. It is a certificate placed in connection with 



W. MARKHAM, DEPUTY.— CHARLES II. 595 

the names of the purchasers of Second street lots, No. 1 1682. 
to 54: ^^^^ 

" These lots were drawn before us, this 19th of 7th month, 
1682. — Signed, William Markham, Thomas Holme, William 
Haig, Griffith Jones." 

A similar certificate accompanies the drawing of Broad 
Street lots. Fourth street lots, and Back street lots, &c.^ The 
first house was commenced bj George Guest, in Front street, 
near the dock, and was unfinished when Penn arrived.^ 
Within less than a year thereafter, fourscore houses were 
erected.^ 

Claypoole says, "above fifty servants belonging to the so- octobori. 
ciety are going away in a great ship for Pennsylvania ; would Large ship 
suppose it is this nisht in the Downs ; it is about 500 tons, ^^^^ ^°^ 

'^ '■ ~ ' _ _ ' Pennsylva- 

called the Geofi'rey, Thomas Arnold, master. William Penn, nia. sixty 
and those friends in the Welcome, we hope may be half way °'' ^^^^/^^y 

' r J ,1 servants, 

there. There have been divers false reports to discourage and many 
people, as, of a ship from Bristol, with friends, being cast ^oard!°° 
away, and that Carolina was seized by the Spaniards." 

And two days later, he says, "Captain Arnold is in the October 3. 
Downs. I have sent by him an honest man, to build a house 
and plant an orchard, and clear some ground." He wants two 
negro men, and directs them to be sent " to John Goodson, 
chirurgeon to the Society of Traders, at Upland, in Pennsyl- 
vania, or, in his absence, to Ralph Withers, to whom I have 
given a letter of attorney to be deputy treasurer to the 
society till my arrival." " In the ship in the Downs is the 
president of the society, with about sixty or seventy servants, 
besides many other passengers. It is a great ship, near 
500 tons, and never was at sea. We reckon there may be 
near one thousand people gone this year."'^ 

Penn, not many months after the death of his own mother, 
was again afilicted by the decease of his wife's mother, Mary 
Penington ; she was to be buried on this day, 7th month, 21st, 
of course after Penn's departure from England. Under this 
date, Claypoole also, speaking of a servant whom he was 
sending over, says, " I expect he should enter upon my land 
where the first city is intended to he built."^ 

' See Appendix. 

2 Proud, vol. i. p. 235. 

3 The author hopes to avail himself of further information respecting the 
city, in his second volume, which want of space in the present precludes. 

* Claypoole's Letters. 5 Ibid. 



596 WILLIAM PENN, PROPEIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. Thomas Dungan was commissioned, by the Duke of York, 
' ''~~' to be governor of New York.^ 

About this time, the ship in which, as before stated, Presi- 

Novemiber. dcut Moorc, sixtj or sevcnty servants, and numerous other 

Arrival of passcngers left England, arrived in Pennsylvania, having had 

MoTre^&l ^'^^y twenty-nine days' passage. Another ship arrived about 

the same time, having been equally fortunate.^ 

After a prosperous passage of about two months, as Penn 
NoTembers. himsclf informs the "lords of plantations," he arrived on the 
Wm. Penn 24th of Octobcr, wliich was for many years observed as the 
amres at anniversary. But as a record of it at New Castle places it 

the capes. '' i 

on the 27th there, the only way to reconcile the two appears 

to be, to suppose that he intended to speak of his arrival at 

Deaths by the capcs. On the passage, several were attacked with small- 

smaii-poxon ^^^ many died. Richard Townsend, who was a fellow- 

the passage, i- ^ J ' 

passenger, thus speaks of Penn's services: "his good con- 
versation was very advantageous to all the company. His 
singular care was manifested in contributing to the necessities 
of many who were sick with the small-pox then on board, 
out of which company about thirty died." "We had many 
good meetings on board." 

The arrival of William Penn at New Castle is thus re- 
November 7. corded : 

" October 28 — On the 27th day of October, arrived before 

uncord of the town of New Castle, in Delaware, from England, William 

^j*^'^^'^["J' Penn, Esq., proprietary of Pennsylvania, who produced two 

possession Certain deeds of feoffment from the illustrious prince, James, 

of New cas- ^^^^ ^^ y^^j^,^ Albany, &c., for this town of New Castle, and 

twelve miles about it, and also for the two lower counties, the 

Whorekills and St. Jones's, which said deeds bore date the 

24th August, 1682 ; and pursuant to the tx'ue intent, purpose, 

and meaning of his royal highness in the same deeds, he the 

said William Penn received possession of the town of New 

Castle, the 28th of October, 1682."3 

This proves that Penn, when he spoke of his arrival as on 
the 24th, must have intended his entrance into the bay or 
capes. 

The following memorandum and certificates show the fact 
of delivery, and the ceremony by which it was attended: 
"New Castle, the 28th October, 1682. — Memorandum, 

' London Documents, vol. iv. p. 133. 2 Claypoole's Letters. 

" New Castle " Old Records transcribed," p. 2G1. 



CHAKLES 11. SQY 

that the day and year first above written, "William Pcnn, Esq., 1682. 
hy virtue of an instrument of indenture, signed and sealed '^ ' ' 
Tby his royal highness, James, duke of York, &e., did then 
and there demand possession and seisin of John Moll, Esq., Certificate of 
and Ephraim Harman, gentleman, (attorneys constituted by ^'eXuvcry 
his royal highness,) of the town of New Castle, otherwise of NewCas- 
called Delaware, with twelve miles circle or compass of the ' 
said town; that the possession and seisin was accordingly 
given by the said attorneys to the said William Penn, accord- 
ing to the usual form, by delivery of the fort of the said 
town, and leaving the said William Penn in quiet and peace- 
able possession thereof, and also by the dehvery of turf and 
twig, and water and fowle^ of the River Delaware, and that 
the said William Penn remained in the peaceable possession 
of the premises, as witness our hands and seals, the day 
abovesaid, and when the words and water and soyle of the 
River Delaware were interlined before us. Signed, Thomas 
Holme, William Markham, Arnoldus de la Grange, George 
Forman, James Graham, Samuel Land, Richard Tugels, Jo- 
seph Curies, John Smith. "^ 

The inhabitants of New Castle formally make the following 
pledge of obedience to Penn : 

" We, underwritten, being inhabitants of the town of New ^nd submis- 
Castle, upon Delaware River, having heard the indenture inhabitants. 
read made between his royal highness, James, duke of York 
and Albany, &c., and William Penn, Esq., governor and pro- 
prietor of the province of Pennsylvania, &c., wherein the 
said duke transferreth his right and title to New Castle, and 
twelve miles circle about the same, with all powers, and juris- 
dictions, and services thereunto belonging, unto the said Wil- 
liam Penn, and having seen, by the said duke's appointed 
attorneys, John Moll and Ephraim Harman, both of New Cas- 
tle, possession given, and by our governor, William Penn, Esq., - 
possession taken, whereby we are made subjects, under the 
king, to the said William Penn, Esq., we do hereby, in the 
presence of God, solemnly promise to yield to him all just 
obedience, and to live quietly and peaceably under his govern- 
ment. Witness our hands, this 28th day of October, Annoque 
1682. Signed, Arnoldus de la Grange, J. de Haes, H. V. 
D. Brieth, William Simpill, John Holmes, Hendrick Lem- 

• So in the record, but evidently intended for soyle, 
2 New Castle Records. Pea Patch Case, p. 21. 



598 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. mons, Joseph Moore, James Parmes, Jonas Arskins, Giles 
' ' ' Barrotts, Pieter Classen, Samuel Land."'^ 

On the same day he appointed William Markham his attor- 
ney to receive from Moll and Harman possession of counties 
below New Castle, which was accomplished a few days after- 
wards. 

One of Penn's first acts, after taking possession, was to 
November 7. commission justicos of the peace for New Castle. The ori- 
ginal commission is preserved at Harrisburg, in the Land- 
Office, from which we have copied the following : 

"William Penn, Esq., proprietor and governor of Pennsyl- 

Penn'acom- vania, Ncw Castlc, St. Jones, Whorekills, alias Deal, with 

^stices at t^^ir proper liberties : — I do, in the king's name, hereby con- 

Uew Castle, stitute and authorize you, John Moll, Peter Alricks, Johannes 

Lgation!"^" ' ^® Haes, William Simple, Arnoldus de la Grange, and John 

Cann, to be justices of the peace, and a court of judicature, 

for the town of New Castle, upon Delaware, and twelve miles 

north and west of the same, to the north side of Duck Creek, 

•whereof any four of you shall make a quorum, to act in the 

said employment and trust, for the preservation of the peace 

and justice of the province, according to law, hereby willing 

and charging all persons within the said limits, to take notice 

hereof, and accordingly to yield you all due and just obedience 

in the discharge of the said trust. And this commission to 

be of force for the space of one whole year, or until further 

ordered. Given under my hand and seal, in New Castle, this 

28th day of October, 1682. William Penn.^ 

"For my loving friends, John Moll, Peter Alricks, Jo- 
hannes de Haes, William Simple, Arnoldus de la Grange, 
and John Cann," whose acceptance and obligation, signed by 
themselves, is also preserved, as follows : 

" We, whose names are here subscribed, being by William 
Penn, Esq., proprietor and governor of the province of Penn- 
sylvania and New Castle, &c., appointed justices of peace for 
the town of New Castle, upon Delaware, and twelve miles 
north and west of the same, to the north side of Duck Creek, 
do hereby, in the presence of God, declare and solemnly pro- 
mise that we will, by the help of God, be just and true, and 
faithfully discharge our trust, in obedience to the same com- 
mission, and act therein according to the best of our under- 

' New Castle Records. Patent-Book A 2, p. 121, Harrisburg. 

2 All of the signature, except a part of the flourish, torn off by some Vandal. 



CHARLES II. 599 

standings. Witness our hands and seals. Given at Dela- 1682. 
ware, the 28th October, 1682." [Signed by all of them.] " '~~' 

John Carver, and Mary his wife, came over with Penn ; 
their daughter Mary, who married Isaac Knight, of Abingdon, November 7. 
is stated to have been " one of the first children born of Another 
English parents in Pennsylvania." Her birth is dated 28th fi'^^^"™- 
of 8th month, 1682. In a printed memorial of her, it is 
said, "she was born in or near Philadelphia." If the date 
of her birth be correct, she must have been born on the day 
of Penn's landing at New Castle. Giles Knight and wife, 
and son Joseph, also came over with Penn.-"^ 

From the following instructions, the original of which is in November 8. 
the Land-Office, it would appear, that on the next day after Letter of 
landing, Penn was at Upland, unless he dated the order as from ^^'T' ^f^^ 

° , . . notices to at- 

that place while at New Castle, considering the former, for tend court 
the time being, as his seat of government. The notice, at ^*^^'^^^^^' 
any rate, appears short, only three days before the meeting. 

" Ephraim Harman — With my love, this is to desire thee 
to despatch away a messenger, upon receipt hereof, with the 
enclosed letters, to the several persons and places they are 
directed to, that so they may be at New Castle, at the court, 
the 2d of 9th month, in which thou wilt oblige thy loving and 
true friend, William Penn. 

" Upland, 29th of 8th month, 1682. 

" Salute me to thy wife and kind neighbours. 

" Direct the enclosed letters and seal them. I will pay the 
messenger. W. P."- 

William Penn notifies William Clarke, Luke Watson, John a notice to 
Roads, John Avery, Hermanns Wiltbank, and Alexander l^^^^^ ^^^ 
Molestyn, of the deeds of feoffment ; desires them " to meet 
him next Thursday at New Castle, (November 2,) where he 
intends holding a general court for settling jurisdiction of 
these and your parts, in which they will oblige him. If there 
be any persons of note, or others, that desire to be present, 
they may come freely."^ 

James Harrison, afterwards Penn's steward, and who be- November 9. 
came also a useful public man, having, on the 5th September, 
left Liverpool in the ship " Submission," Captain James Set- 
tle, in company with Phineas Pemberton, his son-in-law, and 

' Smith's Pennsylvania, in Reg. Penns. vol. iii. p. 274. 

2 Copy from original in Land-Oifice at Harrisburg. 

3 Sussex Records, Breviat. 



600 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Arrival of 
James Har- 
rison, Phi- 
neas Pem- 
berton, and 
others. 



Settlement 
in Bucks 
county. 



Nov. 12. 



First court 
at New Cas- 
tle. 



their wives, children, and servants, and others, to the number 
of forty or fifty, (whose names are recorded in Bucks county,) 
arrived in Patuxent River, on the 30th October, where they 
were carried through the dishonesty of the captain, and much 
to their disadvantage. By the terms of their agreement, 
Settle was to receive <£4, 5s. per head for each person over 
twelve years of age, and £2, 2s. Qd. for each under twelve 
years, and 30s. per ton for their goods, and was to proceed 
to the Delaware or elsewhere in Pennsylvania, to the best 
convenience of the freighters. Their goods were landed at 
Choptank, where Harrison and Pemberton left their families 
at the house of William Dickinson, to proceed by land to their 
place of destination, which was near the Falls of Delaware, 
in Bucks county. When they arrived at Philadelphia, such 
was the want of accommodation, that they were unable to 
procure accommodation for their horses, and were obliged to 
turn them into the woods to graze, and subsequently, after 
diligent search, were unable to find them again, and were 
compelled to proceed on their journey to the falls without 
them, by water. William Yardley, an uncle of Pemberton, 
had arrived before them, (September 28,) at the falls, taken 
up land, and commenced erecting a dwelling. Phineas con- 
cluded to settle there, and next spring purchased a tract of 
300 acres, which he called " Grove Place," where they and 
their families did not arrive till May, 1683. ^ 

Agreeably to notice, a court was held at New Castle, at 
which the proprietary was present. The following are the 
proceedings : 

"A court was held at New Castle, in the name of our 
sovereign lord, King Charles II. &c., and by the commission 
and appointment of William Penn, Esq., proprietary and 
governor of Pennsylvania, &c., Thursday, 2d November, in 
the 34th year of his majesty's reign, A. d. 1682. 

" Present, Right Honourable Proprietary, and Captain Wil- 
liam Markham ; Mayor Thomas Holme, jVIt. William Haigh, 
Mr. John Simcock, Mr. Thomas Brazie, of the council ; John 
Moll, John de Haes, William Simpill, Arnoldus de la Grange, 
John Cann, justices. [See commission, October 28, 1682.] 

" The right honourable proprietary, William Penn, by his 
public speech, directed to the inhabitants in general, did in 



' MSS. Biographical Sketch, by W. Carr, of Doylestown, prepared from 
reliable sources. 



CHARLES 11. 601 

open court declare tlia.t lie had appointed and called this court 1682. 
chiefly to signify and declare unto them, in a more public ' • ' 
manner, First, that it had graciously pleased the illustrious 
prince, James, duke of York and Albany, &c., to give and Penn'a 
grant unto him this town of New Castle and its precincts, ^^^^^ '^°^" 
with the counties of St. Jones and Whorekills, downwards, 
and therefore he was resolved, for the encouragement of all 
the inhabitants thereof, and for the better settlement, quiet, 
and satisfaction of them, first to state and settle their lands 
and possessions, and therefore he willed and desired them to 
bring in at the next court to be held within the town of New 
Castle, all their patents, surveys, grants, and claims, which 
they had to their lands, livings, tenements, and possessions, 
promising to ascertain, adjust, and confirm not only those as 
had a sufficient title and right, but also those as yet wanted a 
certain right to the same, so far forth as equity, justice, and 
reason could require. 

" Second, the proprietary recommended to the magistrates,, 
and desired them to take inspection, view, and look over their 
town-plots, to see and find out what vacant room may be 
found therein for the accommodating and settling of new- 
comers, traders, and handicraftsmen therein, and for the, 
general and public good, and encouragement of the place and 
parts, of which he desired that an account might be given him. 

" Thirdly, that if any person had requests or petitions to 
present to him, he willed them to do it, for an answer at the 
next court day. 

" Fourthly. In regard that for want of a present assembly, 
there are not as yet fitting laws, regulations, orders, and by- 
laws for the country provided, he, the proprietary, therefore 
recommended the magistrates, in the interim, to follow and 
take the laws of his royal highness, provided for the province 
of New York, for their guide, so far forth as they are con- 
sistent, and not repugnant to the laws of England, assuring 
the inhabitants of this and the other two counties downwards, 
that they should have and enjoy, full and equal, the same 
privileges with those of the province of Pennsylvania, and 
that for the future they should be governed by such laws and 
orders as they themselves, by their deputies and representa- 
tives, should consent to, and that he would call an assembly 
for the purpose, as soon as conveniently might be, &c. 

76 SB 



6(32 WILLIAM PENN, PROPEIETAEY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. " The court adjourned till first Tuesday of December 
"-■"-^ next."^ 

In obedience to the power given by Penn to William Mark- 
NoT. 17. ham, to receive for him possession of that part of the terri- 
tories south of New Castle, delivery was made to him this 
day, agreeably to the following certificate from numerous 
witnesses : 

" Whereas, his royal highness, James, duke, &c., by one 
Delivery of indenture bearing date the 24th day of August, in the 34th 
beiowNew^ J^^^ °^ ^^^ majcsty's reign, 1682, hath empowered and 
Castle. authorized John Moll, of town of New Castle, esquire, and 
Ephraim Harman, of same place, gentleman, to deliver pos- 
session unto William Penn, Esq., of all that part of Dela- 
ware River and Bay, from twelve miles distance from the 
town of New Castle, downward as far as Cape Henlopen, 
which his said royal highness, by the said deed first above 
mentioned, hath been pleased, upon certain conditions therein 
mentioned, to give and grant unto the said William Penn, Esq., 
as by the said indenture and deed, bearing date as above, 
respect being thereunto had, may more at large appear. 
And whereas the said William Penn, Esq., hath, by his letter 
of attorney, bearing date the 28th of October last past, em- 
powered and authorized Captain William Markham, of Upland, 
late deputy governor of the province of Pennsylvania, his 
true and lawful attorney, for him and in his name, but to his 
sole use and behoof, to demand and receive of the said John 
Moll and Ephraim Harman, as attorneys constituted by his 
said royal highness as aforesaid, delivery of possession of all 
the said tract of land on Delaware River and Bay, beginning 
twelve miles south of the town of New Castle, and extending 
south to the Whorekills, otherwise Cape Henlopen, as afore- 
said, and these are therefore to testify and declare unto all 
whom these presents may concern, that we whose names are 
here underwritten, on the day of the date thereof, have been 
present and seen that the said John Moll and Ephraim Har- 
man, in pursuance of his royal highness's command, and by 
virtue of the power given them by and in the first above- 
mentioned instrument of indenture, bearing date as above, 
have given and delivered actual possession unto the said 
Captain William Markham, to the sole use and behoof of the 
said William Penn, of part in the name of the whole of the 

» New Castle Records, pp. 268, 269. 



CHARLES II. 603 

land, soil, and premises in the said instrument of indenture 1682. 
mentioned, and according to the true intent and meaning of ' — '^^ 
his said royal highness, mentioned in the same. Witness our 
hands, on Delaware River, this 7th of November, in the 34th 
year of his majesty's reign, A. d. 1682. 

" Signed, Luke Watson, William Clark, Francis Whitwels, 
John Hylliard, Norton Claypoole, John Vines, Alexander 
Molestyn,^ John Hill, Helmanus Wiltbank, Alexander Draper, 
Samuel Gray,^ Edward Cantwell, John Avery. 

" Memorandum. The word ' soil' interlined in the original, 
before signing."^ 

"A writ," under Penn's hand and seal, to Peter Bancomb, xov. is. 
the sheriff of Jones county, requires him to summon all free- writ to can 
holders to meet on 20th instant, and elect out of themselves ! °°''^* !! 

^ New Casu% 

seven persons of most note for wisdom, sobriety, and integrity, on 20th. 
to serve as their deputies and representatives in general as- 
sembly, to be held at Upland in Pennsylvania, December 6th 
next, and then and there to consult with him for the common 
good of the inhabitants of that province, and adjacent coun- 
ties of New Castle, St. Jones, and Whorekill, alias Deal, 
under his charge and jurisdiction, and true return to make to 
William Penn. 

Same day he appoints John Vines sheriff of Whorekill, sheriff ap. 
alias Deal, and directs him to hold an election for seven re- ^°''^^^^- 
presentatives.^ Similar notices were issued to the other 
counties.* 

There is no date to the following document, the original of 
which is in the Land-Office, though the tenor of it indicates 
the period to have been between the issuing of the order for 
the election of council and assembly, and the time of meeting. 
It is a petition assigning their reasons for not choosing as 
many representatives as required, from ten inhabitants of 
Chester county, several of whose names cannot be deciphered : 

"To William Penn, proprietary and governor of the pro- 
vince of Pennsylvania, and territories thereof. — The petition 
of the freeholders of the county of Chester, respectfully 
showeth. That in obedience to the writ sent to our sheriff, we 
have chosen twelve persons for our delegates to serve in the 

1 Made their marks. 

2 New Castle Records. Patent-Book A., No. 2, pp. 120, 121. Pea Patch Case. 

3 Sussex Records, in Breviat. 

* See that for Bucks County, in Proud, vol. i. 



g()4 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. provincial council, but considering that tlie numbers of tbe 

" — ' — ' people are as yet small, and that we have but few fit for or 

acquainted with such public business, and also that we are 

Petition of unablc to support the charge of greater elections and assem- 

chester i,\[qq^ After our humble acknowlede-ments of the favour 

county that o 

12 only may intended us therein, we take leave humbly to request that 
coundrand t^i^ee of the twelve which we have chosen may serve for pro- 
assembiy, on yiucial counciUors, and the other nine for the assembly, which 
theTmau provincial councillors are John Simcox, for three years, Ralph 
number of Withers for two years, and William Clayton for one year, 

inhabitants. ... , . ,, , -in 

leaving it to thee to increase the number, as occasion snail 
serve, hereafter." 

[The following appear to be original signatures — James 
Browne, William Woodmancy, William Gross, Robert Randall, 
Robert Yarnall, John Sharpless, Albert Hendrickson, and 
three others.] 

[These being all in the same handwriting, are probably the 
nine for assembly — Joshua Hastings, Nathaniel Evans, Jo- 
seph Richards, Walter Martin, Thomas Minshall, William 
Rawson, John Martin, James Kennedy, Wm. Clayton, jun.] 
"At a monthly meeting, the 8th of 9th month, 1682 : at 
Nov. 18. this time Governor William Penn, and a multitude of Friends 
Friends' arrived here, and erected a city called Philadelphia, about half 
"^nlii^^heiT ^ ^^^^ from Shackamaxon, where meetings, &c. were esta- 
at Thomas blishcd, &c. Tliomas Fairman, at the request of the governor, 
airman s. j.gj3jQyg(j himsclf and family to Tacony, where there was also 
a meeting appointed to be kept, and the ancient meeting of 
Shackamaxon removed to Philadelphia, from which meeting, 
also, other meetings were appointed in the province of Penn- 
sylvania."^ "This goes to prove," says Watson, "that the 
Friends' meetings were originally held at Shackamaxon, at 
the house of Thomas Fairman."^ 

At a meeting of the deputy governor and justices in New 
Nov. 19. Castle, on a commission directed to them by the proprietary. 
Market esta- " touching the keeping a weekly constant market," it was 
wishedat resolved, "that Saturday, the 18th instant, shall be the first 

New Castle. ' / ' ' 

market-day, to be continued on every future Saturday, for 
this town, when all persons are desired to repair with their 
commodities to the fort in the market-place, at present ap- 
pointed for the same, and that the sherifi" shall proclaim the 

' Abingdon Minutes, quoted by Watson, vol. i. p. 140. 
2 "Watson, ibid. 



to New 
York. 



CHARLES II. 605 

same to begin at 10 o'clock in the morning, and continue till 1682. 
4 o'clock, p. M."^ ' '~~' 

Immediately after Penn's arrival, he despatched two per- 
sons to Lord Baltimore, " to ask of his health, offer kind November, 
neighbourhood, and agree upon a time the better to establish Pcnn's visit 
it." While they were gone, he went to New York, to pay 
his "duty" to the duke, in the visit to his government and 
colony,^ from which he returned towards the end of this month. 

The province was divided into three counties, Philadelphia, 
Bucks, and Chester, and the territories into New Castle, 
Jones, and Whorekills, alias Deal, The names of the two 
last were, towards the close of the year (December 25) again 
changed ; Deal to Sussex, and Jones to Kent, and Penn 
directed that Cape Henlopen be called Cape James.^ ' 

Penn, upon his arrival at Upland, changed its name, as upland 
thus related by Clarkson : "This was a memorable event, «'^™fd*° 

. . . , , Chester. 

(alluding to his calling an assembly there,) and to be distin- 
guished by some marked circumstance ; he determined, there- 
fore, to change the name of the place. Turning round to his 
friend Pearson, one of his own society, who had accompanied 
him in the ship Welcome, he said, ' Providence has brought 
us here safe ; thou hast been the companion of my perils ; 
what wilt thou that I should call this place ?' Pearson said, 
' Chester, in remembrance of the city from whence he came.' 
William Penn replied, that it should be called Chester, and 
that when he divided the land into counties, he would call 
one of them by the same name also.""^ 

A. Brockholls, deputy governor of New York, issues a de- December i. 
claration to the justices of the three lower counties. After Declaration 
reciting; the two deeds of feoifment to Penn from the Duke of °^''°°^°^'*°'^- 

<3 er aud coun- 

York, and the appointment of Moll and Harman as attorneys cu of New 
to deliver possession, says, "and we being fully satisfied (after ^ourofPenn 
seeing the indentures) of the said William Penn's right to the 
possession and enjoyment of the premises, have therefore 
thought fit and necessary to signify and declare the same to 
you, to prevent any doubt or trouble that might arise or ac- 
crue, and to give you our thanks for your good services done 
in your several offices and stations, during the time you re- 
mained under his royal highness's government, expecting no 
further account than that you readily submit and yield all 

' ^e^ff Castle Records, p. 270. 2 Penn's Letter to Lords of Plantations. 
2 Sussex Records, ia Breviat. * Clarkson, vol. i. p. 259. 

21:2 



Penn. 



606 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. due obedience and conformity to the powers granted to the 
^"""^ ' said William Penn, in and by the said indentures, in the per- 
formance and enjoyment of which we wish you all happiness. 
New York, 21st November, 1682."i 

Before the receipt of this, as we have seen, Penn was in 
possession. 

John Moll, one of the commissioners to deliver possession, 
December 1. having accomplished the duty assigned him and Harman by 

MoH's ac- the duke, drew up the following account of the whole trans- 
count of the _„j.* 
transactions ^CllOn : 

of the deiiv- u Thcsc are to certify all whom it may concern, that Wil- 
Castieto li^-J^ Penn, Esq., proprietary and governor of the province 
of Pennsylvania, and the territories thereunto belonging, at 
his first arrival from England, by the town of New Castle, 
upon Delaware, in the month of October, 1682, did send then 
and there one messenger ashore to give notice to the commis- 
sioners of his desire to speak with them aboard ; I being then 
left the first in commission, by Sir E. Andross, governor- 
general under his royal highness, James, duke of York and 
Albany, &c., of all his territories in America, did go aboard 
with some more of the commissioners, at which time Esquire 
Penn did show me two sundry indentures or deeds of enfeoff- 
ment from under the hand and seal of his royal highness, 
granted unto him, both bearing date the 28th day of August, 
Anno 1682, the one for the county of New Castle, with twelve 
miles distance north and south thereunto belonging, and the 
other beginning twelve miles below New Castle, and extend- 
ing south unto Cape Henlopen, together with the mills and 
waters of said river, bay, rivulets, and islands thereunto be- 
longing ; and underneath both which said indentures or deeds 
of enfeoifment, were added, by his royal highness, letters of 
attorney directed unto me and Ephraim Harman, deceased, 
with full power and authority for to give, in his royal high- 
ness's name, unto said William Penn, Esq., quiet and peaceable 
possession of all what was inserted in the said indentures, as 
above briefly specified ; that the said Ephraim Harman hap- 
pened to be gone from home, so that he was not at the time 
aboard with me, of the said ship ; I therefore did desire from 
Esquire Penn twenty-four hours' consideration, for to commu- 
nicate with the said Harman and the rest of the commis- 

' See it at length, in Reg. Penns. vol. iii. p. 33. New Castle Records. 
Patent-Book A. 2, pp. 117, 118, Hiirrisburg. 



CHARLES II. 607 

sioners about the premises, in which compass of time we did 1682. 
unanimously agree to comply with his royal highness's orders. " ■ ' 
Whereupon, by virtue of the power given unto us by the 
above-mentioned letters of attorney, we did give and surren- Moirsac- 
der, in the name of his royal highness, unto him the said y^^J^*^""^' 
William Penn, Esq., actual and peaceable possession of the 
fort of New Castle, by giving him the key thereof, to lock 
upon himself alone the door, which being opened by him again, 
we did deliver also unto him one turf, with a twig upon it, a 
porringer with river water and soil, in part of all what was 
specified in the said indenture or deed of enfeofi'ment from his 
royal highness, and according to the true intent and meaning 
thereof; and a few days after that, we went to the house of 
Captain Edward Cantwell, at the south side of Appoquinimy 
Creek, by computation above twelve miles distance from the 
town of New Castle, as being part of the two lower counties 
here above mentioned and specified in his royal highness's 
other indenture or deed of feoffment, and after we had shown 
unto the commissioners of these counties the power and orders 
given unto us as aforesaid, we asked them if they could show 
us any cause why and wherefore we should not proceed to act 
and do there as we had done at New Castle, and finding no 
manner of obstruction, we made, then and there, in his royal 
highness's name, the same manner and form of delivery as we 
had done at New Castle, which acting of us was fully accepted 
and well approved of by Anthony Brockholls, then comman- 
der-in-chief, and his council at New York, as appears by their 
declaration bearing date the 21st of November, 1682, from 
which jurisdiction we had our dependence all along, ever since 
the conquest, until we had made the above-related delivery 
unto Governor William Penn, by Adrtue of his royal highness's 
orders and commands, &c. John Moll."^ 

On Penn's arrival from New York, he found his messengers Penn i-e- 
returned from Maryland, and the time fixed for meetina; Lord *"™^ ^^°^ 

''' ° Ne^7 York. 

Ealtimore the 19th December. 

Agreeably to the summons, an assembly met on the 4th of Dec. u. 
December, at Chester. We have not the names of all the First assem- 
members. Christopher Taylor, of Bucks ; President Moore, JLter*' ''* 
Philadelphia; John Simcock, Chester; William Clark, Deal; First day's 
Francis Whitwell, Jones's ; Griffith Jones, Luke Watson, 1'°'^''^^sb. 

' ' ' " Committees 

William Sample, William Yardly, Thomas Brassy, John appointed. 

' Recorder's OfBce, New Castle, Record B. 9, pp. 407—412. 



608 



WILLIAM PENN, PPvOPRIETARY AND GOVEENOR. 



1682. 



Dec. 15. 

Second day's 
proceedings. 
Contested 
election. 



Eules and 
regulations 
adopted by 
the house. 



Briggs, Ralph Withers, are mentioned on the first day, as on 
committees of election and privileges, and a committee " for 
justice and grievances" was appointed, the former to meet at 
8 o'clock, A. M. ; N. Moore was appointed its chairman next 
day, who is generally mentioned as the president of the 
assembly also, though the minutes, as inserted in the " Votes 
of Assembly," make no mention of it. 

At a meeting of the assembly, the speaker having taken 
the chair, the chairman of the committee of privileges and 
elections reported, " that Abraham Man and his party had 
made some illegal procedure the day of election at New Cas- 
tle, that he might be elected a member of the house, the 
sheriff of New Castle having been previously called to account 
by the committee, for undue electing a member." The house, 
after hearing witnesses, declare John Moll to be duly elected. 
A committee of " foresight, for the preparation of provincial 
bills," was appointed out of the above two committees, viz. 
John Simcock, Christopher Taylor, William Clark, N. Moore, 
Griffith Jones, and Luke Watson. A committee was then 
appointed to be sent to the governor, " humbly to desire him 
to honour the house with a transmission of his constitutes," 
("supposed to be the written constitution or proposed laws,") 
viz. Thomas Holme, surveyor-general, William Clark, Thomas 
Winn, and Edward Southrin. The governor replied, " they 
were not ready, but when ready he would send them by one 
of his servants." There was then a debate on fines upon 
delinquents, and the governor's power, by 6th article of 
" Charter of Methods," agreed to reprove offending members 
for first offence ; for second, reproval and fine of 12d., and so 
on for each, not to exceed 10s. ; offenders to be brought to 
the bar. The whole house may resolve itself into a grand 
committee. No member to absent himself on a journey with- 
out leave. No question to be taken on a resolution " before 
seconded or thirded," when the matter may be discussed, and 
amendments made. All questions to pass in negative or 
affirmative. Any member presuming " to pervert the sense 
of questions agreed to by the house," shall be "put out of 
the house." Thos. Usher, sheriff of Chester, has leave of ab- 
sence for two days. " Two members elected to inspect which 
party carried it by the major votes, on diversity of votes 
arising in the house." In case of tie, speaker to have a 
casting vote. In a matter in debate, if the question arise, 



CHARLES 11. 609^ 

"whether the house now proceed or not," on division, the 1682. 
noes go out; if for adjournment, the yeas. "None to speak ' • ' 
but once before the question is put, nor after but once." No 
member, in any discourse, to mention the name of another Proceedings 
member, but as "that member that last or Lately spoke," only gej^^L^^Jon. 
a member may be used by his office or sitting in a certain tinued. 
place, as "near the chair," &c. None to fall from the mat- 
ter to the person, and superfluous and tedious speeches may 
be stopped by the speaker. When the speaker leaves the 
chair, in grand committee, a chairman to be elected ; when 
discharged, the speaker to resume his seat, and the chairman 
of grand committee to report in writing. The grand com- 
mittee never to adjourn without consent of the house. " No 
other committee to determine the right or property of the 
subject without leave of the house." "No private committee 
can alter a question agreed upon among themselves, without 
consent of the house," "Any member may have access to 
any committee, except committee of secrecy." Charter of 
order. Bills at committees to be considered by parts, pre- 
ainble last. Bills not to be blotted, but mended in other 
papers, and voted singly. No erasures or interlineations. 
Clerk to read bills, then deliver to speaker, who, standing 
with bill in hand, reads title; this "the first reading; no 
member to speak till second reading, unless to cast it out." 
" If exceptions to a bill be not mendable at the table, then com- 
mitted, but no bill without exceptions committed ; if not com- 
mitted or rejected, then engrossed." He "that is against 
the body of a bill shall not be on a committee about that 
bill." No private bill to be introduced without leave; public 
bills, the matter to be opened before brought into the house. 
" No bill to repeal a law to be introduced without leave. 
Bills amended to be engrossed, but first in a full house ; title 
endorsed on the back. Any member may offer any bill tend- 
ing to public good, except for levying taxes." " Any law, &c., 
constituted by a committee, shall not be in force except esta- 
blished by the whole house." "A member speaking shall direct 
his discourse to the speaker, and stand up, that all may see 
him," and shall "have liberty in his speech, without interrup- 
tion from any member." 

The speaker inquired "whether any absolute note of dis^ 
tinction betwixt one officer and another should be concluded 



610 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. on by a vote, as the carrying a -wliite rod or reed." Left in 
' ' ' suspense. 

" A petition is presented for an act of union betwixt the 

Third day's freemen of the three lower counties, New Castle, Jones, and 

^X^tTonpre- ^^^ ^^^^' ^^^ ^^^ freemen of the province of Pennsylvania, 

sentedfrom that as One United province, they may be endowed with the 

countieTfor Same privileges of law and government." This petition was 

a Tinion. acceptcd and approved of by the whole house. John Moll 

and Francis Whitwell, two members, delivered the aforesaid 

petition in the name of the rest of the freeholders, the names 

of several freeholders of the three aforesaid counties being 

subscribed.^ 

This is probably that petition ; it was signed by seven per- 
The petition ggns ffom Ncw Deal, six from St. Jones's, and five from New 
Castle : "humbly desiring that they may be favoured with an 
act of union, by the governor and assembly, for their incor- 
poration in and with the jDrovince of Pennsylvania, in order 
to the enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the afore- 
said province, and that they might ever after be esteemed and 
accounted as freemen of the before-mentioned province. This 
being our desire and humble request in the assembly, we 
have desired the president and two other members of the up- 
per counties, part of this province, to present it to your 
honours, and if we are so happy to obtain our request, we 
will for ever acknowledge it, and in all faithfulness subscribe 
ourselves yours in all lawful obedience."^ 

"An act for the aforesaid union, (authorized by the gover- 
nor,) was twice read, and being put to vote, was carried in 
the affirmative." 

" The act was read a third time, which afterwards, by the 
assent of the whole house, was appointed to be presented to 
the governor by the hands of the president and Christopher 
Taylor, two members of the house, in order to get his sub- 
scription as an established law, which the governor confirmed." 
" A petition to the governor from the Swedes, Finns, and 
Dutch, is presented, that the governor would be pleased to 
make them as free as other members of this province, and 
that their lands may be entailed on them and their heirs for 
ever." 

The remainder of this day's session was occupied chiefly 
with " the printed laws, and the written laws or constitutions," 

' Votes of Assembly. 2 Rreviat. 



CHARLES 11. 611 

which were taken up and discussed separately, and after being 1682. 
altered or amended, finally adopted, when the assembly ad- ' ■ ' 
journed to half-past seven next day. The " power of the 
Free Society of Traders was also debated;" the result is not 
given. 

They met again, December 7th : " The governor assuming Dec. i7. 
the chair, expresses himself after an obliging and religious Proceedings 
manner," and after signing "the bills for naturalization and "f assembly, 

" _ o o ^ continued. 

union, &c., delivered them to the speaker as his act and deed." 
The president consults the governor on " divers material con- 
cerns." The governor then "urges upon the house his reli- 
gious counsel." "A debate arising," as to the time of ad- 
journment of the house, " the president endeavours to miti- 
gate," and " to afi"ect the people with the governor's condes- 
cension, and that after a divine manner." The members of 
the lower counties " were in a great strait, by reason of being 
obliged to assemble again in twenty-one days." Two mem- 
bers are appointed to inform the governor of it, who return 
with intelligence that the governor is willing that the assem- 
bly adjourn for twenty-one days, which was done, by order 
of the speaker." [We have seen no account of this meeting, 
if it took place.] 

Thus terminated the session of the first assembly, having, 
besides the act of union, and the act of settlement, or new 
constitution, passed, in little more than three days, the cele- 
brated body of laws called the " Great Law." 

The following is the act of union and naturalization, which, 
though generally spoken of as two distinct enactments, appear 
to be embraced in one act : 

" An Act of Union for annexing and uniting of the coun- Act of unioa 
tie% of New Castle, Jones's, and Whorehill, alias Deal, to peu^gXa- 
the province of Pennsylvania, and of naturalization of all ma and the 
foreigners in the province and counties aforesaid — -Since, by 
the good providence of God, it hath graciously pleased King 
Charles II. of England, &c., for divers good considerations, 
to grant, by his letters-patent, under the great seal of Eng- 
land, to William Penn, son and heir of Sir William Penn, 
deceased, and to his heirs and assigns for ever, this province 
of Pennsylvania, according to the bounds therein expressed, 
with all requisite powers for the good government thereof, by 
such laws as he and they shall make, by and with the advice 
and consent of the freemen of the said province, or their 



contiuuetl. 



Q12 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. deputies, not repugnant to their faith and allegiance, and the 
' — • — ' legal government of the said realm ; and it having also fa- 
vourably pleased James, duke of York and Albany, earl of 
Actofunion, Ulster, &c., to release his right and claim to all and every 
part thereof unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, 
whereby the said William Penn is become the undoubted and 
rightful proprietary and governor of the province of Penn- 
sylvania, and is hereby fully and freely so recognised and 
acknowledged, and is a beneficial and rec|uisite addition to the 
territory of the said proprietary and governor, it hath also 
pleased the said James, duke of York and Albany, earl of 
Ulster, &c., for divers good considerations, to grant unto the 
said William Penn, and his heirs and assigns, all that tract 
of land from twelve miles northward of New Castle, on the 
River Delaware, down to the south cape, commonly called 
Cape Henlopen, and by the proprietary and governor now 
called Cape James, lying on the west side of the said river 
and bay, formerly possessed by the Dutch, and bought by 
them of the natives, and first surrendered, upon articles of 
peace, to the king's lieutenant-governor. Colonel Nicholls, and 
a second time to Sir Edmund Andross, lieutenant-governor to 
the said duke, and hath been by him quietly possessed and 
enjoyed, as also the said River of Delaware, and soil thereof, 
and all islands therein, lately cast into three counties, called 
New Castle, Jones's, and Whorekill, alias Deal, together with 
all royalties, powers, and jurisdictions thereunto belonging, 
as by two deeds of feoffment, bearing date the 24th of the 
6th month, called August, 1682, doth more at large appear. 
And forasmuch as there must always be a people before there 
can be a government, and that people must be united and 
free, in order to settle and encourage them, for the prosperity 
of the government ; and since the inhabitants of the tract of 
land lately passed from the duke as aforesaid, are not yet 
thereby under the same capacity that those are that belong 
to the province of Pennsylvania ; and whereas the freemen 
of the said counties have, by their deputies, humbly besought 
their present proprietary and governor to annex the said 
counties to the province of Pennsylvania, and to grant unto 
them the same privileges, and that they may live under the 
same laws and government that the inhabitants of the said 
province now do, or hereafter shall enjoy, and since the union 
of the two distinct people that are under one governor, is 



CHARLES II. (513 

both most desirable in itself, and beneficial to tlie public, and 1682, 
that it cannot be so cordially and durably maintained, to the ' ' — ' 
mutual benefit of each other, as by making them equally 
sharers in benefits and privileges, be it enacted by the pro- Act of union, 
prietary and governor aforesaid, by and with the advice and '^°^*^°^^''- 
consent of the deputies of the freemen of the province and 
counties aforesaid, in assembly met, that the counties of New 
Castle, Jones's, and Whorekills, alias Deal, shall be annexed, 
and by the authority aforesaid, are hereby annexed unto the 
province of Pennsylvania, as of the proper territory thereof, 
and the people therein shall be governed by the same laws, 
and enjoy the same privileges, in all respects, as the inhabit- 
ants of Pennsylvania do or shall enjoy, from time to time 
therein, any thing in this law, or any other law, act, or thing, 
in this province, to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding. 
And forasmuch as it is apparent that the just encouragement 
of the inhabitants of this province and territories thereunto 
belonging, is likely to be an effectual way for the improve- 
ment thereof, and since some of the people that live therein, 
and are like to come thereinto, are foreigners, and so not free- 
men, according to the acceptation of the law of England, the 
consequences of which might prove very detrimental to them 
in their estates and traflSc, and so injurious to the prosperity 
of this province and territories thereof, be it enacted by the Act of natu- 
governor and proprietary of the province and counties afore- raiization. 
said, by and with the consent of the deputies of the freemen 
thereof, in assembly met, that all persons who are strangers 
and foreigners, that do now inhabit this province and counties 
aforesaid, that hold land in fee in the same, according to the 
law of a freeman, and who shall solemnly promise, within 
three months after the publication hereof, in their respective 
county courts where they live, upon record, faith and alle- 
giance unto the King of England, and his lawful heirs and 
successors, and fidelity and lawful obedience to William Penn, 
proprietary and governor of these provinces, &c., and his 
heirs and assigns, according to the king's letters-patent, shall 
be held and reputed freemen of the province and counties 
aforesaid, in as ample and full manner as any person residing 
therein ; and it is hereby further enacted by the authority 
aforesaid, that when at any time any person that is a foreigner 
shall make his request to the proprietary of this province, for 
the aforesaid freedom, the said person shall be admitted on the 



614 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. conditions herein expressed, paying, at admission, twenty shil- 

' — ' — ' lings sterling, and no more, any thing in this law, or any 

other law, act, or thing in this province, to the contrary in 

Act of union, anywisG notwithstanding. 

continued. ,, (j-^^^ ^^ Chester, alias Upland, the 7th day of Decem- 
ber, 1682, under the hand and broad seal of William Penn, 
proprietary and governor of this province and the territories 
thereunto belonging, being the second year of his government, 
by the king's authority. William Penn."^ 

In connection with this document, the following is inserted : 
it is a copy made from an apparently original instrument, 
which the author found in the Secretary of State's Office, at 
Harrisburg, written on parchment. It is endorsed " An act 
of union for annexing the counties of New Castle, Jones, and 

confirma- Whorckill, alias Deal, and the province, to be as a proper 

actof union? territory thereto belonging." It bears the same date as the 
above act, and its language is very similar, and in several 
parts exactly the same. It does not embrace the act for 
naturalization. Whether it is Penn's authority to the assem- 
bly, alluded to in their proceedings, or the confirmation of 
the act of union, is uncertain ; if either, it is probably the 
latter, judging from its date. We have never seen it in print. 
The words, " by the king's authority," are written in a dif- 
ferent hand from the rest. 

" Forasmuch as all that tract of land lying on the west 

i>ec. 7. side of the River Delaware, beginning from twelve miles above 
New Castle, upon said river, northward, and extending to the 
south cape, commonly called Cape Henlopen, making the 
mouth of the Bay of Delaware, of late divided into three 
counties, and called by the names of New Castle, Jones, and 
Whorekill, alias Deal, with their appurtenances, and the juris- 
diction and royalties thereunto belonging, are granted to 
William Penn, proprietary and governor of Pennsylvania, 
and his heirs and assigns for ever, by James, duke of York 
and Albany, &c., as by two deeds of feoffment, dated the 
24th August, 1682, more at large appears. And whereas the 
freemen of the said counties have, by their deputies, humbly 
besought the present proprietary and governor to annex the 
said counties to the province of Pennsylvania, and to grant 
unto them the same privileges, and that they may live under 
the same laws and government that the inhabitants of said 
1 Reg. Penns. vol. i. p. 430. 



CHARLES II. * 615 

province now do, or hereafter shall enjoy; and since the union 1682. 
of two distinct people, that are under one government, is both ' — ' — ' 
most desirable in itself, and beneficial to the public, and that 
it cannot be so cordially and durably maintained, to the mu- 
tual benefits of each other, as by making them equally 
sharers in benefits and privileges, be it enacted by the pro- 
prietary and governor aforesaid, by and with the advice and 
consent of the deputies of the freemen of the province and 
counties aforesaid, in assembly met, that the counties of New 
Castle, Jones, and Whorekill, alias Deal, shall be annexed, 
and by the authority aforesaid, are hereby annexed unto the 
province of Pennsylvania, as of the proper territory thereof, 
and the people therein shall be governed by the same laws, 
and enjoy the same privileges in all respects, as the inhabit- 
ants of Pennsylvania do or shall enjoy, from time to time 
therein, any thing in this law, or any other law, act, or thing 
in this province to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding. 
Given at Chester, alias Upland, this 7th day of December, 
1682, being the second year of the government of William 
Penn, proprietary and governor of Pennsylvania, hi/ the 
king's authority. William Penn." 

Penn, in a letter, shortly after, says, that the act of natu- 
ralization "much pleased the people." "The Swedes, for 
themselves, deputed Lacy Cock to acquaint him, on one oc- 
casion, that they would love, serve, and obey him with all 
they had, declaring it was the best day they ever saw."^ 

The following document, termed the "act of settlement," Dec. it. 
is without date, but is generally considered as of the same 
date as the act of union, though it does not appear to be dis- 
tinctly referred to, unless included in the terms " written 
laws or constitutions," of which the governor promises to 
send "the original." The object seems to be to provide for 
certain difficulties arising from the "fewness" of the inhabit- 
ants, which rendered it impracticable to form so large an 
assembly as first proposed, by which their acts would other- 
wise be invalidated. 

^'^ Act of Settlement made at Chester, 1682. — Whereas, The act of 
William Penn, proprietary and governor of the province of ^^**^®™°'^*- 
Pennsylvania and territories thereunto belonging, hath, out 
of his great kindness and goodness to the inhabitants thereof, 
been favourably pleased to give and grant unto them a char- 

' Clarkson. Proud. 



QIQ WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. ter of liberties and privileges, dated the 25th of the 2d month, 
" — ' — ' 1682, by which charter it is said, the government shall con- 
sist of the governor and freemen of the said province, in the 
The act of form of a provincial council and general assembly ; and that 
settlement, ^^q provincial council shall consist of seventy-t\YO members, 

continued. ■■■ i i i 

to be chosen by the freemen, and that the general assembly 
may, the first year, consist of the whole body of the free- 
holders, and ever after of an elected number, not exceeding 
two hundred persons, without the consent of the provincial 
council and general assembly ; and such assembly to sit yearly, 
on the 20th day of the 3d month, as in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 6th, 
14th, and 16th articles of the charter, reference being there- 
unto had, doth more at large appear. 

<' And forasmuch as this charter was the first of those pro- 
bationary laws that were agreed to and made by and between 
the proprietary and governor, and freemen, in England, that 
were purchasers in this province, which said laws, in the Avhole 
and in every part thereof, were to be submitted to the expla- 
nation and confirmation of the first provincial council and 
general assembly that was to be held in this province, as by 
the title and first law of the said agreement doth plainly 
appear. 

"And whereas the proprietary and governor hath, accord- 
ing to that charter, issued out writs to the respective sheriffs 
of the six counties of this province, to summon the freemen 
thereof, to choose in each county twelve persons of most note 
for their sobi'iety, wisdom, and integrity, to serve in provin- 
cial council, and also to inform the freemen that they might 
come, for this time, in their own persons, to make up a gene- 
ral assembly according to charter. And that the said respec- 
tive sheriffs, by their returns, have plainly declared, that the 
fewness of the people, their inability in estate, and unskilful- 
ness in matters of government, will not permit them to serve 
in so large a council and assembly, as by the charter is ex- 
pressed, and therefore do desire, that the members now chosen 
to be their deputies and representatives may serve both for 
provincial council and general assembly ; that is to say, three 
out of each county for the provincial council, and the remain- 
ing nine for the general assembly, according to act, as fully 
and amply as if the said provincial council and general assem- 
bly had consisted of the said numbers of members mentioned 
in the charter of liberties, upon consideration of the pre- 



CHARLES II. 617 

mises ; and that the proprietary and governor may testify his 1682. 
great willingness to comply with that which may be most " ' ' 
easy and pleasing, he is willing that it be enacted : 

" And be it enacted by the proprietary and governor, by The act of 
and with the unanimous advice and consent of the freemen ^^"y^g^^ 
of this province and territories thereunto belonging, in pro- 
vincial council and general assembly met, that the numbers 
desired by the inhabitants in their several petitions, and ex- 
pressed to be their desires by the sheriff's returns to the pro- 
prietary and governor, to serve as the provincial council and 
general assembly, be allowed and taken, to all intents and 
purposes, to be the provincial council and general assembly 
of this province, and that the quorum shall be proportionably 
settled, according to the method expressed in the fifth article, 
that is to say, two-thirds to make a quorum in extraordinary 
cases, and one-third in ordinary cases, as is provided in the 
said fifth article ; which said provincial council and general 
assembly so already chosen, are and shall be held and reputed 
the legal provincial council and general assembly of the pro- 
vince and territories thereof, for this present year, and that 
from and after the expiration of this present year, the pro- 
vincial council shall consist of three persons out of each 
county as aforesaid ; and the assembly shall consist of six 
persons out of each county ; which said provincial council and 
general assembly may be hereafter enlarged, as the governor 
and provincial council and assembly shall see cause, so as the 
said number do not, at any time, exceed the limitations ex- 
pressed in the third and sixteenth articles of the charter, any 
thing in this act, or any other act, charter, or law, to the 
contrary in anywise notwithstanding. 

" And because the freemen of this province and territories 
thereof, are deeply sensible of the kind and good intentions 
of the proprietary and governor in this charter, and of the 
singular benefit that redounds to them thereby, and are desir- 
ous that it may in all things best answer the design of the 
public good, the freemen of the said provincial council and 
general assembly met, having unanimously requested some 
variations, explanations, and additions, in and to the said 
charter, he, the proprietary and governor, hath therefore 
yielded that it be enacted, 

" And it is hereby enacted, that the time for the meeting 
of the freemen of this province and territories thereof, to 

78 3f2 



618 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

1682. choose their delegates to represent and serve them in provin- 

" — ' — ' cial council and general assembly, shall be yearly, hereafter, 

on the tenth day of the first month ; which members so chosen 

The act of for the provincial council shall make their appearance, and 

settlement, g-^^ their attendance in provincial council, within twenty days 

after their election ; and the said members elected to serve in 

general assembly, shall yearly meet and assemble on the tenth 

day of the said third month, to the end and purposes declared 

in the charter, and in such place as is limited in the said 

charter, unless the governor and provincial council shall, at 

any time, see cause to the contrary. 

" And whereas it is expressed in the said charter, that the 
governor and provincial council shall prepare and propose to 
the general assembly all bills which they shall think fit to 
pass into laws, within the said province : be it enacted by the 
authority aforesaid, that the governor and provincial council 
shall have the power of preparing and proposing to the gene- 
ral assembly, all bills that they shall jointly assent to and 
think fit to have passed into laws, in the said province and 
territories thereof, that are not inconsistent with, but accord- 
ing to the powers granted by the king's letters-patent to the 
proprietary and governor aforesaid, which bills shall be pub- 
lished in the most noted towns and places in the said province 
and territories thereof, twenty days before the meeting of 
the general assembly aforesaid. 

"And for the better decision and determination of all mat- 
ters and questions upon elections of representatives, and de- 
bates in provincial council and general assembly, it is hereby 
declared and enacted, &c., that all questions upon elections 
of representatives, and debates in provincial council and 
general assembly, in personal matters, shall be decided by the 
ballot ; and all questions about preparing and enacting laws, 
shall be determined by the vote. 

" And that so united an interest may have an united term 
and style to be expressed by, it is hereby declared and 
enacted, that the general assembly shall be henceforth termed 
or called ' The Assembly,' and the meeting of the governor, 
provincial council, and assembly, and their acts and proceed- 
ings, shall be styled and called ' The meetings, sessions, acts 
or proceedings of the General Assembly of the province of 
Pennsylvania, and the territories thereunto belonging.' And 
that the freemen of this province and the territories thereof, 



CHARLES 11. 619 

may not, on their part, seem unmindful or ungrateful to their 1682. 
proprietary and governor, for the testimony he hath been "^ — ^~~' 
pleased to give of his great good will towards them and theirs, 
nor be wanting of that duty they owe to him and themselves, The act of 
they have prayed leave hereby to declare their most hearty settlement, 

xi r %i ^ •/ ^ •/ continued. 

acceptance of the said charter, and their humble acknowledg- 
ments for the same, solemnly promising that they will inviola- 
bly observe and keep the same, except as is herein excepted, 
and will neither directly nor indirectly contrive, propose, 
enact, or do any thing or things whatsoever, by virtue of the 
power thereby granted unto them, that shall or may redound 
to the prejudice or disadvantage of the proprietary and go- 
vernor, his heirs and successors, in their just rights, proper- 
ties, and privileges, granted to him and them by the king's 
letters-patent, and deeds of release and feoffment made to him 
by James, duke of York and Albany, &c., and whom they 
desire may be hereby acknowledged and recognised the true 
and rightful proprietaries and governors of the province of 
Pennsylvania and territories annexed, according to the king's 
letters-patent, and deeds of release and feoffment from James, 
duke of York and Albany, unto the said proprietary and go- 
vernor, his heirs and successors, any thing in this act, or any 
other act, grant, charter, or law, to the contrary of these 
things herein and hereby explained, altered, limited, promised, 
declared, and enacted, in anywise notwithstanding."^ 

We now come to the " Great Law," as passed by the as- 
sembly, so justly celebrated for its provision for " liberty of 
conscience." 

" The Great Laav, or, the body of Laws of the province 
of Pennsylvania and territories thereunto belonging, passed 
at an assembly at Chester, alias Upland, the 7th day of the 
10th month, December, 1682. 

"Whereas the glory of Almighty God, and the good of 
mankind, is the reason and end of government, and therefore Preamble, 
government, in itself, is a venerable ordinance of God ; and 
forasmuch as it is principally desired and intended by the > 
proprietary and governor, and the freemen of the province of 
Pennsylvania, and territories thereunto belonging, to make 
and establish such laws as shall best preserve true Christians 
and civil liberty, in opposition to all unchristian, licentious, 
and unjust practices, whereby God may have his due, Caesar 

' Reg. Penns. vol. ii. pp. 156 — 157. 



620 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Liberty of 
conscience. 



Observance 
of the 
Lord's Day. 



Ills due, and the people their due, from tyranny and oppres- 
sion of the one side, and insolency and licentiousness of the 
other, so that the best and firmest foundation may he laid for 
the present and future happiness of both the governor and 
people of this province and territories aforesaid, and their 
posterity. — Be it therefore enacted, by William Penn, pro- 
prietary and governor, by and with the advice and consent of 
the deputies of the freemen of this province, and counties 
aforesaid, in assembly met, and by the authority of the same, 
that these following chapters and paragraphs shall be the 
laws of Pennsylvania and the territories thereof. 

1. " Almighty God being only Lord of conscience, father 
of lights and spirits, and the author as well as object of all 
divine knowledge, faith, and worship, who only can enlighten 
the mind, and persuade and convince the understanding of 
people, in due reverence to his sovereignty over the souls of 
mankind. It is enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no per- 
son now or at any time hereafter living in this province, who 
shall confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to be the 
creator, upholder, and ruler of the world, and that professeth 
him or herself obliged in conscience to live peaceably and 
justly under the civil government, shall in anywise be molested 
or prejudiced for his or her conscientious persuasion or prac- 
tice, nor shall he or she at any time be compelled to fre- 
quent or maintain any religious worship, place, or ministry 
whatever, contrary to his or her mind, but shall freely and 
fully enjoy his or her Christian liberty in that respect, without 
any interruption or reflection ; and if any person shall abuse 
or deride any other for his or her diiferent persuasion and 
practice in matter of religion, such shall be looked upon as a 
disturber of the peace, and be punished accordingly. But to 
the end that looseness, irreligion, and atheism may not creep 
in under pretence of conscience, in this province, be it further 
enacted by the authority aforesaid, that according to the 
good example of the primitive Christians, and for the ease 
of the creation, every first day of the week, called the Lord's 
Day, people shall abstain from their common toil and labour, 
that whether masters, parents, children, or servants, they may 
the better dispose themselves to read the Scriptures of truth 
at home, or to frequent such meetings of religious worship 
abroad as may best suit their respective persuasions. 

2. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 



CHARLES II. 621 

that all officers and persons commissionated and employed in 1682. 
the service of the government of this province, and all members ' '""' 
and deputies elected to serve in assembly thereof, and all that 
have right to elect such deputies, shall be such as profess and ah officers to 
declare they believe in Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, Hgfj^^^^" 
and Saviour of the world, and that are not convicted of ill-fame, divinity of 
or unsober and dishonest conversation, and that are of one 
and twenty years of age at least. And be it further enacted, 
by the authority aforesaid, that whosoever shall swear, in their 
conversation, by the name of God, or Christ, or Jesus, being Profaneness 
legally convicted thereof, shall pay for every such offence isi^ed.^^^^' 
five shillings, or suffer five days' imprisonment in the house 
of correction, at hard labour, to the behoof of the public, and 
be fed with bread and water only, during that time. 

3. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Against 
that whosoever shall swear by any other thing or name, and is geaprauy. 
legally convicted thereof, shall, for every such offence, pay 

half a crown, or suffer three days' imprisonment in the house 
of correction, at hard labour, having only bread and water 
for their sustenance. 

4. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Blasphemy. 
for the better preventing of corrupt communication, that who- 
soever shall speak loosely and profanely of Almighty God, 
Christ Jesus, the Holy Spirit, or the Scriptures of truth, and 

is legally convicted thereof, shall, for every such offence, pay 
five shillings, or suffer five days' imprisonment in the house 
of correction, at hard labour, to the behoof of the public, and 
be fed with bread and water only, during that time. 

5. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Cursing, 
that whosoever shall, in their conversation at any time, curse 
himself or another, or any thing belonging to himself or any 
other, and is legally convicted thereof, shall pay for every 

such offence five shillings, or suffer five days' imprisonment, 
as aforesaid. 

6. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Murder pun- 
that if any person shall, with malice or premeditation, kill, or dea*thlud 
be accessory to the death of another person, man, woman, or co°"'=«'tion 
child, being legally convicted thereof, shall, according to the 
law of God and all nations, suffer death ; and that the estates 
of all capital offenders shall go one-half to the next of kin of 
the sufferer, and the remainder to the next kin of the cri- 
minal. 



of property. 



622 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Man- 
slaughter. 



ASultery, 
how pun- 
ished. 



Incest. 



Sodomy. 



Bape. 



7. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that all persons guilty of manslaughter, or chance-medley, 
shall be punished according to the nature and circumstance 
of the offence. 

8. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that "whosoever defileth the marriage-bed, by lying with another 
woman or man than their own wife or husband, being legally 
convicted thereof, shall, for the first offence, be publicly 
whipped, and suffer one whole year's imprisonment in the 
house of correction, at hard labour, to the behoof of the pub- 
lic, and longer, if the magistrate see meet ; and both he and 
the woman to be liable to a bill of divorcement, if required by 
the grieved husband or wife, within the said term of one whole 
year after conviction ; and for the second offence, imprison- 
ment in manner aforesaid during life ; and if the party with 
whom the husband or wife shall defile their beds, be unmar- 
ried, for the first offence they shall suffer half a year's im- 
prisonment, in the manner aforesaid; and for the second 
offence, imprisonment for life. 

9. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that if any person shall be legally convicted of incest, which 
is uncleanness betwixt near relations in blood, such shall for- 
feit one-half of his estate, and both suffer imprisonment a 
whole year in the house of correction, at hard labour ; and 
for the second offence, imprisonment, in manner aforesaid, 
for life. 

10. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that if any person shall be legally convicted of the unnatural 
sin of sodomy, or joining with beasts, such persons shall be 
whipped, and forfeit one-third part of his or her estate, and 
work six months in the house of correction, at hard labour ; 
and for the second offence, imprisonment, as aforesaid, during 
life. 

11. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that whosoever shall be proved guilty of a rape or ravishment, 
that is, forcing a maid, widow, or wife, shall forfeit one-third 
of his estate to the parent of the said maid, and for want of 
a parent, to the said maid, and if a widow, to the said widow, 
and if a wife, to the husband of the said wife, and be whipped, 
and suffer a year's imprisonment in the house of correction, 
at hard labour ; and for the second offence, imprisonment, in 
manner aforesaid, during life. 



CHARLES II. G23 

12. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 1682. 
that whosoever shall be convicted of unclcanness, or commit- "^ — '•^^ 
ting of fornication, that is, if any single man shall defile a 

single woman, they shall suffer three months' imprisonment in Fornication. 
the house of correction, at hard labour, and after the expira- 
tion of the said term, shall take one another in marriage, and 
live as man and wife together ; but if the man be married, he 
shall forfeit one-third of his estate, and both be imprisoned as 
aforesaid. And whosoever shall be convicted of speaking 
an obscene or an unclean word, shall, for every such offence, 
pay one shilling, or sit in the stocks two hours. 

13. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Polygamy. 
that whosoever shall be convicted of having two wives, or two 
husbands, shall be imprisoned all their lifetime in the house 

of correction, at hard labour, to the behoof of his former wife 
or children, or her former husband or children ; and if a man 
or woman, being unmarried, do knowingly marry the husband 
or wife of another person, he or she shall be punished after 
the same manner aforesaid. 

14. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Drunken- 
that every person disordering and abusing himself with drink ^'^^' 
unto drunkenness, being legally convicted thereof, shall for the 

first time, pay five shillings, or work five days in the house of 
correction at hard labour, and be fed only with bread and 
water ; and for the second offence, and ever after, ten shil- 
lings, or ten days' labour, as aforesaid. 

15. '.'And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Permittins 
that they who do suffer such excess of drinking at their ^ess"'^^'^" 
houses, shall be liable to the same punishment with the 
drunkard. 

16. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Drinking 
that if any person do drink healths which may provoke peo- ^®^*^^" 
pie to unnecessary and excessive drinking, being legally con- 
victed thereof, shall, for every such offence, forfeit five 
shillings, and whosoever shall pledge the same shall be liable 

to the same punishment. 

17. "Whereas divers persons, as English, Dutch, Swedes, selling mm, 
&c., have been wont to sell to the Indians rum and brandy, 
and such like distilled spirits, though they know the said In- 
dians are not able to govern themselves in the use thereof, 
but do commonly drink of it to such excess as makes them 
sometimes to destroy one another, and grievously annoy and 



&c. to In- 
dians. 



G24 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Arson. 



House- 
breakicg and 
larceny. 



Tliieves to 
restore four- 
fold. 



House- 
breaking. 



Bioters. 



disquiet the people of this province, and peradventure those 
of neighbouring governments, whereby they make the poor 
natives worse, and not better, for their coming among them, 
which is an heinous oiFence to God, and a reproach to the 
blessed name of Christ and his holy religion. It is therefore 
enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that no person within this 
province do, from henceforth, presume to sell or exchange any 
rum or brandy, or any strong liquors, at any time, to any 
Indian within this province, and if any one shall offend therein, 
the person so convicted shall, for every such offence, pay five 
pounds. 

18. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that whosoever shall be convicted of wilfully firing any man's 
house, warehouse, outhouse, barns, stacks or ricks of corn, 
vessels, or boats, in any part of this province, or territory 
thereunto annexed, every such offender shall be liable to make 
satisfaction double the value, and suffer imprisonment for one 
year in the house of correction, and bear such corporal pun- 
ishment as shall be inflicted by the court of justice of that 
county where the party offending hath committed the fact. 

19. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that if any person shall break into the dwelling-house of any 
other, to the affrighting of any dwelling therein, and shall 
intend or offer to take any thing out of the said house, such 
person convicted thereof shall make fourfold satisfaction, and 
suffer three months' imprisonment at hard labour, in the house 
of correction ; and if the party offending be not able to make 
restitution, he or she shall be imprisoned seven years. 

20. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that the lands and goods of thieves and felons shall be liable 
to make satisfaction to the party wronged fourfold the value, 
and for want of lands or goods, the thief or felon shall be 
bondsman to work in the common prison or workhouse, or 
otherwise, till the party injured be satisfied. 

21. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that if any person shall violently or forcibly enter the house 
or possessions of any other, being duly convicted thereof, 
shall be punished as a breaker of the peace, and make such 
satisfaction to the party aggrieved as the circumstance of the 
fault will bear. 

22. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that if any persons, to the number of three, shall meet to- 



CHARLES II. 625 

gether with clubs, staves, or any hurtful weapon, to the terror 1682. 
of any of the peaceable people of this province, and commit, ' ■ ' 
or design to commit any violence or injury upon the person 
or goods of any of the said inhabitants, they shall be reputed 
and punished as rioters, and that act of terror and violence, 
or design of violence, accounted a riot. 

23. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, violence to 
that whosoever shall assault or menace a parent, and shall be p*'^®'^*^' 
duly proved guilty thereof, shall be committed to the house 

of correction, and there remain at hard labour during the 
pleasure of the said parent. 

24. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, violence to ■ 
that if any person shall assault or menace a magistrate, and "^^s'strates. 
be duly convicted thereof, he shall be fined according to the 
nature of the fact, and be committed to the house of correc- 
tion, at hard labour, for one month after conviction. 

25. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Asaauitson 
that if any servant assault or menace his or her master or "i^^*"^'-'*- 
mistress, he shall be punished at the discretion of two justices 

of the peace, so it be suitable to the nature of the offence. 

26. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Assault and 
that any person convicted of an assault or battery committed ^ ^^^' 
by him on another person, he shall be reputed a breaker of 

the peace, and shall be punished according to the nature and 
circumstance of the fact. 

27. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Giving or ac- 
that whosoever shall challenge another person to fight, he ^^^iig^^g 
that challengeth, and he that accepteth the challenge, shall, 

for every such offence, pay five pounds, or suffer three mouths' 
imprisonment in the house of correction, at hard labour. 

28. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Against 
that whosoever shall introduce into this province, or frequent rldr'and*^ 
such rude and riotous sports and practices, as prizes, stage- riotous 
plays, masks, revels, bull-baits, cockfighting, with such like, ^^°^*^' 
being convicted thereof, shall be reputed and fined as breakers 

of the peace, and suffer at least ten days' imprisonment at 
hard labour, in the house of correction, or forfeit tAventy 
shillings. 

29. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Gambling, 
that if any person be convicted of playing at cards, dice, ^ ' 
lotteries, or such like enticing, vain, and evil sports and 
games, such persons shall, for every such offence, pay five 



626 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR, 

1682. shillings, or suffer five days' imprisonment at hard labour, in 
'"^'^ ' the house of correction, &c. 

30. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
Seditious that if any person shall speak, write, or act any thing tending 
writings. ^Q sedition or disturbance of the peace, and be duly convicted 

thereof, the party so offending shall, for every such offence, 
be fined according to the nature and circumstance of the fact, 
provided it be not less than twenty shillings. 

31. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
Speaking dis- that if any person speak slightingly, or carry themselves 
ormai^is- ^ abusivcly against any magistrate, or person in office, being 
trates. duly couvicted thereof, shall, for every such offence, suffer 

according to the quality of the magistrate, and nature of the 
offence, always provided it be not less than twenty shillings, 
or ten days' imprisonment at hard labour, in the house of 
correction. 

32. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
Slander. that all scandalous and malicious reporters, defamers, and 
fj^ge*Qews.° spreaders of false news, whether against magistrates or pri- 
vate persons, being duly convicted thereof, shall be accord- 
ingly severely punished, as enemies to the peace and concord 
of the province. 

33. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. 
Scolding and that if any person shall be clamorous, scolding, or railing 
railing. yfiHi their tougucs, upon complaint, and full proof thereof, 

before a justice of the peace, the said justice shall, for every 
such offence, commit such person to the house of correction, 
and there remain three days at hard labour. 

34. " And to prevent clandestine, loose, and unseemly pro- 
Marriages ceedings about marriage, be it enacted, by the authority 
encouraged, gf^j^esaid, that all marriages not forbidden by the law of God, 

shall be encouraged, but the parents or guardians shall be 
first consulted, and the parties' clearness of all other engage- 
ments assured by a certificate from credible persons ; and the 
To be pub- marriage shall be published before it be solemnized, and it 
iisiied. shall be solemnized by taking and owning one another as 

How to be 7 . 

celebrated, husband and wife, before sufficient witnesses, and a certificate 
of the whole, under the hands of parties and witnesses, shall 
be brought to the proper register of the county where they 
are married, and shall be registered in his office. 

35. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that no person, be it either widower or widow, shall contract 



CHARLES II. 627 

marriage, much less marry, under one year after the decease 1682. 
of his wife or her husband. ' • ' 

36. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 

that if any person shall fall into decay and poverty, and be Provision for 
unable to maintain themselves and children, with their honest *^phanT ^'^'^ 
endeavour, or who shall die and leave poor orphans, that upon 
complaint to the next justices of the peace of the same county, 
the said justices, finding the complaint to be true, shall make 
provision for them, in such way as they shall see convenient, 
till the next county court, and that then care be taken for 
their comfortable subsistence. 

37. "And to prevent exaction in public houses, be it fur- Price of beer 
ther enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all strong beer, 

and ale made of barley malt, shall be sold for not above two 
pennies a full Winchester quart ; and all beer made of mo- 
lasses shall not exceed one penny a quart. 

38. "And to prevent fraud in measure, and to reduce all weigMsana 
foreign measures here to the English standard, be it further j^^p^Jj^^j^* 
enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that the measures of this 
province shall be according to the standard of weights and 
measures in England, that is to say, a bushel shall contain 

eight gallons, according to the Winchester measure, and all 
weights to be avoirdupois, which hath sixteen ounces to the 
pound, within three months after the first session of this 
assembly. 

39. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Licenses for 
that no person presume to keep an ordinary without a license prIceTfor 
first obtained of the governor; and to the end that all travel- meais, &c. 
lers, and such as are not housekeepers, may be reasonably 
accommodated, in places where ordinaries now are, or shall 

be hereafter erected, no such keeper of such ordinary shall 
demand above six pennies a meal by the head, which meal 
shall consist of beef or pork, or such like produce of the coun- 
try, and small-beer ; and of a footman he shall not demand 
above twopence per night for his bed ; and of a horseman 
nothing, he paying six pennies a night for his horse's hay. 

40. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Days and 
that the days of the week, and the months of the year, shall ^oot^^asin 

. , ./ y Scripture. 

be called as in Scripture, and not by heathen names, (as are 
vulgarly used,) as, the first, second, and third days of the 
week ; and first, second, and third months of the year, &c., 



628 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Courts of 
justice regu- 
lated. 



Parties may 
plead for 
themselves. 



Witnesses to 
tell the 
truth. 



False wit- 
nessos, how 
punished. 



beginning with, the day called Sunday, and the month called 
March. 

41. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
to the end that justice may be faithfully and openly done, 
according to law, that all courts of justice shall be open, and 
justice shall not be sold, denied, nor delayed ; and in every 
county there shall be one court erected, to which the inhabit- 
ants thereof may every month repair for justice, and in case 
any person shall hold himself aggrieved by the sentence of the 
said county court, that such persons may appeal to the pro- 
vincial court, which shall sit quarterly, and consist of not 
less than five judges, the appellant giving security for the 
charges of the suit ; and no further appeal to be admitted 
till the appellant deposit in court the sum he is condemned 
to pay, and give security, in case he be cast by the last juris- 
diction, which shall be the provincial council. 

42. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that in all courts, all persons, of all persuasions, may freely 
appear, in their own way, and according to their ovm manner, 
and there personally plead their own cause themselves, or if 
unable, by their friends, and the first process shall be the ex- 
hibition of the complaint in court, fourteen days before the 
trial, and that the defendant be prepared for his defence, he 
or she shall be summoned, no less than ten days before, and 
a copy of the complaint delivered him or her, at his or her 
dwelling-house, to answer unto ; but before the complaint of 
any person shall be received, he or she shall solemnly declare 
in open court, that he or she believes, in his or her conscience, 
his or her cause is just; and if the party complained against 
shall, notwithstanding, refuse to appear, the plaintiff shall 
have judgment against the defendant by default. 

43. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that there shall be two credible witnesses in all cases, in order 
to judgment, a,nd all witnesses coming or called to testify 
their knowledge in or to any matter or thing, in any court, 
or before any lawful authority within the said province, shall 
there give or deliver in their evidence or testimony, by so- 
lemnly promising to speak the truth, the whole truth, and 
nothing but the truth, to the matter or thing in question; 
and in case any person so called to evidence, shall afterwards 
be convicted of Avilful falsehood, such person shall suffer and 
undergo such damage or penalty as the person or persons 



be in En? 
lish. 



CHARLES IL 629 

against Avliom he or she bore false witness, did or should un- 1682. 
dergo, and shall also make satisfaction to the party wronged, ' ^ ' 
and be publicly exposed for a false witness, never to be 
credited again in any court, or before any magistrate in the 
said province ; and whosoever shall be convicted of lying in 
conversation, shall, for every such offence, pay half a crown, 
or suffer three days' imprisonment in the house of correction, 
at hard labour. 

44. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Records to 
that all pleading processes and records in court, shall be short, 
and in English, and in an ordinary and plain character, that 
they may be easily read and understood, and justice speedily 
administered. 

45. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Juries, 
that all trials in civil cases shall be by twelve men, and as 
near as may be, peers or equals, and of the neighbourhood, 

and men without just exception ; and in criminal matters of 
life, there shall be first twenty-four returned by the sheriff, 
for a grand inquest, of whom twelve at least shall find the 
complaint to be true, and then forty-eight shall be likewise 
returned by the sheriff, of whom twelve shall have the final 
judgment, but reasonable challenges shall be always admitted, 
against any or all of them. 

46. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Fines mode- 
that all fines shall be moderate, saving contenements, mer- ''^*'^" 
chandise, or wainage, which is to say, the furniture of their 
calling and means of livelihood. 

47. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Fee and 
that all fees and salaries in all cases, shall be moderate and to^e^^^^l^ 
limited by the governor and assembly, and be hung up in a up- 
table in every respective court ; and whosoever shall be con- 
victed of taking more, shall pay twofold, and be dismissed 

his employment, one moiety of which shall go to the party 
wronged. And that all persons convicted of bribery and ex- 
tortion shall forfeit double the same. 

48. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Debtors and 
for avoiding of numerous suits, if two men, dealing together, "editors. 
be indebted to each other upon bills, bonds, bargains, or the 

like, provided they be of equal truth and clearness, the de- 
fendant shall, in his answer, acknowledge the debt which the 
plaintiff demandeth, and defaulk what the plaintiff owes to 
him upon the like clearness. 

8g2 



630 

1682. 



Arrest of 
persons 
leaving the 
proyince. 



Observance 
of contracts. 



Charters, 
grants, &c. 
to be regis- 
tered or en- 
rolled. 



Force of 
■wills in 
cases of 
lands. 



Testators to 
be compos 
mentis. 



Intestate's 
estates. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR, 

49. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that if in case any man arrest another going out of the pro- 
vince, he shall be ready with his declaration and evidence the 
next day, and shall put in security to pay the charges and 
damages sustained by the party arrested, if he shall be found 
in the wrong. 

50. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that all bargains, promises, and agreements, about buying and 
selling, being made appear by sufficient evidence; shall stand 
good and firm, and such as shall violate the same, he or she 
shall, for every such offence, pay twice the value to the party 
wronged. 

51. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
to prevent frauds and vexatious suits within the said province, 
all charters, gifts, grants, and conveyances of land, (except 
leases for a year or under,) and all bills, bonds, and special- 
ties above five pounds, and not under three months, made in 
the said province, shall be enrolled or registered in the pub- 
lic enrolment-office of the said province, within the space of 
two months next after the making thereof, else to be void in 
law ; and all deeds, grants, and conveyances of land, (except 
as aforesaid,) within the said province, and made out of the 
said province, shall be enrolled or registered as aforesaid, 
within six months next after the making thereof, and settling 
and constituting an enrolment-office or registry within the 
said province, else to be void in law against all persons what- 
soever ; and in case the deeds of purchase in England, made 
of lands in this province, should be lost by the way, and so 
cannot be registered, copies of the deeds, attested by a pub- 
lic notary, shall be of equal force therein. 

52. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that all wills in writing, attested by two sufficient witnesses, 
shall be of the same force as to land, as other conveyances, 
being legally proved within forty days, either within or with- 
out the said province. 

53. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that the will of no person shall be of force that is not in his 
or her right mind, and usual understanding, at the making 
thereof. 

54. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that the estates of intestates shall go to the wife and to the 
children, and if no wife be living at the time of death, all the 



CHARLES II. 631 

estate shall go to the children, and if no children, one-third 1682. 
to the governor, and two-thirds to the next of kin. ' '~~' 

55. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 

that there shall be a registry for births, marriages, burials, Registers of 
wills, the names of executors, and guardians, and trustees, ^"'^^^''^'=- 
and letters of administration, distinct from the other registry. 

56. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Eespeoting 
that servants shall not be kept longer than their time, and s'^'^^*'^*^' *"• 
such as are careful shall be both justly and kindly used in 

their service, and put in fitting equipage at the expiration 
thereof, according to custom ; and such as run away and serve 
not their time, when caught shall serve twice the time he or 
she was absent, and pay the charges, or serve out the value 
after their time is expired ; and if any master abuse his ser- 
vant, on complaint to the next justice of the peace, he shall 
take care to redress the said grievance. 

57. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Toberegis- 
that there shall be a registry for all servants, where their 
names, time, wages, and days of freedom or payment, shall 

be registered. 

58. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Against un- 
that all factors or correspondents in this province, wronging 
their employers, shall make satisfaction, and one-third over, 
to their said employers ; and in case of the death of any such 

factor or correspondent, the committee of trade shall take 
care to secure so much of the deceased party's estates as be- 
longs to his said respective employers. 

59. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, Defacing in- 
that all defacers or corrupters of charters, gifts, grants, ^''■'^«'^'^- 
bonds, bills, wills, contracts, or conveyances, or that shall 
deface or falsify any enrolment, registry, or record, within 

this province, shall make double satisfaction for the same, 
half whereof shall go to the party wronged, and they shall 
be dismissed of all places of trust, and be publicly disgraced 
as false persons. 

60. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Lands and 
that all lands and goods shall be liable to pay debts, except f°°^'^|f ^* 
where there be legal issue, and then all goods, and one-half 

of the land only, in case the land was bought before the 
debts were contracted. 

61. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. Bail to be 
that all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, un- *^'^^'^' 



faithful fac- 
tors. 



632 WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

- 1682. less in capital offences, where the proof is evident, or the pre- 
' ' ' sumption great ; and every quarter of a year there shall be 
a jail delivery in every county, where imprisonment is not the 
punishment. 

62. " And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
Prisons to be that all prisous shall be workhouses for felons, thieves, va- 
workhouses. gj-^nts, and loose, abusive, and idle persons, whereof one shall 

be in every county. 

63. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
Prisoners to that jailcrs shall not oppress their prisoners, and that all pri- 
weii treated, g^j^g gj^^ll be free as to room, and all prisoners shall have 

liberty to provide themselves bedding, food, and other neces- 
saries, during their imprisonment, except such whose punish- 
Faise impri- mcut by law will uot admit of that liberty. And be it further 
Bonmenu enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that any person wrong- 
fully imprisoned shall have double damages against the in- 
former or prosecutor. 

64. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
Explanation that as in divcrs laws the penalty of the offences is thus ex- 
pen les. p],gggg(j^ either a certain sum of money, or certain time of 

imprisonment at hard labour, in the house of correction, it 
shall be left to the choice of the civil magistrate which of the 
punishments he will inflict upon the person so offending. 
That whosoever shall know any of the aforementioned offences, 
Informers, and inform the civil magistrate thereof, shall have one-third 
of the fine, and if any one shall conceal such person, he or 
she shall pay half the fine due from the guilty person. 

65. "And to the end that it may be known who those are 
Who are that in this province and territory thereunto belonging, have 
^tMed'tT'* right of freemen, to choose or be chosen, and with the pro- 
vote, &c. prietary and governor, make and enact laws, that every inha- 
bitant of the said province and territories annexed, that is or 
shall be a purchaser of one hundred acres of land, andhath 
seated the same, his heirs and assigns, and every person who 
shall have paid his passage, and taken up one hundred acres 
of land, at one penny an acre, and hath seated the same ; 
and every person that hath been a servant or bondsman, and 
is free by services, that shall have taken up his fifty acres of 
land, and seated the same ; and every inhabitant, artificer, or 
other resident in the said province, that pay scot and lot to 
the governor, shall be deemed and accounted a freeman of 
this province and territory thereof, and such only shall have 



CHARLES II. 633 

right of election, or being elected to any service in the go- 1682. 
vernment thereof. Provided also, and be it further enacted, ' ' ' 
by the authority aforesaid, that all persons holding any office 
in this province, or the territories thereunto belonging, or Proviso: 
that hath or shall have right to choose or be chosen members g^i^^^cribea 
in assembly, shall be such as shall first subscribe this follow- declaration. 
ing declaration : < I, A. B., do hereby freely acknowledge, 
and solemnly declare and promise fidelity and lawful obe- 
dience to William Penn, son and heir of Sir William Penn, 
deceased, and his heirs and assigns, as rightful proprietary 
and governor of the same, according to the king's letters- 
patent, and deeds of grant and feoffment, from James, duke 
of York and Albany, &c. ; and that I will never act nor do, 
by word or deed, directly or indirectly, any thing, nor con- 
sent to, nor conceal any person or thing whatsoever, to the 
breach of this solemn engagement. In witness of which, I 

have hereunto set my hand, this day of , in the 

year . A. B.' 

66. "And that all elections may not be corruptly managed, Pm-ity of 
upon which the present and future good of the province so ^^'^'=*^°'^- 
much depends, that all elections of members or representatives 
of the people and freemen of the province of Pennsylvania 
and territories annexed, to serve in the assembly thereof, 
shall be free and voluntary, and that the elector that shall 
receive any reward or gift in meat, drink, moneys, or other- 
wise, shall forfeit his right to elect such ; and such persons 
as shall give, promise, or bestow any such reward as afore- 
said, to be elected, shall forfeit his election, and be thereby 
inca|)able to serve as aforesaid. And the assembly shall be 
sole judges of the regularity or irregularity of the elections 
of the members thereof. 

- 67. "And that the people may be fully secured in the en- No taxes or 
joyment of their property, be it further enacted, by the ^em^eV 
authority aforesaid, that no money or goods shall be raised ijutbyiaw. 
upon or paid by any of the people of this province and terri- 
tories annexed, by way of a public tax, custom, or contribu- 
tion, but by a law for that purpose, made by the government 
and freemen of the said province and territory thereof; and 
whosoever shall levy, collect, receive, or pay any money or 
goods contrary thereunto, shall be held and punished as a 
public enemy to the province, and a betrayer of the liberty 

80 



634 

1682. 



Laws to be 
published 
and printed, 
and taught 
in schools. 



Other mat- 
ters to be 
fixed by the 
governor 
and free- 
men. 



Penn's visit 
to Lord Bal- 
timore. 



Penn's 
treaty at the 
Elm Tree. 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 

of the people ; and that no public tax at any time shall con- 
tinue longer than the space of one whole year. 

68. "And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that the laws of this province, from time to time, shall be 
published and printed, that every person may have the know- 
ledge thereof; and that they shall be one of the books taught 
in the schools of this province and territory thereof. 

69. <■<■ And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, 
that all other matters and things not herein provided for, 
which shall and may concern the public good, justice, peace, 
and safety of the said province, and the raising and imposing 
taxes, customs, duties, or other charges whatsoever, shall be, 
and are hereby referred to the order, prudence, and deter- 
mination of the governor and freemen of the said province, 
from time to time."^ 

After the meeting of the assembly, at Chester, Penn set 
out on the 11th ; at West River, he met his lordship, attended 
suitable to his character, " who took occasion, by his civili- 
ties, to show him the greatness of his power." The next day 
he had a conference respecting the bounds, " at the same ta- 
ble with our respective members of council." Penn presented 
to Lord Baltimore "the king's letter," on the subject of the 
boundaries, in which Lord Baltimore said the king was mis- 
taken. The conference only resulted in an appointment to 
meet again in the spring.^ 

Tradition, as well as historians, poets, and painters, have 
informed us, that about this period, a treaty between William 
Penn and the Indians was held at Shackamaxon. Great dif- 
ference of opinion has existed as to the object of it, s?)me 
asserting that it was for the purchase of lands, and others 
that it was intended as a league of friendship between the 
parties. If it had been for the purchase of lands, they say 
we should have some recorded memorials of it, or if a treaty 
at all, the written narrative of it would have descended to 
us, as in other cases of a similar nature ; hence, in the ab- 
sence of both, the conclusion has been arrived at by some, 
that no such treaty or conference did take place. The His- 
torical Society, desirous that so interesting an event, and one 
which has gained for our founder so much celebrity and praise, 



1 These laws are recorded in an old book in Secretary's oflice at Harris- 
burg, and also transcribed on a long roll of parchment. 

2 Penn's Letter to Lords of Plantations. 



CHARLES II. .635 

should no longer remain in doubt, several years since ap- 1682. 
pointed a committee^ to collect all the facts, and investigate ' — ' — ' 
the subject as far as at this late period could be done. The re- 
sult of their labours was a very able report, taking a view of Penn's 
the whole ground, and embracing almost all that has been ^""^^'y- 
said or written on the subject. It is printed in the Society's 
Memoirs, vol. iii. part 2, page 143, to which we refer those 
who are desirous of information respecting it. It shows con- 
clusively and satisfactorily, as the author thinks, that such a 
treaty or conference did take place, probably in November, 
1682, at Shackamaxon, under the Great Elm Tree, which 
was blown down in 1810, the position of which is now desig- 
nated by a marble obelisk, erected by the Penn Society. The 
treaty was probably made, according to the committee, with 
the Lenni Lenape or Delaware tribes, and some of the Sus- 
quehanna Indians ; that it was " a treaty of amity and 
friendship," and perhaps confirmatory of one made previously 
by Markham. In the concluding language of the report, 
therefore, " we hope that the memory of the Great Treaty, 
and of our illustrious founder, will remain engraved on the 
memory of our children, and children's children, to the end 
of time." 

We would refer also to vol. i. of Clarkson's Life of Penn, 
who enters largely into the subject, giving even the Speeches 
made, and a description of Penn's dress. He says that the 
blue sash worn by Penn at the time, was, when he wrote, still 
in existence. Also to Memoirs by John F. Watson, in same 
vol. of Memoirs, p. 129 ; and another by Roberts Vaux, in 
vol. i. page 79 ; also to the Histories of Proud and Gordon, 
and Watson's Annals. Although much of fancy may be 
found in some of these, they serve to show the interest taken 
by all writers in the event. Voltaire says, that this is " the 
only treaty which was never sworn to, and never broken." 
West has immortalized it with his pencil. 

Captain Brockholls, in a letter of this date, to Sir John Dec 28. ' 
Werden, says, " I received yours of 24th August past, the captain 
4th December, but too late to assist or serve William Penn ^rockhoiis's 

• f» 1 1 • 1 1 • 1 1 1 letter to Sir 

in givmg possession or what nis royai highness has been johnwer- 
pleased to grant him ; being before possessed thereof by the '1^°' advis- 
persons empowered in the body of the deeds, which Mr. Penn, Penn being 
having since been here, hath shown and recorded ; am ready |^° t|^g^tej°^ 

' P. S. Duponceau and J. Francis Fisher. tories. 



636 



WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETARY AND GOVERNOR. 



1682. 



Dec. 31. 

Penn in- 
structs the 
court re- 
specting 
lands. 
Townships 
to be laid. off. 



A ship of 
550 tons ar- 
rives, with 
350 passen- 
gers. Get 
ashore. 
Kindness of 
Indians to 
them. 



to obey all his royal highness's commands, and serve his In- 
terests, but fear what is left of his province not able to defray 
the charge."^ 

Penn commissions, under his hand and seal, the justices 
of the peace of Kent and other counties, ordering and ap- 
pointing them, in open court, to receive all petitions from 
persons wanting to take up lands amongst them ; to grant 
warrants to the surveyor to measure the same; not to exceed 
300 acres to a master of a family, nor 100 to a single person, 
at one single penny per acre, or value thereof in the produce 
of the country, which done, surveyor to make his return into 
my secretary's oiBce. All lands formerly granted, and not 
taken up and settled within the time limited by the methods 
of your own court, shall be accounted vacant lands. All 
persons, for the future, that shall have grants, shall be limited 
to seat in a year, else the grants to be void. Endeavour to 
seat the lands by way of townships, as 3000 acres among ten 
families ; if single persons, 1000 acres among ten of them, 
laid out in a long square, five or ten of a side, and a way of 
200 feet broad left between them, for a highway, in the town- 
ship, for the future good and great benefit of the country.^ 

"A large ship of 550 tons burden arrived in West Jersey, 
which got aground in Delaware Bay, where, after laying eight 
days, by a favourable wind and tide, got off, and landed her 
passengers, being 360, between Philadelphia and Burlington, 
on the Jersey shore. Their provisions being nigh gone, they 
sent ten miles, to an Indian town near Rancocas Creek, for 
Indian corn and pease. The king of this tribe being there, 
treated them kindly, and directed such Indians as had pro- 
visions to bring them in next morning, who accordingly 
brought plenty, which being delivered and put in bags, the 
messengers took leave of the king, who kindly ordered some 
of the Indians to carry these bags for them to their canoes."^ 

Having completed the first part of our plan, by tracing the 
settlements on the Delaware from their commencement, and 
placed William Penn in full possession of his territory and 
government, we here close our volume, and are now pre- 
pared to enter upon the details of our future history. 



1 New York Records, in Breviat. 

2 Kent County Records. New Castle Records 

3 Smith's New Jersey, p. 150. 



in Breviat. 



APPENDIX. 



[No. 1.] 

Since printing the instructions from William I^enn to his commissioners, on page 5.31, we 
have received from the Land-Office, at Harrisburg, through the kindness of Col. Grain, the fol- 
lowing commission and instructions to other commissioners, of a later date, partly for the same 
purpose. It will be observed that they refer to instructions dated 14th October, 1681, which we 
have not yet been able to find; being only about two weeks later, they probably did not vary 
much from those on page 531, if indeed the same, dated September 30, 1681, be not refeiTcd to. 
It will be observed, likewise, that in the present instance, the name of William Haige is added 
to the others. 

"William Penn, proprietary and governor of Pennsjdvania, greeting, to his tinisty and weU- 
heloved friends, William Crispin, William Haige, John Bezer, and Nathaniel Allen : — These are 
to authorize and appoint you my commissioners, in my name fuUy and effecttially to act whatever 
may be requisite for settling the present colony embarked this autumn at London and Bristol, 
for Pennsylvania, and aU other adventurers, with respect to the survey and allotment of every 
man his share, according to the catalogue of purchasers, and the instructions that are herewith 
given to you; for all which, this shall be your sufficient warrant and authority. Given under 
my hand and seal, at London, in the kingdom of England, this five and twentieth day of October. 
in the year of our Lord, according to the English account, one thousand six hundred eighty and 
one. AViLLiAM Penn. [l. s.] 

" The present duty of the commissioners is to lay out ten thousand acres for a town, in which 
the purchaser or purchasers of every five thousand acres shall have one hundred acres ; and that 
the town shares be laid out together, according to this catalogue, and the contiguousness of the 
counties of the purchasers belong to. And I do further order, that the last part of this town be 
laid out for the present pui-chaserg; and for the rest, I refer to my instructions dated the 14th of 
October, 1681. William Penn."i 



[No. 2.] 

The following is the list referred to in the directions of William Penn to Philip Ford, on 
page 676, and which immediately follows them. We copy it from a paper in the Land-OfSee, 
endorsed " List of Purchasers, 22d March, 1682, (left by Isaac Brown,) with order to Philip 
Ford." Tliis date evidently ought to be 22d May, or third mouth, (0. S.) Holme was not ap- 
pointed till April. 

"An account of the lands in Pennsylvania granted by William Penn, Esq., chief proprietary 
and governor of that province, to several purchasers within the kingdom of England, Ireland, 
and Scotland, &c. 

[1.] I [3.] 

Philip Ford 5,000 Edward Jefferson 1,500 

Thomas Kudyard 2,000 Thomas Scot 500 



The same 2,000 

Harbert Springct 1,500 



10,500 
[2.] 

James Claypoole 5,000 

John Moore, Joseph Moore 1,000 

Sabian Cole 1,000 

Thomas Baker 1,000 

Humphrey South 1,000 

Samuel Jobson 1,000 



10,000 
1 From the Eeoord in Book AA, page 139. 



John Goodson 500 

John Beckly 250 

Daniel Quare 250 

John Stringfellow 250 

Richard Townsend 250 

Caleb Pusey 250 

John Hicks 250 

Edward Blake 250 

William Moore 500 

Henry Sleighton 250 

John Pusey 250 

Thomas Virgo 500 

Thomas Burbary.. 250 



3H esr 



638 



APPENDIX. 



Jolin AUington.... 250 

Richard Jordan 250 

Samuel Benet 250 

Thomas Cobb 250 

JohnTibbey 250 

Elizabeth Shorter 250 

Amos Nickols 250 

John Barber ......250 

Jonathan Stanmore 250 

John Spencer 125 

Mark Keywton ...125 

Edward Crow 250 

William Boswell 500 

Edward Simkins 250 



[4.] 



9,500 



Thomas Famborrow 5,000 

Hugh Chamberlaine 5,000 



10,000 



[5.] 



Nicholas Moore.. 10,000 



[6.] 

William Bowman 5,000 

Griffith Jones. 6,000 



[7.] 



10,000 



William Kent 1,250 

Benjamin East 1,250 

Charles Bathurst 1,250 

John Toovey 1,250 

William Philip, Joseph his son 1,250 

Nathaniel Harding....500 1 . -. f.r.r. 

WilUam Carter 500} ' ^''""' 

Francis Harrison 250] 

John Carver 500J 

John 
WiUiam 



,750 



ohn Swift 500 I 1000 

'^iUiam Lawrence 500 J ' 



9,000 



*Robert Dimsdale 5,000 1 ^ rr.r. 

*Hugh Lambert 2,500 J '' 

Thomas Rudyard 1,000 | , .^^^ 

Harbert Springet 600 J "-'^^^ 

William Busel 1,000 



[9.] 



10,000 



William Markham 5,000 

Henry Waddy 750 

John Day 1,250 

Francis Plumsted 2,500 

WiUiam Haige 500 



[10.] 



10,000 



George Fox 1,250 

Alexander Parker 1,000 

Robert Lodge 500 

John Bm-yeat 500 

Thomas Zaehary 500 

James Parks 600 

Thomas Longhorn 250 

Thomas Lawson 250 



Christopher Taylor.. 6,000 

A. B 250 



William Bacon. 



[11.] 



10,000 
.10,000 



[12.] 

Nathaniel Allen 2,000 

John Hartt..... 1,000 

Henry Comley 500 

William Smith 500 

James Wallis 1,000 

Richard Coslet 1,000 

Edmond Benet 1,000 

WiUiam Smith Mariner 1,060 

Margaret Martindel... 1,000 

John Love 1,000 



[13.] 



10,000 



Charles Marshall. 1,000 

Charles Jones ] ^ „„„ 

Charles Jones, jun. J ' "' 

Robert Vickris... | „ „„„ 

Piichard Vickris. J ' ' 

John Moon 500 

William Brown 1,000 

Chareh Harford 1,000 

Richard Sneed 1,500 

John Jones ] 

Michael Jones... J '"" 



.1,000 



[14.] 



10,000 



Richard Marsh 5,000 

The same 5,000 



[15.] 



10,000 



Thomas CaUowhill ....5,000 

The same 500 

Nathaniel Evans... 500 

Thomas Pagget 500 

Thomas Paschall 500 

Joan Dickson 500 

James Petre 500 

John Jennet 500 

Roger Drew 500 

Edward Erberry 500 

WiUiam Lane 600 



[IC] 



10,000 



Edward Martindel.. 1,000 

Philip Th. Lehnman 1,000 

Arnold Brown ] 

William Cole ^ j^poQ 

n:"""":"":";::"J 

Peter Young 500 

Thomas Bailey 250 

Joel Jelson 250 

John Bristow 600 

Thomas Priggs 500 

George Keith 500 

A. B.... 500 



10,000 



APPENDIX. 



639 



[17.] 

George Powell 500 

John Clare 500 

John Hill 500 

Christopher Forford 500 

William Beaks 1,000 

Samuel Allen 2,000 

Walter King 1,000 

John Passons and Abram Hooper 600 

Thomas Plaice 250 

Richard MiUs 250 

William AUoway 250 

Francis Harford 250 

John Wall and John Wallis 250 

John Coats 1,000 

Richard CoUins 1,250 



[18.] 



10,000 



George White 2,500 

John Sansom..) 500 

John May. .....J 

George Green 2,000 

Francis Smith 5,000 



[19.] 



10,000 



John Barber 2,500 

Thomas Rowland 2,500 

Thomas Adams 1,250 

John Songhurst.. 1 -i 950 

John Burns J ' 

Thomas Banks 1,250 

William Wade 1,250 



[20.] 



10,000 



JohnWillard 1,250 

Priscilla Sheppard 500 

Sarah Barsnet 500 

Israel Branch 500 

Elizabeth Sims 500 

Thomas Brown 1,250 

Walter Martin 500 

Thomas Harriot 2,500 

The same 2,500 



10,000 

[21.] 

Thomas Dell 500 

John Penington 1,250 

WiUiam Penington 1,250 

Edward Penington 1,250 

Mary Penington 1,250 

Thomas EUwood 500 

Thomas Cobourn 500 

Alexander Beaxdsly 500 

John Price 500 

William Pardo 1,250 

Francis Fineher 1,250 

10,000 
[22.] 

Charles Lloyd. | 5 0^0 

JMargaret Davis ....] 

Richard Davis 5,000 



10,000 



[23.] 

William Jenkins 1,000 

John Poycr 750 

William Mordant 500 

John Burgc 750 

John Bovin 750 

William Powell l,l-'50 

Lewis Davis :!,I100 

Morris Lenholme 500 

Thomas Simons 500 

John Bevin 2,000 

Edward Prichard 2,500 



[24.] 



13,500 



William Bringley 500 

Anne Olive 500 

John Hart 1,000 

Joseph Richards 500 

Joshua Hastings 1,000 

Robert Adams 500 

John Harper 500 

Richard Hands 1,000 

John Hewes 500 

William Ceeill 250 

Edwards Walter 250 

Thomas Serey 500 

Edward Betrice 2,000 

Thomas Minchin 500 

John March 1,000 



[25.] 



10,000 



John Ap John.... ) . 

John Winn J ' 

"" " :} 



John Thomas 
Evan Jones 



[26.] 



5,000 



10,000 



Ralph Withers 500 

John Bezer 1,000 

John Clerk 500 

Isaac Self ) 

Edward Guy J 

E d ward Luff. ) 



.500 



.500 



.500 



.500 



John Luff. J 

Richard True > 

Richard True, jun.-J 

John Brothers ) 

Robert Sergei \ 

Edward Bezor 500 

Anthony Elton 500 

Edward Brown 500 

Daniel Smith 500 

John Harding 500 

John Gibbon 500 

WiUiam Smith 1,250 

Samuel Noise 500 

Thomas Sagar and Susannah Baily 600 

John Buckley 250 

William Withers 500 



[27.] 



10,000 



George Andrews 250 

AVilliam Sute 500 

Francis Smith 600 

Ann Crawley 500 



640 



APPENDIX. 



Robert Summers 500 

Robert Stephens 500 

Thomas Gerish 500 

William Clouds 500 

Oliver Cope 500 

Enoch Flower 2,000 

John Retye, (9th of 7th month, 1681) 250 

John Bunts 250 

John Kinsman 500 

William Hitehcock 500 

William Bezer 250 

Thomas Hatt 500 

James Hill 500 

Thomas Haywood 250 

A. B 1,250 



10,000 



[28.] 



John Boy 1,000 

Jane May 250 

Edward Edwards 250 

Robert France 250 

Philip Runing 250 

William Bayly 500 

Henry Bernard 250, 

John Collet 50^ 

Nathaniel Pask 250 

William Neale 260 

Edward JeflFeries, (22d October, 1681) 500 

William Isaac, (20th March, 1681) 500 

Daniel Smith 2,000 

Edward Blardman 1,000 

Edward Bayly 250 

A. B 1,000 



William Lowther... 
Margaret Lowther. 

John Lowther 

Charles Lowther..., 



[29.] 

:;} - 
:.1 ■■ 



9,000 



.5,000 



.5,000 



[30.] 



10,000 



.5,000 



William Crispin....] 

Silas Crispin J 

Benjamin Chambers 1,000 

James Hunt 1,000 

John Chambers 500 

Henry Green 500 

Peter Bland 500 

Samuel Fox 1,500 



[31.] 



10,000 



Lawrence Growden 5,00 

Joseph Growden 5,000 



William Penn, jun.... 
Lajtitia Penn., 



[32.] 



10,000 
.10,000 



[34.] 

George Whitehead 5,000 

William Gibson 5,000 

Richard Webb 1,000 

Leonard Fell 250 

Richard Richardson 250 

Nathaniel Bromley 2,000 

John Reynolds 1,000 

William Tanner 500 

John Tanner 500 

.Joseph Tanner 500 

Robert Greenway 1,500 

Francis Bourough 1,000 

Edward West 1,000 



[35.] 



10,500 



Richard Gunton sold to Rich. Haslegrove.. 1,000 

Basilion Foster 1,000 

Dugel Garmel 1,650 

John West 1,250 

Ralph Kinse}' 125 

Thomas Powell 250 

Ralph Ward 125 

Philip Alford 125 

Samuel Atkinson 125 

Gilbert Mace 500 

James Boyden 1,000 

Richard Wooler 500 

Isaac Martin 500 

Nehemiah Mitchell 250 

Francis Dove 500 

Edward Samway 500 

William Wiggins 500 

A. B 150 



10,000 



[36.] 



[33.] 

Joseph Martin 5,000 

James Lyell 5,000 

10,000 



The Society of Traders 10,000 

[37.] 
The same Society of Traders 10,000 

[38.] 

Thomas Ellwood et ux 1,000 

Henry Child 600 | ^ ^^0 

Amy Child 500 J ' 

Henry Child 500 

Thomas Saunders 500 

John Kison 500 

Richard Ileming 250 

Robert Jones 500 

John Geary 500 

Henry Geary 500 

John King 1,000 

Henry Paxton 500 

Henry Palling 1,000 

John Martin 500 

Richard Baker 1,000 

William Ashby 500 

Robert Dunton 600 

Thomas Woolfe 250 



[39.] 



10,500 



Samuel Carpenter 6,000 

Abraham Pask 1,250 

Richard Amor and William Amor 250 

William Bryon and John Wisdom 500 



APPENDIX. 



641 



Richard Worrell 500 

Robert Knight 2,500 



10,000 



[40.] 



Thomas Rowland 1,000 

Robert Taylor 1,000 

William Taylor and Peter Taylor 1,250 

George Glean 125 

John Edge 125 

Randal Maylin 250 

Thomas Vernon 625 

Robert Vernon 625 

Thomas Minshall 625 

Thomas Powell 500 

Randall Croxton 250 

Allen Eobinet 250 

Henry Maddock....] 

James Kennerly....] 1'^"" 

John Sharpless 1,000 

JohnNeild 250 



[41.] 



10,000 



Joseph Powell 250 

Jane Lownds 150 

John Worrell 250 

Thomas Cross 250 

George Pownel 1,000 

Matthew Grange..... 100 

Shadrach Wal'ly 250 

John JSlickson 500 

Shadrach Welch 500 

John Clows 1,000 

John Peirce 250 

William Charly 600 

William Bostock 500 

Joseph Hall 500 

James Duke 250 

John Hoskins 250 

Thomas Kinsley 250 

Jolm Brock 1,000 

Charles Pickering 1,000 

Jolm Brown 250 

Peter AVorrel a,nd Joshua Worrel 500 

Thomas Buckley and Samuel Buckley 500 



[42.] 



10,000 



Thomas Brassey 5,000 

John Simcoek 5,000 



[43.] 



10,000 



John Alsop 1,000 

Thomas Wooldridge 1,000 

Josiah Ellis 1,000 

William Yeardley ,...600 

John Hitchcock and Thomas Barret 875 

Bartholomew Coppock 250 

Joseph Milner and Daniel Milner 250 

Richard Crosby 1,000 

Joseph Ketlemore 125 

Peter Leicester 125 

Bartholomew Coppock 500 

George Simcoek 500 

John Simcoek 2,875 



[44.] 

James Harrison 5,000 

Cutbert Hurst 500 

Henry Bayly .....1,500 

.John Shears 1,000 

Thomas Crosdel 1,000 

Nicholas Wain 1,000 

10,000 
[45.] 

Robert Turner 5.000 

Joseph Fisher 5,000 

10,000 
[46.] 

George Rogers 2,500 

Francis Rogers 2,500 

Samuel Claridge 5,000 

10,000 
[47.] 

Thomas Holms 5,000 

George Shore 5,000 

10,000 
[48.] 

William Sherlow 5,000 

John Blunston 1,500 

Michael Blun.ston 500 

Luke Hank 500 

Thomas Whitley 500 

Joshua Fenn 600 

Edmond Cartlidge 250 

Joseph Potter 250 

George Wood 1,000 

Thomas Worth 250 

John Oldham 250 

Samuel Bradshaw 500 



11,000 

[49.] 
Solomon Richards ~1 

Arthur Parrin ( ^ -.. 

John Napper [ °'^^^ 

John Dennison J 

Sarah Fuller 1,000 

Elizabeth Lovet 250 

John Rowland 1,250 

Edward Buckman | „„^ 

Thomas Buckman j "^"^ 

Henry Killingbeck 1,000 

JohnBish 1,000 

A. B 200 



10,000 



81 



10,000 



[50.] 

James Dilworth 1,000 

Robert Halgate 250 

John Burchal 500 

Thomas Morris 500 

Edward West 1,000 

Daniel Midlecut 400 

John Jones 500 

Roger Beck 500 

Richard Hunt 500 

John Sumbers 600 

Robert Turner 1,000. 

3h2 



642 



APPENDIX. 



"William Lloyd 2,000 

A. B. 350 

10,000 
[51. 

WilUam Stanley 5,000 

Thomas Philips 1,000 

Richard Pierce 1,000 

James Craven 1,000 

Samuel Tavernier 1,000 

Thomas Pierce 1,000 

10,000 

[52.] 

William Clerk 500 

Sarah Woolman 250 

George Palmer 5,000 

Allen Foster 1,100 

John Stevens 250 

John Mason 1,000 

Eichard Thatcher 1,000 

A. B 900 

10,000 
[53.] 
Edward Stubbard 5,000 



A. B. (Fuller) 5,000 

10,000 
[54.] 

C. D. (John Gee) 5,000 

E. F 5,000 

10,000 
[55.] 

G. H 5,000 

J. K 5,000 

10,000 
[56.] 
L. M 5,000 

[5r.] 

Isaac Gelius 5,000 

Peter Dalbo 500 

John Barns 500 

John Songhurst 250 

John Snashold 500 

Jane Bachelour 250 

Thomas Parsons... ] cqa 

Richard Parsons... J 

7,500 



[No. 3.] 

Through the kindness of John Cadwalader, Esq., the author is enabled to add to the certificato 
of the drawing of city lots, on page 595, a detailed list, with the names and numbers so drawn, 
on the 19th September, 1682, from a certified copy in the Land-Office. 



" Second Street Lots, from the River, 



1. Sir William Petty. 

2. John Alls op. 

3. Sarah Fuller. 

4. Thomas Rowland. 

5. James Claypoole. 

6. William Isaak. 

7. William Penn, jun. 

8. WiUiam Crispin. 

9. George Evans. 

10. Edward Martindale. 

11. William Bingiey. 

12. John Body. 

13. Lawrence Growden. 

14. William Lnnther. 

15. Thomas CallowhiU. 

16. AVilliam Jenkins. 

17. George Powell. 

18. George White. 
" These lots were drawn before us, this 19th of 7th month, 

Holme, WiUiam Haig, Griffith Jones. 

" Broad Street Lots : 



19. George Whitehead. 

20. William Bowman. 

21. John Sinkok. 

22. George Andrews. 

23. Richard Marsh. 

24. Thomas Elwood. 

25. Thomas Fernburgh. 

26. Edmund Jefferson. 

27. Thomas Powell. 

28. William Shadloe. 

29. Samuel Claradge. 

30. Thomas Braeey. 

31. John Ap John. 

32. Charles Marshall. 

33. Benjamin East. 

34. Yfiliiam Markham. 

35. Philip Ford. 

36. Solomon Richards. 



1. Charles Marshall. 

2. James Claypoole. 

3. Thomas Callowhill. 

4. Robert Turner. 

5. Sir William Petty.-, 

6. Sarah Fuller. 

7. William Crispin. 

8. George Evans. 

9. Society. 
10. Society. 



11. John Allsop. 

12. William Jenkins. 

13. Richard Arner. 

14. Benjamin East. 

15. Thomas Rowland. 

16. George Andrews. 

17. Thomas Fernburg, 

18. John Barber. 

19. William Bingiey. 

20. John Boay. 



as drawn by lot : 

37. Robert Turner. 

38. Society. 

39. Society. 

40. Joseph Powell. 

41. Charles Lloyd. 

42. John Barber. 

43. Thomas Holmes. 

44. Nicholas More. 

45. William Penn, P. 

46. Joseph Martin. 

47. John WiUard. 

48. Thomas Dell. 

49. Nathaniel Allen. 

50. Robert Dimsall. 

51. William Bacon. 

52. Ralph Withers. 
63. Richard Arner. 
54. George Fox. 

1682.— William Markham, Thomas 



21. William Lanther. 

22. William Penn, jun. 

23. William Isaak. 

24. William Markham. 

25. John Ap John. 

26. Solomon Richards. 

27. Joseph Martin. 

28. John Willard. 

29. Thomas Ellwood. 

30. George White. 



APPENDIX. 



643 



31. Charles Lloyd. 

32. Thomas Dell. 

33. Ralph Withers. 

34. George Whitehead. 

35. William Penn, P. 

36. Thomas Holmes. 

37. Robert Diusdale. 

38. Lawrence Growden. 



"BroAb Street Lots: {continued) 

39. Joseph Powell. 

40. Samuel Claradge. 

41. Richard Marsh. 

42. Edward Martindalc. 

43. Edward Jefferson. 

44. John Simkok. 

45. Nathaniel Allen. 

46. Nicholas More. 



"These lots were drawn before us, this 19th of 7th month, 1682.- 
Holme, William Haig, Griffith Jones. 



1. John Simcock. 

2. Samuel Claradge. 

3. Edward Jetferson. 

4. William Markham. 
6. Nicholas More. 

6. AYilliam Penn, jun, 

7. William Crispin. 

8. Joseph Martin. 

9. William Isaak. 

10. William Bacon. 

11. Thomas Callowhill. 

12. William Shardloe. 

13. George Fox. 

14. Thomas Holmes. 

15. Thomas Fernburg. 

16. Thomas Powell. 

17. John Ap John. 

18. Sarah Fuller. 



"Fourth Street Lots : 

19. William Bowman. 

20. Thomas Rowland. 

21. Solomon Richards. 

22. Robert Dimsdale. 

23. Robert Turner. 

24. John Barber. 

25. Charles Marshall. 

26. Charles Lloyd. 

27. William Jenkins. 

28. Nathaniel AUen. 

29. Thomas Elwood. 

30. Edward Martindale. 

31. John Allsop. 

32. John WiUard. 

33. George AVhitehead. 

34. Richard Amor. 

35. Benjamin East. 

36. Philip Ford. 



" These lots were dra^vn before us, this 19th of 7th month, 1682.- 
Holme, William Haig, Griffith Jones. 



1. George White. 

2. AViiliam Bingley. 

3. William Markham. 

4. Richard Marsh. 

5. Thomas Rowland. 

6. Solomon Richards. 

7. Robert Dimsdale. 

8. Robert Turner. 

9. Thomas EUwood. 

10. John Ap John. 

11. Thomas Dell. 

12. Nathaniel AUen, 

13. Charles Lloyd. 

14. William Bacon. 

15. Joseph PoweU. 

16. Society. 

17. Society. 

18. Richard Amor. 
" These lots were' drawn before 

Holme, Griffith Jones. 



"Back Street Lots : 

19. William Jenkins. 

20. George Andrews. 

21. Thomas CaUowhill. 

22. Ralph Yf ithers. 

23. Samuel Claradge. 

24. John Simcock. 

25. William Crispin. 

26. Edward Jefferson. 

27. Benjamin East. 

28. William Penn, P. 

29. William Isaak. 

30. George Fox. 

31. John WiUard. 

32. George Whitehead. 

33. Charles MarshaU. 

34. Lawrence Growden. 

35. George PoweU. 

36. Thomas Bracey. 
us, this 19th of 7th month, 16S2 



47. George Fox. 

48. Thomas Powell. 

49. Philip Ford. 

50. Thomas Bracey. 

51. George Powell. 

52. William Bacon. 

53. William Shardloe. 

54. William Bowman. 

-William Markham, Thomas 



37. Lawrence Growden. 

38. Richard Marsh. 

39. George Evans. 

40. WiUiam Lanther. 

41. George White. 

42. Thomas DeU. 

43. George Andrews. 

44. Thomas Bracey. 

45. George PoweU. 

46. Joseph PoweU. 

47. Ralph AVithers. 

48. Society. 

49. Society. 

50. WiUiam Penn, P. 

51. AYilUam Bingley. 

52. James Claypoole. 

53. John Boay. 

54. Sir WiUiam Petty. 
-WiUiam Markham, Thomas 



37. George Evans. 

38. James Claypoole. 

39. WiUiam Shardloe. 

40. Nicholas Moore. 

41. Thomas Farnburg. 

42. John Barber. 

43. Thomas Holme. 

44. WiUiam Bowman. 

45. William Penn, jun. 

46. John Alsop. 

47. Philip Forde. 

48. John Boay. 

49. Thomas PoweU. 

50. Sir WiUiam Petty. 

51. Sarah FuUer. 

52. William Lanther. 

53. Joseph Martin. 

54. Edward Martindale. 
-WiUiam Markham, Thomas 



" I do hereby certify, that I have earefuUy compared the foregoing with an original paper 
found in the office of the Secretary of the Land-Office, and now remaining in the Surveyor- 
General's Office, on which there is the following endorsements, ' Original lots in Philadelphia •' 
'Lots of the foiu- streets;' 'No. Twenty-one, John Hughes;' 'No. Twenty-one, Richard Peters.' 
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed the seal of the Surveyor-Gene- 
ral's Office, the 27th day of December, a. d. 1845. For John Laporte, Surveyor-General. 

" R. M. Grain." 



INDEX. 



Adams, Thomas, licensed by Maryland to trade 
with Swedes, 147. 

^gedius, Rev., arrives from Holland, 331. 

AUerton, Isaac, protests against Jacqnett, 231. 

Alricks, Jacob, a.ppointed director of New Am- 
stel, 226. Sails for New Amsterdam, 227. 
Shipwrecked at Long Island, account of, 230. 
Letters from, 237, 253. Describes the govern- 
ment and improvements of New Amstel. 
Number of houses and families, 239. Com- 
plaints against, 239. Complains of privation 
and sickness ; its symptoms and mortality, 247. 
Complains of things, 253. Great distress, 254. 
Represents matters at New Amstel ; Christina 
in a sad condition, 240. Apologizes for not 
treating Stuyvesant better, 244. Ransoms 
Englishmen from savages, 246. Loses his 
wife, 250. Writes to Peter Stuyvesant about 
purchase of WhorekiUs, 255. Sickness, 266. 
Writes to Peter Stuyvesant about Maryland, 
257. Colonel Utie's arrival and conduct^ 260. 
Bad situation, 260. Detains express, 265. 
Charged with fear, 265. Informed of their 
arrival by Krygier and Van Ruyven, with 
soldiers, 271. He sick, 271. Censured as 
cause of misfortunes, 273, 275. Appoints 
D'llinoyossa his successor, 299. Dies, 299. 
Character, 300. Consequences of his death, 
SOO. A convention of schepens on his af- 
fairs, 300. Not much lamented, 300. Tes- 
timony against him, 301. Inventory taken, 
316. Shameful conduct towards, 317. Books 
and papers to be sent to Amsterdam, 337. 

Alricks, Peter, commander at WhorekiUs, 301. 
Despatched to governor of Maryland, 328. 
Has special license to trade^33. Estate con- 
fiscated, 369. License granted to trade at 
Wliorekills, 369. Appointed a counsellor, 371. 
Negroes confiscated restored, 372. Appointed 
by Colve, sheriff and commander, 408. Takes 
oath of allegiance, and required to take it 
from others, 408. Authorized to enlist sol- 
diers, 408. Their pay and rations, 408. His 
instructions ; religion according to Synod of 
Dordrecht to be preached, and nothing con- 
trary to it by other sects; Dutch government 
to be made palatable to Indians, 408. 

Altona, Port, (late Christina, which see,) 226, 
234. Badly gaiTisoned, 240. Beeknian's ac- 
count of garrison of, 296. Provisions scarce, 
313, 315, 318. A drum borrowed, having 
none fit for use, 307, 316. Soldiers without 
shirts, 310. Other wants, 310. JMeeting at, 
to negotiate affairs with Indians, 328. Difii- 
culty about grinding, 334. Speak of disband- 
G44 



ing soldiers, 336. Several families persuaded 
to move from, to the colony, 337. Asks for a 
minister; have not had the sacrament for two 
and a half years ; several to be baptized, 337. 
Badly provided with powder and balls, 338. 
Sickness and want of provisions at, 339, 340. 
Must receive bread-corn from Manhattan; 
Three Minqua chiefs arrive at, 341. Scarce 
of ammunition, 348. 

Amsterdam, merchants of, send out vessels on 
discovery, 5. Arrival in America, 5. Privi- 
leges, 5. Many going to South River from, 
346. 

Andriessen, Jan, grant of land to, by Dutch, 
87. 

Andross, Sir Edmund, appointed governor, 412. 
Arrives at New York, 412. Issues proclama- 
tion, 413. Reinstates officers, except Alricks, 
on Delaware, 413. Writes to governor of 
Maryland of his getting possession, 413. His 
proclamation, 414. His letter to CantweU, 
and instructions, 415. Remits quit-rents for 
first year on new lands, 416. Exi^ects to go 
to Delaware, 416. Writes to Gov. Carteret 
respecting murders, and to prepare horses for 
his visit to Delaware, 417. Confirms a grant 
by Lovelace, 419. Purchases land from In- 
dians below the Falls, 420. Offers aid to go- 
vernor of Maryland, 421. Various grants of 
land, 421, 423, 424. Advises Maryland to 
peace, 426. Instructions respecting com-ts on 
Delaware, 427. Petition to, from New Castle, 
431—435. His answer to, 432—437. Lands 
to be paid for to the Indians, and other pur- 
chases made, 437. Reply to, from New Cas- 
tle, 439. Requires land-holders to report, and 
receive patents, 441. Directions to the jus- 
tices, 441. Directs Upland Coiu't to buy land 
from Indians, 442. Writes to governor of 
Marjdand, he is going to England, 445. Sends 
musket-balls to BiUop ; advice to justices how 
to act; appoints Brockholls his deputy, 445. 
Grants of land by, 446. Returned from Eng- 
land; deputation from New Castle, 456. Re- 
vokes order about quit-rents, 457. Other 
directions about lands, 457. Reply to peti- 
tion of the court, 458. Allows a minister, 458. 
Appoints six selectmen for Elseborg, with 
help of a justice from New Castle, to form a 
court, 459. Appoints justices for New Cas- 
tle, 459. Orders purch.ase from Indians of 
lands below the Falls, 461. Appoints Philip 
Pocock, survej'or, 461. Instructed to return 
to England, leaving A. Brockholls deputy, 
472. Notifies justices, 481. Levin's arrival, 
481. Gives name of Deal to WhorekiU, 483. 
Commissions Brockholls, 485. 



INDEX. 



Apoquinimy Creek, meeting at, 329. The place 
of delivery of tobacco from Maryland, 329. 
Finns at, 374. Several families propose set- 
tling there, 383. Settling rapidly, 39-1. Grant 
of land at, 395. 

Apjjeals from courts on Delaware to New York, 
479. To England ; secm-ity given to prose- 
cute, 479. 

Apipleboom, H., Swedish agent, protests against 
Dutch, 210. Action on by States-General, 
210. 

Arasapha, 4. (See Delaware River.) 

Arbitrations recommended by Andross, 42S. 

Arbitrators appointed between New England 
commissioners and Stuyvesant, 120. Their 
award, 121. 

Aren, ship, arrival with Rysingh, 150. 

Aspinwall, William, sent from Boston to Dela- 
ware, 79. How treated, 79. 

Assault and battery, curious case of, 311. 

Assembly of XIX., their origin, 9. Complain 
of frauds, &c. in trade of furs, &c., 49. 

Assembly, notice to sheriffs to hold election for 
representatives, 603. First meeting, 607. 
Proceedings, 609. Act of union, petition for, 
610. Passed, 611. Act of settlement, 615. 
The Great Law, 619. 

Attachment on goods in New York; goods re- 
moved to Delaware ; released by court, con- 
trary to governor's orders; court to make 
them good, 375. 

Attorneys, pleading, rule respecting, 438. Oath 
taken by, 439. To pay crier a fee, 439. 

Augsbm-g Confession to be used by Swedes, 63, 
67. 

B. 

Baltimoi'e, Cecilius, Lord, obtains a grant of 
Maryland, 29. Abstract of it, 29. Arrives 
in Maryland, 257. Directs surveys of lands, 
257. Orders to Colonel Utie, 258. Letter to. 
Dutch commander on Delaware, 258. Orders 
Captain James Neal to represent his claim in 
Holland, 317. Reply of Directors to, 318. 
States-General present situation of the colony 
in England, 319. Report of his obtaining 
confirmation of his patent, 327. Commis- 
sioners to, to negotiate peace, 328. Meet at 
Colonel Utie's, 328. Agents oppose Penn's 
petition, 476. Disturbances from, expected 
at Jones's, 524. Peun sends messenger to, 
605. 

Baptist Chiu-ch formed at Cape May, 423. 

Bayard, Peter, receives grant of Bombay Hook, 
423. Buys from Indians, 463. 

Beaver skins, large trade in, by Swedes, 81. 
High price of, 108. 

Becker, J. Juriansen, complained against for 
selling liquors to soldiers and lads ; bad ef- 
fects of, 301. Punished, 312. 

Beekman, William, appointed commissary and 
vice-director, 248. His salary, oath, and in- 
sti-uctions, 248. Authorized, with AMcks, to 
purchase lands from natives, 249. Writes to 
Peter Stuyvesant about Colonel Utie, 261, 262. 
Protest against Utie, 262—265. Sends sol- 
diers as express to Peter Stuyvesant, 265. 
Alricks prevents, 265. Charges AJricks and 



015 

D'Hinoyossa with fear, 265. Stuyvesant's 
letter to, complaining of his trcatiueut of 
Utie, 206. Letter to Peter Stuyvesant in self- 
justification, 275. Describes the garrison at 
Altona, 297. Siclvness of, 298. Applies for 
a situation for his son, 301. Various extracts 
. from his letters, 307, 308. Writes to governor, 
&c. of Maryland, to return deserters, 315. 
Asks how to act towards English, 316. Scarce 
of provisions, 317. Absent, 318. Cornjilains 
of D'llinoyossa's conduct, 320. A sou born 
to; wishes to have him baptized, 320. Writes 
of murders by Indians, 320. Predicts that 
the river will be settled by English and 
Swedes, 321. Persons from Maryland arrive, 
and ask if he would give up fugitives ; his 
cautious reply, 322. Required to act as sheriff, 
324. Wishes Swedes and Finns to maiTj 
Hollanders, 327. D'Hinoyossa refuses to 
speak to, 328. Difficulty about the colours, 
328. Negotiates with Maryland for peace, 328. 
AVants supplies, 328. Allows mill at Turtle 
Falls; soldiers to pay no grist; great diflB- 
culty about grinding, 334. Dispute with 
D'Hinoyossa about jurisdiction, &c., 334. 
Charges against D'Hinoyossa, 335. Agrees 
to arrest soldiers for D'Hinoyossa, 336. Van 
Sweringen's conduct, 336. Asks for a minis- 
ter at Altona, to baptize the children, and ad- 
minister the sacrament, which they have not 
had for two and a half years, 337. Invited 
to New Amstel on account of threats from 
Indians, 338. Has another son ; two unbap- 
tized; expects a minister, 338. Writes to 
Peter StuyvesantaboutPrintzdorp, 339. Also 
about soldiers for D'Hinoyossa, 339. Apolo- 
gizes for charges of merchants, 339. His ac- 
count of capture and execution of an English 
runaway servant, 340. WilUm's account of 
D'Hinoyossa's sudden departure for Mary- 
land, 341. Orders beavers to pay for wages, 
<fcc., 341. Further charges against D'Hino- 
yossa, 342. Writes for medicines against 
small-pox, 343. Land granted to, by Peter 
Stuj'vesant, 346. Asks for a situation, 347. 
Entertains Lord Baltimore, 349. Letter from 
directors on transfer of colony, 352. Writes 
to Peter Stuyvesant for an ofiice, 355, 356. 
Resigns and leaves South River, 359. Ap- 
pointed sheriff, 359. Dies, 360. License from 
governor to sell his estate on Delaware con- 
firmed, 373. 

Bengtsen, Andrew, arrives, 219. 

Bengtsen, Matthew, under-sheriff, &c., dies, 340. 

Berkley, Lord, grant to, of New Jersey, 360. 
SeUs to BiUinge, 404. Grant by Duke, of 
AVest Jersey, to assignees of, 457. 

Eesk, Captain J. Amundson, grant of land to, 
138. Appointed captain of the navy, 141. 

Beversrede, Fort, on Schuylkill, erected, 77, 78. 
Swedes build before it, 104. Suffering state 
of, the gan-ison being small, 104. 

Bible, the test of learning, 462. 

Bikker, Genit, commander of Fort Casimir, to 
be apprehended for delivering it up, 169. 

Billinge, Edward, purchases Lord Berkley's in- 
terest in New Jersey, 404. Penn arbitrates 
between Fenwick and, 405. 

BiUop, Captain Xerper, sub-collector of cus- 



546 

toms, 440. Also, commander, 441. Complaints 
against, for misusing the fort, 451. 

Bishop of London asked to prepare a law for 
Protestant religion, 487. 

Blancko, Captain Juriaen, arrives on Schuyl- 
MU with vessel for Iludde, ordered away, 84. 
Order from Printz to depart^ 86. He leaves, 
86. 

Block, Captain Adriaen, sails from Amsterdam, 
5. His vessel burned, 5. Builds another, 5. 

Block, Hans, appointed a counsellor, 371. 

Bloemmaert, Samuel, said to be interested with 
Godyn's purchase, 24. Associates and be- 
comes patroon, 25. Purchase on east side, 25. 

Bombay Hook, trade interdicted, 333. Grant 
of, to Peter Bayard, 423. Peter Bayard pur- 
chases from Indians, 463. The deed, 463. 

Bones, Hans, land granted to, 369. 

Boston merchants send expedition to Delaware 
to discover a lake, 79. How treated by the 
Swedes, 79, 80. Another expedition from; 
disastrous results, 82. 

Beyer, Alexander, letter informs of outrages of 
Swedes at Schuylkill, 103. Difficulty with 
Lieutenant Schute, 106. 

Breda, treaty of peace at, concluded between 
English and Dutch, 370. 

Brick and stone made in New Amstel, 209. 

Bridlington. (See Burlington.) 

Brinkloe, John, purchases land from Indians, 
between Jones's and Duck Creek, 487. 

Britton, Mary, another first-born, 483. 

BrockhoUs, Anthony, commissioned as deputy 
by Andross, 485. Letter to court about clerk, 
601. Letter from, to justices, 515. On ex- 
pected disturbance from Maryland, 524. Di- 
rections to Harman to collect quit-rents, 538. 
Laying out circle at New Castle, 538. Decla- 
ration to justices of lower counties, of transfer 
to Penn, 605. Letter to Werden on delivery 
of territories to Penn, 635. 

Broadhead, John R., New York historical agent 
to Europe, 41. Result of his labours, 42. 

Broen, Thomas, settles on Schuylkill ; buildings 
pulled down by Swedes, 103. Purchase of 
Mantes Corner, 114. Arrested for abuse of 
Jacquett, 209. 

Brown, Daniel, sent from "VVhorekiU to New 
York, for contempt of court, 397. 

Bucks county established, 605. Early settlers 
in, 448. Grants of land, 468. Oldest deed for 
land, 501. 

Buffington, Richard, said to be the first-born of 
English parents in what is now Pennsylva- 
nia, 468. 

Burlington laid out, 443. John Kinsey dies, 
and is buried there, 443. First ship arrives 
at; river frozen in one night, 461. Sends a 
vessel to Barbadoes, and thus begins the fo- 
reign commerce from Delaware, 477. Number 
of marriages at, 484. Friends correspond 
with London, 486. First acts of assembly 
passed at, 535. Made a port of entry, 537. 

c. 

Callicott, Richard, sent on voyage of discovery 
to Delaware ; obliged by Dutch to return with 
loss, 80. 



INDEX. 



Calvert, Governor Philip, meets commissioners, 

329. Letters from, 329. 

Camden, New Jersey, first settlements at, 526. 

Campanius, Rev. John, (Holm,) arrives with 
Printz, 69. Consecrates church at Tinnicum, 
69. Account of his voyage, 69. Returns to 
Sweden, 101. His passage, 101. Sketch of 
of him ; Indian translation of Catechism, 101. 
Dies, 102. 

CantweH, Edmund, high sheriff of New Castle 
and Delaware, to have land cleared for Go- 
vernor Lovelace, 399. To take up strays, and 
sell them for his royal highness's benefit, 400. 
Appointed to appraise Tinnicum, 403. Ap- 
pointed sheriff and receiver of quit-rents, Ac, 
and, with Tom, to receive the fort at New 
Castle, 413. Instructions, 413. To administer 
oath to officers, 414. Inquire for colours, 414. 
Letter from Andross, giving further orders, 
415. Sends express to governor about mur- 
ders, 417. Informs council of Fenwick's 
arrival, 421. To be "checked" for raising an 
alarm, 425. Fined for assault, 425. 

Cape May named, 5. Baptists settle at, and 
form a church, 423. Henlopen named, 5. 

Carleton, Sir Dudley, instructed by England to 
protest against Dutch trade, 10. His i)rotest, 
10. The result, 11. 

Caroli, Laur, or Carols, (see Laers,) proceedings 
in court of New Castle stopped in New York, 
425. Grant of land, 448. Complaint against 
for his fence, 459. 

Carr, Captain John, grant of land to, for his 
good conduct in taking Delaware, 369. An- 
other grant to, 370. Appointed a counsellor, 
371. To deliver" up Tinnicum to Peter Al- 
ricks, 373. Censured severely by Governor 
Lovelace, for not doing his duty, yet receiving 
salary, 392. Suit against, 400. Governor 
Lovelace's letter to, on Jones's outrage at 
Whorekill, 401. Estate to be confiscated, if 
he do not submit to Dutch, 409. House, &c., 
sold for debt, 444. 

Carr, Sir Robert, knight, commissioned by King 
Charles, with Nicholls, &c., to take New 
Netherlands, 358. Commissioned to proceed 
with frigates to the Delaware, 362. His in- 
structions, 363. Arrives there, and captures 
New Amstel, 364. Articles of capitulation, 
364. Oath taken, 365. His official account 
of his operations, 365, 366. Situation of 
things, 366. 

Carteret, Sir George, grant to, of N. Jersey, 360. 

Carteret, Philip, governor of New Jersey, ar- 
rives, 369. To inquire about murders, and 
prepare horses for Andross, 417. Authorizes 
purchase of lands from Indians, 465. 

Cartier, Jacques, engineer and surveyor, 227. 

Cartwright, Geo., commissioned, with NichoUs, 
&c., to take New Netherlands, 358. 

Carver, Mary, a first-born, 599. 

Casimir, Fort. (See Fort Casimir.) 

Cecilius obtains renewal of patent to his father, 

330. Arrived, 330. Arrives at New Amstel, 
349. 

Census taken, 442, 444, 446. 
Certificates of the conduct of the Swedes, 105. 
Charles Gustavus passes ordinance respecting 
1 tobacco, laying duty; reason assigned, 173. 



INDEX. 



Charles, king of England, grant to Sir Edmund 
Plowden, 36. 

Charles II. of England, grants to James, duke 
of York, &c.. New England, New York, 
Connecticut, New Jersey, &c. ; commissions 
Colonel R. NichoUs, Carr, &c., to visit the 
colonies, &e., 356— 358.T. 

Charles's Kiver, (see Delaware River,) 4. 

Charter granted to Dutch West India Company, 
8. Summary of, 9. Of Swedish West India 
Company, 16. 

Chester named; circumstances attending, 605. 
Memorial from inhabitants, representing im- 
possibility of electing the required number 
of representatives to assembly, 603. Mem- 
bers named, 604. County established, 605. 
Court, first entry, 525. 

Chichester. (See Marcus Hook.) 

Christians charged with murder of savages, 301. 

Christina, queen of Sweden, bom, 21. Gives 
Tinnieum to Governor Printz, 76. Assumes 
government, 82. Abdicates, 165. 

Chm'ch consecrated at Tinnieum, andbui'ial, 89. 

Churches, only three, 417. Governor Andross 
and court give directions about them, 417. 
Priends' meeting at Salem, 422. Baptist, at 
Cape May, 423. Churchwardens appointed 
by the court, 438. Wiecacoa built, 438. Af- 
fairs referred by court to John Moll and Al- 
ricks, 454. Requires repair; to be done by 
tax, 468. To be repaii'ed at expense of mem- 
bers, 467. 

Claes, Abbe, renders an account for services, 
236. 

Clapboards to be shipped, 316. 

Claypoole, James, extracts from his letter-book, 
showing the progress of Penn in England, 
520, 521, 522, 534, 537, 540, 654, 658, 679, 
580. His son goes with Holmes, 557. Chosen 
treasurer of society ; going to Pennsylvania, 
676, 679, 580, 595. 

Cock, Lacey, account of expenses of Indians and 
justices, 440. 

Cock, Lavu-ence, conveys land at Shackamexing, 
460. 

Cook, Peter, appointed a counsellor, 371. Grant 
of land confirmed by Governor Lovelace, 377. 

Cogswell, Piobert, captain, sails from New Ha- 
ven ; Kieft's protest against him, 58. 

Coinclisse punished for wounding a soldier, by 
sending him to South River with blacks, 49. 

Collier, John, appointed commander on Dela- 
ware, 425. His instnictions, 426. Also, sub- 
coUector and receiver, 426. To go to Mary- 
land respecting war with Indians, 426. Other 
duties, 426. 

Colony, Dutch, under Swedish protection, about 
to be settled below Christina, by Hockhammer 
& Co.: extensive grant and jirivileges to 
them, 52. 

Colve, Anthony, appointed governor of Dela- 
ware by the Dutch, 406. His. commission, 406. 
Ai^points Peter Alricks sheriif and comman- 
der, 408. His instructions, 408. Provides for 
sufferers by Maryland, 410. Petition of Fab- 
ricius to, 411. 

Commerce, college of, to instruct Printz, 142. 
Various privileges for settlement of country 
granted by, 146. 



647 

Commissioners from Manhattan arrive at South 
River; visit Governor Printz; uncourtcous 
reception by Iluygens and Pappcgoya; their 
protest against occupation of Schuylkill, the 
sale of which is sanctioned by the Indians, 
102. Appointed to take New Netherlands, 
368. Appoint Sir R. Carr to proceed with 
frigates to Delaware, 3G2. His commission, 
362. Instructions, 363. 

Company formed, and privileges granted for 
their discoveries, 6. Dutch AVest India, char- 
tered, 9. Another formed, 55. Virginia, send 
an expedition to the Delaware, under Captain 
Jones, 10. 

Complaints of grievances between Dutch and 
Swedes, 123. 

Confiscation of estates of those opposed to Eng- 
land, 369, 370, 372. Some negroes restored, 
372. A general act of, passed by the Dutch, 
409. 

Connecticut, English from, attempt to take Eort 
Nassau, 40. 

Conningsmark, the Long Finn ; recital of his 
crime ; order to arrest, 376 ; with Henry Cole- 
man, 376; in irons, 376. Letter from gover- 
nor, 376. Printz's daughter and Little Domine 
concerned, 377. Debate in council, 378. Sen- 
tence of, 378. Court to try him, 379. Sent 
to Barbadoes, 379. 

Conscience, liberty of, 67, 407. Established by 
the Great Law, 619. 

Constable, another appointed between Schuyl- 
kill and Neshaminy, 480. 

Convict sentenced to New Sweden, 138. 

Cooper, John, returns from Delaware and re- 
ports, 176. 

Cornells, Cape, named, 5. 

Corn-mill erected at Turtle Falls, 334. 

Corn, prohibition against export of, removed, 
394. 

Cornelissen, Isaac, complains his son is insane ; 
court order a block-house built for him, 452. 

Corssen, Arent, commissary of Fort Nassau, 35. 
Purchases from Indians the Schuylkill ; deed 
for it, 36. Drowned, 84. Person applies to 
marry his widow, 95. 

Cortiaenssen, Captain Hendrick, sails from Am- 
sterdam, 5. Arrives, 5. 

Counties in province and territories established, 
605. Names changed, 605. 

Coursay, Mr., conduct towards, displeases Mary- 
land, 314. Retm'ns with his servants, 315. 

Coursay, Colonel, from Marjdand, rep)orts and 
alarm about him, 437. 

Court, messenger appointed, 236. Provost, 236. 
A curious scene in, 311. Assault and battery, 
311. Proceedings in case of Rev. Mr. Laers, 
333. A special, to try and punish the mur- 
derers, 392. Contempt of, punished, 397. 
Established at New Castle, 416, 417. Pro- 
ceedings, 424. Curious proceedings at Whore- 
kill, 425. Andross's instructions as to pro- 
ceedings, 427. Allusion to Lovelace's, 427. 
Verbal commitment not valid, 429. Fees, 439. 
Attorneys, 438, 439. Request that of Upland 
to arrest a fugitive debtor; they agree to it, 
461. Trial of Hutchinson, a constable; ask 
governor's interpretation of the law, 464. 
Justices deputed to wait on governor at New 



648 INDEX. 

York, 464. To settle a land ease at Salem, 465. 
Of Deal, fixes price to be paid Indians for 
land, 485. May decide cases of equity, 442. 
Of Upland orders roads to be made from 
neighbour to neighbour, 4G0. A jury, 460. 
Case of education, 462. Petition for division 
of Marcus Hook, 462. Order for a lane to 
house of defence, 463. Petition of Rambo 
against Swensons, and decision, 463. A 
transfer of grant by Lovelace recorded, 463. 
A pumpkin suit, 463. No person to plead for 
another without admittance or power of at- 
torney, 440. Fine forgiven, 440. Commander 
not to act as judge, 440. Decide against the 
jury, 440. G-overnor's instructions, 441. May 
appoint vendue-master, 441. Upland to buy 
Indian land, 442. Case of Peter Jegou re- 
moved from Burlington, 467. Order the 
churches of Wiccacoa and Tinnicum to be re- 
paired and kejit in order at expense of the 
members, 467. Singular trial, 535. Third, 
640. Overseers of highways appointed, 540. 
Appoints churchwardens in New Castle, 438. 
Pleading attorneys not allowed to practice in 
the government, 438. Attorney's oath, 439. 
Appoint tobacco inspector, 439. Declarations 
must be entered one day before court, 440. 
To make good a debt^ for releasing goods un- 
der attachment, 375. 
Cousterier, Elizabeth, license of Governor Ni- 

choUs, to trade on Delaware, 368. 
Crane Hook, Swedish church erected, 371. 

D. 

Deal, late Whorekill, so named by Andross, 
483. County changed to Sussex, 605. 

Debtors, proclamation of governor, forbidding 
carrying out of country, or servants, 395. 

Deeds for Godyn's purchase, 24, 25. 

Deer skins, town meeting to fix prices of, at 
Fort Casimir, 228. 

Defamation, case of, how punished, 452. 

De Bogardt, Jost, receives a commission, as 
commandant or governor; his salary, 55. Di- 
rections to Printz respecting, 66. 

De Haas, J., appointed a receiver, 413. 

D'Hinoyossa, Lieut. Alexander, soldiers under 
223. Joined with Beekman in purchase of 
Whorekills, 256. Buys Hudde's mill, 297. Suc- 
ceeds Alricks, 299. Quarrels with Van Gezel, 
303. Demands his dismission, 340. Treats 
a letter from Peter Stuyvesant with disre- 
spect, 312. Sells liquor to Indians, 316. 
Shameful conduct towards Alricks, 317. 
Haughty conduct of, 319. Exhibits a com- 
mission with ringing of bell, 325. Differs with 
Van Gezel, 327. Refuses to see Beekman, 

328. Summons the Indians at Apoquinimy, 

329. Beekman and, have no intercourse, 331. 
Interdicts trade between Bombay Hook and 
Cape Henlopen, 333. Special license to Al- 
ricks, 333. Interdicts liquors ; authorizes In- 
dians to rob, 333. Dispute with Beekman 
about jurisdiction, 334. Charged with burn- 
ing palisades, 335. Asks arrest of soldiers, 
&o. by Beekman, 336. His intercourse with 
Maryland, 336. Invites Beekman, 338. Re- 
fuses to publish proclamation of Peter Stuy- 



vesant for a fast day, and appointed one 
himself; letter to the director-general, 336. 
Character of, by Peter Stuyvesant, 336. Go- 
ing to Holland, 339. To be summoned to 
Amsterdam, for hanging servant, 345. Sells 
galliot for tobacco and cattle, 340. Returns, 
340. Departs suddenly for Maryland, with 
Van Sweringen, 341. Further charges against 
him by Beekman, 342. His mysterious con- 
duct, 342. Arrives in Amsterdam, via New 
York, 348. Arrives from Holland, 354. Re- 
ceives the transfer of company's pro^ierty for 
city, 355. Proposals to Beekman, 356. Going 
to build a capital at Apoquinimy, 356. Re- 
turns to Europe ; enters the army, and dies, 
in Holland, 368. Certificate to Captain Carr 
for several things received for the service, 368. 
His property confiscated, 370. 

De Ilorst and others despatch a vessel from 
Holland for South River, 51. Letter to in- 
habitants of Christina respecting a grant to, 
61. 

De Koninck, Frederick, captain, employed in 
expedition to Delaware, 180. 

De Laet, John, unites with Godyn, <fcc. to form 
a colony, 25. 

De Ringh, Emilius, complains against the 
church at New Castle, that he does not get 
his pay as reader, 437. 

De Sille, V. D., appointed to superintend expe- 
dition, 180. 

De Vries, David Pietersen, associates with Go- 
dyn, &c. to form a colony, 24. Becomes pa- 
troon, 24. Sails from Texel, 25. Arrives in 
Delaware, at Lewes Creek, 25. Erects Fort 
Oplandt, 25. Leaves colony in hands of 
Hosset, and returns to Holland, 25. His colony 
destroyed by Indians; particulars of it, 27. 
Hears, in Holland, of destniction of his co- 
lony, 30. Again sails for Delaware, 30, 
Learns the truth of the report from the In- 
dians, 30. His interviews with them, 31. 
Makes peace and presents; prepares for 
whale-fishing, 31. Proceeds up the river to 
procure provisions, 31. Escapes destruction 
through kindness of a female Indian, 32. 
Nassau crowded with Indians, and on board 
his vessel, 32. Goes to Virginia; reception 
by governor, 32. Ignorance of the Delaware, 
33. English murdered by Indians, 33. Re- 
visits the Delaware, 72. Describes Swedes' 
forts, and Governor Printz, 73. 

De With, Captain, sails from Amsterdam, 5. 
Arrival, 5. 

Delaware, Lord, visits the river, 1. Death of, 7. 

Delaware River, visited by northern whalers, 1. 
Discovery of, by Henry Hudson, 2. Names 
given to, 4. Reported arrival of vessels un- 
der license, 9. Indian trade profitable on, 10. 
First Dutch expedition, under Captain Mey, 
arrives, 12. Fort Nassau built, 12. Minuit 
and the Swedes arrive, 42 — 46. Grant of 
land by Kieft, to Plancke, Root, &c., on, 87. 
Deed for, 88. Trade on, prohibited by Dutch, 
82. Vessels arrive, 97. A sti'ange vessel ar- 
rives, and is fired upon by Fort Nassau, 98. 
Early notices of, 227. Sturgeons abundant, 
227. Frozen in one night, 241. Dutch and 
Swedes on, submit to Sir Robert Carr, 365. 



INDEX. 



Official account of it, 366. Governor Ni- 
choUs licenses a woman to trade there, 368. 
Directions given for tlie better government 
of, 371. A court established ; officers named, 
371. English laws to govern, 372. Insur- 
rection of Long Finn, 375. Present situation 
of the country, 381. Again falls into the 
hands of the Dutch, 405. Anthony Colve ap- 
pointed governor, 405. His commission, 406. 
Capitulation with the Dutch, 407. Courts of 
justice appointed for New Amstel, Upland, 
and Whorekill, 408. Officers reinstated by 
Andross, except Abicks, 413. E. Cantwell, 
sherifi; quit-rents remitted for first year, 416. 
Andross prepares to visit, 417. Roads to be 
made between towns, 418. Ferry-boat at the 
falls, 418. Disturbances at, 418. Warrants 
issued against Fabrieius and Ogle, 419. 
Lands bought by Andross of Indians, 421. 
John Collier appointed commander, 426. Jus- 
tices of the peace appointed ; names, 426. 
Several persons petition for land below the 
falls, for a town, 446. Several vessels arrive, 
448. Frozen over in one night, 461. Vessels 
arrive, 461. Commencement of the foreign 
commerce of the, 477. Large ship with pas- 
sengers arrives, 636. (See South River.) 

Dennison, Major-General, statement of, 135. 

Deserters to Maryland, 309. 

Discovery, voyages for, undertaken, 5. Report 
of, made, and reward claimed, 5. Early 
maps of, 6, 7. 

Distilling and brewing forbidden, 356. 

Divorce applied for, 310. 

Dongan, Thomas, appointed governor of New 
York, 596. 

Dort, Confession of, to be used, 408. 

Douglass, William, case of, at Whorekill, 379. 
Sent off to New England, 379. Sent prisoner 
to New York, 403. And to Barbadoes, 403. 

Drinker, Edward, [John,] born on present site 
of Philadelphia, 485. 

Duck Creek, lands between and Apoquinimy, 
Indian deed for, 481. 

Duke of York, new grant to, by the king, 412. 
Appoints Sir Edward Andross governor, 412. 
New conveyance to Carteret, 412. Sends 
John Levin to inquire into his affairs ; com- 
mission and instructions, 470, 471. Conveys 
West Jersey to William Penn and others, 478. 
Removes duties from WhorekiU, 478. Deed 
for Pennsylvania, 586. Deed for the terri- 
tories, 588—590. 

Dutch compel an English expedition from Bos- 
ton to return, SO. Seize two cargoes of Swedes 
in Friesland, for duties, 81. Correspondence 
about, 81. Prohibit ti'ade on Delaware, 82. 
Grant of land to Plancke, &c., 87. Indian 
attempts to surprise, 93. Printz's conduct to- 
wards, 94. Power at New York and on Dela- 
ware now terminates, 365. Patents to be 
renewed, 370. Again become masters of New 
York, &c., 405. Extent of their claim, 406. 
Governor grants liberty of conscience, 407. 
Establish worship according to Synod of Dor- 
drecht, and allow no sects contrary to it, 408. 

Dutch colony proposed by Godyn, &c., 22. 
Formed, 24. Sails, 25. Arrives in Delaware, 
25. Named Zwanendal, 25. Destroyed by 
82 



649 

Indians, 27. Complain of Swedes as injuring 
trade, 50 — 56. Protest against the Swedes, 
44. Trade protested against by England, 10. 
First settlement on Delaware, 12. And Eng- 
lish again at war, 396. Difficulties settled 
by treaty, 410. 

Dutch West India Company, incoi-porated, 8. 
Summary of charter, 9, 10. Begins opera- 
tions; first settlement on Delaware, 12. Cap- 
tain Mey arrives, and builds Fort Nassau, 12. 
Offer freedoms and exemptions, or patroon- 
ships, to settlers, 21. Wish to purchase 
patroonships, 38. Purchase Zwanendal; deed 
of transfer, 40. Attack from English, on set- 
tlements on Delaware, by George Holmes, 40. 
Their servants steal hogs on Staten Island, 
from De Vries, for which the Indians suffer, 
56. Trade of Schuylkill cut off by Printz, 77. 
Directors propose appljnng to Swedish go- 
vernment to fix limits, 122. Account of 
grievances from the Swedes ; certificates, Ac, 
123. Determine to destroy Fort Nassau and 
build Fort Casimir, 127. Directors surprised 
at destruction of Fort Nassau, &c. ; letter to 
Governor Stuyvesant, 133. Affairs embar- 
rassed, 133. Plan for relief, 134. Direct pur- 
chase of lands from Bombay Hook to Hen- 
lopen, 245. Long letter respecting the English 
fugitives, 246. Letter respecting situation 
of colony on South River, 276. Letter to 
Peter Stuyvesant on affairs, 299. Directors 
willing to opiDose English, 305. Captain Neal 
directed to present claim of Lord Baltimore, 
317. Answer of, 317. Oppress the city co- 
lony, 346. Receive proposals for city, intended 
to promote the interests of the colony, 344. 
Their answer, 344, 345. Orders to W. Beek- 
man, on transfer of property to city, 354. 
Formal transfer by Stuyvesant to the city, 
through D'Hinoyossa, 355. Lose their New 
Netherland possessions, 365 — 367. Complain 
of the conduct of the English, 367. 

Duties on beaver abandoned, on South River, 
345. Orders of Governor NichoUs respect- 
ing, 370. From WhorekiU, removed, 478. 

E. 

Ear-marks recorded, 514. 

East India Company, Dutch, despatch the Half- 
Moon on a voyage of discovery, 2. 

Eaton, Theophilus, president of New Haven, 
writes to Kieft about injuries on Delaware, 88. 
Corresponds with Stuyvesant on duties, Ac, 
118. Asserts right of New Haven to land on 
Delaware, 156. 

Edicts in favour of discoverers, 4. Expkation 
of, 7. Partially renewed, 7. 

Edmundson, William, a public Friend, an'ives, 
422. Visit to Salem, New Castle, <fcc., 422. 

Education provided for; schoolmasters to be 
supported, 53, 220. Curioiis case in court, 
462. 

Elswyck, Captain, of Golden Shark, seized, 155. 
Applies for permit to sell cargo, 157. Answer 
to, 157. Decree against, 158. Inventory of, 
160. Letter to Stuyvesant, 160. Stuyvesant's 
answer, 162. Attacked by one of his menj 
the trial, 167. Sails for Europe, 203. 
31 



650 

England, the Dutch fear her interference with 
trade, 10. 

EngUsh, suggestion for the removal of the 
Swedes from Delaware, 43. From New Ha- 
ven, attempt settlements on Delaware, 67. 
Suffer from the Dutch; purchase lands, 67, 
68, 69. Settle at Varken's kill, 59, 65. Set- 
tle on Schuylkill ; driven off by the Dutch, 
61 ,• and driven off by the Swedes, 62, 72. 
To be well treated by Governor Printz, 65. 
Permission to settle on the Delaware, on 
conditions, 79. Voyage of discovery from 
Boston, 79, 80. Obhged to return, 80. Cap- 
tured by Indians, 239. Dutch view it as a 
trick, and think they wish to purchase land, 
245. Not to be trusted, 134. Attempt to 
reconcile Dutch and, 134. Commissioners 
sent to Manhattan, who return unsuccessful, 
134. Fourteen cast away and taken by the 
savages ; a part ransomed, 239. Three mur- 
dered by Indians, 321. Disposed to live in 
peace, 322. Indians in fear of them, 324. 
Four reside among the Manitos, near Cape 
May, 326. Proposals respecting tobacco, in 
exchange for negroes, &e., 329. Murdered 
by Senecas, 348. 

Evertse, Cornelius, jun., and Jacob Benke, cap- 
ture New York, 405. Deputies sent from 
Delaware; declare their submission, 405. 
Anthony Colve is appointed governor, 405. 
His commission, 406, 406. 

Execution of a runaway servant; singular af- 
fair, 340. 

Expedition against the Swedes, preparations 
for, 179— 182. Sails, 182. Amves at Dela- 
ware, 183. Takes Fort Casimir, 184. 

F. 

Fabricius, Rev. Jacob, arrives at New York, 
and licensed to preach ; goes to Albany, 
where he misbehaves, 373. Suspension at 
Albany continued ; allowed to preach at New 
York, 381. Pass to New Castle; recom- 
mended to Captain Carr, with a suit, 381. 
Congregation at New York to pay him, 385. 
Persons to settle his accounts, 387. Further 
complaints against him, 387. Asks to deliver 
a valedictory sermon, and instal new minis- 
ter, 388. Proceedings in court against, 410. 
His petition to Governor Colve for mercy, 
411. Labours suspended, 412. Prays to be 
allowed to baptize, 412. Warrant against, 
for disturbance, 419, 420. Appears at New 
York; is suspended as a minister, 420. 
Preaches first sermon at Wiccacoa, 439. Com- 
plains of a swamp, 501. Churchwardens 
ordered to see him paid his salary, 614. 

Farmers arrive in the Golden Mill, 301. Suffer 
much for provisions, 302. 

Fast day at Altona, Ac, 242. How proclaimed, 
253. And prayer daj', 331. 

Fendall, Josias, governor of Maryland, com- 
manded to inquire about limits, 257. Com- 
missioners sent to, 269. Instructions, 269. 

Fenwick, John, and E. Billinge, disagree ; Penn 
arbitrates, 404. Conveys to William Penn, &c., 
as trustees, 410. Arrives at Salem, 418. Pur- 
chases from the Indians, 419. Letter to coun- 



INDEX, 



cil at New York respecting, 421. Orders, 421. 
Proceedings, 424, 430, 431. To be arrested 
by force from New Castle, 431, 432, 434. 
Soldiers justified in taking, 432. Proceedings 
against, 436, 455, 466. Letter from, Ac, 453, 
469, 465. Conveys to Penn, 539. 

Ferry-boat sunk at Whorekills, 316. To be kept 
at. the Falls of Delaware, 418. Charges for 
passage, 418. 

Finns and Swedes, tax proposed on, 297. Can- 
not understand each other, 306. Permitted 
to remain, 308. Decline going to Esopus, 309. 
Object to an oath, 309. Return from Mary- 
land, and may settle on Passyunk, 323. 

First-born children, 468, 483, 594, 599. 

Fons, John, murdered, '339. 

Fort Altona, guns to be removed to New Amstel, 
353. Number in garrison, 354. (See Chris- 
tina.) 

Fort Beversrede. (See Beversrede.) 

Fort Casimir built, 126. Its location, 127. 
Printz protests against it, 127. Taken by 
Rysingh, account of, 148, 149. Named Fort 
Trinity, 150. Its abandonment suggested by 
Dutch, 151. Letters respecting, from Stuy- 
vesant and Elswyck, 160, 164. News of, how 
received in Amsterdam, 167. Capture of, to 
be avenged by Stuyvesant, 168. Commander 
to be arrested, 169, 170. Expedition against, 
under Stuyvesant, 185. Capitulates, 186. 
Stuyvesant's account of, 183. Rysingh's ac- 
count, 189. Attack by Indians, 196. Court 
messenger appointed, 209. Submits, 184. 
Terms of capitulation, 185. Name changed 
to New Amstel, 206, (which see.) Terms, 
220, 222. Instructions to Stuyvesant to trans- 
fer, 225. (See New Amstel; New Castle; 
Trinity.) 

Fort Christina, erected by Swedes, 45, 47. Ca- 
pitulates ; terms, 189. Offer of restoration to 
Rysingh declined, 196. To be garrisoned, 
226. Name changed to Altona, 226, 234. 
Badly garrisoned, 240. (See Altona.) 

Fort Elsenborg, or Elfsborg, built, 70. Its sit- 
uation, 71. Described, 73. 

Fort Nassau, erected at Gloucester, by Captain 
Mey, 12. Arent Corssen, commissary, 35. 
Fires at a strange vessel, 98. Swedes endea- 
vour to purchase lands about, 114. To be 
destroyed, and Fort Casimir to be built, 126. 

Fort New Gottenberg built, 70. Reported de- 
struction of, 196. (See Kattenberg.) To be 
garrisoned, 226. 

Fort Oplandt erected, 25. 

Fort Trinity capitulates, 185. Named New 
Amstel, 220. 

Fox, George, public Friend, visits this countiy, 
403. 

Frauds on creditors, &c., attempted, 240, 242. 

Free Society of Traders, first notice, 539 — 541. 
Act of incorporation, 541 — 650. Address of, 
to persons wishing stock, 550. Abstract of 
constitution, 652. Take large body of lands, 
541. Officers, 554. First meeting and elec- 
tion of officers, 576. Assembly to be asked 
to confirm it, 577. Their proceedings, 577. 
Appoints a messenger, and writes letter to the 
Emperor of Canada, 577. Plans of secretary, 
580. The president sails for, 695. Arrives, 696. 



Frenchman has sold his house, 343. Gets a 
pass to Delaware, to hunt, 425. 

Friends at Burlington open correspondence with 
those of London, 486. First yearly meeting 
established, 524. From Dublin arrive, 525. 
First meeting of record, at, 538. Meetings 
appointed, 554. Meeting established at Sa- 
lem, 422. At Shackamaxon, 604. 

Fugitives, how to be treated, 245. 

Gc. 

Galliot an-ives, and sails up river for clap- 
boards, 316. 

Garland, John, license to trade with Indians at 
Whorekill, 404. 

Germany, charter of Swedish West India Com- 
pany confirmed in, 39. 

Gloucester, Dutch arrive and build Fort Nassau 
at, 12. (See Fort Nassau.) 

Goats to have a keeper, 209. 

Godyn, Samuel, gives notice of his intention to 
become a patroon, by occupying Bay of Dela- 
ware, 22. His agents make a purchase, 23. 
Indian deed for lands on west side of Dela- 
ware, 23. Associates with De Vries, &c., to 
form a colony, 24. Purchase on east side, 26. 
Error corrected, 27. 

Godyn's Bay, (see Delaware Bay,) 4. 

Golden Shark, Captain Elswyck, seized by Stuy- 
vesaut, 155. Decree against, 158. (See 
Elswyck.) 

Government, Penn's views of, 558. 

Grant of King Charles to E. Ployden, 36. To 
James, duke of York, &c., 356. Of land from 
D'Hinoyossa to the Swensons, 359. 

Grave of Indian chief violated, 320. 

Great Law, the, 619. 

Green Eagle, ship, sails for Holland, 318. 

Greenland Company visit the Delaware, 1. 

Gronendike, Peter, allowed to trade with In- 
dians, 382. Complains of wrong done by 
court; jury acknowledge error, and ask pro- 
ceedings to be annulled, 425. 

Guinea, Frigate, Captain Hyde," &c., arrive with 
commissioners off New Amsterdam, 361. Or- 
dered to England with the news, 368. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, receives 
proposals for a West India Company, 15. 
Recommends the company to Germany, 30. 
Killed in battle of Lutzen, 30. A proclama- 
tion left unsigned by, published, 34. 

H. 

Hansen, Laurens, murdered by Indians, 238. 

Harman, Caspar, to take up strays, 423. 

Harman, Ephraim, appointed clerk of com-ts of 
New Castle and Upland, 426. Vendue-mas- 
ter, 439. Salary, 440. Clerk of permits, 440. 
Certificate of good conduct, 451. Receiver 
of quit-rents, 487. Refuse his bills for sur- 
veyor's fees ; difficulty about currency, 487. 

Harmensen, Peter, grant of land to, by Dutch, 
87. 

Harrison, James, letter of Penn to, 522. His 
agent, 522. Power to, 524. Arrives in Mary- 
laud, 599. Arrives in Pennsylvania, 600. 
Prices of passage, 600. 

Hartsfelder, Jurian, grant of land to, by An- 



INDEX. (552 

dross, 424. Resigns as under-sheriff, moving 
up river, 440. 

Hawley, Jerome, treasurer of Virginia; letter 
announcing arrival of Swedish vessels there, 
on their way to Delaware, 42. 

Ileermans, Augustus, sent with Waldron to 
Marvland, 208. Instructions, 269. Arrives 
in Maryland, 277. Manifesto, 277—284. 
Commissioners' views, 286. Journal of voy- 
age and proceedings, 287—296. Return, 296. 
Letter to Beekman, describing his colony, 
321. 

Helm, Israel, appointed a counsellor, 371. In- 
terpreter with the Indians ; applies for pay, 
431, 437. 

Hendrickson, Captain, arrives in Delaware ri- 
ver, and discovers Schuylkill, 6. Returns to 
Holland, 6. Reports and claims privileges, 7. 
Unsuccessful, 7. His map, 7. 

Hendrickson, H., permit to go to Delaware to 
collect his debts, 400. 

Henlopen, Cape, named, 5. Changed by Penn 
to Cape James, 605. 

Ileysen, Peter, takes acknowledgment of Go- 
dyn's and Beekman's purchase on east side, 
26. 

Highways and fences, overseers of, appointed, 
480. Man fined for not working on, 514. 
William Boyles, surveyor of, 514. 

Hoekhammer, Henry, and Co., send colony to 
New Sweden ; grant to them, and special 
privileges, 52. Guaranty required, 56. 

Hogs, wild, to be taken up or killed, 374. 

Holgh, Rev. Israel arrives, 141. 

Holland, States-General, edict encouraging dis- 
coveries, 4. Vessels fitted out under it, 5. 
Arrival, 5. Report to, and reward claimed, 5. 
Captain Powelson sails from, for New Swe- 
den, 51. A ship arrives from, 349. A singu- 
lar association of Mennonists propose emi- 
grating to Whorekill from, 335. 

Hollandaer, Peter, arrives, 67. Successor to 
Minuit, 59. 

Holmes, George, attempt on Fort Nassau, 40. 

Holme, Thomas, receives commission as sur- 
veyor-general, 555. Sails for Pennsylvania, 
557. Arrival, 577. Reads a letter from Penn 
to the Indians, 685. 

Hoist, Laurs, license to his wife to go up Dela- 
ware in a boat, to sell shoes, &c. made by 
her husband, 395. 

Hoorn-kil, or Hoerkill. (See Whorekill.) 

Hosset, GiUis, makes acknowledgment of Go- 
dyn's and Berkley's purchase of east side of 
Delaware, 26. Has charge of De Vries's 
colonj', after his depai'ture, 25. He and the 
colony murdered by the Indians; particulars 
of it, 27. Is blamed for it by De Vries, 28. 

Hudde, Andreas, commissary of wares, 41. 
Sent to examine affairs at Fort Nassau, 83. 
Appears against Van Ilpendam, 84. Contro- 
versy with Printz about his vessel at Schuyl- 
kill, 85, 86. Writes to Kieft on the subject, 
86. Directed by director-general to inquire 
about minerals at falls, 87. Prevented by 
Indians, 87. Protests against Printz for per- 
mitting a vessel to pass Fort Nassau without 
showing colours, 98. Describes proceedings 
of Swedes at Schuylkill, 99. Prepares to 



INDEX. 



652 

build, 99. Swedes oppose itj serious pro- 
ceedings between Dutch and Swedes, 100. 
Directed to purchase land, supposed where 
Philadelphia stands; puts up Dutch arms, 
which Swedes pull down, 89. Violent pro- 
ceedings, 89. Printz protests against, 90. 
Goes up the river, 91. Swedes forbidden to 
trade with Dutch, 91. Letter from, to Printz, 
91. Ill-treatment of his messengers, 92. Re- 
quested by inhabitants to petition Stuyvesant 
for relief in trade, 95. Continued in service 
of West India Company, 96. Visits Man- 
hattan, 96. Grants land to several persons on 
Schuylkill, 102. Visits Manhattan, and re- 
ports the condition of things, 103. Advised 
by A. Boyer of further proceedings of the 
Swedes, 103. Writes to Printz through Iluy- 
gens, 104. Protests, 104, 106. Letter from 
Stuyvesant, and censures, 113. His expla- 
nation respecting purchase of lands, 114. 
Asks to be appointed schoolmaster, 173. Ap- 
pointed secretary on South River, 205. Dis- 
pirited, 237. Marries again, 237. Proposed 
as under-sheriff, 237. Sells mill to D'Hino- 
yossa, 297. Going to Manhattan, 297. Is 
robbed, 305. Asks for situation, 306. A brewer, 
SOS. Wishes to go to Maryland, 308. Ashamed 
of his clothes; goes to Manhattan, 313. 
Wants employment, 315. Is clerk, 315. 
Claims payment for a house from J. Alricks, 
deceased, 335. Writes to Beekman about 
Indians going to war, 347. Going to Mary- 
land to brew, 348. Dismissed at his request, 
353. Started for Apoquinimy, where he dies 
of a fever, on his way to Maryland, 350. 

Hudson, Henry, discovers the Delaware, 2. His 
joui-nal in the Half-Moon, 2. Early map of 
his discoveries, 6. 

Hutchinson, a constable, tried; a puzzling case, 
464. AUowed to return for a few days, 
470. 

Huygh, Captain Ilendrick, of ship Mercurius, 
arrives, 210. Goes to Manhattan, 214. Writes 
to director-general, 214. Answer to it, 214. 
Appears before covmcil, 216. Accepts offer 
to pass and repass, 216. Signs obligation to 
behave well, 218. Petitions director-general, 
219. 

Huygens, Cornelius, attorney-general, prohibits 
trade at Delaware, 82. 

Huygens, Ilendrick, commissary, conduct to the 
Dutch commissioners, 102. Letter to, from 
Hudde, 104. About to move, 343. 

I. 

Indians sell land to Godyn on west side, 23. 
Their deed, 24. And on east side, 24. Mur- 
der De Vries's colonists, 27. Sell Schuylkill 
to Corssen, 35. Crowd De Vries's vessel, 32. 
He sends them on shore, 32. Visit De Vries 
on second expedition ; become friendly, 31. 
Intend De Vries's desti'uction, 31. Saved 
from it by a female, 31. At Fort Nassau, 32. 
Timber Creek at war with Minquas, 33. Sell 
lands to the Swedes, 48. No powder, guns, 
&c. to be sold to, on pain of death, 50. SuflFer 
for hogs stolen by the company's servants, 56. 
To be well treated by Swedes, 66. Dutch 



trade with, on Schuylkill, cut off, 77. At- 
tempt to surprise Dutch, 93. Printz tries to 
buy land from, 94. Make a public trans- 
fer, and sanction sale of SchuylkiU, 102. Two 
Swedes murdered by, 104. Account of Dutch 
trade with, and high price of beavers, 108. 
Present lands to Stuyvesant, 126. Deny 
selling lands to Swedes, 126. Arrive at Fort 
Casimir, 207. Ask favours, to which Jacquett 
replies, 207. Inhabitants make up a purse, 
208. Sums subscribed, 208. Murder L. Han- 
sen, 238. Murder; take fourteen English- 
men, 239. Take a lad, 313. Emigrating to 
Maquas' land, 315. Murdered by Christians, 

301. By two of Alricks's servants, 302. Trou- 
ble expected, 302. Meeting in consequence, 

302. Commission to inquire into, 304, 305. 
Grave violated, 320. Suspicious conduct; 
murders by, 320. Imprisoned by D'Hino- 
yossa, 321. Meeting at Passyung to con- 
ciliate the English, 324. Senecas destroy 
plantations of Swedes and Finns settled among 
English, 325. Maquas and Senecas at war, 
326. Meeting at Altona respecting, 328, 329. 
Small-pox among, 329. One kills another, 
329. Wounded; threaten New Amstel, 338. 
Murder a boy, 340. No war without direc- 
tions of governor, 372. Sale of rum prohi- 
bited, 372. Murder of two Christians, 382. 
Affair with, respited, 383. Not the time to go 
to war with, and steps for safety against, 390. 
No powder to be sold, 391. Susquehannas to 
be engaged, 392. Special court to try the 
mm-derers, 392. Murderer taken and shot; 
interesting ease, 393. Body hung in chains, 
394. License to trade with, at WhorekiU, 404. 
Murders, 416. Purchases from, by Fenwick, 

419. Carr's meadow to be purchased from, 

420. Purchase from, by Andross, below the 
falls, 420. Quarrels expected, 421. Mary- 
land at war with, 422, 425. At Shackamaxon, 
424. Lands to be purchased, 437, 442. Sell 
Bombay Hook to P. Bayard, 463. Man sum- 
moned to New York for treating with, 473. 
Deed for lands opposite Marcus Hook, pur- 
chased by i^ermission of Governor Carteret, 
465. Deed for lands at Duck Creek, 481. 
Complains that the whites take his lands, and 
do not pay him, 485. Court of Sussex pass 
order, and fix prices to be paid them, 485. 
Fine for selling liquor to, 514. Ask removal 
of prohibition for selling rum, 532. Penn's 
letter to, 532. Deed for lands on Clay Creek, 
up to the falls, to John Moll, for public bene- 
fit, 477. Deed for lands between St. Jones's 
and Duck Creek, to John Brinkloe, 487. Sale 
to Otto Ernest, 513. Purchases over Schuyl- 
kiU, by William Warner, 514. Treatment 
proposed by Penn, 619. Purchase of land, 
first by Markham, 581. 

Insane asylum, the first, 452. 

Inspectors of tobacco appointed, 225. 

Instructions to J. J. Van Ilpendam, to drive off 
the English from Schuylkill, with yachts 
Real and St. Martin's, 61. 

Insurrection on Delaware feared; case of Long 
Finn, 375 — 377. Petition respecting the con- 
cerned, 377. Debate in council on, 378. 

Intolerance, religious, by the Dutch, 408. 



INDEX. 



J. 



Jacobson, Hans, grant to, by Hudde; buildings 
burned by Swedes, 103. 

Jacquett, John Paul, as commander on the 
South River by the Dutch, 205. His instruc- 
tions, 205, 206. Takes oath, 206. Lays 
duties, 207. Persons to examine fort, 207. 
Meets sachems, 207. His reply to sachems, 
207. Man arrested for abusing, 209. Com- 
plains of Swedes as turbulent and dangerous, 
211. Protest of Allerton against him, 2."1. 
Removed by Peter Stuyvesant; letter to, 233. 
Krygier sentto take inventory, 234. Alricks's 
opinion of him, 234. Attorney-general wishes 
to arrest him, 235. Is arrested, 236. Appears 
before council and before court, 237. 

James, Cape, alias Henlopen, 605. 

James, duke of York, &c., receives grant of a 
large tract of land in New England, &c., 356. 
Grants to Berkley and Carteret, New Jersey, 
360. (See Duke of York.) 

Jansen, Foppo, appointed commissary, 181. 

Jegou, Peter, institutes a suit at Bui'lington, for 
recovery of Leasy Point, opposite, from two 
Quakers; the case is transferred to Upland 
court, and there settled in his favour, 466. 

Jews ask liberty to trade on South River, 204. 
Debate in council, 204. Two permitted, 205. 
Not to trade on river, 219. 

Johnson, Barent, sails from Amsterdam to 
South River with the Gilded Mill and pas- 
sengers ; permit to avoid Manhattan, 247. 

John and Sarah, ship, arrives, 537. 

Jones, Captain, sent to Delaware by Virginia 
Companj'-; he runs off, 10. 

Jones county established, 605. Changed to 
Kent, 605. 

Jones, •, commits an outrage at WhorekiU ; 

Governor Lovelace writes severely to gover- 
nor of Maryland about it, 398. 

Jongh, Jacob, runs off with wife of Rev. Mr. 
Laers, 328 — 330. 

Juet, Robert, his journal in the Half Moon, 3. 

Jurgin, Captain Jans, to fit up a court-house at 
Upland, 447. 



Kattenburg Island, (see New Gottenburg,) 226. 

Kent, late Jones county, 605. 

Kieft, William, director-general, succeeds Van 
Twiller, and arrives, 41. His account of the 
anival of the Swedes, 44. Protest against 
Minuit, 44. Complains of injuries to trade 
by Swedes, 56, 57. Protest against Captain 
Cogswell, 58. Instructs Vtin Ilpendam to 
drive English from Schuylkill, 61. Sends 
armed vessels against -them, 62. Ill-treats 
Lamberton, 62. Letter to, from Hudde, 86. 
Sends Hudde after minerals, 87. Letter to, 
from President Eaton, 88. Makes a grant of 
land on South River to Plancke, Root, &c., 
87. Orders Hudde to purchase land, 89. 
Succeeded by Stuyvesant, 93. Sails for Hol- 
land, and is lost, 95. 

Kinsessing granted to Swen Scliute, 138. Up- 
land court to meet at, 473. Thresh-housc and 
garden at, 473. Meets, 501. 



653 

Kinsey, John, one of the Jersey commis.sioncrs, 
dies, and is buried at Burlington, 443. 

Kock, Peter, collector of tolls, takes oath, 349. 

Kock, Gerrit, custom-houso officer on South 
River, 352. 

Krygier, Captain Martin, soldiers under, 223. 
Arrives, 312. Sent to Delaware by Peter 
Stuyvesant, by land, guided by Derek Smith, 
234. To take inventory on, 234. Sent ivith 
Van Ruyven to South River, to regulate af- 
fairs, 266. His commission, 267. Instruc- 
tions, 268. Arrival and interview with Al- 
ricks, 272 — 275. Instructions of Governor 
Lovelace to, 383, 384. 



Laers, or Laersen, Rev. Mr., marries a couple 
without the proclamation ; fined, 310. His 
wife runs off with Jacob Jongh, 328, 329. 
Asks to marry again, 329. Before council, 
330. Marries himself, 330, 331. Proceed- 
ings in court, 331. Statement of the case; 
fined ; his marriage declared void ; his ap- 
peal, 332. Condemned, 334. Opposes Zets- 
coven, 348. 

037- By the above name he is generally called on the records. Also, 
Laur Carels ; Carolus, or Carelua ; by all which ia probably intended the 
same person. (See Carolus.) His real name Tvas Laurence Charles 
Lokenius. 

Lake Lyconnia sought for, 79, 80. 

La Montague, one of the council, visits South 
River, 102. Visits Governor Printz, 102. 

Lamberton, Mr. George, from New Haven, fits 
out a vessel for Delaware, under Captain 
Cogswell, who arrives at New York ; Kieft 
protests against him, 58. Ill-treated by the 
Swedes, 73. Is commissioned to go and treat 
with them, 73. Deposition of a sailor re- 
specting it, 74. Lost at sea, 93. 

Lands, grants of, 47, 223. Various grants of, 
by English, 369, 370, 372, 373, 374. Con- 
firmed by Lovelace, 372. Grants heretofore 
made confirmed, 382, 393, 395, 405. Time 
for settling a piece extended, 394. For Go- 
vernor Lovelace, 399. Quit-rents remitted, 
416. Patents to be recorded, 418. First 
grant by Andross, 419. Confirms a patent 
of Lovelace, 419. Purchase from Indians 
by Andross, 420. Grants of, by Andross, 421, 
423, 424. Applications for, to be made to the 
court, 428. Purchases from Indians, 437, 
442. Grants of, 440, 444, 447, 448, 450, 452, 
455, 459, 460, 462, 467, 472, 479, 480, 481, 
484, 501, 521. To be reported, 441. Order 
respecting quit-rents revoked, 457. Below 
the falls of Clay Creek to be purchased, 461. 
Singular measurement of, 459. Patent by 
Andross transferred, 460. Order of court re- 
specting, 481. On Clay Creek, &o. purchased 
from Indians by John Moll, 477. Between 
Jones's and Duck Creek, 487. To be laid 
out by justices of the territories, 636. 

Language, Swedes and Finns cannot under- 
stand each other, 306. 

Laws of England to govern on Delaware, 372, 
427. Interpretation of, by the governor, in 
case of Hutchinson, 464. Passed in Eng- 
land, 508. The Great Law, 619. 
3i2 



654 INDEX. 

Lenapi Wihittuck, (see Delaware Eiver,) 4. 
Treaty with, 4. 

Levin, John, sent by duke to inquire into his 
aiFairs ; commission and instructions, 470, 
471. Arrived, 481. Produces his commission 
to court, 503. His report, 531. 

Levy to meet public expenses, 447. 

Lewis, Thomas, sloop detained for Alricks and 
Cousterier, 389. Pass for his sloop, 390. May 
alone esi5ort corn, 391. 

Licenses granted to two vessels temporarily, 9. 

Lindstroem, Peter, engineer, arrives with Ry- 
singh, 150. Kebuilds fort, and makes a map, 
150. 

Liquors, sale of, to lads and soldiers, as neces- 
saries of life, 301. Complaint of selling in 
daylight, 314. Complaint against D'Hino- 
yossa for selling to Indians, 316. Indians 
authorized to rob sellers of, 333. Sale pro- 
hibited, 372. Not to be distilled without li- 
cense, 387. Tax on, at Whorekill, 397. Sale 
of, to Indians, limited, 418. Restrictions on 
sale of, 418. Distillation of grain prohibited, 
418. 

Liston, Morris, his land mentioned, 481. 

Lock, or Lokenius, Rev. Laur. Charles, arrives, 
140. (See Laers.) Officiates at Crane Hook 
and Tinnioum churches, 371. 

Longevity, cases of, 485. 

Lookerman, Govert, forbidden to trade on Dela- 
ware, 82. 

Loper, Jacob, asks permission to go to South 
River with his vessel ; ciuious debate about 
it, 117. 

Lord's Day to be observed, 567, 620. 

Lovelace, Francis, governor of New York, ar- 
rives, 370. Confirms Dutch grants, 372. Is- 
sues order respecting Dutch patents, 374. 
Appoints ^V. Tom collector, 374. Allows 
Pinns to move to Apoquinimy, 374. Pro- 
clamation against Henry Coleman, associated 
with Conningsmark, 375. Letter respecting, 
376. His answer to petition respecting, 377. 
Commissions a court to try Long Finn, 378. 
Renews order for duties at Whorekill, 380. 
His order, 380. Proceedings with regard to 
Fabricius, 381. Letter respecting a murder 
of Tom's servant, 382. Recommends to dis- 
band some soldiers, 382. Commissions J. 
Mills as surveyor at Whorekill, 382. In- 
struction to Martin Krygier, 383. Confirms 
patent to the Swensens, 384. Submits mat- 
ters to Carr's discretion, 387. His boatmen 
to Neversink to be paid, 400. Letter to Cap- 
tain Carr, 401. Writes to governor of New 
Jersey abovit murder of two Christians, 388. 
Writes to William Tom as cause of murders ; 
points out course to be pursued, 389. Reso- 
lutions for safety of Delaware, 390. Censures 
Captain Carr for receiving salary and not 
performing duty, 392. Approves hanging a 
body in chains, 394. Proclamation forbid- 
ding carrying debtors and servants out of 
country, 395. Vessels to go up above New 
Castle, 395. Orders preparations of soldiers, 
horses, &c. for intended visit to Delaware, 

395. His instructions for a body-guard, &o., 

396. Appoints members to act in bis ab- 
sence, 396. Thanks magistrates of Whore- 



kill, 397. Confirms officers at Wborekill, 398. 
Letter to governor of Maryland, complaining 
of conduct of Jones, 398. Orders land to bo 
seated and cleared for himself, 399. Letter 
to Captain Carr on Jones's outrage at Whore- 
kill, 401. Appoints commissioners to aj>praise 
Tinnieum, 403. Proclamation to raise value 
of wampum, 405. Ordered by the Dutch to 
depart, but allowed to sail with Commander 
Benkes, 406. 
Lutheran Church, an agent sent to Delaware to 
raise funds for, 394. 

M. 

Manhattan, permit for a vessel to go to South 
River from Amsterdam, without touching at, 
247. 

Manning, John, commander of fort at New 
York, treacherously delivers it to the Dutch, 
405. 

Manufactures recommended, 53. 

Map, early, of discoveries, 6, 7. 

Maquas Indians visit South River for trade; 
disappointed that no Dutch vessels are there, 
104. 

Marcus Hook granted to Captain Besk, 138. 
Deed from one of the original six proprietors 
under Andross, 454. R. Pedriek asks for a 
division of original plot, 462. Record of 
court respecting the name of Chichester, 577. 

Mariskit-ton, (see Delaware,) 4. 

Maritties Hoeck. (See Marcus Hook.) 

Markham, William, appointed deputy-governor, 
503. His commission, 503. -Interview with 
Lord Baltimore, 505. Arrives, bearing letter 
from governor and council of New York, to 
justices on Delaware, 515. Indians' petition 
to remove ijrohibition for selling rum, 531. 
Attends court at Upland, 535. Pm-chases 
from Indians, land for Penn, toward the 
falls, 581. Appointed attorney to receive 
possession below New Castle, 598. Receives 
possession for Penn, 602. Certificate of wit- 
nesses, 602. 

Marriage license, a, 207. Irregularities in cele- 
bration, by omitting iDroclamations, 456. 
Number of, at Burlington, 484. 

Maryland, Lord Baltimore obtains a grant of, 
29. Abstract of, 29. Governor Stone grants 
liberty of trade with Swedes, 147. Threat- 
ening appearances in, 257. Lord Baltimore 
arrived, 257. Proceedings of council, 257. 
Orders to Colonel Utie respecting Dutch on 
Delaware, 258. Letter to the commander on 
Delaware, 258. Rumors from, 259. Removal 
of families to, from New Amstel, 260. Colonel 
Utie arrives from, 260. His conduct, 260. 
Returns; commissioners appointed by Stuy- 
vesant, 268. Their instructions, 269. Letter 
to, from Peter Stuyvesant, 271. Commis- 
sioners arrive in, 277. Their manifesto, 277. 
Proceedings of council, 284. Answer to 
Peter Stuj^vesaut, 284. Commissioners pre- 
sent their views, 286. Journal of commis- 
sioners to, 287 — 296. Many disposed to 
return from, 303. Rumor respecting Mr. 
Coursay ; arrives from, in pursuit of bis ser- 
vants, 308. Deserters found in, 309. Directs 



INDEX. 



Captain James Neal to urge their claim in 
Holland, 317. Reply of the directors to, 318. 
Trouble in ; Lord Baltimore's brother com- 
mands, 320. Persons from, arrive, and pro- 
pose questions to Beekman, 322. Sends agent 
to Holland on sixbject of boundaries, 325. 
Commissioners to negotiate peace, 328. 
Meeting at Colonel Utie's, 328. Removals to, 
329. Proposes visit to New Amstel, to esta- 
blish tobacco trade, 331. Servants run away 
from, 337. Assists Indians with guns, 349. 
Written to, to recover lost children, 384. Pre- 
tences to Whorekill, and sending surveyors ; 
course pursued by magistrates approved, and 
thanks by governor, 397. Letter of Governor 
Lovelace to, on outrage committed by Jones 
at Whorekill, 398. Letter to Captain Carr on 
same subject, 401. Further outrages from, 
410. Andross offers aid to governor of, in 
case of war with Indians, 422. At war with 
Susquehanna Indians, 422, 425. Andross 
advises governor to make peace, 426. Trade 
in negroes between, and Delaware, 456. 

Martha, ship, arrives from Hull; captain ap- 
plies to go up the river; consults court, who 
consent, 444. 

Mason, Captain, of New Haven, declines going 
to South River, 133. 

Mathias, , a Swedish minister, arrives, 219. 

Mattehoorn, an Indian sachem's testimony re- 
specting arrival of the Swedes, 47. 

Mattinicum, (see Tinnicum,) 373. 

Mattiuiconck Island, a frontier to be fortified, 
391. To be put in possession of Robert 
Stacey, 461. 

Maverick, Samuel, commanded, with Nicholls, 
(fee, to take New Netherlands, 358. 

May, Cape, named, 5. 

Memorial of Jaspar Graine, William Tuttle, &e., 
on conduct of Dutch governor at Manhattan, 
127. To Swedish resident at Hague, re- 
specting claim to New Sweden, 360. 

Menuonists propose emigrating from Holland to 
Whorekill, 335. Singular notions, 335. 

Jlerchants of Amsterdam fit out vessels on dis- 
covery, 5. Their arrival, 5. Report and 
claim, 5. Company formed; their privileges, 
6. Expiration of, 7. Make high charges, 339. 

Mereurius, Captain Huygh, a Swedish ship, ar- 
rives in Delaware; men not to land; news 
sent to Manhattan, 211. Captain goes to 
Manhattan, 212. Writes to director-general, 
&c., explaining his situation, 213. Messenger 
sent to Delaware, 215. Proceedings against, 
216, 217. Arrives at Manhattan, 219. 

Mesa, Isaiah, a Jew, complains of Jaequett, 
237. 

Mey, Captain Jacobson, sails from Amsterdam, 
5. Arrives in the Delaware, 5. Capes 
named, 5. Petition, 8. Becomes apatroon; 
sails for the Delaware, and builds Fort Nas- 
sau, 12. Time of his departure uncertain, 
14. 

Mey, Peter, assistant commissary of Fort Nas- 
sau, 41. 

Middletown, Delaware, first purchase of land 
at, 462. 

Mill, saw and grist, built, 242. Want of; tolls 
to be regulated, 418. Wood given for use 



Coo 

of, 442. At Carcoon Hook; provision for 
wood, 451. Erected in Jersey; hand-mills 
being used before, 477. 

Mill, the ship, arrives with passengers ; several 
deaths from seiu-vy, and much distress on 
board, 247, 253. 

Mills, James, commissioned as surveyor at 
Whorekills, 382. 

Ministers to be supported, 53. Two Swedish, 
arrive, 140. Two expelled, 204. One re- 
mains, 204. Several expected from Holland, 
313. One requested for South River, 313. 
Requested at Altona. 337. Eight or ten re- 
turned home, 337. Of the Church of Eng- 
land, number of, in America, 469. 

Minerals sought after by Kieft, 87. 

Mines and minerals, search of, at Esopus, Rari. 
tan, Minisink, &c., 255. 

Minisink, mines and mine-holes at, notice of, 
255. The first settlement in Pennsylvania, 
255. 

Minqua chief, presents to, 314. Going to Man- 
hattan, 314. Entertains deserters, 315. Ar- 
rive at Altona, respecting a murder, 341. 
A large number expected, 342. Going to war 
with Senecas, 342, 346. 

Minquas, small-pox among, 329. And Senecas 
at war, 330. 

Minuit, or Minnewit, Peter, an-ives at New Am- 
sterdam, as director of New Netherland Com- 
pany, 15. Returns to Holland, 29. Arrives 
with Swedes, 43 — 46. Builds Fort Christina, 
45. Departs, 45. Is said to have died in 
Christina, 59. And to be succeeded by P. 
Hollandaer, 60. 

Moll, John, deputed to New York, to represent 
matters to Andross, 455. Buys Indian lands, 
477. Arraigned in court for words spoken 
there: acquitted; appeal to England, 479. 
Tried at court; guilty in part, 537. Delivers 
possession to Penn, 697, 607. His certificate, 
606. 

Monopoly opposed by general court of Massa- 
chusetts, 79. 

Moore, or More, N., elected president of Free 
Society of Traders, 576. Sails, 595. Ar- 
rives, 596. 

Mortality on Delaware, 62, 247, 248. 

Moyamensing, grant of land to several inha- 
bitants of, 452. 

N. 

Nassau River, (see Delaware River,) 4. Fort, 
built at Gloucester, by Captain Mey, 12. 
Question of locality discussed, 13. How long 
occupied, and when destroyed, 14. Large 
house built at, 50. Complained of as a heavy 
burden, 50. Number of men at, 65. Goods 
for, thrown overboard in a storm, 77. Hudde 
sent to, 83. 

Natives taken to Europe by Captain Hendrick- 
son, 7. 

Navy, captain of, A. Besk, appointed, 141. 

Neal, Captain James, ordered to present Lord 
Baltimore's claim to Delaware in HoUand, 
317. 

Negroes on South River, first mentioned, 49. 
Sail from Manhattan to Virginia, 181. In 



G56 

exchange for tobacco, 329. Beekman asks 
for, 331. Confiscated by England, and some 
restored, 372. Trade in, between Delaware 
and Maryland, 456. 
Hew Amstel, name given to, 206, 225. Brick 
and stone made, 209. Transfer agreed uison ; 
terms, 221, 222. Board of directors in Am- 
sterdam, 223. Soldiers under Krygier and 
D'llinoyossa, 223. Expenses raised by loan, 
223. Inspectors of tobacco appointed, 225. 
Instructions to Stuyvesant to convey, 225. 
J. . Alricks appointed director, 226. Town 
meeting to fix prices of deer-skins, 228. Ex- 
peditions from Holland for, 231. Transfer 
of, by Stuyvesant, 232. Various improve- 
ments in, 238. Number of houses built first 
year, 238. Alricks's account of the govern- 
ment of, before and after his arrival, 238. 
Few disposed to leave Fort Amsterdam for, 
239. Great sickness at, 239, 242. Arrival 
and purchase of cows, 239. Frauds attempted 
against creditors at, 240. Things in a sad 
condition, 240, 241, 256. Distribution of lots 
at, 241. Fast-day at, 242. Management at, 
to be examined, 242. Magistrates ask for a 
court messenger, and various privileges, of 
director-general, who arrived there, 243. Suf- 
fers much from sickness and other causes, 
247, 253, 254. Beekman's powers at, 249. 
A captain runs off with a vessel of provisions, 
254. Fort out of repair, and other defects, 
253. Soldiers run away; number in garri- 
son, 262. Has orders to fortify the garrison, 
256. Apprehension of danger at, from Eng- 
lish in Maryland, 257. State of the colony, 
258. Families removing from, to Maryland, 
260. Colonel Utie arrives at, 260. Incapa- 
ble of defence, 260. Commissioners arrive; 
recommend removals to Manhattan, 274. Ex- 
change of soldiers proposed with Altona, 274. 
Soldiers forbidden to obey Krygier, 275. 
Directors of company complain of charge at, 
276. Galliot arrives with letters from Peter 
Stuyvesant, 297. Alarm at finding powder, 
297. Death of Rev. Mr. Wellius, 297. Ne- 
gotiations between colony and company, 299. 
Changes in consequence of Alricks's death, 

300. Houses and lots, 327. Van Gezel re- 
moved, and John Prato appointed counsellor, 

301. Present administration, 301. Orphan- 
house ; child baptized, Amstel's Hope, born 
on the Prince Maurice, 310. Report of its 
being transferred to company, 312, 316. Com- 
missaries appointed, 316. City agrees to re- 
ceive the colony, 318. Confused state of 
affairs, 318. Great joy at transfer of, 318. 
Fears at, from Indians, 320. Reasons why 
settlements are not more rapid, 323. Various 
remedies proposed, 324. Difiiculty from two 
jurisdictions, 324. Doubts expressed by 
Maryland, whether it lies below 40 degrees; 
agent despatched to Holland on the subject 
of Maryland, 325. Guns to be sent to, from 
Christina, 353. Resolutions sent by directors 
to Stuyvesant; emigrants for, 330. Tobacco 
warehouse proposed, 331. Dispute about jvx- 
risdiction, 334. Alarmed by sudden appear- 
ance of a wounded savage, 338. Recent 
murders; great fear, 338. Alarm subsides, 



INDEX. 



338, 339. Conversation about Lord Balti- 
more, &c., 340. Proposals to West India 
Company, 343. And answer, 344. Consi- 
derable excitement at, 347. Announcement 
of Van Sweringen's pardon by bell, 347. To 
provide magazines, 348. Lord Baltimore ar- 
rives at, 349. Transfer of the river to city, 
351. Captm-ed by the English, 365. Name 
changed to New Castle, 367. And again, 407. 
Court established, 407. (See New Castle.) 

New Amsterdam, EngKsh frigates, with Ni- 
ehoUs, &c., arrive at, and take it, 361. Name 
changed to New York; again falls into hands 
of Dutch, 405. Reverts to England, 410. 

New Beverly. (See Burlington.) 

Newby's, Mark, Irish halfpence circulate in 
Jersey, 568, 

New Castle, so named, 367. Man to be sent 
from, to New York, for debt, 383. Applies 
for various privileges; a block-house; no 
vessel to go up river ; no distillation ; king's 
arms to be set up in courts ; grants to be con- 
firmed; road to Maryland, &c., 386. Vessels 
to go above, 395. Incorporated; articles 
of, 397. Again in hands of the Dutch, 405. 
William Tom appointed clerk of, 413. Fort 
to be received by Tom, 413. Justices ap- 
pointed; their names, 414. Early court at, 
416. Governor holds court; directs about 
churches, 417. One at, 417. Disturbance 
at, 419. Wan-ant against Fabrieiusand Ogle, 

419. Dispute about Carr's meadow, 420. To 
be purchased from Indians in duke's name, 

420. Dykes to be made, 420. Block-house 
to be moved ; court-house and prison, 420. 
Customs same as at New York, 421, 422. 
Guard against abuses on Jersey side, 421. 
Edmundson finds little accommodation, 422. 
Stay of execution by Andross, at New York, 
on judgment obtained at, 424, 425. Justices 
of peace and clerk of court, 426. Justices 
ask of governor various changes and privi- 
leges, 430. Ruin of the place feared, 430. 
Watch to be kept, 432. Magistrates to use 
their own seals, 432. Prison to be built, 432, 
435. Weigh-house and ofiBeer, 432. Levy 
for expenses, 432. Report to court of Cant- 
well, relating his proceedings towards Fen- 
wick, 432. Court issue warrant to raise 
soldiers and take him, 434. The warrant, 
434. Decision of court; a house pulled 
down, 435. Further powers asked by the 
court, 435. Swanewick, 435. Wills to be 
proved, and letters granted here, instead of 
going to New York, 435. Marks of cattle 
recorded, 436. Reader at Christ Church com- 
plains of not getting his pay, 437. Alarm at, 
on account of Colonel Coursay; soldiers or- 
dered out, 437. Tobacco inspector appointed, 
439. Vendue-master appointed, 439. John 
Moll, treasurer, 439. Marshal's fees, 439. 
Hogs to be ringed, 439. Ship Kent arrives at, 
with Jersey commissioners, 443. Justices 
appointed, 445. Number of tydablos in 
count}', 446. Fort to be repaired, 448. Pros- 
titutes to be sent awaj', 448. Court license 
John Yeo to preach, 448. Petition respecting 
salary, and court's answer, 449. John Moll 
sent to Now York, to represent facts in An- 



(.iross's absence, 455. Ask for t/acic with 
Maryland for negroes, 466. Articles belong- 
ing to fort, 457. Captain Billop ordered to 
New York, 457. Justices appointed, 459. 
Court to extend its care to east side, 459. And 
Upland county, limits between mutually set- 
tled, 459. Philip Pocock appointed surveyor, 
461. Court addresses governor for relief in pay- 
ing quit-rents in wheat, saying they have only 
tobacco, 468. An old servant in the fort, 469. 
Enlargement of the county proposed, 469. 
Justices appointed, 472. Harman surveyor, 
472. Indian deed to John Moll, for lands up 
to the falls, for public benefit, 477. Tax for 
wolf-scalps, and charge for collecting, 478. 
Commissions of justices continued, 525. 
Windmill at, 533. Deeds of feoffment, 688, 
590. Penu's arrival at, 696. Piccord of it, 
596. Formal possession given, 596. Certifi- 
cate of citizens, 597. Submission of inha- 
bitants, 597. Commission to Penn's justices, 
698. Their written obligations, 598. Notices 
to attend a court at, 599. Fu-st court held 
at, 600. Proceedings; Penn's speech, 601. 
Weekly market established, 604. Established, 
605. 

New Gottenberg, fort built, 70. Destroyed by 
fire, 84. Name changed, 226. 

New Haven, Connecticut, settled, 48. English 
from, purchase lands on Delaware, 57, 58. 
Vessel sent there ; protest against, 58. Pro- 
ceedings of general coui't respecting Dela- 
ware, 59, 75. Purchase at Delaware, through 
the friendship of a Pequot sachem, 60. Settle 
on Schuylkill, and are driven off by Dutch, 
61. Trading-house burnt by order of Kieft; 
Lamberton ill-treated, 62. Protests against 
Kieft, 62. Deposition of John Thickpenny, 
75. Letter fi'om, to general court, 78. Pre- 
sident Eaton writes to Kieft about injuries 
received on Delaware, 88. Shipwreck of 
several persons from, 93. Governor Eaton 
writes to Stuyvesant about his course as to 
duties, &c., 118. Mr. Leech presents a fa- 
vourable report of Delaware, 119. Governor 
Eaton inquires of United Colonies what is to 
be done, 119. They discourage planting it, 
on account of hands, 119. But leave it to 
their discretion, 119. Allude to luirchase, 
119. Justified by commissioners in their 
course to Stuyvesant, 119. Applies to Ply- 
mouth Colony for help ; they decline, 123. 
Fifty men hire a vessel for Delaware ; they 
are arrested at Manhattan, 127. Memorial 
of JasparGraine, &c., respecting it, 127 — ^130. 
Proceedings of commissioners on it; they 
write to Dutch governor, 130, 131. Deter- 
mine to settle plantations on Delaware ; apj)ly 
to Captain Mason; he declines, 133. A ves- 
sel from, protested against, 135. Proceed- 
ings of general court at ; letter to the Swedes, 
153. Right to lands on Delaware asserted, 
156. Further proceedings about Delaware, 
166, 171. Pi,eport of commissioner appointed 
by last court on Delaware ; purchase of lands, 
Ac, 171. Mr. Davenport and Hooke decline 
going, 171. Proposed to two magistrates to 
go, 171. Their answer, 172. Petition of 
Munson and Cooper, for privileges in settling 
83 



INDEX. g57 

Delaware, 174. Answer of the court to, 175. 
Court meets to receive John Cooper's report 
on his voyage to Delaware, 176. Further 
proceedings, 177. 

New .Jersey, grant of, to Berkley and Carteret, 
360. Name given, 300. Letter from Love- 
lace to, about murders, .388. Governor to 
call assemblj', 389. Complimented by Go- 
vernor Lovelace, 392. Berkley sells to Bil- 
linge, 404. Fenwick appoints Penn, &c. 
trustees, 410. Penn aids in settling, 410. 
New grant for, to duke, 412. Now convey- 
ance to Carteret, 412. John Fenwick arrives j 
Purchases land from Indians, 419. Divided, 
424. Ship Kent arrives with commissioners 
from the London and Yorkshire Companies, 
who purchased Billinge's lands, 443. They 
purchase from the Indians, 443. 

New Netherlands, first so called, 6. Company 
ask for protection against the English, 7. 
Rejected, 8. No appeal from judgment of, 
138. Divided into New York and New Jer- 
sey, 360. 

New Port May, (see Delaware Bay,) 4. 

New Swedeland Stream, (see Delaware River,) 
4. 

New Sweden, convict to be transported to, 138. 

New York. (See New Amsterdam.) Receives 
its name, 362. Court of assizes issue order 
respecting patents, old and new, 370. Go- 
vernor and council give directions for better 
government on Delaware, 371, 372. Appeals 
from Delaware to, 372. Dutch ships, under 
Evertse and Benkes, arrive, 405. Commander 
of the fort delivers it up, and Dutch power 
again prevails there, and in New Jersey and 
Delaware, 405. Reverts to England, 410. 
Andross, governor under Duke of York, ar- 
rives, 412, Issues proclamation, 414. M, 
Nicholls sworn as one of council, 413. Re- 
solution of council respecting Fenwick, 421. 
Thomas Dongan appointed governor, 596. 

Nicholls, Colonel Richai'd, commissioned by 
King Charles to take possession of New Ne- 
therlands, 358. Arrives with the commis- 
sioners at New Amsterdam, 361. Issues hia 
proclamation, 361. Corresponds with Stuy- 
vesant, 361, 362. Issues his orders to Cap- 
tain Hyde, of the Guinea, 362. Proposals 
to treat received from Peter Stuyvesant, 362. 
Commissioners appointed ; articles drawn up 
and signed, 362. Changes name to New 
York, 362. Turns attention to the Delaware, 
362. Commissioners appoint Sir R. Carr to 
jDroceed there with three frigates, 362. Ap- 
pointed by the others to proceed to Delaware 
and establish government, &c., 367. Grants 
a license to trade there, 368. Grants land 
to Captain John Carr, 369. Issues oi-ders to 
collectors and receivers, to grant encourage- 
ment to trade, 369. Succeeded by Governor 
Lovelace, 370. Expenses of expedition to 
Delaware to be paid out of fines of Long 
Finn, 397. 

Noble, Richard, a surveyor, 443. Produces his 
commission as surveyor of Upland, from An- 
dross, 470. 

Nova Csesarea, (see New Jersey,) 360. 



658 



INDEX. 



0. 



Oath to be administered to Swedes and Finns, 
359. Illegally taken in New York to be void 
at Whorekill, 465. 

Obbes, Captain Lumis, rans off with a vessel 
loaded with provisions for New Amstel ; great 
distress by it, 254. 

Oplandt, Fort, erected, 25. 

Oppression comjalained of by a jailor, 245. 

Ordinance respecting tobacco, 97, 225. 

Ordinaries, fit persons to be appointed, 442. 

Oxenstiern, John, Swedish ambassador to Eng- 
land : said to have removed English claim to 
America, 2S. ' 

Ozenstiern, Axel, chancellor, publishes procla- 
mation of Gustavns, 34. And an address, 34. 
Assigns reasons for previous failure, 34. 
Death of 155. 



Pappegoya, John, arrives with letter of intro- 
duction to Governor Printz, 76. Conduct to 
Dutch commissioners, 102. Succeeds Printz, 
142. Eecommended by Rysingh, 155. An- 
nounces arrival of the Mercurius on Dela- 
ware, 212. 

Pappegoya, Madame, [Armgardt Printz,] peti- 
tions governor for Tinnicum, 219. Granted, 
220. And to excuse her man from trainings, 
and allow her to distil in her own kettle, 
■which he grants, 399. Svxit against Captain 
Carr for Tinnicum; proceedings in court, 
400, 401. Appraisers commissioned to value 
Tinnicum, and put her in possession, 403. 

Passengers, number who have arrived through 
Penn's agency, 462. 

Passport, Swedish, to Oloeff Stille, 39. 

Passyunk, village of Swedes at, 309. Swedes 
unwilling to remain there, 314. Census of, 
to be taken, 313. 

Patents, order respecting old and new, espe- 
cially under Dutch, 370. Order of Lovelace 
respecting, 374. For land to be granted, 382, 
387. For land to be recorded, 418. Of Love- 
lace confirmed by Andross, 419. From Ni- 
cholls, in 1668, for lot at Upland, ti-ansferred, 
450. See Lands. 

Patroonships ofi'ered by Dutch West India Com- 
pany to certain Swedes, 21. S. Godyn ac- 
cepts the offer, 22. 

Pedrick, Roger, conveys his share of Marcus 
Hook, 454. Asks for a division, 462. 

Penington, Mary, dies, 595. 

Penn, William, born, 81. Arbitrates between 
Fenwick and Billinge, 404. Appointed a 
trustee to Fenwick, 410. Sends over com- 
missioners to Jersey, 443. Death of his fa- 
ther, 473. His circumstances then, 473. 
Marriage to G. M. Springett, 473. Connec- 
tion with Jersey, 473. Debt of government 
to his father, 474. Proposes-to take land in 
America, 474. His petition for it, 474. Pro- 
ceedings before privy-council, 475, 476, 480 
— 487. Receives, with others, convej'ance 
of West Jersey, 478. Obtains removal of 
duties from Whorekill, 478. Boundaries 
fixed by Lord North, 486. Lord Bishop 



asked to draft a law for settling Protestant 
religion, 487. Committee of lords present 
charter to the king for his approbation, leav- 
ing name blank, 487. His majesty signs the 
charter, thus constituting William Penn pro- 
prietary of Pennsylvania, 488. The charter, 
488 — 499. Letter from, to R. Turner, giving 
history of the name, and his feelings, 600. 
His letter to the inhabitants, 602. Instruc- 
tions to Markham, 503. Appoints him deputy 
governor, 603. His commission, 603. Writes 
letter to Lord Baltimore, 605. Issues pro- 
posals,- advantage of colonies; description 
andjjlan, 505 — 513. Conditions and conces- 
sions, 516 — 520. Treatment of Indians, 519. 
His progress, 620. Negotiation for New Cas- 
tle discouraging, 521. Letter to R. Turner; 
refusal of handsome offers, 521, 622. Letter 
to James Harrison, explaining provision for 
servants, &c., and appointing him agent in 
England to sell land, 623. Power of attorney 
to, 524. Appoints three commissioners to lay 
out town, &c., 527, 639. Their instructions, 
627. Letter to the Indians, 532. Gives his 
views to James Harrison on several points, 
638. Gives deeds in England, 540. Sends 
to France for grape-vines, 540. Gives deed 
for what he sells, 554. Charters Free Society 
of Traders, and grants land, 541 — 550, 654. 
Commissions Thomas Holme, survej'or-gene- 
ral, 555. Publishes frame of government, 
and his views on government, 558 — 568. 
Laws passed in England, 568 — 674. Letter 
to persons from Maryland, supposed to be 
seated in Pennsylvania, 575. Authorizes 
Philip Ford to sign list of lands sold in Eng- 
land, to be sent Thomas Holme, 676, 637 — 
642. Loses his mother; in great aiHiction, 
575. Penn introduces, by letter, the Society 
to Emperor of Canada, 579. Letter from 
Sir William Petty, on futm-e greatness of 
Pennsylvania, 584. Letter to the Indians, 
read by Thomas Holme, 585. Duke of York's 
deed for Pennsylvania, 586. Grant to, of the 
territories, 688. Deeds of feoffment, 588, 
690. Sets sail from England, after bidding 
family and friends adieu, in ship Welcome, 
692. Loses his mother-in-law, Mary Pening- 
ton, 595. Arrives at the Capes, 696. At New 
Castle, 596. Record of it there, 596. Re- 
ceives possession, 596, 697. Submission of 
the inhabitants, 697. Appoints Markham 
attorney to receive possession below New 
Castle, 698. Commissions justices for New 
Castle, 698. Their obligation, 699. Issues 
notices for a court, 600. Holds first court at 
New Castle, 600. His speech, &c., 601. Re- 
ceives possession below New Castle, 602. 
Certificate of witnesses, 602. Writ to sheriffs 
to hold elections for assembly at Upland, 603, 
Petition of freeholders of Chester county, 
respecting number of representatives, 603. 
Appoints sheriff of Deal, and orders election, 
603. Arrives at Shackamaxon, 604. Esta- 
blishes a market at New Castle, 604. Sends 
messenger to Lord Baltimore, 605. Di'S'ides 
into counties, 605. Act of union, 610. Act 
of settlement, 615. The Great Law, 619—634. 
Treaty under Elm Tree, 634. List of lands 



INDEX. 



sold by, in England, 637 — 642. Commission 
to lay out city, 637. Commission to justices 
in the counties about lands, 636. 

Pennsbury mentioned as a site for PhUadelpHa, 
594. 

Pennsylvania, the charter, 488 — 499. How 
named, 500. King's declaration of the grant, 
502. Markham appointed governor, 503. 
Penn's proposals and description, 505 — 513. 
Declaration of Governor BrockhoUs to the 
justices, 515. Conditions and concessions, 
616 — 520. Extracts from private correspon- 
dence, respecting progress of Penn's plan, 
520, 522, 534, 537, 540, 554, 558, 679, 580. 
Commissioners preparing to go, 523. Their 
commission, 530. Intercourse between Eng- 
land and, 534. Manner of taking up lands, 

539. Charter of Free Society of Traders, 

540. Thomas Holme's commission as sur- 
veyor-general, 555. Frame of government; 
views on government, 558 — 568. Laws passed 
in England, 568 — 574. Letter to squatters 
from Maryland, 574. List of lands sold in 
England, prepared for Thomas Holme, 576, 
637—642. Map of, mentioned, 581. First 
Indian purchase in; deed, 581. Letter on 
future greatness of, by Sir William Petty, 584. 
Duke of York's deed for, 586. Deeds of 
feoffment for the territories, 588, 690. Penn 
arrives and receives possession of the terri- 
tories, 596 — 598. Divided into counties, 605. 
Act of union, 611 — 615. Act of settlement, 
615—619. The Great Law, 619. List of 
lands sold by Penn, in England, &c., and 
quantities, 637—642. 

Permission granted to a vessel bound to South 
River, to go there without stopping at Man- 
hattan, 247. 

Petersen, Jan, barber or surgeon on South Ri- 
ver, 49. 

Petty, Su" William, letter to Penn on future 
extent of Pennsylvania, 584. 

Philadelphia, site of supposed purchase of, by 
Hudde, 89. The present site of, petitioned 
for by Peter Rambo, 447. City laid out, and 
lots in, drawn for, 595, 642, 643. County 
established, 605. Names of purchasers, 
642. 

Plancke, Abraham, grant of land to, by Dutch, 
87. Deed, 88. 

Ployden, or Plowden, Sir Edmund, grant to, 
from King Charles, 36. Mysterious history 
of, 36. New Albion published, 109. Various 
opinions respecting, 109 — 113. Certificates 
respecting him, 109. 

Plymouth Colony, applied to by New Haven for 
help; refuses it, 123. 

Plymouth commissioners make a record, to 
which New Haven commissioners reply, 
135. 

Pocock, Philip, appointed surveyor of New Cas- 
tle, 461. Surveyor of lands below the Falls, 
on west side, for persons lately from England, 
465. 

Poutaxat, (see Delaware River,) 4. 

Powelson, Captain Jacob, sails from Holland for 
South River, 51. Arrives, greatly to relief 
of the Swedes, 52. 

Prato, John, appointed councillor at New Am- 
Etel, 301. 



659 

Prediction that the river wiU bo settled by Eng- 
lish and Swedes, 321. 

Preston, Samuel, views respecting the mine- 
holes, 255. 

Prince Hendricks, (see Delaware River,) 4. 

Principle of increase in cattle, 236. 

Printz, John, appointed governor of Swedes, 62. 
His commission, 63. Insti'uctions, 64^68. 
Salary, 68. Expenses of government, 68. 
Sails from Stockholm, 68. Arrives, 69. His 
voyage, 69. State of population on arrival, 
69. Selects Tinnicum for his residence, 70. 
Erects Fort New Gottenberg, 70. Also Printz 
Hall, 70. Builds Fort Elsinborg, 70. De- 
scription of his person by Dc Vries, 73. Pap- 
pegoya introduced to him, 75. Treatment of 
Mr. Lamberton, 75. Tinnicum given to him, 

77. Fortifies mouth of Schuylkill, and cuts 
off Dutch trade with Indians, 77. Denies 
charges made against him by the colonies, 

78. Permission to plant on Delaware, 79. 
Orders Plancke's vessel from Schuylkill; pro- 
ceedings between him and Hudde, 85. Letter 
from, to Blanoke, ordering him away, 86. 
Orders Dutch arms pulled down, 89. Violent 
proceedings, 89. Protests against Hudde, 90. 
Forbids Swedes from trading with Dutch, 91. 
Letter from Hudde to, 91. Ill-treats the 
bearer, 92. Attempts to provoke jealousy 
between Indians and Dutch, 95. Charged 
with attempt to purchase land from Indians, 
94. Protest from Stuyvesant, 95. Informs 
his government of the condition of things, 
and asks for increase of salary in shape of 
lands; government cautious about it, 96. De- 
tains a Dutch vessel, 96. Hudde protests 
against a vessel which passes Fort Nassau, 
98. Visited by two commissioners from New 
York; their singular reception, 102. They 
protest, 102. Orders house built in front of 
Dutch fort, 103. Letter and protest of Hudde, 
106. Stops a Dutch vessel, 117. Grants 
sea-letter, 138. Desires to return to Sweden; 
answer to, from Amsterdam, 141. Departed 
for Sweden, 142. Succeeded by Pappegoya, 
142. To receive instructions from College 
of Commerce, 142. AVest India Company 
complain of Governor Stuyvesant for asking 
privileges for Printz, 147. Departure, 148. 
His pleasure at, 231. 

Printz, Miss, alias Madame, in trouble about 
removing from Tinnicum, 307. Desires to 
pay recognitions in provisions, 313. Obtains 
judgment for a protested bill of exchange, 
342. And appeal taken, being for part of 
Tinnicum, 342. Jeuffro Armgart, alias Pap- 
pegoya, concerned in the insm-rection, 379. 
Asks execution against Carr; may be re- 
newed, 423. 

Printzdorp mentioned, 220. History of, 339. 

Privateers commit depredations at Whoreldll, 
397. 

Privileges granted to discoverers, 5, 6. Expire, 
7. Applications for, 7. 

Prisoner escapes from sheriff, 535. Governor's 
remarks on, 535. 

Protest of William Kieft, 44, 58. Against pro- 
ceedings of Colonel Utie, 256, 262. 

Provision, liberal, for religion and education, 
by Swedes, 63. 



660 



Prudence, ketch, has a pass for New Castle, 

383. 
Punishment for crime, 303. 



Q. 

Quit-rents remitted by Andross, 416. Reserved 
to the Duke of York, 419. Order of governor 
revoked, 457. Required in wheat; can be 
paid in tobacco only, 468. Inquiries of go- 
vernor respecting them, 468. Inhabitants 
required to pay, 469. Origin of, 503. 

Quiettetting, appeal from court at Salem, re- 
specting land at ; Barrow against Lefevre and 
Pledger; decision, 469. 



R. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter's, claim to discovery of the 
Delaware, 1. 

Eambo, Peter, resigns as commissary, 324. Ap- 
pointed a councillor, 371. Petitions court for 
land between Wiccacoa and Hartsfelder, 447. 

Rape committed by Indian; how punished, 378. 
A, to be punished by whipping; commuted 
to fine to be paid the church, 484. 

Religion liberally provided for, 53. Ministers 
to be supported, 220. Toleration, 573. 

Restless, the yacht, built, 5. Arrives in the 
Delaware, 6. Discovers Schuylkill, 6. Re- 
turns to Holland, 6. 

Rhodes, Dr., murder of, 416. 

Robinson, Rev. Mr., his associates arrive in the 
Mayflower, at Plymouth, 8. 

Roger Drew, ship, arrives, and is frozen up at 
Upland, 537. 

Root, Simon, grant of land to, by Dutch, 87. 
Receives injury from Swedes, 95. Certificate 
of conduct of Swedes, 105. 

Rowles, Walter, constable, to take census, 442. 

Rynevelt, Abraham, commissary, dies, 247. 

Rysingh, John, as governor; his commission, 
142. Salary, 143. Grant of land to, 145. 
Arrives, 148. Surprises and takes Fort Casi- 
mir, 148. Account of capture, 148, 149. 
Announces to Stuyvesant his arrival, 160. 
Title assumed, 151. Offers of friendship to 
English, Dutch, and Indians, 151. Treaty 
with Indians at Tinnicum; details of, 152. 
Letter from, to his government; asks for a 
wife, 153. Recommends Pappegoya as schout, 
&c., 155. Letter to, from Eaton, asserting 
right to lands on Delaware, 156. Invited to 
Manhattan ; declines, 157. Capitulates to 
Stuyvesant, 187. Report of both actions, 
189. Declines offer of restoration of Fort 
Christina, 196. Arrives at Manhattan, 197. 
Charge against Stuyvesant; his reply, 197. 
Peter Stuyvesant's order to land him in 
Europe, 199. Receipt for payment according 
to capitulation, 200. His answer to Peter 
Stuyvesant, 200. Sails for Europe, 203. Said 
to be arrested in Sweden ; released on con- 
dition of his attempting to recover South 
River, 324. 

Bysingh, John, jun., mentioned, 231. 

Rugger, Joost, the miller's, land granted to 
Hans Bones, 369. 



INDEX. 



s. 



Sacraments not administered at Altona for two 
years and a half, 337. 

St. Jones county separated from Whorekill, 484. 
Justices appointed, 472. Harman surveyor, 
472. Man fined for abusing, by words, the 
justices, 479. Fears from Lord Baltimore, 
524. Name, &c. changed, 605. 

Salem, first ship arrives at, 417. Another ship 
an-ives, with John Fenwick, &c., 417. 
Friends' meeting established at, 422. Made 
a port of entry, 539. 

Salt, works, in Delaware, 239. High price of, 
320. 

Scarborough, Edmund, petitions to sail from 
New York, with negroes, for Virginia, 181. 
Penalty for stopping at Delaware, 181. 

Shackamaxon, many Indians there, 424. Ex- 
penses of, at, 440. Laurence Cock transfers 
land at, to Elizabeth Kinsey, at the town of, 
being one-sixth of original plat, 460. Treaty 
at, 634. 

Schoolmasters to be suj)ported, 53. Cm-ious 
suit of a, 462. 

Schute, Lieutenant Swen, his eondvict towards 
Dutch at Mastmaker's Corner, 117. Grant 
to him, 138. Asks for a receipt for goods 
delivered Derk Smidt, 209. Elected captain, 
244. Delivers up fort, 185. Censured, 189. 

Schuylkill River discovered, 6. Purchased by 
Arent Corssen, 35. Indian deed for, 35. 
Conduct of Swedes and Dutch at, 99, 100. 
English settle at, and are driven off by the 
Dutch, 61. Printz fortifies; cuts off Indian 
trade from Dutch, 77. Fort Beversrede 
erected, 77, 78. Vessel for Hudde arrives at ; 
ordered off, 84. Public transfer of, and 
sanction of sale by the Indians, 102. Hudde 
grants land on, 102. lU-treatment by the 
Swedes, 103. Swedes build in front of Dutch 
fort, 103. Mill to be built on, at Moonson's 
Falls, 460. 

Sea-letter from Governor Printz, 138. 

Senecas kill an Indian, 329. And Minquas at 
war, 330, 342, 346. Murder two English, 
348. 

Servants run away from Maryland, 337, 339. 
One hung, &c., 340. Proclamation of gover- 
nor, forbidding carrying out of country, 395. 
A man sold, 450. 

Settlement, the first European on Delaware, 12. 
At Zwanendal, 25. Destroyed, 27. 

Shield, ship, arrives from Hull, and proceeds to 
Burlington, and is frozen up, 461. 

Sickness and mortality on Delaware, 62, 247, 
248. At New Amstel, 247, 253. 

Slander against his majesty and court, 455. 

Slavery among the JMaquas and Mohicans, 7. 

Small-pox destroj'S many Minquas, 329. And 
river savages, 343. Remedies for, 343. 

Sneart, Jur. Kuys, horribly beaten, 345. 

Smidt, Derek, appointed commandant, 204. As 
guide to Krygier, overland, 234. His instruc- 
tions, 234. Dies, 327. 

South River, (see Delaware River,) 4. Permits 
to go there, from Manhattan, necessary, 50. 
Regulations of trade on, 50. A vessel may 
visit, without touching at Manhattan, 247. 



INDEX. 



6G1 



Emigration to, 346. To be ceded to the citj', 
349. Reason for, 350. 

Stacey, Mahlon, sends out first vessel from 
Delaware to foreign ports, 477. 

States-General of Holland encourage discove- 
ries, 4. Vessels sent out, 5. Arrival, 5. Their 
report, 5. Charter the West India Company, 
8. Pass resolution ; no appeal from judgment 
of New Netherland, 138. 

Stavely, James, a pass to go to Delaware; form 
of it, 388. 

Stille, Oloeff P., Swedish passport to, 39. Com- 
missary, returns with others from Maryland, 
322. 

Sti'ays to be taken up, 423. 

Sturgeons abundant in the Delaware, 227. 

Stuyvesant, Peter, succeeds Kieft as director- 
general, 93. His arrival, 93. Hudde sends 
petition to, 95. Protests against Printz, 95. 
Letter to, from Tienhoveu, 108. Writes to 
Hudde, noticing the attempts of the Swedes 
to purchase land around Fort Nassau, and 
their other designs; censures Hudde, 113. 
Correspondence between, and Governor Ea- 
ton, of New Haven, on injuries from Kieft, 
and the course he intends to pm-sue as regards 
duties, 117. His reply, 118. Letter from 
New England commissioners, 119. Concludes 
to meet them at Hartford, 120. Agrees to 
arbitrate, and appoints his men, 120. Their 
award, 121. Leave matters in statu quo as 
to Delaware, 122. Letter to, from directors 
of West India Company, 122. Questions In- 
dians respecting sales to Swedes, 124. Pre- 
sent of lands from Indians, 127. Arrests 
people from New Haven, on their way to 
Delaware, 127. Letter of commissioners to, 
131. Letter to, from New England colonies, 
131. New England commissioners invited 
by ; they attend, and leave in haste, 135. 
Protests against a ship from New Haven, 135. 
Letter to commissioners of New England, 
135. Answer of commissioners, 137. Swedes 
ask protection of, 139. Prudence to Swedes 
recommended by West India Company, 140. 
Complaint against, for asking exemption of 
duties for Printz, 147. Letter from Rysingh 
to, announcing his arrival, 150. Retaliates 
on Rysingh by capture of the Golden Shark, 
155. Answer to Elswyck for permit, 157. 
Decree against the Shark, 158. Correspond- 
ence with Elswyck, 160, 102. Letter from 
West India Company, giving their opinion 
of the surrender of Fort Casimir, and order 
to avenge it, 168, 170. Sails for Barbadoes, 
173. Course respecting Swedish ship ap- 
proved, 178. Instructions as to treatment of 
the Swedes, 179. Prepares for the expedi- 
tion ; orders a fast day, 179. Proclamation, 
180. Appoints superintendents of prepara- 
tions, ISO, 181. Persons appointed to act in 
his place when absent, 181, 182. Arrives at 
Delaware, 183. Sends council a report of his 
operations and success, 183. Capitulation 
of Fort Casimir, 185. Takes Fort Christina ; |. 
capitulation, 187. Swedes take oath of alle- 
giance to, 186. Offers Christina to Rysingh; 
he refuses, 196. Letter to Rysingh on charges 
made against him, 197. Orders to vessels 



that are to can-y out the Swedes, 199. Ami 
to land them in Europe, 199. Departs for 
Manhattan, 204. Appoints Capt;iin Derek 
Smidt, commandant, 204. Appoints John 
Paul Jacquett, 205. His instructions, 205. 
Letter from directors on capitulation ; curious 
argument, 209. Letter to, from Captain 
Iluygh, of ship Mercurius, 213. Answer to 
it, 2i4. Sends messenger to Delaware, 215. 
Surprise at receiving no answer, 215. Send 
soldiers there, 210. Various grants of land 
by, 216. Threatening aspect at Delaware: 
proposes sending the Balance, itc, 210. Pi.e- 
solution of council, 217. Madame Pappegoya 
applies to, for Tinnicum, 219. Instructions 
to transfer Fort Casimir to city, 225. Letter 
from Alricks, on his shipwreck, 230. Orders 
to transfer New Amstel; formal transfer of, 
232. Letter to Jacquett, removing him, 233. 
Instructions respecting Jacquett, 236. Pro- 
clamation against frauds on creditors, 240. 
Arrives at South River; his reception, 243. 
Makes report, on his return, of things re- 
cpiiring attention, 243. Frauds, 242. Letter 
from Alricks; apology for not treating him 
better, 244. Instructions how to behave to 
the English, 245. And to^rards fugitives 
from Virginia, 245. Ordered to buy land be- 
low Bombay Hook, 245. Appoints William 
Beekman commissary and vice-director, 248. 
Letter from directors ; jealousy of the Swedes, 
251. To admonish Alricks and assist Wil- 
liam Beekman, 252. Weight of guns need 
not be sent, 252. Letter of Alricks about 
purchase of Whorekills, 255. About Mary- 
land, 257. Writes to directors on state of the 
colony, 258. His gloomy apprehensions, 258. 
Rumors from Maryland, 258. Alricks to, 
informs of Colonel Utie's arrival, 260. Let- 
ter from Beekman about Colonel Utie, 261, 
262. Express sent by Beekman to, 265. His 
displeasure at Beekman and Alricks's ac- 
count of Utie's visit, and their treatment of 
him, 266, 275. Appoints Hermans and Wal- 
dron commissioners to Maryland, 268. His 
instructions to, 269. Letter to governor and 
council of Maryland, 271. Suggests general 
war with Indians, 274. Letter from com- 
pany on state! of South River, 277. Fears 
of Swedes and English, 277. Letter to, in 
answer from Maryland, 284, 285. Informs 
council of. appointment of commissioners to 
Maryland ; sends their journal, &c., 298. 
Letter from council to, 298. Sends a com- 
mission to try a case at New Amstel for mur- 
der, 304. Their insti'uctions, 304. Opinion 
in case of transfer of, to council, 310. Re- 
plies to censures from the council on various 
matters touching Maryland and D'Hinoyossa, 
337. Appoints a fast-day, which D'Hino- 
yossa'refuses to keep, 336. Insolent language 
to, 336. Letter from directors to, respecting 
ministers gone home, 337. Letter from Book- 
man about troubles at New Amstel, 338. 
Letter about Printzdorp, 339. Dh-ects Beek- 
man to assist D'Hinoyossa with soldiers, 339. 
Complains of high charges by merchants, 
339. His course approved by directors, with 
regard to a mui-der, 345. Answer to letter 
3K 



662 



INDEX. 



respecting D'Hinoyossa and Van Sweringen, 
345. Grants land to Beekman, 346. Order 
to transfer river to the city, 350. General 
instructions, 351. Some dissatisfied, 352. 
Advised by directors in HoUand of Swedish 
vessels fitting out, supposed for South River; 
two hundred soldiers on board, 363. Makes 
formal transfer of company's property to city, 
through D'Hinoyossa, 365. Letter to Colonel 
WichoUs, 361. Proposes to treat, 362. Signs 
articles, 362. 

Susses county, late Deal, established, 605. 

Swedes, errors as to their arrival, 20, 29, 42. 
English claim said to be extinguished, 28. 
Arrival of, in Delaware, 42. Authenticated, 
42 — 44, 46. Under Minuit, arrive with the 
GriflBn and Key of Calmar, 46. Their num- 
ber, 47. Erect Fort Christina, 47. Purchase 
lands from Indians, 48. Complained of as 
injuring Dutch trade on South River, 50. 
Successful in beaver trade; shipments, 50. 
Relieved by an arrival, 52. Drive off Eng- 
lish from Delaware, 62. Mortality amongst, 
62. John Printz appointed governor, 62. 
Commission, 63. Instructions, 64. Much 
discoiu-aged, and ready to break up ; relieved 
by arrival of a vessel, 56, 57. Governed by 
laws of Sweden, 67. Use Augsburg Confes- 
sion, 67. Extent of claims, 64. Send over 
criminals, and forbid it, 72. Singular reason 
for it, 72. Have three forts, 72. Character 
of, 72. Treatment of Mr. Lamberton, 73. 
Eortify Schuylkill, 78. Governor denies 
charges made by United Colonics against 
him, 78. lU-treatAspinwall, 79. Send valu- 
able cargoes,- put into Priesland; difficulty 
about duties, 81. Correspondence with Dutch, 
81. Quantities of beaver on board, 81. Chris- 
tina assumes government, 82. Injure Simon 
Root, 95. Oppose Dutch at Schuylkill, 99. 
Destroy buildings, 103. Two murdered by 
Indians, 104. Certificates against, 104, 105. 
Endeavour to jDurchase lands about Fort 
Nassau, 114. Further proceedings, 117. 
Dutch statement of grievances, 124. Indians 
deny selling lands to the, 126. Ask protec- 
tion of Stuyvesant, 140. Directions to, 140. 
Two clergymen arrive, 140. Various privi- 
leges to encourage settlement of the coimtry 
granted, 146. License by governor of Mary- 
land to trade, 147. Expenses of government, 
174. How to be treated by Stfiyvesant, 179. 
Expedition against, preparing, 180 — 182. 
Sails from Manhattan, 182. Arrives, 183. 
Stuyvesant's account of his operations and 
success, 183, 185. Capitulate, 187. Take 
oath of allegiance to Peter Stuyvesant, 187. 
Complain of treatment of Dutch, 196. Their 
power on Delaware ceases, 203. Ask to con- 
tinue on their lands, 208. Jacquett complains 
of them as turbulent, 210. Agent at Hague 
protests against Dutch, 210. Action on, 210. 
Woman complained against for debauching 
negroes; transported to Delaware, 211. Ship 
Mercurius, Captain Huygh, arrives, 211. Ap- 
point V,an Derek sheriff, 236. Take oath; 
form of it, 243. Ask to remain neutral in 
war, 244. Dutch jealous of, 251. Appoint- 
ment of officers ojiposed, 251. Wish to re- 



main ; intend uniting in a village at Pas* 
syunk, 308. Fitting out vessels, supposed for 
South River, 353. And Finns to appear at 
Altona, 359. Refuse oath, 359. Church at 
Crane Hook, 371. At Wiccacoa, 379, 417, 
438, 487. 

Swedish West India Company proposed to king, 
15. Charter obtained, 16. Summary of its 
provisions, &o., 16 — 20. First attempt un- 
successful, 20. Recommended to Germans 
by king, before his death, 30. Time for sub- 
scribing extended, 34. Charter confirmed in 
Germany, 38. 

Swenson, Swen, &c., Dutch patent to, con- 
firmed, 384, 463. Official copy of survey of 
Wiccacoa to, 615. 

Swine to be yoked, 219. 

T. 

Territories, or three lower counties; deeds of 
feoffment from duke to Penn, 588, 590. Pos- 
session taken, 597, 602, 606. Act of union, 
610. Act of settlement, 616. 

Thanksgiving-day appointed, 155. 

Thickpenny, John, deposition respecting G-. 
Lamberton's treatment by the Swedes, 75. 

Tienhooven, attorney-general, appointed to su- 
perintend expedition, 180. 

Tienpoint, Adriaen Jorisz, associated as direc- 
tor with Captain Mey, in expedition to Dela- 
ware, 12. 

Tinnicum Island selected for Governor Printz's 
residence; Printz Hall, &c., 70. Port Gotten- 
burg built, 70. Given by Swedish govern- 
ment to Governor Printz, for his good conduct, 
76. His daughter ajjplies to Peter Stuyvesant 
for it, 219. Church in, consecrated by Cam- 
panius, 88, 417. First bui-ial there, 89. BUI 
of exchange taken for, protested, 342. Com- 
missioners appointed by Governor Lovelace 
to appraise, 403. Levy to be made to pay 
exjienses of court, 465. Church to be re- 
paired at expense of members, 467. 

Tobacco, Swedish ordinance respecting, 97. Or- 
dinance laying duty on ; curious reason for, 
173. Act for inspection of, 225. Two in- 
spectors appointed, 226. Seized, 231. Pro- 
posals of Maryland to deliver for negroes, 
329. Warehouse proposed at New Amstel, 
331. Inspector appointed, 439. The only 
means of payment on Delaware, 468. 

Toleration, religious, secured, 63, 68, 673, 620. 

Tom, Wilham, grant to, by NichoUs, of land, 
for his good conduct, 369. Discharged, 373. 
Appointed collector of quit-rents, 374. May 
Idll wild hogs, 374. Obtains a patent through 
misrepresentation ; decision of the governor, 
382. His servant murdered, 382. Governor 
writes to him, charging him with the mur- 
ders, through negligence, 389. Directs his 
course, 389. Appointed receiver and clerk, 
and to take possession of fort, 413. Com- 
plaints against him, 418. Death of, 448. 

Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, arrives with the Swedes, 
47. Dies, 72. 

Trade regulated on South River, 50. Dutch, on 
South River, injured by Swedes, 60, 56. With 
Indians cut off from Dutch by Printz, 77. 



INDEX. 



6Qi 



Interdicted between Bombay Hook and Cape 
Henlopen, except to AMcks, 333. 

Treaty between England and Holland signed at 
Westminster, 410. Under Elm Tree, the, G34. 

Trinity, Fort, Casimir so called, 150. 

Turcoat, John, a Frenchman, gets a pass to 
Delaware to hunt, 425. 

Tiu-ner, Captain, from New Haven, purchases 
land, 58. Court allow him to go to Dela- 
ware, 59. Lost at sea, 93. 

Turner, Robert, Penn's letters to, 522. 

Turtle Falls, a corn-mill at, 334. Wood granted 
to, 334. 

Tydables, number of, to be taken, 442. Num- 
ber of, in New Castle county, 446. 

Tyneman, Peter, wishes to be employed as a 
sm'geon, 308. 

United Colonies of New England formed, 12. 
Commissioners of; complaints to, of treat- 
ment of Lamberton by Dutch, 73. Commis- 
sion Mr. Lamberton to treat with Swedish 
governor, 73. Discom'age New Haven from 
settling Delaware on accoiint of hands, 119. 
Write to Stuyvesant, justifying New Haven, 
119, 120. He meets them at Hartford, 120. 
Arbitrators appointed, 120. Award. 120, 121. 
Commissioners write to Edward AViuslow, in 
London, stating facts, and asking about pa- 
tents in England, 132. Allude to kind of tes- 
timony taken by Governor Stuyvesant, 134. 
Commissioners reply to Plymouth, 135. Long 
letter to, from Stuyvesant, 135. Answer of, 
137. Letter to Puysingh, asserting right to 
lands on Delaware, 156. 

Upland, court established by the Dutch, 408. 
E. "\7ade living there, 422. Meeting a.i, re- 
specting Indians, 423. Court held; N. Laer- 
sen's house, 437. Petition for a settlement 
and town below the falls, by a number of 
Swedes, 446. Answer of the court, 447. Pe- 
tition of Peter Puambo for land between Wic- 
eacoa and Hartsfelder, 447. House of defence 
to be fitted up for the next court to sit in, 447. 
Deed acknowledged by an owner, one of six 
original inhabitants of the town, 450. Trans- 
fer of a patent granted by Nicholls in 1668, 
451. Court agree to arrest a fugitive debtor 
from New Castle, 451. Coui't held at house 
of Peter Cock, 452. And New Castle coun- 
ties, limits fixed, 459. Inhabitants complain 
about fences in way to the " fly," 459. A street 
to the house of defence, 463. Transfer of 
land at, 467. Pvichard Noble, surveyor, 470. 
Israel Helm transfers his house at, 470. 
Com't fee for judgments; in great want of 
money to pay for meat and drinlc, 470. Jus- 
tices appointed, 472, 473. Levy to meet coixrt 
charges, 473. Com't to meet at Kinsesse, 
473. Court meets at Kinsessing, 501. Name 
changed to Chester, by Penn; manner of, 
605. 

UsseHncx; WiUiam, proposes a Swedish West 
India Company, 15. 

Utie, Colonel N., and others, an-ive at New 
Amstel from Marjdand, 260. His conduct, 
260. Alrieks's letter about, 260. Beekman's, 



2G1, 202. Protest against, 262—265. Report 
from, after his return to Maryland, 265. 
Views of Peter Stuyvesant, 266. Instructions 
respecting, 268. Letter to, from Beekman, 
asking return of deserters, 315. Meeting at 
his house, 328. 



Y. 

Van Dincklage, L., a member of council, visits 
South River, 102. Visits Governor Printz; 
uncourtcous reception, 102. 

Van Dyck, Gregorius, Swedish shorifij 23G. 
Wishes them to form villages, 236. Applies 
for his salary ; his duties performed by Beek- 
man, 324. Removed; asks reason, 325. 

Van Gezel, Cornelis, removed, 301. Arrives at 
Altona ; asks protection against D'Hiuoyossa, 
302. 

Van Gezel, Gerrit, appointed secretary at New 
Amstel, 299. 

Van Ilpendam, Jan Jansen, commissary of Fort 
Nassau, 41. Instructions to drive off English 
from Schuylkill, and does it, 61. Jlonopoly 
of trade, 82. His silver plate, 83. Charged 
with fraud, 83. Trial, 83, 84.' Small stock 
of goods, 83. To be sent to Amsterdam for 
trial, 84. 

Van Renssalaer, Killiaen, unites with Godjoi 
as patroon, 25. 

Van Huyven, Cornelius, secretary, despatched 
with M. Krygier to South River, to regulate 
aflairs, 266. His commission, 267. Instruc- 
tions, 268. Arrival and complaint to Alricks, 
272, 275. 

Van Sweringen, Gerrit, sheriff and secretary, 
301. And wife go passengers to Holland in 
Green Eagle, 318. Shoots a man, 336. His 
conduct in arresting seven men, 336. At- 
tacked, 337. Sudden departure for Mary- 
land, 341. Pardoned, 347. Still acts as 
sheriff, wearing his sword, 348. Estate con- 
fiscated, 369. 

Van Tienhoven, secretary, writes to Stuyvesant 
from South River; advises him to go there, 
to see the state of things, 108. Gives ac- 
count of Indian trade, 103. 

Van Twiller, Wouter, director-general of New 
Nefherland, arrives at New Amstel, 33. 
Charged with neglect, &c. at Fort Nassau, 
49. 

Varkenskill, English settle at, 59. 

Vessel, the first built by Europeans, 5. Two 
arrive in Delaware ; one escapes shipwreck, 
238. Sailing between Manhattan and South 
River; order renewed, 316. A, arrives in 
distress from West Indies, 317. Arrival at 
Salem of fii-st ship, 417. For Pennsylvania, 
526, 534, 535. 

Virginia, proposals to supply provisions, 316. 
Company send a vessel, under Captain Jones, 
to protect trade on Delaware, 10. He deceives 
them, 10. Call attention of English govern- 
ment to Dutch trade, 10. 

Vis, Jacob, license to dispose of his property 
near New Castle, 369. 

Volkertsen, Captain, sails from Amsterdam, 6. 
Arrival, 6. 



664 



INDEX. 



w. 

"Wade, Robert, arrives; meeting held at Ms 
house at Upland, 422. 

Waldenses, expected to emigrate to the South 
River, 226. 

Waldron, Resolved, sent with Hermans, com- 
missioner to Maryland, 268. Instructions, 
269. Arrives in Maryland, 277. Manifesto, 
277—284. Journal, 287— 296. Return, 296. 

Wampum, great scarcity of; governor's procla- 
mation to raise value of, 405. 

"War renewed between Dutch and English, 396. 

Warner, William, grant to, over Schuylkill, 
455. And Jorum purchase from Indians; 
ask purchasers to pay a proportion, 614. 

Weights and measures to be English, 468. 

Welius, Rev. Everardus, about to sail from Hol- 
land, 232. Preaches first sermon at Altona, 
242. . Death and burial, 297. 

West India Company, Dutch, directors write to 
Stuyvesant to avenge the capture of Fort 
Casimir by Rysingli, 168. Exnedition fitting 
out, 168,170. Bikker to beVrested, 169. 
Approve of seizure of Swedish ship, 178. 
The expedition against Fort Casimir to be 
followed up, 179. Treatment of the Swedes, 
179. Call on for soldiers, 208. Letter on 
capitulation ; curious reasons, 209. In con- 
sequence of embarrassment, propose selling 
Fort Casimir, on certain terms, to city of Am- 
sterdam, 220. Effected, and name of Fort 
Casimir, or Trinity, changed to New Amstcl, 
220. Terms, 220—222. Resolutions respect- 
ing New Amstel, 223. Directors' letter to 
Peter Stuyvesant; jealousy of the Swedes, 
251. Appointment of Swedish of5eers op- 
posed by, 251. Make changes in regulations 
of colonists, which create^ discontent, 252. 
State of their colony stated by Peter Stuy- 
vesant, 258. 

West India Company, Swedish, proposed by 
William Usselincx to Gustavus Adolphus, 15. 
Charter of, 16. Proclamation published, 34. 

West Jersey, conveyed by duke to William 
Penn, &c., 478. A large ship arrives with 
. passengers, 636. 

Westminster, treaty between Dutch and Eng- 
lish signed at, 410. 

Whalers, northern, visit the Delaware, 1. 

Wharton, Walter, surveyor, 387, 408, 442. A 
commissioner to appraise Tinnicum, 403. Pre- 
sented for mari'ying himself; other charges, 
451. Case referred to governor, 464. Fined 
for not being at court, 454. Dies, 468. 

Whorekills, Dutch propose to purchase, 255. 
Beekman and D'Hinoyossa proceed to, for 
the purpose, 266. English pretensions to, 
266. Purchase of, 256. Alricks asks trans- 
fer of, to the city, 266. A ferry-boat sunk at, 
316. Bark stranded at, 319. To be aban- 
doned, and soldiers discharged, 330. Schout 
and commissaries appointed, 380. Purchase 
by Dutch to be recorded, &c., 384. Customs 
abolished on conditions, 382. J. Mills, sur- 
veyor, 382. W. Mills allowed to purchase 



lands, 383. Instructions to M. Krygier, 383. 
Grants of land to be confirmed, 387. Elec- 
tion, 396. Prisoner sent to New York for 
contempt of court, 397. M^j lay tax on li- 
quors to pay losses by privateers, 397. Of- 
ficers confirmed by governor, 398. Outrage 
of Jones at, 398, 401. Plans for reducing; 
commissioners to hold court in king's name, 
and settle government, 405. Court esta- 
blished by the Dutch, 408. Magistrates ap- 
pointed, 409, 430, 445, 467, 472. Man fined 
for spreading reports against magistrates, 
461. Verhoof, surveyor; Vines, sheriff, 464. 
Price of survey to be same as in Maryland, 
464. Oath administered illegally, 464. Ef- 
fect of, 466. Duties removed, 478. Applies ' 
for court-house, prison, stocks, and whipping- 
post, 481. Named Deal, 483. St. Jones's 
separated from, 484. Letter to court about 
clerk, 501. John Vines appointed sheriff by 
Penn, 603. 

Wiccacoa, nucleus of the Swedes' Church at, 
379. Church at, to be built, 417. Built, 438. 
Rev. J. Fabricius called, and preaches first 
sermon, 438. To be repaired at expense of 
members, 467. 

Wife, Rysingh writes to Sweden for a, 153. 

Willems, J., letter to Beekman, informing of 
sudden departure of D'Hinoyossa and Van 
Sweringen for Maryland, 341. His death, 
341. 

Williams, Mr., and others, propose moving to 
Maryland, 329. 

Willing Mind, the ship, arrives from London, 
446. ■ 

Winslow, Edward, agent in London, letter to, 
from commissioners of United Colonies, 132. 

Wolf-pits to be made, 448. 

Wolf-scalps, levy to defray expense of, in pro- 
duce, at rates named, 446. 



Yacht Restless built, 5. Two sent to Schuyl- 
kill to drive off the English, Real and St. 
Martin, 61. 

Young, Jacob, summoned to New York, for 
treating with Indians, 473. 

Yeo, John, an Episcopal minister, arrives from 
Maryland; licensed by court to preach, 448. 
Gives a gloomy account of morals in Mary- 
land ; his letter to the archbishop, 449. Applies 
to the court for his salary ; their answer, 449. 
Acknowledges a deed, 450. Tried and ac- 
quitted for certain expressions, 470. 

z. 

Zetscoven, Rev. Abelius, invited by Swedish 
congregation, 348. Called as a minister; 
preaches at Tinnakonk; does not baptize; 
wiU not give him up at New Amstel, 353. 

Zwanendal, settlement at, 25. Destroyed by 
Indians, 27. West India Company desire to 
purchase, 38. Transfer of, to Dutch West 
India Company, 39. Deed for, 39. 



THE END. 



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